CHAPTER XIV

FOREWORD TO NEW EDITION 352

Adler's views more fully discussed--The psychological events of the war force the problems of the unconscious on society--The psychology of individuals corresponds to the psychology of nations.

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES 354

I. THE BEGINNING OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

The evolution of psychology--How little it has had to offer to the psychiatrist till Freud's discoveries--The origin and reception of psychoanalysis--The prejudiced attitude of certain physicians--Freud's view that his best work arouses greatest resistances--The Nancy School--Breuer's first case--"The talking cure"--The English "shock theory"--Followed by the trauma theory--Discussion of predisposition--Author's case of hysteria following fright from horses--The pathogenic importance of the hidden erotic conflict.

II. THE SEXUAL THEORY 367

Humanity evolves its own restrictions on sexuality for the sake of the advance of civilisation--The presence of a grave sexual problem testifies to the need of more differentiated conceptions--The erotic conflict largely unconscious--Neurosis represents the unsuccessful attempt of the individual to solve the problem in his own case--To understand the idea of the dream as a wish-fulfilment the manifest and latent content must be taken in review--The nature of unconscious wishes--Dream analysis leads to the deepest recesses of the unconscious--The analyst compared to the accoucheur--The highest development of the individual is sometimes in complete conflict with the herd-morality--Psychoanalysis provides the patient with a philosophy of life founded upon insight--Man has within himself the essence of morals--Both the moral and immoral man must accept the corrective of the unconscious--Our sexual morality too undifferentiated--Freud's sexual theory right to a point but too one-sided.

III. THE OTHER VIEWPOINT: THE WILL TO POWER 381

The superman--Nietzsche's failure to justify his theories by his life--His view also too one-sided--Adler's theory of neurosis founded upon the principle of power--Case of hysteria discussed from the standpoint of unconscious motivation.

IV. THE TWO TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGY 391

Thinking the natural adaptive function for introvert, feeling for the extrovert--The sexual theory promulgated from the standpoint of feeling, the power theory from that of thought--Criticism of both theories indispensable--Symptoms of neurosis are aims at a new synthesis of life--Definition of positive value as energy in a useful form--In neurosis energy is located in an inferior form--Sublimation a transference of sexual energy to another sphere--Destiny often frustrates purely rational sublimations--Rationalism, the world-war an example of its breakdown--So-called "disposable energy"--Case of American business-man--The types have different problems--The feelings of the introvert relatively conventional and undifferentiated--The thinking of the extrovert colourless and dry--The types apt to marry, but not to understand one another--The theories of the types led to a new theory of psychogenic disturbances--Neurosis postulates the existence of an unconscious conflict--New theory declares it to lie between the natural conscious function and the repressed undifferentiated co-function--Repressed feelings of introvert projected as vague physical symptoms--Repressed thought of extrovert projected as hysterical symptoms--In analysis the libido liberated from the unconscious phantasies is projected on to the physician--It finds its way into the transference, which in turn is dissolved--The new channel for the libido is already found.

V. THE PERSONAL AND THE IMPERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS 408

Transference a projection of unconscious contents on to the physician--Contents of the unconscious at first personal, later impersonal--Primordial images--A differentiation of the unconscious contents necessary--The deepest layers are now designated impersonal, absolute, collective, or super-personal--The libido now liberated in analysis sinks down into the unconscious, reviving original "thought-feelings"--Example in Mayer's idea of conservation of energy--The world-wide existence of the primordial images--The concept of God--Enantiodromia, the world-war an example of this--In analysis the pairs of opposites are torn asunder--This necessitates that patients learn to differentiate between the ego and non-ego.

VI. THE SYNTHETIC OR CONSTRUCTIVE METHOD 417

The transcendental function, a new way of regarding the psychological materials as a bridge between the two sides of the psyche--Example of method of synthesis of symbols of absolute unconscious--Dream of the crab.

VII. ANALYTICAL (CAUSAL-REDUCTIVE) INTERPRETATION 419

The unconscious homosexual tendencies--The causal-reductive method does not strictly follow the patient's own associations--It does not interpret the dream as subjective phenomenon--Interpretation on both objective and subjective planes necessary.

VIII. THE SYNTHETIC (CONSTRUCTIVE) INTERPRETATION 422

Homosexuality in this case an unconscious defence against acceptance of "more dangerous" tendencies--Fascination an unconscious compulsion--"Identifications" have power so long as they remain unconscious--Union of subjective and objective view of dream gives its full meaning.

IX. THE DOMINANTS OF THE SUPER-PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS 426

Projection in relation to transference--Projection of certain attributes not explicable on the ground of personal contents, but must be referred to the super-personal--Collective unconscious is sediment of all the experience of the universe throughout time--Certain features that have become prominent, _e.g._ gods and demons, are called "dominants" and have a character of universal psychological truth--These dominants become conscious as projections, explaining infatuations, incompatibilities, unconscious conflicts, etc.--The "magical demon" is the most primitive concept of God--Analysis traces home these projections to the non-ego--Fear belongs to the dominants of the collective unconscious--The next step is the detachment of these projections from the objects of consciousness--This liberates energy for further progress--The transcendental function--The hero-myth symbolises this differentiation of ego from non-ego.

X. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TYPES OF INTROVERSION AND EXTROVERSION 437

The types apprehend life by opposite methods--All psychic images have two sides, one directed towards the object, the other towards the soul (idea)--The feelings of the introvert are under repression, the thoughts of the extrovert--Analytical development of the unconscious brings out the secondary function in each type--The pairs of opposites being thus demonstrated need for synthesis arises--This is a compensatory process leading to enrichment of the individual.

XI. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE THERAPY 441

The unconscious is a source of danger when the individual is not at one with it--It also creates harmonious prospective combinations which can be an effective source of wisdom for the individual--The use of the phantasies in conjunction with conscious elaboration is the transcendental function--Not every individual passes through all the stages described--For some the end of analysis is reached when the cure is achieved--Others are under a moral necessity to reach a full psychological development.

CONCLUSION 443