Part 17

=507. Baltimore Oriole= (_Icterus galbula_). L. 7.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat, whole head, foreback, wings and middle tail-feathers black; breast, belly, rump, lesser wing-coverts and ends of outer tail-feathers orange; wing-coverts and tertials margined with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Head and foreback olive-yellow spotted with black; rump and tail brownish yellow; below dull yellow, throat generally blackish. _Notes._ The notes of all the orange and black Orioles known to me are mellow, musical, querulous whistles generally given in detached fragments, all much alike in character but distinguishable when one becomes familiar with them.

Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from Florida and eastern Texas north to New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan; winters in Central and South America.

=508. Bullock Oriole= (_Icterus bullocki_). L. 7.5. _Ad._ [Male]. _Cheeks_, most of underparts, forehead and line over eye orange; rump and outer tail-feathers yellower; center of throat, crown, foreback and middle tail-feathers black; a large white wing-patch. _Ad._ [Female]. Above olive grayish brown; below yellowish, belly whiter; tail olive-yellow; wings blackish, median coverts tipped, greater coverts externally margined with white; chin sometimes blackish. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female], but center of throat and lores black. _Notes._ See No. 507.

Range.--Western North America, from Mexico north to Assiniboia and British Columbia; east to western Texas; west to the Pacific; winters in Mexico.

=637. Prothonotary Warbler= (_Protonotaria citrea_). L. 5.5. Tail-feathers with large white areas. _Ad._ [Male]. Whole head and underparts orange-yellow; back greenish yellow; rump gray. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown greenish like back; yellow paler; belly whitish; less white in tail. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, metallic _chink_; song, a "high pitched, penetrating and startling" "_peet_, _tsweet_, _tsweet_, _tsweet_, _tsweet_, _tsweet_." (Jones.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to Virginia, Ohio, and southern Minnesota; winters in the tropics.

=651. Olive Warbler= (_Dendroica olivacea_). L. 5.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Head and breast orange brown, a black band through the eye; back olive-gray; belly grayish; wing-bars white; outer tail-feathers largely white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above olive-gray, head yellower; eye-band dusky; breast yellow; belly white. _Notes._ Song, a liquid _quirt quirt_, _quirt_, in a descending scale. (Price.)

Range.--Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico north to mountains of Arizona and New Mexico.

=662. Blackburnian Warbler= (_Dendroica blackburniæ_). L. 5.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat, line over eye, center of crown, and sides of neck bright orange; back black with a few whitish streaks; wing-bars broadly white; tail-spots white. _Ad._ [Female]. Yellow areas paler; above grayish streaked with blackish. _Yng. and Ad. in Winter._ Similar to Ad. [Male], but throat paler, back browner; wing with two distinct bars. _Notes._ Song, _wee-see-wee-see, tsee-tsee_, _tsee_, _tsee-tsee_, _tsee_, _tsee_, in an ascending scale, the last shrill and fine.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England (and in Berkshire and Worcester counties, Massachusetts), and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region, (and south in Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in tropics.

=687. Redstart= (_Setophaga ruticilla_). L. 5.4. _Ad._ [Male]. Black; sides of breast, band in wings and in tail rich salmon. _Ad._ [Female]. Sides of breast, band in wings and in tail dull yellow; back olive-brown, crown gray; below whitish. _Yng._ [Male]. Intermediate between adults. _Notes._ Song, _ching_, _ching_, _chee_; _ser-wee_, _swee_, _swe-e-e_.

Range.--North America; rare on the Pacific coast; breeds from North Carolina, and Kansas north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in the West Indies, Central and South America.

=748. Golden-crowned Kinglet= (_Regulus satrapa_). L. 4.1. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown orange and yellow bordered by black; a whitish line over eye; back grayish olive-green; below soiled whitish. A blackish band in wing bordered basally by yellowish white. _Ad._ [Female]. No orange in crown, its whole center yellow. _Notes._ Call, a fine, high _ti-ti_; song, five or six fine, shrill high-pitched notes ending in a short, rapid, rather explosive warble, "_tzee_, _tzee_, _tzee_, _tzee_, _ti_, _ti_, _ter_, _ti-ti-ti_."

Range.--North America; breeds from northern United States northward, and southward along the Rockies into Mexico and in the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters from about its southern breeding limit to the Gulf States and Mexico.

=748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet= (_R. s. olivaceus_). Similar to No. 748, but upperparts brighter olive-green; underparts with a brownish tinge.

Range.--Pacific coast region; breeds from the higher Sierra Nevada of California north to southern Alaska.

=666. Golden-cheeked Warbler= (_Dendroica chrysoparia_). L. 5. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat, crown and _back_ black; cheeks and spot in forehead yellow; a narrow black line through eye; wing-bars and tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above olive green with _black streaks_; cheeks duller than in [Male], eye-streak dusky; throat yellow, breast blackish; belly _white_. _Notes._ Song, _tser_, _weasy-weasy_, _twea_, resembling song of No. 667. (Nehrling.)

Range.--Western central and southern Texas and south through eastern Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. (Ridgway.)

=667. Black-throated Green Warbler= (_Dendroica virens_). L. 5. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and breast black; cheeks greenish yellow; back olive-green; wing-bars and tail patches white. _Ad._ [Female] and _Yng._ [Male]. Similar, but throat yellowish; black breast tipped with yellowish; _belly tinged with yellow_; back _without_ black _streaks_. _Yng._ [Female]. Throat and breast yellowish white, little or no black. _Notes._ Song, a droning _zēē_, _zēē_, _zĕ-ēē'_, _zēē_.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut and northern Illinois north to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay, and south in Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Central America.

=668. Townsend Warbler= (Dendroica townsendi). L. 5.1. _Ad._ [Male]. A black eye-patch bordered by yellow stripes; crown and throat black; back olive-green spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. Eye-patch olive; throat yellow, indistinctly blackish; crown and back olive-green, with few black streaks. _Yng._ Similar, but yellower. _Notes._ Song, _de-de_, _de-de_, _de_, like that of No. 667. (Merrill.)

Range.--Western North America; breeds from mountains of southern California north to Alaska, east to western Colorado; in migrations to western Texas; winters in Mexico.

=669. Hermit Warbler= (_Dendroica occidentalis_). L. 5.1. Underparts _without_ streaks. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and cheeks yellow; throat black; back gray spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown less yellow; throat yellowish; back olive-gray, usually without spots. _Yng._ [Female]. Similar, but yellower. _Yng._ [Male]. Throat dusky; forehead and cheeks yellow; back olive-green with concealed black spots. Much like Yng of No. 667, but forehead yellower, no streaks below. _Notes._ Song, _zeegle-zeegle-zeegle-zeek_. (Barlow.)

Range.--Western United States; breeds in high mountains from British Columbia to California, and from Pacific Coast district of United States to Rocky Mountains; migrates to Lower California, Mexico, and Guatemala. (Bailey.)

=684. Hooded Warbler= (_Wilsonia mitrata_). L. 5.7. Outer tail-feather with white patches. _Ad._ [Male]. Forehead and cheeks yellow; hindhead extending to breast and throat black; belly yellow; back olive-green. _Ad._ [Female]. Throat yellow, hindhead olive-green usually with black. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _cheep_; song, a gracefully whistled _you must come to the woods, or you wont see me_.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, central western New York, and southern Michigan; winters in Central America.

=531. Lawrence Goldfinch= (_Astragalinus lawrencei_). L. 4.7. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown, throat and front of cheeks black; body _gray_, breast, rump, wings and, to a less degree, back with yellow; outer tail feathers with large white spots near the end. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but no black, back browner and without yellow. _Notes._ Suggesting those of the Goldfinch, but weaker.

Range--California, west of the Sierra; breeds from northern Lower California north to Chico, California; winters to Arizona and New Mexico.

=642. Golden-winged Warbler= (_Helminthophila chrysoptera_). L. 5. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown yellow, wing-bars broadly yellow; above bluish gray; below grayish white; throat-patch and eye-stripe black. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown duller; throat-patch and eye-stripe gray. _Notes._ Song, a lazy _zee-zee-zee-zee_ all on same note.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey and northern Indiana north to Vermont, southern Ontario, and Michigan, and south along Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Central America.

=678. Connecticut Warbler= (_Geothlypis agilis_). L. 5.5. Eye-ring white; no white in wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat and breast paler, the latter with no black; above olive-green; below yellow, sides greenish. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng._ Throat and breast olive _brown_; belly yellow; back brownish olive-green; crown browner. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _peek_; song, suggesting that of Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Oven-bird, _free-chapple_, _free-chapple_, _free-chapple_, _whoit_. (Seton.)

Range.--Eastern North America, north to Maine and Manitoba; known to breed only in Manitoba; winters in northern South America.

=679. Mourning Warbler= (_Geothlypis philadelphia_). L. 5.4. No white in wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. No white eye-ring; crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat blackish; breast black more or less veiled by slaty; belly yellow; back olive-green. _Ad._ [Female]. Head slaty; throat and breast _grayish_; an inconspicuous white eye-ring. _Yng._ Similar, but browner above; throat more yellow. _Notes._ Song, clear and whistled, _tee te-o te-o te-o we-se_, the last couplet accented and much higher pitched. (Jones.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England, northern New York and eastern Nebraska north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters in Central and South America.

=680. Macgillivray Warbler= (_Geothlypis tolmiei_), L. 5.4. _Ads._ Similar to No. 679, but with an incomplete white eye-ring showing above and below eye.

Range.--Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; breeds from western Texas and mountains of southern California north to British Columbia; in migrations ranges east to Nebraska and middle Texas; winters in Mexico and Central America.

=656. Audubon Warbler= (_Dendroica auduboni_). L. 5.6. Crown, sides of breast, rump, and _throat_ usually with yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat bright yellow; breast black; back blue-gray streaked with black; wing-bars broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to male, but breast grayish; yellow less bright; less white in wings. [Male], _Winter_. Like same plumage of No. 655, but throat, yellowish; more white in tail. [Female], _Winter_. Similar, but less yellow, throat sometimes without yellow, when like No. 655, but white on four or five outer tail-feathers instead of on two or three.

Range.--Western United States; breeding in higher mountains from southern California and New Mexico north to British Columbia; winters south into Mexico.

=656a. Black-fronted Warbler= (_D. a. nigrifrons_). Similar to No. 656, but _Ad._ [Male]. with forehead, sides of crown, and ears black; back black, narrowly margined with bluish gray. _In winter._ Bluish gray, not brownish above. Ad. [Female] darker, more heavily streaked with black above. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Mountains of northern Mexico north to southern Arizona.

=657. Magnolia Warbler= (_Dendroica maculosa_). L. 5.1. Rump yellow; seen from below a white band across middle of tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown ashy, back black; wing-coverts broadly white; below yellow streaked with black. _Ad._ [Female]. Duller; fewer black stripes below; wing-bars separated, narrow. _Yng. and Ad in winter._ Crown and sides of head brownish ashy, back olive-green; below yellow, sides occasionally streaked. _Notes._ Song, a loud, clear whistle, _chee-to_, _chee-to_, _chee-tee-ee_, uttered rapidly and with a falling inflection, (Langille.)

Range.--Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England, northern Michigan (and south along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), north to Quebec and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central America.

=663. Yellow-throated Warbler= (_Dendroica dominica_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Throat and _line from bill to eye_ yellow; cheeks and forehead black; back bluish gray; two broad white wing-bars; tail-patches white. _Notes._ Song, loud, ringing and ventriloquial; suggesting that of Indigo Bunting but shorter.

Range.--Southeastern United States; breeds from Florida north to Virginia and winters from Florida south into West Indies.

=663a. Sycamore Warbler= (_D. d. albilora_). Similar to No. 663, but bill smaller, line from eye to bill white or with but traces of yellow.

Range.--Mississippi Valley; breeds from Texas north to Kansas, southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and West Virginia; winters in Mexico and Central America.

=664. Grace Warbler= (_Dendroica graciæ_). L. 5. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and line over eye yellow; cheeks gray; above gray, crown and back with black streaks; wing-bars and tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but duller, back sometimes brownish.

Range.--Northwestern Mexico, north to New Mexico, southwestern Colorado, and Arizona.

=686. Canadian Warbler= (_Wilsonia canadensis_). L. 5.6. No white in wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. A necklace of black spots on breast; back gray; belly yellow; forehead black. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng._ [Male]. Black areas smaller. _Yng._ [Female]. Slightly yellowish above; necklace slightly indicated by dusky spots. _Notes._ Song, _tu-tu_, _tswe_, _tu_, _tu_, longer or shorter and suggesting in style of utterance both the Yellow Warbler and Goldfinch. (Jones.) (See page 190.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, central New York, and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters in Central and South America.

=640. Bachman Warbler= (_Helminthophila bachmanii_). L. 4.2. Outer tail-feathers usually with a white patch more or less distinct. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast-patch and crown-band black; forehead, chin and belly yellow; back olive-green, hindhead grayish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish olive-green, head grayer; below dingy grayish with a yellow tinge. _Notes._ Song, when migrating, resembles that of Parula Warbler, (Brewster); when breeding, that of Worm-eating Warbler, Junco or Chippy. (Widmann).

Range.--Southeastern United States, west to Louisiana, north to Virginia and southern Indiana; rare on Atlantic coast; known to breed only in Missouri; winters south of United States.

=641. Blue-winged Warbler= (_Helminthophila pinus_). L. 4.8. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and underparts yellow; back olive-green; a black stripe through eye; two whitish wing-bars; outer tail-feathers with white patches. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, less yellow on head, duller below. _Notes._ Song, a wheezy, _swee-chee_, the first inhaled, the second exhaled; also, later, _wēē_, _chi-chi-chi-chi_, _chūr_, _chēē-chūr_.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut and Minnesota, occasionally wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of United States.

=670. Kirtland Warbler= (_Dendroica kirtlandi_). L. 5.7. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bluish gray streaked with black; below pale yellow, sides streaked with black; wing-bars grayish; tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but browner. _Notes._ Song, said to resemble that of Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Yellow-throated Warbler.

Range.--Eastern United States; has been found from April to October in United States as follows: in Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, and Ontario, in all some twenty odd specimens; found breeding in summer of 1903 in Oscoda County, Michigan; winters in Bahamas where some fifty specimens have been taken.

=671. Pine Warbler= (_Dendroica vigorsii_). L. 5.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and breast greenish yellow; above bright yellowish green; wing-bars and tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but breast duller, back browner. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to Ad. [Male], but browner. _Yng._ [Female]. Below buffy white, breast slightly or not all yellowish; back olive-brown. _Notes._ Song, suggesting a Chipping Sparrow's but more musical.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf States north to New Brunswick, Minnesota, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Gulf States.

=696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail= (_Budytes flavus leucostriatus_). L. 6.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown bluish slate, a white line over eye; back olive-green; below yellow; wing-bars yellowish; outer tail-feathers largely white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but duller, head and wing-bars browner. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, _plé-plé-ple_; song, a low, clear, medley of jingling notes uttered on the wing. (Nelson.) (See page 191.)

Range.--China, Eastern Siberia, and Bering Sea portion of eastern Alaska.

=529. American Goldfinch= (_Astragalinus tristis_). L. 5.1; W. 2.8. _Ad._ [Male]. Yellow, cap, wings and tail black; wing-coverts, secondaries and inner margins of tail-feathers tipped with white. _Ad._ [Female], Above grayish olive-brown; below buffy whitish; throat yellowish; wings and tail duller than in male; white tips to tail not distinct. _Yng._ [Male] _and Ad._ [Male] _in winter_. Similar to [Female] but wings and tail black; white markings grayer than in summer. _Notes._ Calls, when perching, _hear me_, _hear me_, _dearie_, soft and sweet, when flying, _per-chic'-o-ree_; _per-chic'-o-ree_; song, sweet, rapid, varied and canary-like.

Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rockies; breeds from Virginia and Missouri north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from northern United States to the Gulf States.

=529a. Western Goldfinch= (_A. t. pallidus_). Similar to No. 529, but larger, W. 3.05. _Ad._ [Male], _in summer_, similar in color to No. 529. [Female] and [Male], _in winter_. Much paler, the white areas greater in extent.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico north to British Columbia.

=529b. California Goldfinch= (_A. t. salicamans_). Similar to No. 529, but wings and tail shorter and color darker. _Ad._ [Male] _in summer_. With back always (?) tinged with pale olive-green; in winter darker than No. 529, but with white areas as large as in 529a. (Ridgw.)

Range.--California, west of the Sierra, south to Lower California, north to Washington.

=530. Arkansas Goldfinch= (_Astragalinus psaltria_). L. 4.1. _Ad._ [Male]. Cap, wings, and tail black, most of primaries and tail white basally; back and cheeks olive-green, often marked with black; below yellow _Ad._ [Female]. No black cap; above olive-green; below dull yellowish; wings and tail brownish black, former with white much reduced, latter with little or no white. _Yng._ Resemble female. _Notes._ Call, _se-e-e-ep_; song, sweet, varied and musical.

Range.--Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from northern Lower California and western Texas, north to Colorado, southern Idaho, and Oregon; winters from the southern part of its breeding range southward.

=530b. Mexican Goldfinch= (_A. p. mexicanus_). Resembles No. 530, but _cheeks and entire upperparts black_; [Female] as in No. 530.

Range.--Mexico, north to southern Texas.

=685. Wilson Warbler= (_Wilsonia pusilla_). L. 5. No white in plumage. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown shining black; forehead, cheeks and underparts yellow; back olive-green. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but crown-patch often smaller, sometimes absent. _Yng._ [Female]. Crown-patch absent. _Notes._ Song, _'tsh-'tsk-'tsh-'tshea_. (Nuttall.) Suggests that of Redstart or Yellow Warbler. (Minot.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, northeastern Maine, and Ontario north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico and Central America; "occasional during migration in Colorado... and other parts of the Rocky Mountain district" (Ridgw.) (See page 192.)

=685a. Pileolated Warbler= (_W. p. pileolata_). Similar to No. 685, but yellow deeper, olive brighter.

Range.--Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky Mountain district from western Texas in higher mountains, northward to Alaska, coast and interior; westward to eastern Oregon and Queen Charlotte Islands; in migrations over all of western North America and east to Minnesota; in winter south to Central America. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.)

=685b. Golden Pileolated Warbler= (_W. p. chryseola_). Similar to No. 685a, but still brighter, richer yellow; forehead nearly orange; back brighter green.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to British Columbia; in migration east to eastern Oregon; south to Chihuahua and Lower California. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.)

=677. Kentucky Warbler= (_Geothlypis formosa_). L. 5.6. No white in plumage. _Ad._ [Male]. Cheeks and crown black the latter tipped with ashy; back olive-green; a yellow line over eye; below bright yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but less black in crown and on cheeks; yellow duller. _Notes._ Song, a _loud musical_ whistle, _turdle_, _turdle_, _turdle_, suggesting notes of Carolina Wren.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to lower Hudson Valley, southern Michigan and eastern Nebraska; winters in Central and northern South America.

=681. Maryland Yellow-throat= (_Geothlypis trichas_). L. 5.2; W. 2.1. _Ad._ [Male]. Forehead and cheeks black, bordered behind by ashy; back olive-green; throat and breast yellow, belly whitish washed with yellow, sides brownish. _Ad._ [Female]. No black mask; above dull olive-green, forehead brownish; throat and breast more or less washed with yellow, belly whitish, sides brownish. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to Ad. [Male], but browner; breast yellow; cheeks and forehead with more or less half-concealed black. _Notes._ Calls, _pit_, _chit_, or _chack_; song, variable, often _wichity_, _wichity_, _wichity_.

Range.--"Atlantic Coast district of United States; breeding in Virginia, District of Columbia, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania (Carlisle), probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and in upland portions of Carolinas and Georgia; ... south in winter to Bahamas ..." (Ridgw.)

=681a. Western Yellow-throat= (_G. t. occidentalis_). Similar to No. 681d, but yellow below richer, border of mask whiter and broader.