Part 16

Range.--Central America and Mexico; breeds through Texas north to southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Central America: accidental in Florida and as far north as Connecticut and Hudson Bay.

=471. Vermilion Flycatcher= (_Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus_). L. 6. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and underparts red; back grayish brown. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish, below white, breast streaked with dusky, belly red or yellow. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to [Female] but spotted with red below and on crown. _Notes._ A shrill _zi-bréé_, _zi-bréé_, uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up in the air. (Bendire.)

Range.--Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely); "winter visitant to southern California." (Grinnell.)

=688. Painted Redstart= (_Setophaga picta_). L. 5.4. _Ads._ Black; center of breast and belly deep red, patch in wings and outer tail-feathers white.

Range--Mexican Plateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona.

=690. Red-faced Warbler= (_Cardellina rubrifrons_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Forehead, face, throat and sides of neck red, crown and ear-coverts black, nape band and rump whitish; back gray; no white in wings or tail. _Notes._ A prolonged, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.)

Range.--From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to southern Arizona and western New Mexico.

=498. Red-winged Blackbird= (_Agelaius phœniceus_). L. [Male], 9.5; W. 4.7; B. .88; depth at base, .5. _Ad._ [Male]. Black, in winter more or less tipped with rusty; lesser wing-coverts scarlet; median wing-coverts buff, tips in summer whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish black, widely margined with buffy and rusty; below whitish heavily streaked with black; throat tinged with orange or yellow; lesser wing-coverts tinged with red. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to _Ad._ [Male], but heavily margined with rusty above and less so below; lesser wing-coverts duller and narrowly edged with black. _Notes._ Call, _chût_, _chûck_, a reedy _cack_; song, a chorus song, a liquid _kong-quĕr-rēē_; alarm note a shrill _chee-e-e-e-e_. The notes of this species are subject to much variation with locality, but I find it impossible to express on paper differences perfectly apparent when heard.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois southward.

=498a. Sonoran Red-wing= (_A. p. sonoriensis_). Similar to No. 498, but larger, bill more slender; [Female] paler, streaking below browner. W. [Female], 4.8; B. .95; depth at base .5.

Range.--Lower Colorado Valley in California and Arizona, southern Arizona and south over coast plain of Sonora; Cape St. Lucas.

=498b. Bahaman Red-wing= (_A. p. bryanti_). Similar to No. 498, but bill slightly longer, the female streaked below with brownish instead of black.

Range.--Bahamas and southern Florida.

=498c. Florida Red-wing= (_A. p. floridanus_). Similar to No. 498, but smaller, the bill longer and more slender; [Male], W. 4.2; B. .9; depth at base .4.

Range.--Florida, except extreme southern portion; west along Gulf coast to Texas.

=498d. Thick-billed Red-wing= (_A. p. fortis_). Similar to No. 498, but larger, bill shorter and proportionately thicker. W. 5; B. .8; depth at base .5.

Range.--Breeds on Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interior districts of British America; during migrations Great Plains, from Rockies to Minnesota, Iowa, western Illinois, northern Kentucky, and southwest to western Texas and Arizona. (Ridgway.)

=498e. San Diego Red-wing= (_A. p. neutralis_). Similar to No. 498a, but slightly smaller, the [Female] with streaks below wider. W. 4.7; B. .95; depth at base .5.

Range.--Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south to Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Lower California; in winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.)

=498f. Northwestern Red-wing= (_A. p. caurinum_). Similar to No. 498, but slightly larger, bill somewhat longer and more slender, the [Male] with median wing-coverts deeper buff, the [Female] much darker, streaks below wider, darkest [Female] of group. W. 4.8; B. .9; depth at base .45.

Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia; south in winter to southern California.

=499. Bicolored Blackbird= (_Agelaius gubernator californicus_). _Ad._ [Male]. Similar to No. 498, but median wing-coverts darker and broadly tipped with black, concealing as a rule, their brownish bases. _Ad._ [Female]. Very different from [Female] of No. 498; above and below blackish slightly edged with rusty. _Notes._ Similar in character to those of No. 498, but with easily recognizable differences. (See page 178.)

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California northward, west of Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, to Washington; migratory at north part of range.

=500. Tricolored Blackbird= (_Agelaius tricolor_). _Ad._ [Male]. Similar to No. 498, but glossier, lesser wing-coverts darker, median wing-coverts _white_; in winter black more or less edged with grayish brown; median wing-coverts dingy. _Ad._ [Female]. No rusty; above blackish edged with grayish; below black bordered with whitish. _Notes._ "Said to be quite different" from those of No. 498. (Bendire.) (See page 178.)

Range.--Northern Lower California north to southern Oregon; local in valleys of interior.

=523. Aleutian Leucosticte= (_Leucosticte griseonucha_). Like No. 524a, but much darker, breast chestnut-chocolate; larger, W. 4.4.

Range.--Islands of Bering Sea (resident); in winter, Shumagin Islands, lower portion of Alaska Peninsula and Kadiak Island.

=524. Gray-crowned Leucosticte= (_Leucosticte tephrocotis_). L. 6.7; W. 4.1. _Ad._ [Male]. Reddish brown more or less tipped with grayish; rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser wing-coverts, outer edges of primaries, and lower belly tipped with _pink_; forecrown black; hindhead gray; cheeks _down to blackish throat brown_. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but duller. _Yng._ Nearly uniform brownish; margins of primaries showing some pink. _Notes._ A quick alarm note, _qui_, _qui_. (Silloway.)

Range.--Western United States; breeds in higher parts of Sierra Nevada of California, from Mt. Shasta south to Mt. Whitney, and on White Mountains (Grinnell); north in Rocky Mountains to British Columbia; in winter east to Manitoba, Colorado, and Nebraska.

=524a. Hepburn Leucosticte= (_L. t. littoralis_). Similar to No. 524, but cheeks _gray_ like hindhead; throat often grayish.

Range.--Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia; north to Alaska; winters south to Colorado and, on Pacific Coast, as far north as Kadiak Island.

=525. Black Leucosticte= (_Leucosticte atrata_). Similar to No. 524, but brown replaced by brownish black in _Ad._ [Male], or dusky slate brownish in _Ad._ [Female] and _Yng._

Range.--Breeds on higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming; winters south to Colorado and Utah.

=526. Brown-capped Leucosticte= (_Leucosticte australis_). Resembles No. 524, but little or no gray on hindhead, the black of forehead passing gradually into brown of nape and back.

Range.--Breeds in mountains of Colorado at about 12000 feet altitude, winters at lower altitudes and south to New Mexico.

Perching Birds Marked With Blue

=599. Lazuli Bunting= (_Cyanospiza amœna_). L. 5.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Two white wing-bars; breast cinnamon, throat and upperparts light blue; back blacker. In winter more or less tipped with rusty. _Ad._ [Female]. Middle wing-coverts _tipped_ with _whitish_; above grayish brown with generally a blue tinge, strongest on rump and lesser wing-coverts; below whitish, breast buff. _Yng._ Like [Female], but browner, no blue. _Notes._ Suggest those of the Indigo Bunting.

Range.--Western United States, east to western Kansas; breeds north to Montana and British Columbia; winters in Mexico.

=600. Varied Bunting= (_Cyanospiza versicolor_). L. 5.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Reddish purple, crown and rump blue, nape red. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish gray; below whitish washed with buff; a slight tinge of blue on rump, wings and tail. Much like [Female] of No. 598, but less brown above and no streaks below. _Yng._ Resemble [Female].

Range.--Mexico; breeding north to southern Texas and southern Arizona; winters south of United States.

=600a. Beautiful Bunting= (_C. v. pulchra_). Similar to No. 600, but slightly smaller, rump more purple, throat with less red.

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil= (_Cyanospiza ciris_). L. 5.4. _Ad._ [Male]. Below red, rump duller, back green, head dark blue. _Ad._ [Female]. _Bright_, shining olive-green above; greenish yellow below. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female]; second year variously intermediate between Ad. [Male] and [Female]. _Notes._ Resemble those of the Indigo Bunting but possess less volume.

Range.--Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolina, southern Illinois, and Kansas, and west to southern Arizona; winters in Mexico and Central America.

=654. Black-throated Blue Warbler= (_Dendroica cærulescens_). L. 5.2. A white patch or spot at base of primaries. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and sides black; belly white; above dark grayish blue; outer tail-feathers with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Grayish olive-green; below yellowish white; a narrow white line over eye; white wing-patch small, sometimes barely showing above coverts; tail with a bluish tinge. _Yng._ [Male]. Like _Ad._ [Female], but greenish above; black areas smaller and tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, characteristic _chip_; song, usually, _zwee-zwee-zwee_ in an ascending scale.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut, mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central and South America.

=654a. Cairns Warbler= (_D. c. cairnsi_). Similar to No. 654, but [Male] darker, the back with more or less black; [Female] darker and duller.

Range.--Breeds in higher portions of southern Alleghanies; winters south of United States.

=658. Cerulean Warbler= (_Dendroica cerulea_). L. 5. _Ad._ [Male]. A gray-blue breast band; above bright gray-blue streaked with black; wing-bars and spots in tail white. _Ad._ [Female] and _Yng._ [Male]. Above blue-gray washed with greenish, below yellowish white; a whitish line over eye. _Notes._ Call, a warbler _lisp_ and _tchip_ of the Myrtle Warbler; song resembling that of Parula Warbler. (Brewster.) (See page 180.)

Range.--Mississippi Valley, breeding north to Minnesota and east to Cayuga County, New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; generally rare east of Alleghanies; migrates south through Texas and winters in Central and South America.

=597. Blue Grosbeak= (_Guiraca cærulea_). L. 7; W. 3.4. _Ad._ [Male]. Deep, dark blue, back blacker and sometimes with brownish edgings; lesser wing-coverts broadly, greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with chestnut. In winter more or less tipped with brownish above and below. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown, deepest on head; below grayish white washed with buffy; wing-bars buff. Some specimens show more or less blue, particularly about head. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female], but browner. _Notes._ Call, a strong, harsh, _ptchick_; song, a beautiful but feeble warble, somewhat like that of Purple Finch and with a slight resemblance to that of Rose-breasted Grosbeak. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf north to Maryland and southern Illinois; winters south of United States into Mexico and Central America; casually north as far as Maine and Quebec.

=597a. Western Blue Grosbeak= (_G. c. lazula_). Similar to No. 597, but larger, W. 3.6; male brighter blue; back blacker; tips of wing-coverts paler, those of greater coverts usually decidedly paler than those of lesser coverts and averaging wider than those of No. 597. Female averaging paler, less brown.

Range.--Western United States; breeds from Mexico north to Kansas, southern Nebraska, Colorado, and northern California; winters in Mexico and Central America.

=598. Indigo Bunting= (_Cyanospiza cyanea_). L. 5.4. No white wing-bars. _Ad._ [Male]. Deep blue, darkest on head. In winter brown, paler below, more or less mixed with blue. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brown; below whitish washed with brown with a _suggestion of streaks_; lesser wing-coverts and margins of tail-feathers usually tinged with blue. _Yng._ Similar to [Female] but below more streaked; browner, and generally without blue tinge. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _pit_; song, a tinkling, unsympathetic, rapid warble, _July, July, summer-summer's here_; _morning, noontide, evening, list to me_.

Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains, casually to Colorado; breeds north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

=766. Bluebird= (_Sialia sialis_). L. 7. _Ad._ [Male]. Above, including wings and tail, bright blue; throat and breast rusty brown, belly whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayer, below paler. In winter specimens of both sexes have upperparts tipped with rusty. _Notes._ Call, _tur-wee, tur-wee_; song, a rich and sweet but short warble.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from southern New England and southern Illinois southward.

=766a. Azure Bluebird= (_S. s. azurea_). Similar to No. 766, but breast paler, upperparts less deep, more cerulean.

Range.--Mountains of eastern Mexico north to southern Arizona.

=767. Western Bluebird= (_Sialia mexicana occidentalis_). L. 7. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bright blue, foreback with more or less rust-brown, but rarely wholly chestnut; _throat blue_, breast rust-brown, belly bluish gray. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish blue; rust on foreback faintly indicated; throat bluish gray, breast paler than in [Male]. _Notes._ Call, suggests that of No. 766, but is louder and wilder.

Range.--Pacific coast region from northern Lower California north to British Columbia, east to western Nevada and casually, during migrations, to New Mexico. (Ridgway.)

=767a. Chestnut-backed Bluebird= (_S. m. bairdi_). Similar to No. 767, but foreback _wholly_ rust-brown.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region from Wyoming south into Mexico.

=767b. San Pedro Bluebird= (_S. m. anabelæ_). Rust-brown of back and breast greatly reduced in extent, usually wholly wanting or barely indicated on back, and divided into two patches on breast by backward extension of blue of throat; W. 4.2. (Ridgw.)

Range.--San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.

=768. Mountain Bluebird= (_Sialia arctica_). L. 7.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Above beautiful cerulean blue, throat and breast paler, belly whitish. Winter specimens are more or less tipped with brownish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish gray, rump blue, throat and breast grayish buff; belly whitish. _Notes._ Call, suggests that of No. 766, but in fall is merely a feeble chirp. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Western United States, except Pacific coast; breeds from the Sierra Nevada east to the Plains and from New Mexico north to the Great Slave Lake region; winters from the Mexico boundary states south into Mexico.

=477. Blue Jay= (_Cyanocitta cristata_). L. 11.7. _Ads._ Above gray-blue, breast and sides washed with _grayish_; white tip to outer tail-feather rarely less than one inch long. _Notes._ Varied; commonly a loud harsh _jay jay_; often whistling calls and imitations of the notes of other birds, particularly of common Hawks.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia and northern Texas north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; resident, except at northern part of range.

=477a. Florida Blue Jay= (_C. c. florincola_). Similar to No. 477, but smaller, L. 10; blue above with a purplish tinge; greater wing-coverts more narrowly barred with black and tipped with white.

Range.--Florida and Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas.

=482. Arizona Jay= (_Aphelocoma sieberii arizonæ_). L. 13; W. 6.3; T. 5.8. _Ads._ Above grayish blue, head, wings and tail brighter than back; below unstreaked, gray breast tinged with bluish; belly whiter. _Notes._ Noisy, harsh, and far-reaching. (Bendire.)

Range.--Northern Mexico, north to southern New Mexico and Arizona.

=482a. Couch Jay= (_A. s. couchi_). Similar to No. 482, but smaller; W. 5.8; T. 5.3; bluer above, throat whiter.

Range.--"Eastern Mexico, extending to western Texas in the Chisos Mountains." (Bailey.)

=492. Pinon Jay= (_Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus_). L. 11; T. 4.8. _Ads._ Above nearly uniform grayish blue, head slightly darker; below slightly paler, throat streaked with white. _Notes._ Variable, some as harsh as those of No. 491, others like gabble of Magpie; others like Jays' common call a shrill, querulous, _peeh, peeh_; when on ground maintain a constant chatter. (Bendire.)

Range.--Western North America, from New Mexico and Lower California north to southern British Columbia; east to Rockies, west to Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges.

=479. Florida Jay= (_Aphelocoma cyanea_). L. 11.5. _Ads._ foreback clay-color or pale brownish gray; head, nape, wings, tail, sides of throat and faint breast-streaks blue; a grayish line over eye; throat gray; belly dingier; forehead usually hoary. _Notes._ Harsh and unmusical calls.

Range.--Florida; confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of the peninsula.

=480. Woodhouse Jay= (_Aphelocoma woodhousei_). L. 12; W. 5. _Ads._ Back _grayish or brownish blue_, usually not sharply defined from nape; crown, nape, wings and tail blue; throat _gray_; belly dingier; breast streaked with blue; _under tail-coverts blue_; a _narrow white_ line over eye. Resembles No. 479, but is larger, back bluer, forehead not hoary; line over eye sharper.

Range.--Western United States (chiefly Great Basin region), from northern Mexico north to southeastern Oregon and southern Wyoming; east to western Texas and Colorado; west to California, east of the Sierras.

=480.1. Blue-eared Jay= (_Aphelocoma cyanotis_). Resembling No. 480, but larger; W. 5. 5; under tail-coverts _white_; back slaty-gray tinged with blue; white line over eye less evident.

Range.--"Mexican tableland north casually to Sutton County, Texas." (Bailey.)

_480.2. Texan Jay_ (_Aphelocoma texana_). Similar to No. 480.1, but white line over eye more distinct, below paler and browner gray, lower throat and chest with obsolete grayish streaks instead of blue streaks. Differs from No. 480 in having pure white under tail coverts and in other respects. (Ridgw.)

Range.--"Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Counties west to the Davis Mountains." (Bailey.)

=481. California Jay= (_Aphelocoma californica_). Similar to No. 480, but back _brown_; usually sharply defined from nape; blue areas brighter, throat and belly whiter; breast less streaked with blue. _Notes._ Varied, usual call a harsh, metallic squawking.

Range.--Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to southern Washington, east, in California, to the Sierra Nevada.

=481a. Xantus Jay= (_A. c. hypoleuca_). Similar to No. 481, but blue areas somewhat lighter, underparts decidedly whiter.

Range.--Lower California, north to Lat. 28°.

=481b. Belding Jay= (_A. c. obscura_). Similar to No. 481, but darker and with smaller feet; W. 4.7. (Anthony.)

Range.--San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.

=481.1. Santa Cruz Jay= (_Aphelocoma insularis_). Similar to No. 481, but larger; W. 5.6; blue areas much deeper, back much darker, grayish sooty tinged with blue.

Range.--Santa Cruz Island, California.

=478. Steller Jay= (_Cyanocitta stelleri_). L. 13. _Ads._ Crest, back and upper breast sooty brown; rump and belly dark, (Antwerp) blue; forehead more or less streaked with blue. _Notes._ Varied, usual call a loud, harsh squawking; the bird is a mimic and also a whistler.

Range.--Pacific coast from Monterey, California, north to near Cook Inlet, Alaska, including Vancouver Island.

=478a. Blue-fronted Jay= (_C. s. frontalis_). Similar to No. 478, but back paler, grayer, rump and belly turquoise, forehead with more blue which sometimes extends to the crest.

Range.--"Southern coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of California and western Nevada, from Fort Crook south to northern Lower California." (A.O.U.)

=478b. Long-crested Jay= (_C. s. diademata_). Similar to No. 478, but paler, grayer above, blue turquoise, as in No. 478a; crest longer, the forehead with pale, _bluish white_ streaks; a white spot over the eye.

Range.--"Southern Rocky Mountains; north to southern Wyoming; west to Uintah Mountains, in eastern Utah, and the higher ranges of northwestern Arizona; south to New Mexico." (Bendire.)

=478c. Black-headed Jay= (_C. s. annectens_). Between No. 478 and No. 478b. Forehead streaks, and spot over eye much as in latter; color of body dark as in former.

Range.--Northern Rocky Mountain region from northern Utah and southern Wyoming north to Alberta and British Columbia.

=478d. Queen Charlotte Jay= (_C. s. carlottæ_). Similar to No. 478, but darker, sooty slate above, blue deeper.

Range.--Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

=483. Green Jay= (_Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens_). L. 11. _Ads._ Crown and patches at side of throat blue; back, wings, and central tail-feathers green; outer tail-feathers yellow; throat black, breast and belly greenish yellow. _Notes._ Noisy and harsh often suggesting certain of the Blue Jay's calls.

Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south into northeastern Mexico.

Perching Birds with Yellow or Orange

=503. Audubon Oriole= (_Icterus audubonii_). L. 9.5. _Ads._ Head, breast, wings and tail black; belly yellow; back greenish yellow. _Yng._ Greenish yellow below; olive-green above. _Notes._ See No. 507.

Range.--Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande; casually as far as San Antonio, Texas; resident.

=504. Scott Oriole= (_Icterus parisorum_). L. 8; B. .95; _Ad._ [Male]. Lesser wing-coverts, base of tail, rump and belly yellow; rest of plumage black. _Ad._ [Female]. Yellowish below, olive-green above, two white wing-bars. _Yng._ [Male]. Like female, but throat black. _Notes._ See No. 507.

Range.--Mexican tableland, migrating north to western Texas, northern New Mexico, southern Nevada and southeastern California; winters in Mexico.

=505. Hooded Oriole= (_Icterus cucullatus sennetti_). L. 8; B. .75. _Ad._ [Male]. _Orange_; forehead, face, throat, foreback, wings and tail black; lesser wing-coverts and tips to greater ones white. _Ad._ [Female]. Yellowish below, brownish olive-green above, two white wing-bars. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female], but throat black. _Notes._ See No. 507.

Range.--Mexico; migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters in Mexico.

=505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole= (_I. c. nelsoni_). Similar to No. 505, but head, rump, etc. yellow instead of orange.

Range.--Northwestern Mexico and Lower California, migrating north to southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, west of Sierra Nevada; winters in Mexico.