Cliff Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe

Herodotus, speaking of the Ligurians, says that they spent the night in the open air, rarely in huts, but that they usually inhabited caverns. Every traveller who goes to the Ri...

There is an account in the _Times'_ Correspondent's record of Colonel Younghusband's expedition to Lhasa that when read haunts the imagination. It is the description made by Mr....

In the year 1866 the Prussian Army of the Elbe broke into Bohemia, when it was found that the inhabitants of a certain district had vanished along with their cattle and goods, l...

I took the third of the classes into which I have divided my subject of cliff castles, first of all; and now I shall take the others in the category.

The name of the outlaw, Humphrey Kynaston, who, with his horse, lived in the face of a precipice, is not likely speedily to be forgotten in Shropshire; his exploits are still ma...

From a very early period in the Middle Ages--in fact from the dissolution of the Carlovingian dynasty--we find communities everywhere grouped about a centre, and that centre the...

Standing upon the pinnacle upon which is planted the marvellous Romanesque cathedral of Le Puy, and looking north, is seen in the distance the basaltic mass of Polignac crowned...

When the periods of persecution of the early Christians had come to an end, and they were able in security to assemble for worship, two distinct types of Church contested for th...

The early Syrian and Egyptian hermits would have become a sect of manichæan heretics but for the popularity of the profession and the Arian persecution. In quitting the world th...

I have divided Refuges into two classes--those that have been burrowed under the soil, and those that open in the face of a cliff. Occasionally they run one into another, and ye...

A noteworthy distinction exists between the countless rock-tombs in Palestine and those equally countless in Egypt. In the former there has not been found a single inscription t...

In a vastly remote past, and for a vastly extended period, the mighty deep rolled over the surface of a world inform and void, depositing a sediment of its used up living tenant...

The idea that by symbolic burial a man became regenerate, that he put off the old condition and entered into another that was new, by passing through the earth or a hole in the...

Difference between the tombs of the Israelites and those of the Egyptians--The reason for this--Jewish catacombs at Rome--Christian catacombs--Puticoli--Numerous catacombs--Thos...

The seigneural castle--Protection sought against the foes without and against the peasant in revolt--Instance of the Château Les Eyzies-- Independence of the petty nobles--Condi...

Prussian invasion of Bohemia--Adersbach and Wickelsdorf labyrinths-- Refuges of the Israelites--Gauls suffocated in caves by Cæsar-- Armenians by Corbulo--Story of Julius Sabinu...

The difference between feudal castles and those of the Routiers-- Illustration of the character of the nobles--Two Counts of Perigord-- The nobles in Auvergne--"Les grands Jours...

Basilicas and catacumbal churches--Preference of the people for the latter--The cult of martyrs encouraged this--Crypts--Elevation of relics--Church of SS. John and Paul on the...

Polignac--Greek oracles--Charonion--Cave of the Nymphs--Exhalations-- Delos--Care of Trophonios--Experiences of Pausanius--Cave at Acharaca --Sibylline oracles--Destruction--For...

Troglodytes of the Etang de Berre--The underground town of Og, King of Bashan--Trôo--Sanitation--Ancient mode of disposing of refuse--The talking well--Les Roches--Chateau de Ba...

The hermits self-excommunicate--Liability to create a schism--S. Paul-- S. Mary of Egypt--S. Anthony--Enormous number of solitaries compels organisation into monasteries--Causes...

Tibetian recluses--Christian hermits in Syria and Egypt--The Essenes and Therapeutæ--Description by Philo of the latter--Buddhist and Manichæean influence--Difference in motive-...

Formation of chalk--Of dolomitic limestone--Where did the first men live--Their Eden in the chalk lands--Migration elsewhere--Pit dwellings--Civilisation stationary--Troglodytes...

Distinction between souterrain and cliff refuges--How these latter were reached--Gazelles--Peuch Saint Sour--Story of S. Sour--The Roc d'Aucor --Exploration--How formerly reache...

Humphrey Kynaston--His adventurous life--Cave at Ness Cliff--Chinamen-- David at Adullam--Bandit caves in Palestine--Lombrive--Surtshellir-- Feruiden's cave--Gargas--La Crouzafc...