Part 18

Range.--Arid western United States; east to western portions of Great Plains, north to Montana and eastern Washington (?); west to southern California: breeding southward to northern Chihuahua and northern Lower California; southward in winter to western Mexico and Cape St. Lucas. (Ridgw.)

=681b. Florida Yellow-throat= (_G. t. ignota_). Similar to No. 681d, but yellow below more extended and deeper, sides browner; black mask wider; upperparts, especially hindhead, browner.

Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf Coast districts of United States from southeastern Virginia to Florida and westward along Gulf lowlands to eastern Texas; winters from at least coast of South Carolina southward; also in Cuba. (Ridgw.)

=681c. Pacific Yellow-throat= (_G. t. arizela_). Similar to No. 681a, but bill smaller, wings and tail shorter, color duller, whitish margin of mask narrower, yellow usually less orange; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. (Ridgw.)

Range.--"Pacific Coast district, from British Columbia southward; breeding southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward to Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas." (Ridgw.)

=681d. Northern Yellow-throat= (_G. t. brachidactyla_). Similar to No. 681, but averaging larger; W. 2.2. _Ad._ [Male]. More yellow below, more olive-green above. _Ad._ [Female]. Usually with yellow below brighter and more extended. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Northeastern United States from northern New Jersey to Newfoundland; west to northern Ontario and eastern Dakota, and south through Mississippi Valley to upland districts of the Gulf States and east central Texas; in winter Bahamas, Mexico, and Central America. (Ridgw.)

=681e. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat= (_G. t. sinuosa_). Similar to No. 681c, but much smaller and slightly darker, especially on sides and flanks; W. 2.1. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California.

=682. Belding Yellow-throat= (_Geothlypis beldingi_). L. 5.7. _Ad._ [Male]. Black mask crossing head diagonally bordered behind by yellow; rest of plumage much as in No. 681a. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to [Male] of No. 681, but larger.

Range.--Lower California.

=682.1. Rio Grande Yellow-throat= (_Geothlypis poliocephala_). L. 5.7. _Ads._ Lores and forehead black, crown gray, back olive-green; underparts yellow.

Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into Mexico.

=645. Nashville Warbler= (_Helminthophila rubricapilla_). L. 4.8. No wing-bars; no white in tail. _Ad._ [Male]. A chocolate crown-patch; rest of head and cheeks bluish gray; a white eye-ring; back olive-green; below bright yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but little or no chocolate in crown; yellow duller. _Yng._ Head brownish; underparts washed with brownish, particularly on throat and flanks. _Notes._ Song, _ke-tsee-ke-tsee-ke-tsee-chip-ee_, _chip-ee-chip-ee-chip_, first half like Black and White Warbler's, second half like Chipping Sparrow's. (Langille.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York, Connecticut, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters south of United States.

=645a. Calaveras Warbler= (_H. r. gutturalis_). Similar to No. 645, but rump brighter; underparts richer yellow.

Range.--Western United States; breeds on high mountains, from the Sierra Nevada to British Columbia, east to eastern Oregon, northern Idaho; south in migration to Lower California and Mexico; southeast to Texas. (Ridgw.)

=648. Parula Warbler= (_Compsothlypis americana_). L. 4.5; W. 2.3. _Ad._ [Male]. Above grayish blue, a _yellowish patch in the back_; breast yellow washed with chestnut and with an indistinct blackish band; belly, wing-bars, spot near tip of outer tail-feathers white. _Ad._ [Female]. Paler, breast without black, sometimes no chestnut. _Notes._ A short, little, guttural, lisping trill.

Range.--Breeds in south Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas north near the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia and Mount Carmel, Illinois (Brewst.); winters from Gulf States southward.

=648a. Northern Parula Warbler= (_C. a. usneæ_). Similar to No. 648, but bill averaging slightly smaller, the wing longer, 2.4; black breast-band averaging wider; the chestnut wash stronger.

Range.--Breeds in New England, New York and west along the northern tier of states, north into Maritime Provinces and Canada; winters from Gulf states southward.

=649. Sennett Warbler= (_Compsothlypis nigrilora_). L. 4.5. Similar to No. 648, but yellow below reaching to belly; breast without black and with only a slight brownish wash; lores and ear-coverts black. _Notes._ Song probably resembles that of No. 648.

Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley south into eastern Mexico.

=746. Verdin= (_Auriparus flaviceps_). L. 4.2; W. 2.2; T. 1.9. _Ad._ [Male]. Head and throat yellow; forehead usually with some concealed orange-brown; lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut; back brownish gray; belly whitish. _Ad._ [Male]. Similar, but less yellow.

Range.--Southern border of the United States and northern Mexico from southern Texas to southern California; north to southwestern Utah and southern Nevada.

=746a. Baird Verdin= (_A. f. lamprocephalus_). Similar to No. 746, but tail shorter; wing somewhat shorter; yellow of head brighter; W. 2.0; T. 1.6. (Oberholser.)

Range.--Lower California.

=650. Cape May Warbler= (_Dendroica tigrina_). L. 5.1. _Ad._ [Male]. Ear-coverts and wash on throat chestnut; crown blackish; back olive-green with black spots; below yellow streaked with black; wing-coverts broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng._ [Male]. Duller; crown like back; no chestnut. _Yng._ [Female]. Above olive-gray; below whitish faintly tinged with yellow; wing-bars, narrow. _Notes._ Song, a wiry "_a-wit_, _a wit_, _a-wit_, _a-wit_", repeated. (Butler.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England, rarely, and Manitoba north to Hudson Bay region; winters south of United States.

=652. Yellow Warbler= (_Dendroica æstiva_). L. 5.1. Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown _yellow_, back bright yellowish green; below yellow thickly streaked with reddish brown. _Ad._ [Female]. _and Yng._ [Male]. Duller above, crown like back; below much paler, few or no streaks. _Yng._ [Female]. Similar to last but still duller. _Notes._ Song, a rather loud _wee-chee_, _chee_, _chee_, _cher-wee_, variable in form but recognizable in tone.

Range.--North America, except Alaska, Pacific coast from Vancouver north, and southwestern United States (western Texas to Arizona). (Ridgw.); breeds throughout most of its range, and winters in Central and South America.

=652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler= (_D. æ. sonorana_). Similar to No. 652, but [Male] much yellower, less green above, the crown and rump bright yellow; below brighter yellow, reddish brown streaks narrower, fewer sometimes almost wanting. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to Ad. [Male] of No. 652, but grayer above and whiter below.

Range--Northern Mexico; breeding north to western Texas and southern Arizona; winters south of United States.

=652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler= (_D. æ. rubiginosa_). Similar to No. 652, but [Male] darker above, the crown of about the same color as back; [Female] duller.

Range.--Breeds on Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and in Alaska; winters south of United States.

=653. Mangrove Warbler= (_Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps_). L. 5. Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Whole head reddish chestnut; back olive-green; below yellow lightly streaked with reddish brown. _Ad._ [Female]. Olive-green above; yellow below.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California and Pacific coast of Central America and Mexico.

=672. Palm Warbler= (_Dendroica palmarum_). L. 5.2. No white wing-bars; tail patches white. _Ads._ Crown dark chestnut; line over eye, throat, and breast yellow; breast and sides with reddish brown streaks; _belly_ much paler, often _grayish_ washed with yellow; back olive-brown; rump brighter. _Ad. in Winter and Yng._ No crown-patch; above grayish olive-brown indistinctly streaked; rump yellowish; below grayish white washed with yellow and streaked with brownish; _under tail coverts bright yellow_. _Notes._ Call, a recognizable _chip_; song, a short, simple trill.

Range--Eastern North America; breeds in interior of British America west of Hudson Bay; migrates south through Mississippi Valley and rarely north Atlantic States; winters in Florida and West Indies.

=672a. Yellow Palm Warbler= (_D. p. hypochrysea_). Similar to No. 672, but underparts _entirely_ bright yellow; upperparts yellower. Winter specimens are whiter below but are still conspicuously yellow.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Nova Scotia northward, east of Hudson Bay; migrates through Atlantic States and winters in Florida and west to Louisiana.

=673. * Prairie Warbler= (_Dendroica discolor_). L. 4.7. Wing-bars yellowish; tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bright olive-green with reddish chestnut spots in the back; below yellow, sides with black streaks. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but usually duller; chestnut spots smaller, sometimes absent. _Yng._ Similar to [Female] Ad., but browner. _Notes._ Song, a high, thin _zee_, _zee_, _zee_, _zee_, _zee-e_, _zee_, the next to last highest. (See page 196.)

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Massachusetts, southern Ontario, and southern Michigan; winters from southern Florida into the West Indies.

=Lawrence Warbler= (_Helminthophila lawrencei_). Resembles No. 641, but has a black breast patch and a broad black stripe through the eye as in No. 642. It is believed to be a hybrid between the two. Some 15 specimens are known. Its notes are said to resemble those of both No. 642 and No. 641.

=Brewster Warbler= (_Helminthophila leucobronchialis_). Resembles No. 642 above, but is white usually tinged with yellow below, this type being connected with No. 641, by specimens showing more green above and yellow below. Hybridism and dichromatism are believed to account for these birds of which somewhat over a hundred specimens are known, chiefly from the lower Hudson and Connecticut Valleys. Some songs resemble those of No. 642, others those of 641.

=644. Virginia Warbler= (Helminthophila virginiæ). L. 4.5. No white in wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Above gray, crown-patch chocolate; upper tail-coverts yellowish; below whitish, breast-patch and under tail-coverts yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but less (sometimes no) chocolate in crown and yellow on tail-coverts; duller below. _Yng._ No crown patch; below washed with buff, little or no yellow on breast. _Notes._ Very musical, with a song of remarkable fullness for so small a bird. (Aitken.)

Range.--Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely Wyoming) south into Mexico.

=655. Myrtle Warbler= (_Dendroica coronata_). L. 5.6. Crown, sides of breast and rump yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Above blue-gray streaked with black; throat white, breast largely black; two white wing-bars; outer tail-feathers with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Browner above, less black on breast. [Male] _in winter_. Above brown, back indistinctly streaked with black; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. _Yng._ [Female]. Similar, but less yellow on crown and sides. _Notes._ Call, a characteristic _tchip_; song, a trill.

Range.--Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England and northern Minnesota north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Massachusetts and Kansas south into West Indies and Central America.

=659. Chestnut-sided Warbler= (_Dendroica pensylvanica_). L. 5. _Ad._ [Male]. Sides chestnut, crown yellow; back streaked black and greenish yellow; cheek-patch and sides of throat black. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown duller; chestnut and black reduced. _Yng._ Above bright yellow-green, back with or without black spots; below grayish white, sides sometimes with traces of chestnut; wing-bars yellowish white. _Notes._ Song, resembles that of Yellow Warbler. (See page 197.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey and Central Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba (and south in the Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in Central America.

=604. Dickcissel= (_Spiza americana_). L. 6.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast, bend of wing, line over eye and at side of throat yellow; throat-patch black; lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut; no white in tail. _Ad._ [Female]. Less yellow and chestnut, no black on throat. _Notes._ Song, an earnest, but unmusical _dick_, _dick_, _che-che-che_, _che_.

Range.--Middle United States east of the Rockies, west of Alleghanies, breeds from Alabama and Texas to Minnesota; casual in Atlantic States; winters in Central and northern South America.

=618. Bohemian Waxwing= (_Ampelis garrulus_). L. 8. Crested. _Ads._ Brownish gray; under tail-coverts, forecrown and sides of throat chestnut-rufous; _throat_ and eye-stripe black; wing-quills and primary coverts tipped with white or yellow; secondaries usually with red tips; tail tipped with yellow.

Range.--Northern parts of northern hemisphere; breeds in far north; winters south irregularly to northern United States, casually to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kansas, and northern California.

=619. Cedar Waxwing= (_Ampelis cedrorum_). L. 7. Crested. _Ads._ Grayish brown; belly _yellowish_; under tail-coverts white; no white tips on wing-quills; secondaries with red tips; tail tipped with yellow and rarely with red tips. _Notes._ A fine, lisping note; a string of notes usually uttered when taking flight.

Range.--North America: breeds from Virginia and the highlands of South Carolina, Kansas, and Oregon, north to Labrador and southern Alaska (?); winters from northern United States to Central America.

=628. Yellow-throated Vireo= (_Vireo flavifrons_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Throat and breast _bright_ yellow, belly white; above _bright_ olive-green, rump gray; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, a scolding _cack_; song like Red-eye's but richer, more deliberate, _see me_; _I'm here_; _where are you_? in varying forms; also a mellow trill.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in tropics.

=683. Yellow-breasted Chat= (_Icteria virens_). L. 7.5; T. 3.07. _Ads._ Throat and breast bright yellow; lower belly white; above olive-green; line over eye and at side of throat white. _Notes._ Call, a gasping, mewing _keè-yuck_ and _chut_, _chut_; song, of whistles, caws and chucks, sometimes uttered in flight.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico (but not in Florida?) north to South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and Massachusetts (locally); winters in Mexico and Central America.

=683a. Long-tailed Chat= (_I. v. longicauda_). Similar to No. 683, but grayer above; tail slightly longer.

Range.--Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexico north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters in Mexico.

=497. Yellow-headed Blackbird= (_Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus_). L. 10. _Ad._ [Male]. Black; head and breast orange yellow; outer wing-coverts white, black tipped. _Ad._ [Female]. Brownish, line over eye, throat and breast dull yellow, lower breast streaked with white; ear-coverts rusty. _Notes._ Call, a hoarse _chuck_; song, a variety of hoarse grunting, guttural whistles; usually uttered with apparent great effort and bodily contortion. The young utter a rolling, whistling call.

Range.--Western North America, east to Kansas, northern Illinois, and northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds locally from Texas (?), New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California north to the Hudson Bay region, and southern British Columbia; winters from southwestern Louisiana, and California southward.

=501. Meadowlark= (_Sturnella magna_). L. 10.7; W. 4.8. _Ads._ Above black varied with chestnut and buff; below yellow, a black breast-crescent; bars on middle tail-feathers _fused_ along shaft, yellow of throat _not_ spreading on to its sides. _Notes._ Calls, a nasal note and a rolling twitter; song, a high fife like whistle of rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or grace notes.

Range.--Eastern North America west to about Long. 100°, north to New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois southward.

=501a. Texas Meadowlark= (_S. m. hoopesi_). Similar to No. 501b, but yellow not spreading on to sides of the throat. _Notes._ Resemble in character those of No. 501.

Range.--Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas, west along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico.

=501b. Western Meadowlark= (_S. m. neglecta_). Similar to No. 501, but bars on middle tail-feathers usually distinct, _not_ confluent along shaft; yellow of throat spreading on to its sides; general color paler. _Notes._ Calls, a liquid _chûck_ and a wooden, rolling _b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r_; song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate gurgles and grace notes; wholly unlike that of No. 501.

=501c. Florida Meadowlark= (_S. m. argutula_). Similar to No. 591, but smaller and darker; W. 4.4.

Range.--Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana.

=514. Evening Grosbeak= (_Hesperiphona vespertina_). L. 8. _Ad._ [Male]. Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and crown black; exposed part of tertials white. _Ad._ [Female]. Dingy brownish gray, more or less tinged with yellowish; throat and belly whitish; _tail-coverts_ and tail-feathers, on inner web, tipped with white. _Notes._ Call, loud; song, short, but melodious, resembling that of Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.)

Range.--Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in winter, to the upper Mississippi Valley, rarely to Ohio and casually through New York to New England.

=514a. Western Evening Grosbeak= (_H. v. montana_). [Male] not distinguishable from [Female] of No. 514; [Female] more buffy, especially below.

Range.--Mountains of western United States from New Mexico north to British Columbia.

EASTERN HORNED LARKS.

=474[A]. Horned Lark= (_Otocoris alpestris_). L. 7.7, W. [Male], 4.3; [Female], 4.1. Hind toe-nail much the longest. _Ad._ [Male], _winter_. Throat and line over eye distinctly _yellow_; black feathers over eye lengthened, forming when raised little tufts; breast-patch, sides of throat, line over eye and forecrown black, more or less tipped, especially on head, with yellowish or brownish; back brownish indistinctly streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail-coverts pinkish brown; belly white, lower breast dusky, sides pinkish brown; tail mostly black, outer margin of outer feathers white. [Male], _summer_. Yellow areas whiter; black areas more distinct; back pinker. _Ad._ [Female], _winter_. Similar to [Male], but throat and line over eye less yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly streaked. [Female], _summer_. More distinctly streaked above. _Notes._ Call, a _tseep_, _tseep_; song, an unmusical, twittering warble sung during soaring flight.

[A] Fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging, variable form are now recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of them are too closely related to be distinguished even by detailed descriptions. When breeding, they may be identified, in life, by a knowledge of the area which each form alone inhabits at this season. But during their migrations, and in winter, when several forms may be associated, it is usually not possible to identify them in the field. The reader is referred to admirable monographs of this group by J. Dwight, Jr. (The Auk, vii, 1890, pp. 138-150), and H. C. Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, pp. 801-884).

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on coast) and in the Mississippi Valley to Illinois.

=474b. Prairie Horned Lark= (_O. a. praticola_). W. [Male] 4; [Female], 3.8. Line over eye _white_. Similar to No. 474, but smaller, line over eye and forehead generally white, the throat often white and never so yellow as in winter specimens of No. 474.

Range.--Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and northern New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south to South Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas.

=474d. Texan Horned Lark= (_O. a. giraudi_). W. [Male] 3.9; [Female], 3.6. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat smaller and paler; throat, forehead and line over eye yellow; _breast, in males, generally tinged with yellow_.

Range.--Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande.

NORTHERN HORNED LARKS.

=474a. Pallid Horned Lark= (_O. a. arcticola_). W. [Male], 4.4; [Female], 4.2. Largest of our Horned Larks; _no yellow_ in plumage; throat, forehead and line over eye white; back brown with grayish edgings.

Range.--"In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior) with the Valley of the Upper Yukon River; in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and Montana." (Oberholser.)

=474k. Hoyt Horned Lark= (_O. a. hoyti_). W. [Male], 4.4; [Female], 4.2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eye white; back darker, pink areas richer than in 474a. An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and 474a.

Range.--"In summer, British America from the west shore of Hudson Bay to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic Coast, south to Lake Athabasca; in winter, southward to Nevada, Utah, Kansas, and Michigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Long Island)." (Oberholser.)

WESTERN HORNED LARKS.

=474c. Desert Horned Lark= (_O. a. leucolæma_). W. [Male], 4.1; [Female], 3.8. Forehead and line over eye very slightly, often not at all, tinged with yellow; throat yellow; back brown edged with pinkish gray; resembles No. 474b, but is paler and less distinctly streaked above.

Range.--"In summer, western United States from central Dakota, western Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south to Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, and southeastern California." (Oberholser.)

=474e. California Horned Lark= (_O. a. actia_). W. [Male], 3.9; [Female], 3.6. [Male], _summer_. Back of head and nape, spreading on to sides of breast, pinkish cinnamon; back distinctly streaked with brownish black; throat always, forehead and line over eye usually tinged with yellow. [Male], _winter_. Less distinctly streaked above; cinnamon areas paler and with grayish tips; black areas more or less tipped with yellowish. [Female], _summer_. Crown and back uniformly streaked with blackish margined with pinkish gray. [Female], _winter_. Less distinctly streaked; black areas tipped with whitish.

Range.--Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra, to Marin and San Joaquin Counties, California.

=474f. Ruddy Horned Lark= (_O. a. rubea_). Similar to No. 472e, but nape region, sides of breast, etc., much deeper in color, deeper than in any other of our Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with blackish and more ruddy in tone, _not_ sharply defined from nape; yellow areas richer in color.

Range.--Sacramento County, California.