Part 19

=474g. Streaked Horned Lark= (_O. a. strigata_). Cinnamon areas less extensive but nearly as deeply colored as in No. 474f; back _distinctly and widely_ streaked with blackish; forehead, line over eye, throat and _breast_ washed with yellow.

Range--"In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade Mountains; in winter, to eastern Oregon and Washington, south to northern California." (Oberholser.)

=474h. Scorched Horned Lark= (_O. a. adusta_). W. [Male], 4; [Female], 3.8. Nearest to No. 474l, but the male differs in being nearly uniform pinkish brown above, back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks; color deeper, browner, more ruddy.

Range.--"In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona; in winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico." (Oberholser.)

=474i. Dusky Horned Lark= (_O. a. merrilli_). W. [Male], 4; [Female], 3.8. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat darker above, the line over the eye usually tinged with yellow.

Range.--"In summer, northwestern United States, and southern British Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, northward through Oregon and Washington east of the Cascade Mountains to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho; in winter, south to central California." (Oberholser.)

=474j. Sonoran Horned Lark= (_O. a. pallida_). W. [Male], 3.8; [Female], 3.6. Nape very pale pinkish; back pale grayish brown edged with grayish; forehead, line over eye, and throat tinged with yellowish. Resembles No. 474l, but is still paler.

Range,--"Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of California, Mexico." (Oberholser.)

=474l. Montezuma Horned Lark= (_O. a. occidentalis_). W. [Male], 4; [Female], 3.8. No distinct blackish streaks above; back pale brownish edged with pinkish gray; throat yellow, forehead and line over eye tinged with yellow. Similar to No. 474h, but paler, less ruddy above; differs from No. 474c in being browner and less streaked above.

Range.--"In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona; in winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico and southeast Texas." (Oberholser.)

=474m. Island Horned Lark= (_O. a. insularis_). Similar to No. 474g, but slightly darker above, breast usually _without_ a yellow tinge.

Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California.

=446. Couch Kingbird= (_Tyrannus melancholicus couchii_). L. 9.5. _Ads._ Throat _white_, breast and belly yellow, tail _dark brown_; crown gray with an orange patch, back grayish green; _Yng._ Similar, but no crown-patch.

Range.--Guatemala, north in spring as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas.

=447. Arkansas Kingbird= (_Tyrannus verticalis_). L. 9. _Ads._ Throat _light gray_ spreading over breast to yellow belly; tail _black_, outer margin of outer feather _wholly white_; above resembling No. 446. _Yng._ With no crown-patch. _Notes._ Squeaky, rattling, rolling notes; a noisy bird.

Range.--Western United States; breeds east to about Long. 100°, north to Assiniboia, southern Alberta, southern British Columbia, west to the Pacific; winters south of United States; to Central America.

=448. Cassin Kingbird= (_Tyrannus vociferans_). L. 9. _Ads._ Throat and breast _dark gray_, belly yellow; tail black, outer web of outer feather not wholly white; above as in No. 447. _Yng._ With no crown-patch. _Notes._ Less noisy than No. 447. (Bendire.)

Range.--Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north through Rockies, from western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, to southern Wyoming; in California north to San Benito County; winters south of United States to Central America.

=449. Derby Flycatcher= (_Pitangus derbianus_). L. 11. _Ads._ Back brown, wings and tail externally rusty; a yellow crown-patch; forehead, line over eye and across nape white; throat white, below yellow. _Notes._ _Kiskadee_, repeated. (Richmond.)

Range.--Northern South America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas.

=451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher= (_Myiodynastes luteiventris_). L. 8. Below sulphur streaked with black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow crown-patch; inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish; back grayish brown streaked with dusky. _Yng._ With no crown-patch. _Notes._ A screech, like squeaking of a wagon wheel, and a single note. (Poling.)

Range.--Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona.

=452. Crested Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus crinitus_). L. 9. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown. _Ads._ Throat and breast gray, belly _bright_ sulphur; back grayish _olive-green_; greenest above and yellowest below of our larger _Myiarchi_. _Notes._ Loud, chuckling, grating whistles.

Range.--Eastern North America; west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from southern Florida south to northern South America.

=453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus mexicanus_). L. 9.2; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust brown. _Ads._ Throat and breast gray, belly sulphur, both paler than No. 452; back grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 452. (Merrill.)

Range.--Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas.

=453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher= (_M. m. magister_). Similar to No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2, and averaging slightly paler.

Range.--"Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and southwest New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico."

=454. Ash-throated Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus cinerascens_). L. 8.; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of inner web. _Ads._ Throat and breast pale grayish white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest below of our _Myiarchi_. _Notes._ A rather resonant but wooden _chūck-pr-r-r-r_.

Range.--Western United States: breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern Mexico and Central America.

=454a. Nutting Flycatcher= (_M. c. nuttingi_). Similar to No. 454, but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web rusty, not dusky.

Range.--Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters in Central America.

=454b. Lower California Flycatcher= (_M. c. pertinax_). Similar to No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.)

Range.--Lower California.

=455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher= (Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens). L. 7. _Ads._ Inner webs of tail-feathers like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty; breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish, back grayish olive-green. _Notes._ A short mournful _peeur_.

Range.--Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona; winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado.

Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown

=587. Towhee; Chewink= (_Pipilo erythrophthalmus_). L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red. _Ad._ [Male]. Above and breast black; sides reddish chestnut; belly white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above and breast brown. Call, _chewink_ or _towheé_; song, a loud, not over musical _sweet bird sin-n-ng_, and a tremulous refrain _I'll try_.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas.

=587a. White-eyed Towhee= (_P. e. alleni_). Similar to No. 587, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feathers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. _Notes._ Call, _towhee_, much sharper than that of No. 587.

Range.--Florida, north along coast to South Carolina.

=588. Arctic Towhee= (_Pipilo maculatus arcticus_). L. 8.7. _Ad._ [Male]. White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3 long; scapulars and back marked with white; back black more or less tipped with brownish. _Ad._ [Female]. Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings than in [Male]. _Notes._ Call, a Catbird-like _mew_; song, suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden, less musical.

Range.--Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and western North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas.

=588a. Spurred Towhee= (_P. m. megalonyx_). Similar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings on front of back; white markings on back less numerous; white tip to outer tail-feather _less_ than 1.3 long.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of range.

=588b. Oregon Towhee= (_P. m. oregonus_). Similar to No. 588a, but darker; practically no brownish edgings on back of male; sides much deeper; white markings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1. long; sides much deeper.

Range.--Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; winters south to southern California.

=588c. San Clemente Towhee= (_P. m. clementæ_). Similar to No. 588a, but adult male with black duller or grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.)

Range.--"San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.)

=288d. San Diego Towhee= (_P. m. atratus_). Similar to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black.

Range.--The southern coast district of southern California, south into Lower California. (Ridgw.)

=588e. Mountain Towhee= (_P. m. magnirostris_). Similar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below paler, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.)

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=589. Guadalupe Towhee= (_Pipilo consobrinus_). Similar to No. 588b in restriction of white markings, but wings and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw much larger; _Ad._ [Male] sooty rather than black. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

=457. Say Phœbe= (_Sayornis saya_). L. 7.5. _Ads._ Breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly; above gray with a brown tinge; tail _black_. _Notes._ A plaintive _phee-eur_; a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.)

Range.--Western North America, east to about Long. 100°: breeds from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon, Alaska; winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Massachusetts.

=591. Canon Towhee= (_Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus_). L. 9.; W. 3.7. _Ads._ Crown cinnamon-brown; back brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon. _Notes._ Calls, a loud, metallic _chip_ repeated four times; in flight a robin-like _screep-eep-eep_.

Range.--Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley, Colorado, and Arizona; resident.

=591a. St. Lucas Towhee= (_P. f. albigula_). W. 3.3. Similar to No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, without cinnamon.

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=591b. California Towhee= (_P. f. crissalis_) W. 3.9. Similar to No. 591, but much browner above; throat and under tail-coverts rusty brown; breast brownish gray; scarcely lighter on the belly.

Range.--California, west of the Sierra.

=591c. Anthony Towhee= (_P. f. senicula_). W. 3.7. Similar to No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen whiter.

Range.--Northern Lower California north to southern California.

=592. Abert Towhee= (_Pipilo aberti_). L. 9. _Ads._ No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish cinnamon; above grayish brown. _Notes._ Call, a loud, clear, sharp _chirp_. Song, resembling that of the Spurred Towhee group. (B. B. and R.)

Range.--Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah.

=506. Orchard Oriole= (_Icterus spurius_) L. 7.3. _Ad._ [Male]. Black: breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-coverts chestnut. _Ad._ [Female]. Above olive-green, below greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. _Yng. Male._ First fall like [Female]; first spring like [Male], but throat black. _Notes._ Song much richer and more finished than that of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is indescribable but easily recognizable.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and North Dakota; winters in Central America and northern South America.

=592.1. Green-tailed Townee= (_Oreospiza chlorura_). L. 7. _Ads._ Center and sides of breast grayish, middle of throat and abdomen white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; crown reddish chestnut. _Notes._ Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew; song, musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed Sparrow.

Range.--Mountains of western United States, from more eastern Rockies to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana, Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=643. Lucy Warbler= (_Helminthophila luciæ_). L. 4.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-coverts chocolate; below whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Chocolate areas smaller. _Yng._ No chocolate in crown; upper tail-coverts cinnamon.

Range.--Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and southwestern Utah.

=660. Bay-breasted Warbler= (_Dendroica castanea_). L. 5.6. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat, sides and crown rich chestnut; cheeks black; sides of neck buff; back black and gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. _Ad._ [Female]. Less chestnut; cheeks grayish. _Yng. and Ad. in Winter._ Above olive-green streaked with black; below _buffy_ white, the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut. _Notes._ Song, a very soft warble, _tse-chee_, repeated five times, too liquid to admit of exact spelling. (Langille.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central and northern South America.

=596. Black-headed Grosbeak= (_Zamelodia melanocephala_). L. 8.1. _Ad._ [Male]. Black; neck-ring, rump, back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon; center of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch in wing, wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers white. In winter tipped with brown above and on breast below with black spots. _Ad._ [Female]. Under wing-coverts yellow as in [Male]; above as in No. 595; below less streaked, breast buff. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female] but breast deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of crown blacker. _Notes._ Call and song like those of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent.

Range.--Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from Mexico north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of United States into Mexico.

_761. American Robin_ (_Merula migratoria_). L. 10; W. 4.9; T. 3.8. Outer tail-feathers with white tips. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast and belly rich rust-brown; above dark slaty, head and spots in back black. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but paler below, little or no black above. _Winter._ Underparts margined with whitish; black above more or less concealed by ashy. _Notes._ Calls, varied and characteristic; song, a loud, hearty, _cheer-up cheerily_, _cheerily_, _cheerily_, repeated and varied.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and, in the mountains, Georgia; winters from northern States southward.

=761a. Western Robin= (_M. m. propinqua_). Similar to No. 761, but no white tips to tail-feathers. _Ad._ [Male]. Without black spots in back.

Range.--Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon and southern Colorado southward.

=761b. Southern Robin= (_M. m. achrustera_). Similar to No. 761, but smaller and in general much lighter and duller; W. 4.7; T. 3.5. (Batchelder.)

Range.--Carolinas and Georgia, except mountainous districts, lowlands of Virginia.

=762. St. Lucas Robin= (_Merula confinis_). Resembling No. 761 in plan of coloration but everywhere much paler; breast and belly buff; no black in head.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=763. Varied Thrush= (_Ixoreus nævius_). L. 10; W. 4.7. _Ad._ [Male]. Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a broad black breast-band; above slaty, line behind eye and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers with white tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast band with rusty. _Ad._ [Female]. Paler below, breast-band faintly indicated; above washed with brownish. _Notes._ Song, a weird vibrant, long-drawn whistle repeated on different notes.

Range.--Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California north to Alaska; south in winter along the coast.

=763a. Pale Varied Thrush= (_I. n. meruloides_). Similar to No. 763, but wing longer, 5.1; [Female] paler and grayer. (Grinnell.)

Range.--- Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south in winter, through interior, to southern California.

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

=456. Phœbe= (_Sayornis phœbe_). L. 7. _Ads._ Above grayish olive, crown _blackish_; outer web of outer tail-feather _whitish_; below white tinged with yellow, sides of breast grayish; bill _black_. _Yng._ Greener above, yellower below. _Notes._ _Pewit-phœbe_, _pewit-phœbe_; call, _pee_, _pee_, rarely a flight song.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from South Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba and Mexico.

=459. Olive-sided Flycatcher= (_Nuttalornis borealis_). L. 7.4. _Ads._ Throat and middle of belly white with a yellow tinge; sides and most of breast grayish; above brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown darker, the feathers lengthened. _Notes._ _Hip-hip_ or _quilp-quilp_, less often a loud, emphatic _whip-péw-hip_. (Head.)

Range.--North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely), northern New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south through the Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central and South America.

=460. Coues Flycatcher= (_Contopus pertinax pallidiventris_). L. 7.7. _Ads._ Below nearly uniform gray, belly paler; above gray, crown slightly darker, the feathers lengthened. _Notes._ A plaintive musical four or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a singularly human-like quality.

Range.--Western Mexico, north to central Arizona; winters south of United States.

=461. Wood Pewee= (_Contopus virens_). L. 6.5; W. 3.3. _Ads._ Above dark olive, crown blacker; below dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly yellowish; lower mandible yellowish. _Yng._ Greener above, yellower below. _Notes._ _Pee-a-wee_, _peer_ and _pee_; all plaintive and musical.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

=462. Western Wood Pewee= (_Contopus richardsonii_). Similar to No. 461, but above with usually no greenish tinge; below less yellow; under mandible brownish. _Notes._ A nasal, rather emphatic _pēē-a_.

Range.--Western United States, east to about Long. 100°; breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America.

=462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee= (_C. r. peninsulæ_). Similar to No. 462, but smaller, W. 3.3; the bill larger, length from nostril .42, width at nostril, .31; upperparts grayer. (Brewster.)

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=466. Traill Flycatcher= (_Empidonax traillii_). Similar to No. 466a, but upperparts browner with little if any real greenish tinge; bill averaging narrower.

Range.--Western United States; breeds from western Texas and southern California north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east to Kansas, Missouri and Illinois; winters in the tropics.

=466a. Alder Flycatcher= (_E. t. alnorum_). L. 6.1; W. 2.8. _Ads._ Lower mandible horn color; below white, breast grayish; breast and sides faintly washed with yellow; above _brownish_ olive-green; wing-bars usually buffy. Like No. 467, but larger. _Notes._ _Pĕp_ of alarm, and an explosive _ēē-zēē-e-ûp_ with stress on the rasping _zēē_. (Dwight.)

Range.--Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from northern New Jersey (locally) north to New Brunswick; winters in the tropics.

=467. Least Flycatcher= (_Empidonax minimus_). 5.4; W. 2.5. _Ads._ Similar in color to No. 466a, but smaller, tail slightly forked. _Yng._ Wing-bars more buffy. _Notes._ a vigorous _chebec_, _chebec_; rarely a flight song, "_chebec_, _tooral-ooral_."

Range.--Eastern North America, west to western Texas and eastern Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, in the Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters in Central America.

=468. Hammond Flycatcher= (_Empidonax hammondi_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Bill smallest of our _Empidonaces, lower_ mandible _brown_; _throat_ and breast grayish, breast and belly slightly washed with sulphur; above grayish with a slight olive tint. Like No. 467, but bill smaller, lower mandible browner, throat grayer.

Range.--Western North America; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Colorado, winters in Mexico.

=469. Wright Flycatcher= (_Empidonax wrightii_). Similar to No. 468, but underparts whiter; bill much longer, longest and narrowest of our _Empidonaces_; lower mandible whitish at base, brownish at tip; outer web of outer tail-feather white.

Range.--Western United States, east to eastern slope of Rockies; breeds from mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north to Montana and southern Oregon; winters in Mexico.

=469.1. Gray Flycatcher= (_Empidonax griseus_). L. 6. _Ads._ Above gray with a _slight_ brownish tinge; below grayish white with little or no yellow. Grayest of our _Empidonaces_.

Range.--Western Mexico and Lower California north to southern California and Arizona, (Fort Verde.)

=463. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher= (_Empidonax flaviventris_). L. 5.6. _Ads._ Below distinctly greenish yellow, belly brighter; above _bright_ olive-green. _Yng._ Brighter, wing-bars buffy. _Notes._ _Psĕ-ĕk'_ in one harsh explosive syllable; a plaintive _chū-ē-é-p_. (Dwight.)

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New England (south in Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Labrador and Northwest Territories; winters in Central America.

=464. Western Flycatcher= (_Empidonax difficilis_). Similar to No. 463, but brighter yellow below, breast washed with brownish instead of greenish; above yellower. _Notes._ A soft low note, and a wailing _pee-eu_. (C. A. Allen.)

Range.--Western North America; east to about Long. 100°; breeds from Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters in Mexico and Central America.

=464.1. St. Lucas Flycatcher= (_Empidonax cineritius_). Most like No. 464, but much duller; scarcely a tinge of green above; no decided yellow below except on throat and abdomen. (Brewster.)

Range.--Lower California, from Cape Region north, rarely, to southern California.