Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522-1590

BOOK XIV

Chapter 1823,174 wordsPublic domain

THE LADY OF TORTONA

1578-1590

The marriage of her last remaining daughter, and the removal of her granddaughter to the French Court, loosened the ties that bound the Duchess-mother to Lorraine. The failure of the high hopes which Don John's coming had aroused were a grievous disappointment, and, after her dangerous attack of illness in the spring of 1578, Christina decided to follow her doctor's advice and seek a warmer climate. Her thoughts naturally turned to her dower city of Tortona, whose inhabitants still paid her allegiance, in spite of Philip's invasion of her privileges. Since the Spanish garrison still occupied the castle, the magistrates begged her to inhabit the Communal palace, and Christina, touched by their expressions of loyalty and affection, resolved to accept the offer.

[Sidenote: AUG., 1578] CHRISTINA RETURNS TO ITALY]

Before settling at Tortona, however, she decided to make a pilgrimage to Loreto, the shrine for which the Lorraine Princes had always cherished especial veneration. Early in August, 1578, she left Nancy and travelled across the Alps, and through Savoy, by the route which she had taken as a bride, nearly half a century before. Her old friend, the Duchess Margaret, whose marriage had been one of the happiest results of the Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis, had already been dead four years, and her lord of the Iron-head was a confirmed invalid; but he sent his son, Charles Emanuel, to meet the Duchess and escort her to the citadel of Turin.

From Savoy, Christina proceeded to Milan, where she arrived on the 20th of August, and was hospitably entertained in the Castello by the Spanish Viceroy, the Marquis d'Ayamonte.[647] Once more she drove in her chariot through the streets where her coming had been hailed by rejoicing multitudes, once more she prayed by her husband's tomb in the Duomo and saw Leonardo's Cenacolo in Le Grazie. Her old friends, Count Massimiliano, the Trivulzi, and Dejanira, were dead and gone, and at every step the ghosts of bygone days rose up to haunt her memory. Then she travelled on by slow stages to Loreto, on the Adriatic shore, where she paid her vows at Our Lady's shrine, and offered a massive gold heart set with pearls and precious gems, to the admiration of future pilgrims.[648] But the long journey had overtaxed her strength, and when, on her return to Lombardy, she reached Ripalta, she was too ill to go any farther. Here she remained throughout the winter to recover from her fatigues and give the citizens of Tortona time to prepare for her reception.

At length, on the 17th of June, 1579, the Duchess made her state entry into the city. The magistrates met her at the gates with a stately baldacchino fringed with gold and silver, and escorted their Sovereign Lady to the house of Bartolommeo Busseto, where she alighted to partake of the banquet which had been prepared. Afterwards the loyal citizens accompanied her to the Palazzo Pubblico, halfway up the hill above the town, which had been splendidly fitted up for her occupation. The beauty of the view delighted the Duchess as much as the enthusiastic warmth of her reception, and the health-giving breezes of the Lombard city proved even more beneficial than her physicians had expected. "She came to our city of Tortona a dying woman, and lived there in health and comfort for more than ten years."[649] So wrote Niccolò Montemerlo, the historian whose chronicles of Tortona were published in 1618, when Christina had not yet been dead thirty years. His contemporaries joined with him in praising the Duchess's wise and beneficial rule, the strictness with which she administered justice, her liberality and benevolence.

"The Duchess Christina of Milan," wrote Campo of Cremona in 1585, "celebrated for her beauty and gracious manners, for her affability and generosity, has lately come to spend her widowhood in the city of Tortona, and lives there in great splendour, beloved by all."[650]

[Sidenote: JUNE, 1579] THE LADY OF TORTONA]

Christina's administrative powers found ample scope in the government of the city, and under her rule Tortona enjoyed a brief spell of peace and prosperity. She reformed abuses, obtained the restitution of lost privileges, and healed a long-standing feud with the city of Ravenna. At her prayer, Pope Gregory XIII. repealed a decree exacting a heavy fine from every citizen of Tortona who entered Ravennese territory, and friendly communications were restored between the two cities. Before her coming, the Spanish Viceroy had incurred great unpopularity by building a new citadel on the heights occupied by the ancient Duomo and episcopal palace, and converting these into barracks and powder-magazines. In 1560 the foundations of a new Cathedral were laid by Philip's orders in the lower city, but this could not atone in the eyes of the citizens for the desecration of the venerated shrine founded by St. Innocent in the fourth century, and adorned with priceless mosaics and marbles. When, in 1609, the lofty campanile was struck by lightning, and 400 barrels of gunpowder stored in the nave exploded with terrific force, the accident was regarded as a Divine judgment, and the panic-stricken Spaniards joined in the solemn procession that bore the relics of the martyrs from their old resting-place to the new sanctuary.[651]

But if Christina could not atone for this indignity, or deliver Tortona from the presence of the hated Spaniards, she protected her subjects from their outrages, and rigidly enforced the observance of the law. Many were the petitions and remonstrances on behalf of her own rights and those of the citizens which she addressed to her dear and illustrious cousin, Don Carlos of Aragon, Duke of Terranuova, who reigned over the Milanese as Viceroy from 1583 to 1592. The Duchess was in frequent correspondence with her children beyond the Alps, and many requests for passes for horses which she is sending to Lorraine and Bavaria, as well as for privileges for her Equerries, Signor Alfonso and Gaspare Visconti, are to be found in the archives of Milan.[652]

[Sidenote: JAN., 1585] THE LAST PHASE]

Many were the illustrious guests, remarks Montemerlo, who came to visit the Duchess at Tortona. In October, 1581, the Empress-Dowager Maria, widow of Maximilian II., passed through Lombardy on her return to Spain, and was received at Alessandria by Madame de Lorraine. Together they drove through streets hung with tapestries and adorned with triumphal arches, until, after three days' festivities, they went on to Tortona, and thence to Genoa. The families of the old Milanese nobles who had remained loyal to the House of Sforza welcomed Christina's return to Lombardy with joy. The nephew and heir of Count Massimiliano Stampa placed his superb pleasure-house at Montecastello, in the fief of Soncino, at her disposal, and named his eldest son Christian in her honour. The Guaschi of Alessandria, the Counts of Oria, the Trivulzi, the Somaglia and Visconti, vied with each other in entertaining her sumptuously.[653] The saintly Archbishop of Milan, Carlo Borromeo, visited her more than once, and the excellent Bishop of Tortona, Cesare Gambara, sought her help and advice in all that concerned the welfare of his people. From the day when, hardly more than a child herself, she begged Cardinal Caracciolo's protection for the destitute ladies at Pavia, Christina always cared for the poor and needy, and in her old age she was busy with active works of mercy. One of her last good actions was to send to Paris for Madame Castellani, a daughter of her old friend the Princess of Macedonia, who was living in reduced circumstances at the French Court, and bring her to Tortona to spend the rest of her life in peace and comfort. So she earned the love and gratitude of all around her, and thousands blessed the good Duchess's name long after she was dead.

II.

This last phase of Christina's life was on the whole peaceful and happy. Brantôme pitied this great lady, a daughter of Kings and niece of Emperors, and the rightful Queen of three kingdoms, who, after reigning over Milan and Lorraine, was reduced to hold her Court in an insignificant Lombard town, and was known in her last years as "Madame de Tortone."[654] But after her troubled life Christina was grateful for the peace and repose which she found at Tortona, and would have been perfectly content if it had not been for the continual annoyances to which she was exposed by Philip and his Ministers. From the moment that she settled in her dower city, the King began to dispute her right to its sovereignty, and insisted that, since Tortona had been settled upon her as an equivalent for the dower given her "out of pure liberality" by the late Emperor, she was bound to surrender her claims on payment of the sum in full. Christina, on her part, maintained with good reason that her claim to the city had never before been questioned, and that it was settled on her at her marriage, and belonged to her and her heirs of the House of Lorraine in perpetuity. The assertion of this claim roused Cardinal Granvelle to the highest indignation. "So dangerous a thing," he wrote to Philip, "cannot possibly be allowed." But, as he confessed, what made the situation awkward was that Madame de Lorraine's claims were strongly supported, not only by her son, Duke Charles, but by the Emperor Rudolf, the Duke of Bavaria, the Archdukes Ferdinand and Charles, and all the Princes of the Empire.[655] A long wrangle ensued, which ended in a declaration on the King's part that he would consent to Tortona being retained by the Duchess for her life, and afterwards held by her son-in-law and daughter, the Duke and Duchess of Brunswick.

[Sidenote: DEC., 1584] DUKE ERIC'S DEATH]

Dorothea and her husband were, in fact, the only members of Christina's family for whom Philip showed any regard. In 1578 Duke Eric was summoned to Spain to join in the contemplated invasion of Portugal, and served in the campaign led by Alva two years later. Dorothea accompanied her husband, and spent most of her time at Court. The King evidently liked her, and when, after the successful termination of the war, the Duke and Duchess came to take leave of him at Madrid, Granvelle was desired to draw up a secret convention by which Tortona and the revenues were assigned to Eric in lieu of the yearly pension allowed him. But Dorothea was not to be outwitted by the Cardinal. She insisted, on the arrears due to her husband being paid in full, and Philip himself told Granvelle to see that two or three thousand crowns of the Duke's salary were given to the Duchess, since she was short of money, and this seemed to him only reasonable. He also gave Dorothea two fine horses, which she wished to send to her brother-in-law, the Duke of Bavaria, and granted her a patent for working certain gold-mines, which the Cardinal promised to forward either to her mother at Tortona, or else to the care of the Prince of Orange in Germany.[656] This last direction sounds strange, considering that the famous ban against the Prince, setting a price of 30,000 crowns on his head, had already been issued at Granvelle's suggestion.[657]

The Duke and Duchess now returned to Göttingen, after visiting Christina at Tortona, and remained in their own dominions for the next few years, among their long-neglected subjects. But Eric soon became restless, and in April, 1582, Dorothea wrote to beg Granvelle's help in obtaining the Viceroyalty of Milan or Naples for her husband. The Cardinal promised to do his best, and two years later actually recommended the Duke for the Viceroyalty of Sicily. But a few weeks afterwards, on the 15th of December, 1584, Eric of Brunswick died at Pavia, and was buried in the crypt of Bramante's church of S. Maria Canepanova, where his tomb is still to be seen.[658] The Duke's death released Philip from his promise regarding the succession of Tortona. But he had already taken the law into his own hands.

In June, 1584, when Christina and her ladies were enjoying the delights of the Marchese Stampa's beautiful villa at Montecastello, the Viceroy suddenly appeared on the scene, and presented her with two letters from His Catholic Majesty. These were to inform her that, after long and mature deliberation, the King and his Council had come to the conclusion that her rights to the sovereignty of Tortona were extinct, and reverted to him as Duke of Milan. But since Madame de Lorraine was closely bound to him by ties of blood, and still more by the singular affection which he had always borne her, His Majesty was pleased to allow her to retain the enjoyment of Tortona and its revenues for the remainder of her life, which he hoped would be long and prosperous. In vain Christina protested that her dowry had never been paid, and that this city was granted to her in its stead by the terms of her marriage contract. The Viceroy replied in the most courteous language that Madame was no doubt right, but that this was not his affair, and he could only recommend that on this point her claims should be referred to the Treasury.[659] He then proceeded to take possession of Tortona in the King's name, and hoisted the Spanish standard on the citadel and the Duchess's palace. Christina could only bow to superior force, but she forwarded a protest to the Catholic King and his Council, both of whom refused to receive it, on the flimsy pretext that the writer assumed the title of Queen of Denmark, which they could not recognize. Certainly, as Brantôme remarked, and as Polweiler and Silliers often complained, Philip showed his great affection for his cousin in a strange manner.[660]

[Sidenote: SEPT., 1586] DEATH OF GRANVELLE]

Before the Duchess left Montecastello, she received the news of the Prince of Orange's assassination at Delft on the 10th of July, 1584. The hero and patriot had fallen a victim to the plots of Philip and Granvelle, and had paid the price with his life. Three years afterwards Christina shared in the thrill of horror that ran through Europe when Mary, Queen of Scots, died on the scaffold. In that hour she could only be thankful that the good old Duchess Antoinette was spared this terrible blow, and had died four years before, at the advanced age of eighty-nine. To the last Antoinette kept up friendly relations with her niece, and in a letter written with her own hand in November, 1575, the venerable lady expressed her sincere regret that owing to her great age she was unable to welcome Christina in person on her return to Nancy, but that in the spring she quite hoped to come and see her once more before she died.[661]

In 1586 Christina's old rival, Margaret of Parma, and this Princess's stanch supporter, Cardinal Granvelle, both died. Friends and foes were falling all around, and young and old alike were passing out of sight. But the Duchess still enjoyed fair health and was so happy at Tortona that she often said she never wished to leave home. As a rule, however, she spent the summer months at the Rocca di Sparaviera, in the mountains of Monferrato, "more," writes the chronicler, "to please others than herself."[662] Each year she obtained permission from the Viceroy to send 250 sacks of wheat, free of duty, for the use of her household to the Rocca, and her _maggiordomo_ went beforehand to prepare the rooms for her arrival.[663] The presence of the Duchess Dorothea, who joined her mother at Tortona after the Duke of Brunswick's death, was a great solace in these last years, and consoled Christina for many losses and sorrows.

Meanwhile the war of the League had broken out in France, and the three Henries were contending for the mastery. Since Henry III. was childless, Catherine now tried to put forward the claims of a fourth Henry, the eldest son of her daughter Claude and the Duke of Lorraine, and a party in France maintained his claims to be at least as valid as those which Philip II. advanced in virtue of his wife Elizabeth. Christina's heart was moved at the thought of her grandson succeeding to the throne of France, and in 1587 she sent a Lorraine gentleman, De Villers, to Rome to beg the Pope for his support in this holy cause. The Pope, however, merely replied that he advised the Duke to live at peace with his neighbours. The Duchess, nothing daunted, sent De Villers to Nancy with letters bidding her son be of good cheer and persevere in his great enterprise. Unfortunately, the messenger fell into the hands of Huguenot soldiers, who took him into the King of Navarre's camp. All that could be found on him was an almost illegible letter from Her Highness the Duke's mother, containing these words:

"I am very glad to hear of the present state of your affairs, and hope that you will go on and prosper, for never was there so fine a chance of placing the crown upon your head and the sceptre in your hand."[664]

The Béarnais smiled as he read this characteristic effusion, and bade his soldiers let the man go free. Charles, on his part, expressed considerable annoyance at his mother's intervention, which only aroused the suspicions of King Henry III., and made him look coldly on his brother-in-law. The Duchess's last illusion, however, was soon dispelled, and after the murder of the Guise brothers at Blois, and the assassination of the last Valois, Henry of Navarre was recognized as King by the greater part of France.

[Sidenote: FEB., 1589] AN INTERESTING MARRIAGE]

Christina did not live to see the end of the civil war, and the union of Henri Quatre's sister with her own grandson. But the last year of her life was cheered by the marriage of her granddaughter Christina with the Grand-Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany. Several alliances had been proposed for this Princess since she had gone to live at the French Court with her grandmother. Catherine was very anxious to marry her to Charles Emanuel, who in 1580 succeeded his father as Duke of Savoy; but Spanish influences prevailed, and the young Prince took the Infanta Catherine for his wife.[665] In 1583 the Queen-mother planned another marriage for her granddaughter, with her youngest son, the Duke of Alençon, who had left the Netherlands and lost all hope of winning Queen Elizabeth's hand; but, fortunately for Christina, the death of this worthless Prince in the following June put an end to the scheme.[666] When, in October, 1586, the King of Navarre divorced his wife Margot, Catherine proposed that her son-in-law should marry her granddaughter; but this plan fell through, as Henry refused to abjure the Huguenot religion. On the death of the Grand-Duke Francis in 1587, his brother Ferdinand exchanged a Cardinal's hat for the ducal crown, and made proposals of marriage to the Princess of Lorraine. Catherine was overjoyed at the thought of her beloved Christina reigning in Florence, the home of her ancestors, and promised her granddaughter a dowry of 600,000 crowns, with all her rights on the Medici estates in Florence, including the palace of the Via Larga. Orazio Rucellai was sent to France to draw up the contract, which Bassompierre signed on the Duke of Lorraine's part, on the 20th of October, 1588.[667] But the state of the country was so unsettled that the Queen would not allow her granddaughter to travel, and the fleet which sailed to fetch the bride was detained for months in the port of Marseilles. The murder of the Duke of Guise at Blois in December threw the whole Court into confusion, and a fortnight later Catherine herself died, on the 5th of January, 1589. It was not till the 25th of February that the marriage was finally celebrated at Blois. In March the bride set out on her journey, attended by a brilliant company of French and Florentine courtiers. Dorothea of Brunswick came to meet her niece at Lyons, and accompanied her to Marseilles, where Don Pietro de' Medici awaited her with his Tuscan galleys, and on the 23rd of April Christina at length landed at Leghorn. Ferdinand met his bride at the villa of Poggio a Caiano, and conducted her in triumph to Florence.[668] When the prolonged festivities were over, Monsieur de Lenoncourt, whom Charles of Lorraine had sent to escort his daughter to Florence, went on, by his master's orders, to Tortona, "to kiss the hands of the Duke's mother, the Queen of Denmark, and receive her commands."[669]

[Sidenote: AUG., 1590] DEATH OF CHRISTINA]

Unlike her mother and grandmother, the Grand-Duchess Christina enjoyed a long and prosperous married life, and after her husband's death was Regent during the minority of both her son and grandson. There is an interesting triptych in the Prado at Madrid, with portraits of the bride, her mother and grandmother, painted by some Burgundian artist at the time of the wedding. The young Grand-Duchess, a tall, handsome girl of four-and-twenty, wears a high lace ruff, with ropes of pearls round her neck and a jewelled girdle at her waist. She carries a fan in her hand, and the Medici _palle_ are emblazoned on her shield with the lilies of France and the eagles of Lorraine. Her mother, the shortlived Duchess Claude, bears a marked resemblance to Catherine de' Medici, but is smaller and slighter in build, and altogether of a gentler and feebler type. She too holds a fan, and wears a gown of rich brocade with bodice and sleeves thickly sown with pearls. Christina, on the contrary, is clad in mourning robes, and her white frilled cap and veil and plain cambric ruff are without a single jewel. But the fine features and noble presence reveal her high lineage. Instead of a fan, she holds a parchment deed in her hand, and on her shield the arms of Austria and Denmark are quartered with those of Milan and Lorraine, while above we read the proud list of her titles--Queen of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, Duchess of Milan, Lorraine, Bar, and Calabria, and Lady of Tortona.

This was the last portrait of Christina that was ever painted. In the following summer she went as usual to the Rocca of Sparaviera with her daughter Dorothea, to spend the hot days of August in the hills. But she had not been there long before she fell dangerously ill. In her anxiety to return home, she took boat and travelled by water as far as Alessandria. There she became too ill to go any farther, and died on the 10th of August, 1590, in the house of her friend Maddalena Guasco.[670]

The Duchess's corpse was borne by night to Tortona, where a funeral service was held in the new Duomo, after which the body was embalmed and taken by her daughter Dorothea to Nancy. The news was sent to King Philip in Spain, and he and his greedy Ministers lost no time in laying hands on her city and revenues. "We are informed," wrote the Viceroy to the President of the Senate, two days after Christina's death, "that Her Most Serene Highness Madame de Lorraine has passed to a better life, and accordingly we claim the pension of 4,000 crowns assigned to Her late Highness, on the quarter of the Castello, and enclose a list of the revenues of Tortona, which now revert to the Duchy of Milan."[671]

III.

[Sidenote: MAY, 1608] DEATH OF CHARLES III.]

The good citizens of Tortona were sorely distressed when they learnt that the remains of their beloved liege Lady were not to rest among them. But Christina's heart was in Lorraine, and her children laid her body in the crypt of the Cordeliers' church, in the grave of the husband whom she had loved so faithfully and so long. Twenty-one years later her ashes were removed with those of Duke Francis and his parents, Antoine and Renée, to the sumptuous chapel begun by her son Charles in 1607, and completed by his successors. The Rotonde, as it was called in Lorraine, was built on the model of the Cappella dei Principi, which the Duke's son-in-law, Ferdinand de' Medici, had lately reared in Florence, and was dedicated to Our Lady of Loreto. It was the work of a Tuscan architect, Gianbattista Stabili, and of Jean Ligier Richier, the son of the famous Lorraine sculptor, and was lined throughout with rich marbles and adorned with a mass of carving.[672] The cupola was added in 1632 by Simon Drouin, and the internal decorations were only completed in 1743, by order of the husband of Maria Theresa, afterwards the Emperor Francis I. By this Prince's pious care Latin inscriptions were placed over each sarcophagus, and the following words were carved on the tomb of Christina and her husband:

Francisco I. Lotharingiæ. Duci. Bari. Calabriæ. virtuti bellicæ. natus. quas. ei. mors. immatura. præripuit. laurus reddidit. nativa. benignitas. senilis. prudentia. semper. sibi similis. sapientia. mortuus. anno. MDXLV.

Christianæ. a. Dania. Ducis. memorati. thoro. sociatæ pupilli. Caroli. Ducis. rebus. regendis. strenua. existimatione supra. famam. maxima. fata. subiit. anno. MDXC.[673]

Christina's son, Charles III., died, after a long and prosperous reign, on the 14th of May, 1608, and was tenderly nursed during his last illness by his youngest daughter, Catherine, and his sister Dorothea. After her mother's death, the Duchess of Brunswick never left Lorraine again, and became the wife of a Burgundian noble, Marc de Rye, Marquis of Varembon.[674] She only survived her brother four years, and was buried in the Jesuit church of St. Stanilas at Nancy. Her remains and the heart of Duke Charles, which had been interred in the same chapel, were removed to the ducal mausoleum in 1772, when some fresh improvements were made in the Rotonde, by order of Marie Antoinette, the daughter of the last Duke of Lorraine and of the Empress Maria Theresa.[675] At the Revolution, in 1793, these tombs were destroyed and their contents rifled by the mob, and the ashes of the dead Princes were flung into a common grave. In 1818 they were replaced in their original tombs, the sarcophagi were restored, and the old inscriptions once more carved in the marble.

Charles III.'s second daughter, Elizabeth, married her first cousin, Maximilian, who succeeded his father in 1598, as Duke of Bavaria, and played a memorable part in the Thirty Years' War. Her next sister, Antoinette, became Duchess of Cleves, while Catherine, the youngest and most interesting of the whole family, took the veil after her father's death. This beautiful and accomplished Princess refused all the suitors who sought her hand, among them the scholar-Emperor, Rudolf II., who found in her a kindred spirit. A mystic by nature, Catherine assumed the grey Capucin habit while she lived at her father's Court, and, after he died, founded a Capucin convent in Nancy. The Pope appointed her Abbess of Remiremont, a Benedictine community of high-born ladies, which she endeavoured to reform. She was much attached to her aunt Dorothea, and after her death spent most of her time at the Court of France with her niece Margaret, the wife of Gaston, Duke of Orleans. Catherine took an active part in French politics in the stormy days of Louis XIII., and died in Paris in 1648, at the age of seventy-five.[676]

[Sidenote: 1736] THE LAST DUKE OF LORRAINE]

The seventeenth century witnessed the gradual dismemberment of the duchy of Lorraine, and in Richelieu's days Nancy was again occupied by French invaders. At length, in 1736, the last Duke, Francis III., was compelled to surrender Lorraine in exchange for the grand-duchy of Tuscany, on his marriage with Maria Theresa, the only child of the Emperor Charles VI. From that time Lorraine ceased to exist as an independent State, and became a province of France, while the ex-King Stanislas of Poland fixed his residence at Nancy and transformed the ancient capital into a modern city. By this marriage the House of Lorraine became merged in the imperial line of Habsburg, and the blood of King René still flows in the veins of the Austrian Emperor and of the royal families of Savoy and Spain.

Christina would have rejoiced to know that this union--a love-match like her own--was followed shortly by the elevation of Maria Theresa's husband to the imperial throne, and that by this means the House of Habsburg was raised to a height of power and splendour which it had never attained since the days of Charles V. For although she married twice into princely houses, and was much attached both to Milan and Lorraine, Christina was before all else a Habsburg, and the glory and welfare of the imperial race remained throughout her life the first object of her thoughts. Like Mary of Hungary and Eleanor of France, she grew up in absolute obedience to the Emperor's will, and wherever she went in after-years his word was still her law. In the darkest hours of her life, when she lost son and State at one blow, it was her greatest sorrow to feel that she could no longer be of service to the Emperor and his house. After the abdication of Charles V., this love and loyalty were transferred to Philip II., and her one fear was lest her son should be drawn into the opposite camp, and become French in his sympathies. And to the end she was always quick to obey the call of blood and respond to any appeal from a member of the House of Austria.

This strong family affection gave an added bitterness to the neglect and injustice which she suffered at Philip's hands during the last thirty years of her existence. One reason for his persistently harsh usage was, there can be no doubt, that Christina represented the national feeling and aspirations after freedom, which Philip and his ministers, Alva and Granvelle, did all in their power to crush. Both in the Netherlands, where the popularity of the great Emperor's niece made her dangerous in their eyes, and in Lombardy, where she filled an important position as Lady of Tortona, she came into collision with the same all-reaching arm. To the last she strove valiantly to resist the tyranny of Spanish officials and to protect her subjects from the rapacity of foreign soldiers, and a century after her death the citizens of Tortona still cherished the memory of the noble lady who, as long as she lived, had preserved them from the yoke of Spain.

Christina's lot was cast in troubled times, when crime and bloodshed were rife, and religious convictions only served to heighten the violence of men's passions; but her name shines pure and unsullied on these dark pages of history. She was naturally hasty and impulsive, she made some mistakes and met with many failures, but she was always generous and high-minded, faithful and affectionate to her friends, and full of ardent charity for the poor and downtrodden. Above all, her unceasing labours in the cause of peace justly earned the gratitude of her contemporaries, and deserve to be remembered by posterity.

[Sidenote: 1590] CHRISTINA'S RARE CHARM]

At the close of this long and eventful life we turn back once more to Holbein's portrait of the youthful Duchess. As we look at the grave eyes and innocent face, we ask ourselves what was the secret of this woman's power, of the strange fascination which she possessed for men and leaders of men. What made heroes like René of Orange, and daredevils like Albert of Brandenburg, count the world well lost for love of her? Why were brave captains and brilliant courtiers--Stampa, Vendôme, De Courrières, Polweiler, Adolf of Holstein--all of them her willing slaves from the moment that they saw her face and heard the sound of her voice? What drew thoughtful men like William of Orange and Emanuel Philibert into the circle of her intimate friends, and brought even the cold-hearted Philip under her spell? It was hardly her beauty, for she had many rivals, or her superior intellect and exalted birth. Rather was it the rare and indefinable quality that we call charm, the sweet womanliness of nature, the gentle sympathy and quick response of heart and eye, ready at any moment to listen and to help, to comfort and to cheer. This, if we mistake not, was the secret of Christina's wonderful influence, of the attraction which she possessed for men and women alike, an attraction which outlived the days of youth and endured to the last hour of her life. Ever loving, she was therefore ever beloved.

FOOTNOTES:

[647] Granvelle, "Correspondance," vii. 149.

[648] A. Villamont, "Voyages," 70 (1589).

[649] Niccolò Montemerlo, "Nuove Historie di Tortona" (1618), 247-253.

[650] A. Campo, "Storia di Cremona," 107; C. Ghilino, "Annali di Alessandria," 166; Hilarion de Coste, "Les Éloges," etc., i. 406.

[651] Montemerlo, 260; N. Viola, "Il Santuario di Tortona," 5.

[652] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.

[653] Autografi di Principi: Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano; G. Porta, "Alessandria Descritta," 161; Merli e Belgrano, "Pal. d'Oria," 55.

[654] Brantôme, xii. 120.

[655] Granvelle, "Correspondance," x. 65.

[656] Granvelle, vii. 225, xii. 581.

[657] Groen, vii. 165.

[658] Granvelle, ix. 141, xi. 338.

[659] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.

[660] Granvelle, x. 551; Brantôme, xii. 114.

[661] Pimodan, 322.

[662] Montemerlo, 250.

[663] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.

[664] S. Goulart, "Mémoires de la Ligue," ii. 213

[665] Ed. Armstrong, "Cambridge Modern History," iii. 413.

[666] Granvelle, "Correspondance," x. 411.

[667] A. J. Butler, "Cambridge Modern History," iii. 42.

[668] A. v. Reumont, "Geschichte Toscana's," i. 327-329.

[669] H. Lepage, "Lettres de Charles III.," 93.

[670] Montemerlo, 250.

[671] Feudi Camerali, Tortona, Archivio di Stato, Milano.

[672] Calmet, iii. 153.

[673] Pfister, i. 640-647; Calmet, ii. 87.

[674] Granvelle, "Papiers d'État," vii. 619.

[675] Pfister, i. 652.

[676] Calmet, ii. 153; Pfister, ii. 734.

APPENDIX

A SELECTION OF UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS

_Christina, Duchess of Milan, to Francesco II., Duke of Milan._

Monsignore mio cordialissimo marito: Ho bene veduto voluntieri, come sempre sono accostumata, le sue care littere del 20, ma di molto megliora voglia haveria voluto veder la presentia sua, come speranza mi fu data di breve esser, et per dire la vera verita ormai quelli Signori com̄inciano haver puì che torto. Pur mi voglio contentar di quello che la ragione consiglia che si faci, et quella dimora che V. S. judicara esser bene per tutti, lo havero anche io per accepto, ringratiandola de le sue cortese excusationi per la tardezza del ritorno, ma non savendogli gratia di quello che la mi scrive, ch'io nō prende pena di scriverli di mia mano, perchè questo e solo ben speso tempo, et a me agredable quanto cū V. S. parla, almeno per scriptura di propria mano, non potendo la per hora partialmente goder. In bona gratia sua senza fine riccoman^{mi} cum ricordo del presto e sano ritorno, cosi N. S. Dio degni di conservarlo longamente. Mlo. li 7. Zugno. 1535.

Vostra très humble consorte, CRISTIERNA.

A Monsignore cordiall^{mo} mio consorte le Duca de Millano.

[Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]

II.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Milan, to Cardinal Caracciolo, Governor of Milan._

Quello affettione chio conosco V. R^{ma} S^{ria} portarmi, et il buon conto che la tene di me fa ch'io non possi cessar de desiderar' ogn' hora la salute et comodo lei: Ver ho la prego esser contento darmi nova come la si è p̄ortata in questa sua andata et di prēste si trova. Che di resto maggior consolatione no' potreî havere che saper di sua bona valetudine. Appresso: benchè sappia non essere bisogno, nondimeno no' cessero di' ricordar à V. R^{ma} Sig^{ria} el caso mio. Per il quale pregola a far presso la Cæs^{rea} M^{tà} mio supremo S^{ro} quello che de la singulari bontà sua sum̄amento mi prometto; Et perchè tra tutte l'altre cose molto desidero il ben et honor della S^{ra} Dorothea. Perho la sara contenta per il particolar sua operar con Sia M^{tà} tanto efficamente quanto glie sia poss^{le}, acciò che col bon meggio lei me venghi essere esauditi; assicurando V. R^{ma} S^{ra} chio stimavo il comodo dessa S^{ra} Dorothea mio proprio. Parmi anchora non solamente ragionevole ma ex debito, che essendo compito il corso del integro anno che'l Ill^{mo} et Ex^{mo} di felicissima memoria, S^{re} Duca, già mio Consorte passeva di questa vita, si ne debbi anch'io tener memoria et fargli far il debito anniversario. Perho prego V. R^{ma} Sig^{ra} esser contenta supplicar Sua M^{tà} in mio nome, che commetti et ordino acciò che detto anniversario sia fatto nel modo che debitamente si conviene e son certiss^{na} che Sua M^{tà} nomo negar di fare cosi exequire. Non me occorrendo per hora altro, a V. R^{ma} S^{ra} molte me ricom^{o} et offero. Pregando N. S. Dio che gli doni presto et bon ritorno. Di Mlo. el xiiii. de' Ottobre, MDXXXVI.

Vostra buona figliola, CHRESTIENNE.

Al R^{mo} et Ill^{m} S^{ro} Car^{le} Caracciolo, Locoten^{te} generale di Sua M^{tà} nel Stato de Mlo. come Patre osser^{sso}. In Corte di Sua M^{ta} a Genoa.

[Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]

III.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Milan, to Cardinal Caracciolo, Governor of Milan._

R^{mo} et mio quanto Patre honorando: Ho presentito per certo che in la hosteria de la Fontana se gli ritrova una bellissima chinea learda, manco bona che di apparenza bella, et perchè me ritrova haverne bisogno de una per la Persona mia, ho voluto cū ogni confidenza indrizzar' questa et el presente mio lachayo a V. S. R^{ma} pregandola che se consensi di contentarme che l' habia; et cometti el pagamento fuori di la spesa ordinario del rollo stabilito, perchè se potea mettere nel numero de li debiti ch' andarano pagati per altro conto, et questo recevero per singular piacer da V. S. R^{ma}, in bona gratia de la quelli me reco^{do}. Dal Castello de Pavia, al 3^{o} di Genaro, nel 1537. De V. S. R{ma} comme bonne fille,

CRESTIENNE.

Al R^{mo} Car^{le} Caracciolo, Governator de Mlo. quanto p^{re} honor^{do}. _Cito, cito_.

[Autografi di Principi, Sforza, Archivio di Stato, Milano.]

IV.

_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._

. . .La santé de votre petit fils est aussi bonne que lui fut onques. Il mange fort bien, et l'on le mène souvent a les ébats que me semble lui fait grant bien. Il me semble vous trouverez cru et devenu gras. Quant au reste de n're ménage, v're sœur est toujours malade de sa fièvre et a été cette semaine passée bien mal d'un flux de ventre qui l'a fort affoiblie. Il y a bien huit jours qu'elle ne bouge point du lit. Depuis hier le flux com̄àse a passer, de la fièvre je ne vois pas grant amendement. . . . V^{re} frère Claude a été aussy malade jusqu'à la mort. . . . V^{re} sœur Anthoinette est aussy malade d'une fièvre et d'un rhume. . . . Je vous avise quo Madame v^{re} tante est mandée pour aller à la cour à la venue de la Reyne de Hongrie, qui doit bientost estre à Compiègne, ou le Roy et toute la Court doit estre en peu de jours. Je m'en suis excusée pour l'amour de mes malades. Il n'y a que deux jours que le gentilhomme du Roy d'Angleterre qui fût au Havre et le paintre, a été ici. Le gentilhomme vint vers moi, faisant semblant venir de trouver l'Empereur, et que ayant su Louise malade, il n'avait voullu passer sans la voir, afin d'en savoir dire de nouvelles au Roy son maistre, me priant qu'il la peut voir, ce qu'il fit, et c'estait le jour de sa fièvre. Il lui tint pareil propos qu'a moi, puis me dit qu'estant si près de Lorrayne, il avait envye d'aller jusques à Nancy, voir le pays. Je ne me donte incontyment il y allait voir la demoyselle peur la tirer comme les aultres et pour cela j'ai envoyé à leur logis, voir qui y était, et j'ai trouvé le dit paintre y était, et de la ils ont esté à Nancy et y ont resté un jour, et ont été fort festés, et le Maistre d'hôtel venait à tous les repas manger avec eux, avec force présents, et ils etaient très bien traités. Voilà ce que j'ay entendu, donc au pis aller, si vous n'avez pour voisine v^{re} sœur, ce pourrait estre v^{re} cousine. Il se tient quelque propos que l'Empereur offre récompense pour le duché de Gueldres, et que ce faisant, se pourrait faire quelque mariage de la fille de Hongrie et de Mons^{r} le Marquys. Mons^{r} v^{re} père entend bien, ce faisant, avoir sa part en la dite récompense. Je voudrais qu'il en fust bien récompensé. Voilà tout ce que j'ay de nouveau . . . je me doute que vous ne ferez de si bonne diligence que moi, car je sais bien que vous tenez de Mons^{r} v'tre père, et qu'estes paresseuse à ecrire, si l'air d'Ecosse ne vous a changé. Je n'ai encore eu que vos premyères. Il me tarde bien savoir comme depuis vous vous serez porté, cela me sera grant joye quand je pourrait ouir de vos nouvelles. Ce sera toujours quant N^{tre} Seigneur le veuille, et je prie, Madame, qu'il vous donne longue et bonne vie. Ce premier de Septembre, de v'tre humble et bonne mère,

ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.

À la Reyne d'Écosse.

[Balcarres MSS., ii. 20. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]

_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._

Madame: J'ay tardé plus longuement que je ne pensais à vous escrire, mais les noces de Mademoiselle de Lorraine nous ont tant ameusées que jusque à cette heure on a peut avoir le loisir. Nous departismes hier de la compaignye qui a esté bien grosse. Les noces furent Mardy passé. Mons^{r} le Prince y est venu bien accompaigné et je vous assure c'est un bien honeste Prince et de bonne grâce. Il se contente fort de sa mye, et aussi elle de lui. Ils s'entendent aller chez eux dans xv. jours. La feste a esté à Bar, il n'y a eu guères d'estrangers, fors la Marquise de Baulde et Madame de Baçin, et des Comtesses et dames voisines. Vous en saurez quelque jour plus au long. Nous sommes en chemin pour aller à Guise, pensant en estre de retour pour la Toussaint. Nous laissons n'tre petit fils à Roche. Il court tant de maladie que nous n'avons osé le mettre en chemin, mais je vous assure il se porte bien. . . . Je vous avais escrit par Saint-Genould, du mariage de v're frère, mais j'entens qu'il ne part pas si tost comme il m'avait dit, pourquoi je veulx vous dire ce qui en est et co^{me} le Roy veult faire le mariage de luy et de la nyèce du Pape, fille du Duc de ---- je ne puis retrouver son nom, mais elle est belle et honeste et a bonne grâce, et est d'ancienne maison, de l'age de xv. ans. L'on luy donne trois cent mille francs en mariage, elle n'a que ung frère, s'il meurt elle serait heritière de quarante mille livres et d'un Duché et aultre terres. Je pense entre ceci et la Toussaint il en sera fait ou failli. Je prends grand plaisir entendre par vos lettres le bon portement du Roy, de vous et du petit prince. . . . Nous sommes prêts à monter à cheval, pourquoi ferais fin. . . . Ce penultième d'Aoust.

V^{re} humble et bo^{ne} mère, ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.

À la Reyne d'Écosse.

[Balcarres MSS., ii. 15. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]

VI.

_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._

Madame: L'on m'a tant assuré qu'on envoye les lettres sûrement par le moyen des Marchands d'Anvers, que je les ai mis à l'entrée pour en apprendre le chemin. Vostre sœur en doit estre la messagère. Je vous ai escrit la conclusion de son mariage et envoyé les articles et depuis ses noces par vostre brodeur. Je viens de la mener en ménage, en une belle et honneste maison et aultant bien meublée qu'il est possible, nommé Beaumoult. Son beau-père la receuillit tant honorablement et avec tant de gens de bien et grosse compaignye que l'on ne sait plus souhaiter; la Reyne de Hongrerie entre les aultres s'y trouvait et la Duchesse de Myllan, aussi Mons^{r} et Madame la Princesse d'Orange, qui l'on tient grosse, toute fois la chose n'est pas fort sure, et pour ma part j'en doute. Il me semble v're dite sœur est bien logée. L'on luy a fait de beau présens, et elle a de belles basques. Son Mary est jeune, mais il a bon vouloir d'estre du nombre des gens de bien. Il ne paraissait point qu'il fût Caresme, car les armes et les tambours ne cessaient point; il s'y est fait de beaux joustes là bas. A la fin il a fallu departir, qui n'a pas esté sans larmes. Je regagne ce lieu de Guyse, où je ne reste qu'une nuit, et demain à la Fère, où Mons^{r} le Cardinal mon frère et mon père et ma sœur de S^{t} Pol seront mercredy, et vendredy recommencerai me mettre en chemin pour gagner Joinvylle le plus tost que je pourrais. Je pense trouver encore Mons^{r} v^{re} père, et nos enfans, savoir les petits et les prètres. . . . Ce xiiii Mars, à Guise. . . .

ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.

À la Reyne d'Écosse,

[Balcarres MSS., ii. 5. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]

VII.

_Louise de Lorraine, Princesse de Chimay, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._

Madame: Depuys que Dieu a tant faict pour moi que de me donner un bon Mary, je n'ai point eu loisir de vous en faire la part. Vous pouvez estre assurée que je me tiens en ce monde heureuse d'estre en la maison ou je suis, car avec la grandeur qu'il y a en tout, j'ai un seigneur et beau-père que je vous puis nommer bon, car il me faict un bien bon traitement, accompagné de tant de beaux présents, qu'il me faudroy employer trois feuilles de papier avant que je vous pourrais en rendre bon conte et qui sera, s'il vous plait, occasion de prendre contentement du bien de votre sœur, qui a commandement de vous offrir les très humble services des maistres et seigneurs de cette maison, vous suppliant a tout endroit les employer. Nous avons une très sage et vertueuse Reyne, et je ne puis vous dire l'honneur qu'elle me faict, car estant venue exprés à cette maison--la sienne et nôtre--elle m'a voulu prendre pour sa très humble fille et servante, et veulst que pour l'avenyr je dois estre toujours en sa compagnye, où pour le peu que j'y ai este m'a fayct fort grant chĕre. Madame la Duchesse de Mylan m'a dit le semblable, qui est la meilleure, et nous ésperons bientôt la voir en Lorayne, car le maryage de Mons^{r} le Marquys et d'elle, est en très bon train. Depuis que Madame ma mère est retournèe, elle m'a envoyée une lettre pour essayer si le chemin de ça luy sera plus aise que l'autre, et si'il vous plait de m'apprendre de vos nouvelles, je serai merveilleusement aise. Mais il faudra, Madame que a la lettre que vous m'enverrez, vous mettiez sur le paquet, "_Au Duc d'Aerschot_," et par les marchands qui viennent d'Ecosse, il vous sera aisé, car en les laissant à Anvers ou à Bruges, ou autre endroit du Pays, ne failleront point, en s'adressant a Mons^{r} mon beau-père, de tomber entre mes mains, car il est grandement craint et aimé par deça, qui sera l'endroit où je supplye Dieu qu'il vous donne très bonne vie et longue. De Beaumont, ce xxv. jour de Mars.

V're très humble et très obeissante sœur, LOUISE DE LORRAYNE.

[Balcarres MSS., ii. 153. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]

VIII.

_Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchesse de Guise, to Mary, Queen of Scotland._

Madame: Je suis très aise que ce porteur soit venu par ici, pour s'en retourner vers vous, car je vous voullais escrire et envoyer un paquet. . . . Je desire bien fort savoir comme vous vous serez porté en v're couche et aussi comme le Roy et v're petit prince se portent. Je prie a N. S. à tous donner bonne santé et longue vie. Quant à notre costé, tout se porte bien, Dieu mercy! Mon^{r} v're père est revenu depuis huit jours pour quelques bastyments et fortifications que le Roy lui a ordonné faire en cette frontière. J'ay esté très aise il ait cette charge, afin de l'avoir plus tost de retour. Quant à v're petit fils, il se porte bien et devient grand; il commence très bien apprendre, et sait quasi son Pater noster, il est joli et bon enfant. J'ai esté cause qu'il n'est venu en ce lien, dans la pour des Rougeolles, qui régnent si fort, et je crains il les prends par les champs, ou il ne peut estre si bien traisté qu'à Joinvylle, et aussi que ne devons demeurer dans ce lieu que huit jours. . . . Nous attendons M. le Cardinal de Lorraine le iii. d'Août. Il vient pour nous tous ensemble trouver au Pont-à-Mousson le huitième du dit mois, on se doit faire le premyer recueil de n'tre nouvelle Dame, pour la mener à Nancy. V're frère aussi vient avec M. le Cardinal, l'on doit faire grande chere a cette bien venue, et force tournois. Les noces furent il y a Dimanche huit jours. S'il s'y fait rien digne de vous faire part vous en serez avertie. J'ai bonne envye de voir si Mons^{r} le Marquis sera bon Mary! L'on se jouit fort au pays recevoir une si honneste Princesse . . . ce xx. Juillet de . . . ec.

ANTHOINETTE DE BOURBON.

À la Reyne d'Écosse.

[Balcarres MSS., ii. 4. Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.]

IX.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to Mary, Queen of Hungary._

18 Avril, 1552.

Madame: J'ay escrit une letter à votre Majesté pour avoir moyen d'avertir celle-ci et la Reine vostre sœur de la méchancetè que le Roy de France m'a faict, que sur ombre de bonne foy me emmène mon filz avecque grande rudesse, comme Vostre Majesté entendra par ce présent porteur plus au long. Suppliant Vostre Majesté ne prendra de mauvaise part sy je ne faict ceste lettre plus longue, car la grande fâcherie que j'ay, m'en garde. Sy esté, Madame, que je supplie à Vostre Majesté avoir pitié de moy, et m'assister de quelque conseil, et je n'oublyerai à jamais luy faire très humble service et vous obèir toute ma vie, comme celle quy desire demeurer à jamais,

Vostre très humble et très obeissante nièce et servante, CHRESTIENNE.

[Lettres des Seigneurs, 101, f. 332. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]

_Anne, Duchess-Dowager of Aerschot, to Mary, Queen of Hungary._

18 Avril, 1552.

Madame: Je ne saurais vous escrire la grande désolation en laquelle est presentément Madame ma sœur, constitué par la grande rudesse et cruauté que le jour du grand Vendredy luy a esté faicte par le Roy de France, qui est qu'il esté venu icy sous ombre de bonne foy et vrai amitié, comme dernièrement il nous avoit fait entendre. À son arrivée, il a esté reçu avecque tous les honneurs possible, et le meilleur traistement, et le dit jour du grand Vendredy il fit entendre à Madame comme pour satisfaire au capitulations de la Ligue, il falloit qu'il s'assurait de Monseigneur le duc de Lorraine, et de ses places, et que pour ce faire il falloit qu'il fust transporté à Bar, pour à quoy obvier, Ma dicte dame, Monseigneur de Vaudemont et moy, et tous ceux de son conseil, luy fust faicte une rémonstrance la plus humble qu'il estoit possible. A quoy il e répondit aultre chose sinon qu'il hâteroit sa resolution par escrit, ce qu'il a faict, comme votre Majesté pourra voire par les articles que je vous envoye. Ce voyant, elle et moy l'allâmes trouver en la Grande Galerie où ma dite dame parla encore a luy, jusqu'à se mettre à genoux, luy requérant pour l'amour de Dieu ne transporter son filz, et ne le luy ôter. A quoi ne fit response, et pour conclusion, Madame, le lendemain Samedy, veille de Pâques, il l'ont emmené, accompagné de force gens de guerre, sous la charge du S^{r} de Bourdillon, mais le Maréchal de Saint André n'a bougé qu'il ne l'ait mis hors de la ville, et c'étoit pitié voire Madame sa mère, Monseigneur de Vaudement et toute la noblesse et le pauvre peuple faire leur lamentation. Et voyant Madame ma sœur en telle pitié, etant en telle douleur, Madame, que votre Majesté peult estimer pour ly avoir faict une telle outrage que de luy oter son filz, et la voyant porter tel desplaisir, moy que m'estait deliberé m'en partir, ne la puis delaisser. Le Roy luy laisse Mesdames ses filles et l'administration des biens, comme elle avait auparavant, reservé les places fortes, qui demeurent à la charge de Monseigneur de Vaudemont, à condition que Votre Majesté pourra voire, toutefois n'y demeurra que Lorrains. Et par ce que Madame j'ai toujours envie de faire service à Votre Majesté tel que j'ai toute ma vie desiré, il luy plaira me commander ce que je fasse, et vous serez obéy comme la plus affectionée servante que Votre Majesté aura jamais. Suppliant Notre Seigneur donner à celle très bonne et longue vie, me recommandant toujours très humblement, en sa bonne grâce. De Nancy, ce lendemain de Pâques.

ANNE DE LORRAINE.

Madame: Depuis avoir escrit à Votre Majesté, le Roy de France a escrit une lettre à Madame ma sœur comme il a eu avertissement que les Bourgnignons faisaient une entreprise pour aller à Bar, afin d'y surprendre Monsieur de Lorraine, et que pour obvier à cela, il a ordonné au S^{r} de Bourdillon le mener à Joinville, où la Royne de France est encor là.

[Lettres des Seigneurs, 101, f. 330. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]

XI.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to the Emperor Charles V._

_A l'Empereur._ Monseigneur: A la prière de Monseigneur de Vaudemont mon frère et de la Duchesse d'Aerschot ma sœur, j'ay pris la hardiesse de demeurer, encore que Vostre Majesté m'avait escript et commandé que je me retirasse vers les Roynes, ce que j'éspère que Vostre Majesté n'aures pas pris de mauvaise part. Car la grande instance et prière que mon dit frère et sœur m'ont faict, ont esté la cause, non pas pour aller contre son commandement, le voulant obéir toute ma vie, et je vous supplie, de toujours le croire, et avoir mon filz et son païs pour recommandé, et je supplieray le Créateur, Monseigneur, de donner à Vostre Majesté bonne santé et très longue vie. De Denœuvre, ce 26^{e} May, 1552.

Vostre très humble et très obéissante nièce et servante, CHRESTIENNE.

[Lettres des Seigneurs, 102, f. 127. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]

XII.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to the Emperor Charles V._

_A l'Empereur._ Monseigneur: J'ay reçu la lettre qu'il a plu à Vostre Majesté m'èscrire par le Seigneur de Carondelet, et par luy ay entendu la bonne souvenance qu'il a plu à Vostre Majesté avoir de moy et mes filles, de la bonne visitation, dont très humblement la remercie, et aussi de la charge que Vostre Majesté luy a donné pour me dire ce qu'il me faudra ensuivre. Votre Majesté m'oblige tant de l'honneur qu'elle me faict, que toute ma vie je seray preste à obéir à ses commandements, comme celle entendra s'il luy plait plus au long par le dit Seigneur de Carondelet, et aussi d'autres choses que luy ay donné charge de dire à Vostre Majesté, pour ne pas la fâcher de longue lettre. Et toute ma vie je suppliray le Créateur de donner à Vostre Majesté très bonne santé, et longue vie et de demeurer toujours à la bonne grâce d'icelle. De Hoh-Königsberg, ce 4^{e} Septembre, 1552.

Vostre très humble nièce et servante, CHRESTIENNE.

[Lettres des Seigneurs, 103, f. 518. Archives du Royaume, Bruxelles.]

XIII.

_Dejanira Commena Contessa Trivulzio to Messer Innocenzio Gadio._

Magnifico Signore, Innocenzio: Ho ricevuto un altra vostra, inteso la morte del Magnifico Signor Belloni, che certo mi ha dato molto fastidio. Io sono certa che la Signora mia madre me haverà havuto grandissimo dispiacere, come risentirà la morte e privatione di tale amico. Però non si può resistere al Divino volere. Mi maraviglia molto non habbiati avuto la littera mia qual mandai alli di passati, in mane di Barile, però di novo vi dico che ho ricevuto la corona ed altre cose per Andronica, et le littere della Signore Madre, et così vi rimandò la risposta. Sareti contenti basare le mane in mio nome a Sua Excellentia, dicendoli che mi duole fino all' anima, dalle travaglie che patisse Sua Excellentia in quelle bande, et che siamo sempre apparentiati come servitori che li giurano esponere la vita et quanto tenemo in suo serviggio. Non mi occorrente altro a Vostra Signoria mi raccomando. De Codogno all. 29. Sett, 1552. Di Vostra Sig. Dejanira, Contessa Trivultia.

A Messer Inn. Gadio, amico carissimo.

[MS. No. 18, Biblioteca di Zelada, Pavia.]

XIV.

_Christina, Duchess-Dowager of Lorraine, to Mary, Queen of England._

April, 1555.

Madame: Je supplie V^{tre} Maj^{tè} me pardonner si je prends tant d'audace que d'escrire à icelle, mais tant d'honneur et de faveur que je recois de V^{tre} Maj^{tè} en est cause. Car je ne puis laisser d'avertir que le Capitaine de mon vaisseau qui me mène a si bien faict son devoyr, sans nul hasart, comme V^{tre} Maj^{tè} lui a faict commande, que je ne puis laisser d'en avertir V^{tre} Maj^{tè} et la supplier de l'avoyr en souvenance. Et puis j'assure V^{tre} Maj^{tè}, que je n'en ai reçu que d'entier bon service, et connaissant cela, n'ay su laisser de le recommander à V^{tre} Maj^{tè} et pensant que le Capitaine Bont vous fera entendre ce qui s'est passé à mon passage, je n'en ferai plus propos, si non de vous assurer combien je regrette de ne plus estre dans la prèsence de V^{re} Maj^{tè} et que je ne puis estre auprès d'icelle, pour luy pouvoir faire quelque service, pour la satisfaction que je me ferais a tant de mercis que j'ay reçu, dont je demeure sans espoir d'y satisfaire. Et cependant je supplie très humblement à V^{re} Maj^{tè} me tenir en sa bonne grâce, a la quelle humblement me recommande, et baisant ses mains, priant Dieu, Madame, vous donner bonne santé, très longue vie et un beau filz, comme le désire.

V^{re} très humble et très obeissante cousine et servante, CHRESTIENNE.

À la Reyne.

[MS. State Papers, Foreign, Mary, vol. vi., 351. Public Record Office.]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES

ARCHIVIO DI STATO, MILANO: Autografi di Principi; Carteggio Diplomatico, 1533-1535; Carteggio con Montmorency, Conte di Corea, 1537-1538; Feudi Camerali, Tortona; Potenze Sovrane, 1533-1534.

BIBLIOTECA AMBROSIANA: Continuazione della Storia di Corio, O. 240.

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BIBLIOTHÈQUE NATIONALE, PARIS: Affaires d'Angleterre, xix.; F.F. 123, 20,467, 20,468; Oudin, Histoire des Guises; MS. Gaignières 349; Marillac MS. 8,625; Coll. de Lorraine, 27-33, etc.

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GENEALOGICAL TABLES

I. HABSBURG.

II. DENMARK.

III. SFORZA.

IV. LORRAINE.

V. GUISE.

I. HABSBURG.

II. DENMARK, 1481-1588.

Christian I., King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, d. 1481. =Dorothea of Brandenburg, widow of Christopher, King of Denmark, d. 1448. +-- John, d. 1513. | =Christina of Saxony. | +-- Christian II. of Denmark, dep. 1523, 1481-1559. | | =Isabella of Austria, 1501-1526. | | +-- John, 1516-1531. | | +-- Dorothea, 1520-1562. | | | =Frederic II., Elector Palatine, 1483-1556. | | +-- Christina of Denmark, 1522-1590. | | =(1)Francesco II., last Duke of Milan, 1495-1535. | | =(2)Francis I., Duke of Lorraine, 1517-1545. | +-- Elizabeth. | =Joachim of Brandenburg, d. 1535. +-- Margaret. | =James III. of Scotland, d. 1488. +-- Frederick I. =(1)Anne of Brandenburg. =(2)Sophia of Pomerania. +-- Dorothea. | =Albert, Duke of Prussia, d. 1568. +-- Christian III, d. 1558. | +-- Frederic II, d. 1588. | +-- Anna. | | =Augustus, Elector of Saxony. | +-- John, (branch of Glücksburg Augustenburg). +-- Adolf, Duke of Holstein. =Christina of Hesse. +-- John Adolf, (branch of Holstein-Gottorp). | =Amelia of Denmark. +-- Christina. =Charles IX. of Sweden. +-- Gustavus Adolphus, d. 1632. +-- Christina, d. 1689.

III. SFORZA.

IV. LORRAINE, 1300-1736.

V. GUISE, 1500-1600.

René II., Duke of Lorraine and Bar, King of Sicily, etc, d. 1508. =Philippa of Guelders, d. 1547. +-- Claude, Duke of Guise, 1496-1550. =Antoinette of Bourbon, 1494-1583. +-- Mary, 1515-1560. | =(1)Louis, Duke of Longueville, d. 1537. | =(2)James, V., King of Scotland, d. 1542. | +-- Louis, Duke of Longueville, 1536-1551. | +-- Mary, Queen of Scots, 1542-1587. | =(1)Francis II., King of France, d. 1560. | =(2)Henry, Lord Darnley, d. 1567. | +-- James, VI. of Scotland and I. of England (1603), | 1567-1623. | =Anne of Denmark, d. 1619. +-- Francis, Duke of Guise, 1520-1563. | =Anna d'Este, 1531-1607. | +-- Henri le Balafré Prince of Joinville, etc., Duke of Guise, | 1549-1588. | =Catherine of Cleves. | +-- Charles, Duke of Guise, 1571-1640. | | =Henriette de Joyeuse, Duchess of Montpensier, d. 1656. | +-- Louis, Cardinal and Archbishop of Reims, b. 1575. | +-- Claude, Duke of Chevreuse, b. 1578. | | =Marie de Rohan. | +-- Louise. | =Francis, Prince of Conti, m. July 24, 1605. +-- Louise, 1521-1542. | =Charles, Prince of Chimay. +-- René Abbess of S. Pierre, Reims, 1522-1586. +-- Charles, Cardinal, 1523-1574. +-- Claude, Duke of Aumale, 1526-1573. | =Louise, de Bréze, m. 1545. | +-- Catherine of Aumale. | | =Nicolas, Count of Vaudemont, b. 1524, m. 1569, d. 1577. | +-- Charles, Duke of Aumale, b. 1556. | | =Marie d'Elbœuf m. 1576. | +-- Claude, Abbot of Bec, b. 1563. | +-- Diana, m. 1576. | =Francis, Duke of Piney. +-- Louis, Cardinal, 1527-1578. +-- Antoinette, Abbess of Farmoustiers, 1531-1561. +-- Francis, Prior of Malta, 1534-1563. +-- René Marquis of Elbœuf, 1535-1576. =Louise, de Rieux. +-- Charles, Marquis of Elbœuf; created Duke 1581. +-- Marie d'Elbœuf, m. 1576. =Charles, Duke of Aumale, b. 1556.

INDEX

Adige, the, 132

Aerschot, Anne, Duchess of, death of her husband, 329; birth of a son, 333; her letters to Mary, Queen of Hungary, 368, 523; at Joinville, 464; at Lorraine, 484; retires to Diest, 485; her death, 487

Aerschot, Duke of, 79, 142; receives the Ambassadors, 184; his defeat at Sittard, 280; third marriage, 323; death, 329

Aerschot, Philip of, 484

Agincourt, Battle of, 257

Agrippa, Cornelius, 50, 58

Aigues-Mortes, 172

Aix-la-Chapelle, 27, 43, 135

Aix, siege of, 118

Alberi, E., "Le Relazioni degli Ambasciatori," 528

Albret, Jeanne d', 235. See Navarre, Princess of

Alençon, Duke of, 507

Alençon, Margaret, Duchess of, Queen of Navarre, 10

Alessandria, 509

Algiers, expedition to, 267

Alsace, 353, 374

Alsace, Gerard d', 256

Alsener Sound, 65

Altmeyer, J., "Isabelle d'Autriche," 13 _note_, 15 _note_, 33 _note_, 40 _note_, 43 _note_, _et seq._, 528; "Relations Commerciales du Danemark et les Pays-Bas," 34 _note_, 37 _note_, 38 _note_, _et seq._, 528

Alva, Duchess of, in London, 391

Alva, Duke of, Commander-in-Chief, 383; in London, 391; war with Pope Paul IV., 409; appointed Captain-General of the Netherlands, 486

Alzei, 402

Amager, island of, 19

Amboise, 463

Amigone, Mario, 96

André, St., Marshal, taken prisoner at St. Quentin, 417; at the Conference of Cercamp, 428

Angoulême, Duke of, 114

Anjou, Henry, Duke of, 489; succeeds to the throne, 490

Anjou, Margaret of, 257

Annebaut, Admiral l', 291

Anne of Cleves, her appearance, 225; her marriage pronounced null and void, 236

Annonville, 268

Antwerp, 27, 39, 201; riots at, 485

Apennines, the, 116

Aragon, Don Carlos of, Duke of Terranuova, Viceroy of Milan, 499

Aragon, Ferdinand of, 10

Aremberg, Count d', 331, 479; killed in battle, 487

Aremberg, Jacques d', at Frankfurt, 470

Aremberg, Margaret, Countess of, 382, 479, 480; at Nancy, 485

Arena, 117

Aretino, Pietro, 96; his portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Milan, 96; his tribute to the Duke, 110; "Lettere," 529

Armstrong, Ed., "Cambridge Modern History," 507 _note_, 529

Arras, Antoine Perrenot, Bishop of, at Augsburg, 319; his portrait, 322; Imperial Chancellor, 342; at the Conference of Cercamp, 428; of Câteau-Cambrésis, 436; on the rivalry between Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, and the Duchess of Parma, 459

Arras, Bishop of, proclaims Charles V. Archduke of Austria and Prince of Castille, 3

Arundel, Fitzalan, Earl of, 158 _note_

Arundel, Thomas Howard, Earl of, 158 _note_

Arundel, Lord, 415; at the Conference of Cercamp, 428, 432

Ascham, Roger, 321; "Works," 319 _note_, 529; his journey up the Rhine, 339; description of royal personages, 344, 346

Ashmole, E., "The Order of the Garter," 392 _note_, 529

Asti, 116

Aubespine, Sebastien de l', at the Conference of Cercamp, 428; at Ghent, 457; "Négociations au Règne de François II.," 457 _note_, 531

Audley, Chancellor, 162

Augsburg, 60; Diet of, 318, 337; prorogued, 323, 346; festivities at, 338

Aumale, Count, 253; at Joinville, 270; failure of his negotiations of marriage, 270; wounded, 307; his wish to marry Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 312; marriage with Anna d'Este, 326; created a Duke Governor of Savoy, 333; his capture, 379

Austria, Don John of, 488; appointed Governor of the Netherlands, 492; at Luxembourg, 492; his letter to Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 493; victory of Gembloux, 494; death, 495

Austria, Elizabeth of, at Nancy, 490

Austria, Philip, Archduke of, his death, 1; funeral, 2

Avenati, P., "Entrata Solemne di Cristina di Spagna," 92 _note_, 529

Avignano, Count, 396

Avignon, 118

Axe, Torben, 24

Ayamonte, Marquis of, 497

Badoer, Venetian Ambassador, 396, 406

Bar, 239, 284, 476

Bar, Duke and Duchess of, 252. See Lorraine

Barack, K., "Zimmerische Chronik," 529

Barbarossa, his flight, 106

Barcelona, contract signed at, 74, 104

Bari, duchy of, 453

Barlow, John, Dean of Westbury, 205

Barres, Guillaume des, 48

Bassompierre, 360, 377; at Denœuvre, 373

Baumgarten, H., "Geschichte Karl V.," 23 _note_, 529

Bavaria, Maximilian, Duke of, his marriage, 512

Bavaria, William, Duke of, his marriage with Renée of Lorraine, 488

Bavon's Abbey, St., demolition of, 230

Bayonne, 220

Beard, Mr., 205

Beaumont, Castle of, 242, 246

Beaumont, Dame Anne de, 6

Bellay, M. du, "Mémoires," 250 _note_, 530

Belloni, Niccolò, 129, 141, 347; his letters to Gadio, 348-350; sent to Brussels, 375; his disappearance, 375

Beltrami, L., "Il Castello di Milano," 529

Bergh, L. van, "Correspondance de M. d'Autriche," 21 _note_, 529

Berghen, Madame de, 142, 154, 198

Berghen, Marquis of, 185, 252

Berlin, 39, 40

Bianca, Empress, 7, 72

Binche, destruction of the Palace of, 390

Bisignano, Prince of, 66

Blamont, 370

Blois, 462

Bohemia, Anna of, her death, 320

Bohemia, King and Queen of, at Brussels, 405

Bois-le-Duc, 212

Boleyn, Anne, 144, 150

Bologna, 73, 74

Bonner, Bishop, 182, 213

Bonvalot, François, Abbot of Luxeuil, 299; his letter on the Regency of Lorraine, 300; present at the funeral of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, 305

Bomy, truce at, 137

Borromeo, Carlo, Archbishop of Milan, 500

Bottigella, Councillor Pier Francesco, 78; his instructions on the reception of Christina, Duchess of Milan, 84

Bouillé, R. de, "Histoire des Ducs de Guise," 222 _note_, 529

Bouillon, Godfrey of, 256

Boullay, Édmond du, 253

Boulogne, siege of, 292

Bourbon, Antoinette de, 147, 258. See Guise

Bourbon, Renée de, her marriage, 11, 258

Boussu, Grand Equerry, in London, 391

Bradford, W., "Itinerary of Charles V.," 244 _note_, 529

Bragadin, Lorenzo, Venetian Envoy, 113

Brandenburg, Albert, Marquis of, 285, 318; his career, 320; appearance, 321; admiration for Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 321; declines to take part in the tournament at Brussels, 332; his departure, 332; secret intrigues with France, 354, 357; his plundering, 377; offers a refuge to Christina, 377; captures Aumale, 379; meeting with Charles V., 379; his courtship of Christina, 383; routed at the Battle of Sievershausen, 384; death, 385

Brandenburg, Elizabeth of, embraces the Lutheran faith, 41; her flight with her brother, 56

Brandenburg, Joachim, Marquis of, 39, 41; at the marriage of King Christian II., 13

Brantôme, P. de, his sketch of Christina of Denmark, vii; "Œuvres Complètes," 529

Breda, Castle of, 174

Brederode, Count, 183, 252

Brégilles, M. de, 55

Brenner Pass, 133, 372

Brian, Ambassador, 281

Brittany, Anne of, 3; her death, 11

Brousse, Jean de la, 314, 372

Browne, Sir Anthony, 182

Bruges, 30, 236

Brunswick, Dorothea, Duchess of, at the Court of Spain, 502; return to Göttingen, 503; death of her husband, 503; joins her mother at Tortona, 505; her second marriage, 511; death, 511

Brunswick, Eric, Duke of, 480; his marriage with Dorothea of Lorraine, 490; summoned to Spain, 502; return to Göttingen, 503; his death, 503

Brunswick, Henry, Duke of, 39, 40

Brusquet, the jester, 404

Brussels, 8, 104, 135, 141, 183, 381, 400; festivities at, 293, 329, 405; tournament at, 405

Bucholtz, F. von, "Geschichte d. Kaiser Ferdinand I.," 264 _note_, 529

"Bulletins de la Commission Royale d'Histoire," 2 _note_

Büren, Anna, Countess, her death, 425

Büren, Count, 142, 252; entertained by Wriothesley, 198

Burgon, J. W., "Life of Sir Thomas Gresham," 396 _note_, 529

Burgos, 1, 220

Burgundy, Adolf of, Admiral of the Dutch fleet, 36

Burgundy, Mary of, 9

Burigozzo, G. M., "Cronaca Milanese," 82 _note_, 529

Busch, Count Jacob von, 351

Busseto, Bartolommeo, 498

Butler, A. J., "Cambridge Modern History," 508 _note_

Calabria, 112

Calais, 37, 204, 214; capture of, by the French, 420; question of the restoration to England, 429, 432, 438, 443

Calmet, A., "Histoire de Lorraine," 246 _note_, 256 _note_, 529

Cambray, 177, 224; Peace of, 56, 403

Cambray, Archbishop of, performs the nuptial rites of King Christian II., 13

Cambre, La, Convent of, 449, 468

Campeggio, Cardinal, 57

Campo, A., "Storia di Cremona," 75 _note_, 96, 529

Caracciolo, Cardinal, Papal Nuncio, 31; appointed Viceroy of Milan, 118; letters from Christina, Duchess of Milan, 516, 517

Cardon, M. Leon, vii

Carvajal, Cardinal, at Malines, 6

Carne, Dr. Edward, 182, 199

Carondelet, Archbishop, 230

Carondelet, Ferry de, 377

Cartagena, 267

Castellani, Madame, 500

Castillon, Ambassador, 147, 160, 164; recalled to France, 198

Câteau-Cambrésis, Conference for peace at, 436-447; Commissioners, 436; treaty ratified, vi, 448

Catherine, Queen of France, her state entry into Paris, 334; illness, 362; flight from Reims, 373

Cenis, Mont, ascent of, 86

Cercamp, Conference for peace at, 426-430; Commissioners, 428; second session, 431; adjourned, 432

Chaloner, Ambassador, 457, 458

Châlons, 291; camp at, 359

Châlons, Philibert of, 142

Chamberlain, A. B., 168 _note_

Chambéry, 84, 85

Champagne, attack on, 373

Champier, Antoine, 296

Chantilly, 181

Chapuys, Ambassador, 151, 152, 159; entertained by Thomas Cromwell, 173; on Henry VIII.'s negotiations of marriage, 196; at Calais, 204; on the illness of Henry VIII., 315

Charlemont, citadel of, 398

Charles V., Emperor, vi; proclaimed Archduke of Austria and Prince of Castille, 3; at Malines, 4; attack of smallpox, 5; his education, 6; confirmation, 6; taste for sport, 8; at the wedding of his sister Isabella, 13; attack of fever, 14; festivities on his coming of age, 14; assumes the title of King of Spain, 20; his first Chapter of the Golden Fleece, 20; elected King of the Romans, 25; coronation, 27; meeting with King Christian II. of Denmark, 28, 57; his marriage, 48; death of his sister Isabella, 48; receives the imperial crown, 57; death of his aunt, 58; meeting with Prince John, 59; appoints his sister Mary Regent of the Netherlands, 61; his progress to Brussels, 66; festivities, 67; at Regensburg, 67, 245; his illness, 68, 385; letter on the death of his nephew, 69; at Milan, 74; arranges the marriage of his niece Christina, 74-78; sails for Africa, 104; his victory at Tunis, 106; march to Asti, 116, 118; meeting with Christina, 117, 377; invasion of Provence, 118; siege of Aix, 118; signs a truce, 118; places a Spanish garrison to defend Milan, 120; his reconciliation with the King of France, 172; treaty with him, 195; views on Henry VIII.'s proposed marriage, 197; Crusade against the Turks, 209; death of his wife, 210; reception in France, 221-223; meeting with King Francis, 221; at Paris, 222; return to Valenciennes, 224; paper of instructions, 226; enters Ghent, 228; his sentence of condemnation, 229; on the death of Cromwell, 237; arranges the second marriage of Christina, 245; his expedition to Algiers, 267; campaign against King Francis, 277; secret treaty with King Henry VIII., 280; success at Düren, 280; lays siege to Landrécy, 280; declines proposals of peace, 281, 282, 285; his treaty with Christian III., 283; visit to the convent, 285; at St. Dizier, 286; his wish for peace, 291; signs a treaty, 292; at Brussels, 293, 324, 381; campaign against the League of Schmalkalde, 317; victory of Mühlberg, 318; his portrait, 322; at Augsburg, 337; difficulties in obtaining the recognition of his son Philip as his successor, 341-347; appearance, 344, 378; intrigues against, 354, 357; takes refuge at Innsbruck, 355; at Villach, 372; enters Strasburg, 377; meeting with Albert, Marquis of Brandenburg, 379; raises the siege of Metz, 380; on the union of Queen Mary with his son, 387; his intention to abdicate, 398; abdication, 400-402; resigns the kingdoms of Spain and Sicily, 403; departure for Ghent, 406; embarks at Flushing, 406; his retreat at St. Yuste, 417; death, 430; funeral, 433-435; letters from Christina, 525

Charles VI., Emperor, 513

Charles VIII. of France, 3

Charles IX. of France, proclaimed King, 464; his coronation, 467

Charles the Bold of Burgundy, 9; defeated at Nancy, 257; removal of his bones to Bruges, 336

Châtelhérault, 250

Cheyney, Sir Thomas, Ambassador, 308

Chimay, Charles, Prince of, 242; his affection for Louise de Guise, 242; marriage, 244

Chimay, Louise, Princess of, her letter on her happy marriage, 247; death, 278

Christian II., King of Denmark, his proposals of marriage, 12; coronation, 12; marriage by proxy, 13; reception of Queen Isabella, 15; wedding, 15; characteristics, 17, 18; appearance, 18, 29; relations with Dyveke, 18; treatment of his wife, 19, 20, 24, 39; misconduct, 20; elected Knight of the Golden Fleece, 25; crowned in the Cathedral of Upsala, 25; sympathy with the Lutheran faith, 26, 40, 45; his title of Nero of the North, 26; reforms, 26; journey through Germany, 27; portraits, 28, 29, 41; meeting with Charles V., 28; at Ghent, 29; interview with Cardinal Wolsey, 30; appeals for help, 33, 45; deposed, vi, 33, 39; his flight, 34; at Malines, 36; arrival in England, 37; meeting with Henry VIII., 37; infatuation for Sigebritt, 38, 39; raises a force in Germany, 39; intimacy with Luther, 41; at Lierre, 44; extravagance, 44; death of his wife, 46; intention to invade Denmark, 49; plunderings and ravages, 49, 56; picture of his children, 53; his public recantation, 57; return to Malines, 57; invasion of Holland, 62; sails to Norway, 63; his reception, 64; disbands his forces, 64; imprisonment, 65; removed to Kallundborg Castle, 327; his death, 449

Christian III., King of Denmark, his succession disputed, 103; secret treaty with France, 275; his treaty with Charles V., 283

Christina of Denmark, her birth, 32; life at Malines, 50-53; portraits, v, 54, 96, 155, 157, 158 _note_, 509, 514; present at the festivities at Brussels, 66; proposal of marriage from the Duke of Milan, 74; love of riding, 75, 141; character, vi, 75, 97; appearance, v, 80, 86, 98, 149, 466; wedding, 81, 94; letters to her husband, 83, 100, 516; dowry, 83; her journey to Milan, 83-90; at Cussago, 88; first sight of her husband, 89; state entry into Milan, 90-93; popularity, 98, 141, 264, 408, 415, 450; lessons in Italian, 99; death of her husband, 101, 107; offers of marriage, 113-115, 207, 383; meeting with her uncle Charles V., 117, 377; petitions to Cardinal Caracciolo, 119, 120; reception at Pavia, 122; attack of fever, 127, 210; departure from Pavia, 129; journey to Brussels, 129-135; meeting with her sister Dorothea, 134; at Heidelberg, 134, 378; her life at Brussels, 141, 294, 327, 382; at the Castle of Breda, 174; return to Brussels, 183, 448; her interview with Wriothesley, 191-194; negotiations of marriage with Henry VIII. broken off, 204; her suitors, 207, 312, 321, 383, 387; reception of her sister Dorothea, 212; affection for Prince René of Orange, 218, 232, 238; at Valenciennes, 224; her betrothal to Francis, Duke of Lorraine, 244; marriage, 245, 251; journey to Pont-à-Mousson, 253; reception at Nancy, 254; on the love of her husband, 264; at Fontainebleau, 265; her letters to Granvelle on the cession of Stenay, 266, 271; reception at Joinville, 268; her reason for rejecting Henry VIII., 274; at Esclaron, 276, 461; birth of a son, 279; at Spires, 282; her efforts for peace, 282; birth of a daughter, 283; return to Nancy, 294, 322, 482; death of her husband, 297; appointed Regent of Lorraine, 298, 302; birth of a second daughter, 302; her friendship with the Princess of Orange, 303; letter to Abbot Bonvalot, 308; reception of Francis I., 312; refusal to marry, 312; at Augsburg, 318, 337-339; measures for the defence of Nancy, 323; departure from Brussels, 332; at the funeral of the Duke of Guise, 335; her retinue, 340; entertainment of Frederic and Dorothea, 352; fear of the invasion of Lorraine by the French, 356, 359; at Joinville, 356; her interview with Henry II., 361; reception of him at Nancy, 363; deprived of the Regency, 364; appeal to Henry II., 365, 371; distress at parting with her son, 366, 370; appeal to Queen Mary, 367; retires to Blamont, 370; her illness, 371, 476, 477, 485, 488, 497, 509; at Denœuvre, 372; ordered to leave, 374; takes refuge in Alsace, 374; at Hoh-Königsberg, 377; visits to England, 394, 413-416; present at the abdication of Charles V., 401; at Ghent, 406, 416, 457; meeting with her son, 421-423, 435, 440; affection for William, Prince of Orange, 425; presides at the Conference of Cercamp, 426-432; refusal to attend the wedding of her son, 436; presides at the Conference of Câteau-Cambrésis, 437-447; death of her father, 449; her sorrow at not being appointed Regent of the Netherlands, 452; request for the duchy of Bari, 453; refuses the Castle of Lecce, 455; relations with the Duchess of Parma, 459; return to Lorraine, 460; meeting with King Francis II. and Queen Mary of Scots, 461; acts as Regent of Lorraine, 463; reception of Mary, Queen of Scots, 465; at Reims, 466; at Frankfurt, 470; agreement with the Bishop of Toul, 472; rebuilds the salt-works of Les Rosières, 472; birth of a grandson, 473; interview with Cardinal Granvelle, 474; her wish to recover Denmark, 469, 475, 488; at the christening of her grandson, 476; pilgrimage to Brussels, 481; her medal and motto, 483; marriage of her daughter, Renée, 488; her grandchildren, 489; marriage of her daughter Dorothea, 490; letter of welcome to Don John of Austria, 492; pilgrimage to Loreto, 497; state entry into Tortona, 497; character of her rule, 498; her illustrious guests, 500; works of mercy, 500; quarrels with Philip of Spain, 501, 503, 514; joined by her daughter Dorothea, 505; death, 509; funeral at Nancy, 510; inscription on her tomb, 511; character, 514; charm, 515; letters to Cardinal Caracciolo, 516, 517; to Mary, Queen of Hungary, 523; to Charles V., 525; to Mary, Queen of England, 526

Churchill, A., "Travels," 47 _note_, 470 _note_

Claude, Princess, of France, her christening, 333; proposed marriage with Charles, Duke of Lorraine, 419; wedding, 435. See Lorraine

Clement VII., Pope, 42, 57, 73, 106

Clès, Cardinal-Bishop Bernhard von, at Verona, 132

Cleves, State of, 135

Cleves, Anne of, her appearance, 209; marriage with Henry VIII., 217

Cleves, William, Duke of, 136; chosen to succeed to the dukedom of Guelders, 138; his courtship of the Duchess of Milan, 207, 232; takes possession of Guelders, 207; at Ghent, 231, 233; his claim on the succession of Guelders, 231, 233; return, 234; his treaty with France, 244; his marriage with Princess Jeanne of Navarre, 249-251; surrender to Charles V., 280; his marriage annulled, 280

Clouet, his portrait of Mary, Queen of Scots, 465

Clough, Richard, present at the funeral of Charles V., 435

Coblenz, 351

Codogno, 130

Cognac, 279

Coligny, Admiral, at Brussels, 404; taken prisoner at St. Quentin, 417

Cologne, 135

Colonna, Fabrizio, 380

Compiègne, 177

Condé, leader of the Huguenots, 471

Constantyne, George, 205; imprisonment, 206

Contarini, Francesco, Venetian Ambassador, 233

Contarini, Gaspare, his impressions of King Christian II., 29

Conway, Sir Martin, "Literary Remains of Albert Dürer," 27 _note_, 530

Copenhagen, 15, 483; siege of, 38; capitulation, 39, 105

Corbetta, Gualtiero di, his oration at the funeral of the Duke of Milan, 109

Corte, Benedetto da, 99, 117, 122, 141; his account of the journey to Mantua, 131; his views on the proposed marriage of Henry VIII. with Christina, Duchess of Milan, 170

Cortile, L., "Ragionamenti," 530

Coryat, T., "Crudities," 86 _note_, 530

Coste, Hilarion de, "Les Éloges," 498 _note_

Cournault, C., "Ligier-Richier," 289 _note_, 316 _note_, 530

Courrières, Jean de Montmorency, Sieur de, 78, 184; in charge of Christina, Duchess of Milan, 121; his career, 124; letter on the proposed Cleves marriage, 139; appointed Bailiff of Alost, 140, 219; his letters to Charles V., 126-128

Courteville, Jean de, 413

Cranach, Lucas, his portrait of King Christian II. of Denmark, 41

Cranmer, Archbishop, 162

Cremona, 130

Crépy-en-Laonnois, peace signed at, 292

Cromwell, Thomas, 115; his portrait, 155; entertains Gian Battista Ferrari, 170; entertains the Ambassadors, 173; on Henry VIII.'s negotiations of marriage, 196; entertains Frederic, Count Palatine, 214; arrested and sent to the Tower, 236; beheaded, 237

Croy, Anne de, 142

Croy, Charles de, Marquis of Havré, 492

Cussago, villa of, 88

Cust, L., 159 _note_, 530

Dahlmann, F., "Geschichte von Dänemark," 27 _note_, 530

Dalecarlia, 27

Darnley, Henry, Lord, his marriage with Mary, Queen of Scots, 485

Decrue, F., "Anne de Montmorency," 181 _note_, 245 _note_, 250 _note_, 419 _note_, 530

Denis, St., Battle of, 487

Denmark, outbreak of war with Sweden, 475

Denmark, Queen Christina of, v. See Christina

Denœuvre, 299, 372; Treaty of, 302

Devonshire, Edward Courtenay, Lord, 402

Diego, Don, his return to Flanders, 174

Diest, 482, 485, 487

Dizier, St., camp at, 286; surrender of, 289

Dodgson, Campbell, viii

Dordrecht, 212

Dormer, Jane, 425

Dorothea, Princess, of Denmark, 27, 35; her portrait, 54; offers of marriage, 71, 101, 102; her appearance, 101; character, 101, 105; marriage with Frederic, Count Palatine, 105; her love of adventure, 106; meeting with her sister Christina at Heidelberg, 134; at Toledo, 211; visit to her aunt Eleanor, 211; at the Hague, 212; her appeal on behalf of her father, 231; at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, 310; her visit to Nancy, 351-353; death of her husband, 402; at Jülich, 416; Neuburg, 417, 468; death, 469; inscription on her monument, 469

Doulans, M. de, 374

Dover, 413

Dreux, Battle of, 471

Drondtheim, Archbishop of, 14, 19, 64

Drouin, Simon, 511

Düren, surrender of, 280

Dürer, Albert, extract from his Journal, 27; his portraits of King Christian II. of Denmark, 28, 29

Edward VI., King, his birth, 145; his death, 386

Effingham, Lord Howard of, at the Conference of Câteau-Cambrésis, 437; on the marriage of Queen Elizabeth, 440

Egmont, Anne of, 400

Egmont, Count Lamoral d', his wedding, 283; christening of his daughter, 393; his victory at Gravelines, 424; at Frankfurt, 470; result of his mission to Philip of Spain, 481; arrested, 486; execution, 487

Egmont, Floris d', at Brussels, 201

Egmont, Margaret of, her marriage, 324; death, 390. See Vaudemont

Egmont, Mary Christina, her christening, 393

Egmont, Philippa of, 257

Elbe, the, 39

Elbœuf, Marquis of, at Mon Soulas, 440

Eleanor, Archduchess, of Austria, 4; attack of smallpox, 5; education, 6; offers of marriage, 12; her affection for Frederic, Count Palatine, 21; Queen of Portugal, 24; of France, 137; at Compiègne, 177; meeting with her sister Mary, 178; her appearance, 178, 339; reception of her brother Charles V., 221; at Brussels, 293, 325; her death, 430

Elizabeth, Princess, of France, her christening, 308; proposals of marriage, 392, 412, 446; marriage with Philip of Spain, 456

Elizabeth, Queen of England, her accession, 432; invitation to Christina, 457

Ely, Bishop of, at the Conference of Cercamp, 428, 432; of Câteau-Cambrésis, 436

Emanuel, King of Portugal, 9; death of his second wife, 22; third marriage, 24; death, 102

England, war declared with France, 417

Épernay, 291

Erasmus of Rotterdam, 28

Eric, King of Sweden, his negotiations with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 478; proposal of marriage with Renée of Lorraine, 482; his unstable character, 483; deposed, 483

Esclaron, 275, 476

Esslingen, 339

Este, Anna d', her marriage with Count Aumale, 326; appearance, 326

Este, Duchess Beatrice d', 7; her death, 72; country-house of Cussago, 89

Este, Francesco d', 289

Étampes, Madame d', 179, 245, 293

Exeter, Lord, imprisoned in the Tower, 136; his execution, 186

Farnese, Cardinal, 225, 228, 235

Farnese, Cecilia, 115

Farnese, Ottavio, 354, 410

Farnese, Vittoria, 225; her marriage, 270

Faye, Hugues de la, his decoration of the Palace of Nancy, 272

Ferdinand, King, his marriage, 11; at Nuremberg, 40; his treatment of his sister Isabella, 40; King of the Romans, at Ghent, 230; departure from, 235; at Augsburg, 318, 337; death of his wife, 319; love of music, 320; his portrait, 322; refusal to accept Philip of Spain as coadjutor, 341-345; his character, 344; death, 478

Fère, La, 183

Feria, Count, 425, 431

Ferrara, Alfonso d' Este, Duke of, 95; at the wedding of the Duke of Milan, 95; his death, 95; will, 95

Ferrari, Gian Battista, 153; his impressions of England, 170; of Henry VIII., 171

Fiennes, Madame de, 79

Florence, 508

Florence, Alexander, Duke of, 115

Flushing, 406

Foix, Germaine de, 28

Fontaine, M. de, 374

Fontainebleau, 221, 265, 279

Förstemann, C., "Neues Urkundenbuch," 41 _note_, 530

France, war declared with England, 417; outbreak of civil war, 471, 487

Francis I., King of France, on Henry VIII.'s proposed marriage, 147; his reconciliation with Charles V., 172; meeting with Queen Mary of Hungary, 177; treaty with Charles V., 195; reception of Frederic, Count Palatine, and Dorothea, 211; reception of Charles V., 221-223; on the death of Cromwell, 237; treatment of the Duke of Lorraine, 265; demands the cession of Stenay, 266; his secret treaty with Christian III., 275; at Esclaron, 275; campaign against Charles V., 277; disbands his forces, 277; terms of peace, 292; death of his son, 304; at Joinville, 311, 313; at Bar, 311; his death, 315

Francis II., King of France, his protest against the treaty, 292; marriage with Mary, Queen of Scots, 420; accession, 457; coronation, 460; at Lorraine, 461; at Blois, 462; death, 464

Frankfurt, 470

Frederic II., Elector Palatine, his affection for Eleanor of Austria, 21; banished from Court, 23; his negotiations of marriage, 102-104; marriage, 105; at Toledo, 211; his visit to the King of France, 211; illness, 211; at the Hague, 212; visit to England, 213-217; reception at Windsor, 215; return to Brussels, 217; his designs against Denmark, 230; efforts to raise a loan, 241; his claim to Denmark, 274; succeeds to the Palatinate, 282; joins the League of Schmalkalde, 317; his loyalty to Charles V., 317; love of travel, 351; journey to Nancy, 351-353; his influence in Germany, 378; welcome to Christina, 379; his death, 402; burial, 403

Frederic, King of Denmark, recognition of his title, 42; death, 72

Frederic III., King of Denmark, his unpopularity, 468; negotiations of marriage with Renée of Lorraine, 475

Frederic of Zimmern, Elector Palatine, 469

French, the, threaten to invade Milan, 116

Friedberg, Castle of, 488

Friedewald, treaty at, 354

Friedmann, P., "Les Dépêches de Michieli," 398 _note_, 530

Frizzi, A., "Mémorie per la Storia di Ferrara," 530

Gachard, L., "Relation des Troubles de Gand," 220 _note_, 228 _note_, 530; "Retraite et Mort de Charles V.," 62 _note_, 331 _note_, 530; "Voyages de Charles V.," 283 _note_, 319 _note_, 530; "Voyages des Souverains des Pays-Bas," 1, 117 _note_, 246 _note_, 530

Gadio, Innocenzo, 347; letter from Contessa Trivulzio, 526

Gaillard, M., Director of the Brussels Archives, vii

Gallerati, Count Tommaso, 75

Gambara, Cesare, Bishop of Tortona, 500

Gardner, E., "A King of Court Poets," 95 _note_, 530

Garonne, the, 250

Gaye, G., "Carteggio Inedito di Artisti dei Secoli XV.," 530

Gemappes, Castle of, 43

Gembloux, victory of, 494

Genoa, 119

Ghent, 29, 78, 406, 416, 457; revolt at, 219; royal procession into, 228; sentence of condemnation, 229; riots at, 485

Gheynst, Margaret van, 410

Ghilino, Camillo, Ambassador to Milan, 74, 85, 106; "Annali di Alessandria," 107 _note_, 498 _note_, 530; his illness and death, 107

Giœ, Court-Marshal Magnus, Danish Ambassador, 12; representative of King Christian II. at his marriage, 13

Giussani, Signor Achille, vii

Glay, E. Le, "Correspondance l'Empereur Maximilian I. et de Marguerite d'Autriche," 5 _note_, 531

Gomez, Ruy, 338; in London, 391; at the Conference of Cercamp, 428

Gonzaga, Chiara, 258

Gonzaga, Cardinal Ercole, 91

Gonzaga, Ferrante, 66; recovers Luxembourg, 284; at St. Dizier, 286; in London, 391

Gorzes, Abbey of, 356

Göttingen, 503

Goulart. S., "Mémoires de la Ligue," 506 _note_, 530

Granado, Sir Jacques de, 416

Granvelle, Imperial Chancellor, 114; letters from Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, on the cession of Stenay, 266, 271; his portrait, 322; death, 342

Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot, created Cardinal, 470; compelled to retire, 473; his reception at Nancy, 474; on the efforts of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, to recover Denmark, 488; his death, 505; "Papiers d'État," 114 _note_, 128 _note_, 220 _note_, 277 _note_, 530

Gravelines, victory at, 424

Gravelines, Captain of, 198

Gravesend, 413

_Great Mary_, 35

Greenwich, 37, 412

Gregory XIII., Pope, 499

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 395; present at the abdication of Charles V., 401

Grey, Lady Katherine, 158 _note_

Groenendal, Abbey of, 287

Grümbach, Willem von, 475

Guasco, Maddalena, 509

Guazzo, Giorgio, 75; "Historie d'Italia," 92 _note_, 530

Guelders, Charles of Egmont, Duke of; his proposal of marriage, 10; conflict with the Regent of the Netherlands, 36; his illness, 138; choice of a successor, 138

Guelders, Philippa of. See Philippa, Duchess of Lorraine

Guicciardini, L., "Paesi-Bassi," 141 _note_, 530

Guise, Anna d' Este, Duchess of, birth of a son, 334

Guise, Antoinette de Bourbon, Duchess of, 147, 258; her letters to her daughter, 167, 168 _note_, 518, 519, 520, 522; on the marriage of the Prince of Orange, 240; her daughter Louise's marriage, 243; account of the festivities at Guise, 240; at Pont-à-Mousson, 253; her sons and daughters, 259; reception of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 268; return to Joinville, 295; death of her husband, 335; of her grandson, 356; at the wedding of Henry III. of France, 490; her death, 505

Guise, Antoinette de, goes to the convent at Reims, 270

Guise, Claude, Duke of, 146, 179, 258; at Pont-à-Mousson, 253; return to Joinville, 295; at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, 309; his illness, 334; death, 335; funeral, 335; monument, 336

Guise, Francis, Duke of, christening of his daughter, 356; his capture of Calais, 420; at the coronation of Charles IX., 467; murdered, 471, 508

Guise, Louise de, her appearance, 164; portrait, 165; attack of fever, 167; proposal of marriage, 242; wedding, 244. See Chimay

Guise, Mary, Queen of Scotland. See Mary

Guise, Renée de, her appearance, 165; at the Convent of Reims, 167; Abbess of the Convent of St. Pierre, 314

Guzman, Don Gabriel de, 291

Gyldenstern, Knut, 64

Hackett, John, Ambassador at Brussels, 85

Hagberg-Wright, Dr., viii

Haile, M., "Life of Reginald Pole," 389 _note_, 530

Hainault, invasion of the French, 389

Hall, Hubert, vii

Hallays, A., "Nancy," 258 _note_, 260 _note_, 316 _note_

Halle, 317

Hamburg, Congress at, 42

Hampton Court, 159, 216, 391

Hannart, his opinion of the King and Queen of Denmark, 40

Hans, King of Denmark, 18

Haüsser, L., "Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz," 531

Haussonville, Baron d', Governor of Nancy, 360, 363

Hawkins, on the marriage of the Duke of Milan, 75

Heidelberg, 105, 134, 378; castle at, 351, 353

Heinrich, Otto, Elector Palatine, 403; his death, 469

Held, Dr. Matthias, 133

Helsingfors, 15

Henne, A., "Histoire du Règne de Charles V.," 11 _note_, 531

Henri le Balafré, his birth, 334

Henry II., King of France, 178, 333, 490; his state entry into Paris, 334; declares war, 354; his advance on Reims, 359; at Joinville, 360; reception of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 361; enters Nancy, 362; arbitrary conditions, 364; deprives Christina of her son, 364-370; at Strasburg, 371; retreat, 373; orders Christina to leave Lorraine, 374; invasion of Hainault, 389; destruction of the Palace of Binche, 390; his threat to occupy Nancy, 408; wish for peace, 426, 429; wounded, 456; death, 457

Henry III., King of France, his marriage with Louise of Vaudemont, 490

Henry VII., King of England, 4

Henry VIII., King of England, his reception of King Christian II. of Denmark, 37; his wives, 144, 206; proposals of marriage, 146; negotiations of marriage with Christina, Duchess of Milan, 150-164, 168, 173; portrait, 155; illness, 164, 315; wish to see the French Princesses, 165; excommunicated by Pope Paul III., 195; negotiations of marriage broken off, v, 204; his reception of Frederic, Count Palatine, 215; marriage with Anne of Cleves, 217; his opinion of her, 236; annuls his marriage, 236; vexation at the marriage of Christina, 251; trial and execution of his fifth wife, 273; his secret treaty with Charles V., 280; invasion of Picardy, 284; takes possession of Boulogne, 292; attack of fever, 315; death, 315

Herbesteiner, Sigismund, 20

Hesdin, fort of, razed, 385

Hesse, Christina of, her marriage, 479

Hesse, Landgrave Philip of, 479; taken prisoner, 318; on the journey of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, to Brussels, 481

Heverlé, 252

Hill, G. F., viii

Hoby, Sir Philip, 155, 156; his interview with Christina, Duchess of Milan, 157, 168 _note_; his mission to Joinville, 166, 168 _note_; Ambassador, 385

Hoby, Thomas, at Augsburg, 323; "Memoirs," 323 _note_, 531; his translation of "Cortegiano," 385

Hoh-Königsberg, fortress of, 318, 377

Holbein, Hans, his portrait of Christina, Duchess of Milan, v, 157, 158 _note_, 514; other portraits, 155

Holland, invasion of, 62

Holstein, Adolf, Duke of, at Brussels, 325, 327; breaks off his engagement with Fräulein Kunigunde, 328; courtship of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 328, 387, 402; takes leave of Charles V., 402; his marriage with Christina of Hesse, 479

Holstein, Frederic, Duke of, his hostile attitude to King Christian II. of Denmark, 33; elected King of Denmark, 33, 39

Hoogstraaten, Commissioner, 184

Horn, Count, arrested, 486

Howard, Lord William, 146, 255; recalled and sent to the Tower, 273; created a peer, 437. See Effingham

Howard, Queen Catherine, her trial and execution, 273

Hubert, his Chronicle of Charles V., 103

Hugo, L., "Traité sur l'Origine de la Maison de Lorraine," 238 _note_, 531

Huguenot conspiracy, discovery of a, 463

Hungary, Ladislaus, King of, 11

Hungary, Mary, Queen of, 11. See Mary

Hutton, John, Ambassador, 137; his opinion of Christina, Duchess of Milan, 149, 153, 161; his method of ingratiating himself with Mary, Queen of Hungary, 161; illness and death, 171

Hvidore, 15

Innsbruck, 7, 57, 60, 134, 355

Isabella, Empress, birth of a son, 210; death, 210

Isabella of Aragon, 94

Isabella of Austria, 4; her birth, 4; attack of smallpox, 5; education, 6; offers of marriage, 10; dowry, 12; marriage ceremony, 13; journey to Copenhagen, 15; letter to her aunt, 15; state entry, 15; her wedding with King Christian II. of Denmark, 15; coronation, 16; illness, 16, 45; her miserable life, 22; birth of a son, 24; birth and death of twin sons, 25; birth of her daughters, 27, 32; flight from Denmark, 35; return to Malines, 36, 39; arrival in England, 37; noble qualities, 38; loyalty to her husband, 40; embraces the Lutheran faith, 40; at Lierre, 44; her straits for money, 44; death, vi, 46; burial, 47; monument, 47; destruction of her tomb, 485

Isabella of Portugal, her marriage, 48

Isère, gorge of the, 86

James V., King of Scotland, 30, 59; his fickle character, 71, 101; marriages, 147, 148, 165; death, 278

Jean de Maurienne, S., 86

John, Prince, of Denmark, 24, 35; under the care of the Regent, 50; his education, 50; life at Malines, 50-53; portrait, 54; character, 54; meeting with his uncle, 59; journey to Brussels, 66; at Regensburg, 67; illness and death, 68

Joinville, 166, 244, 268, 311, 360; destruction of, averted, 290

Joinville, Henri, Prince of, 421

Juana, Queen, 61; death of her husband, 2; her children, 4; death, 398

Jülich, 416

Julius II., Pope, 7

Juste, T., "Les Pays-Bas sous Charles V.," 62 _note_, 66 _note_, 531; "Marie de Hongrie," 294 _note_, 390 _note_, 531

Jutland, 15; rising in, 31; invasion of, 103

Kallundborg Castle, 327, 449

Katherine, Queen of England, 37; her death, 145

Katherine, Queen of Portugal, birth of a son, 66

Kaulek. J., "Correspondance Politique de M. de Castillon," 147 _note_, 531

Kildare, Lady, 413

Köstlin, J., "Leben Luthers," 41 _note_, 531

Kunigunde, von Brandenburg, Fräulein, 328

Ladislaus, King of Hungary, 11

Lalaing, Count, 184, 241, 411; at Augsburg, 338

Landau, 377

Landrécy, siege of, 280

Lanz, K., "Correspondenz Karls V.," 42 _note_, 531

Lavisse, E., "Histoire de France," 531

Laxou, 254

Lecce, Castle of, 455

Leghorn, 508

Leigh, John, 459

Lennox, Lady, 413

Lenoncourt, M. de, 508

Leo X., Pope, 72

Leonardo, his picture the "Cenacolo," 272

Lepage, H., "Le Palais Ducal de Nancy," 260 _note_, 261 _note_, 273 _note_, 295 _note_, 323 _note_, 472 _note_, 491 _note_, 531; "Lettres de Charles III.," 508 _note_, 531

Leva, G. de, "Storia Documentata di Carlo V.," 113 _note_, 531

Leyden, Lucas van, 28

Leyva, Antonio de, 89, 90, 94, 109; appointed Governor-General of Milan, 112; his death, 118

Liége, Bishop of, 154

Lierre, 44

Ligier-Richier, fils, Jean, 510

Ligier-Richier, Jean, his effigy of René, Prince of Orange, 288; of Queen Philippa, 316

Ligny, 277

Lille, 79; military operations at, 137

Linz, 12

Lisle, Lady, 214, 217

Lisle, Lord, Deputy Governor of Calais, 204, 214

Litta, P., "Famiglie Celebri," 531

Llan Hawaden, 205, 206

Loches, 221

Lodge, E., "Illustrations," 328 _note_, 384 _note_, 531

Lomboni, Don Antonio, 96

Longueval, De, 304

Longueville, Duke of, 253, 268, 307; at Esclaron, 275; his death, 356

Longueville, Mary, Duchess of, 146; offers of marriage, 147; marriage with James V., King of Scotland, 148, 165

Longwy, Castle of, 279

Loreto, pilgrimage to the shrine of, 497

Lorraine, surrender of, 512; a province of France, 513

Lorraine, Anne de, her appearance, 167; marriage with Prince René of Orange, 239. See Orange and Aerschot

Lorraine, Antoine, Duke of, 179; his marriage, 11, 258; character of his administration, 261; death of his wife, 262; at Fontainebleau, 265; yields the fortress of Stenay, 266; his mediation for peace between Charles V. and King Francis, 281, 284; illness and death, 284; funeral, 305

Lorraine, Antoinette de, Duchess of Cleves, 512

Lorraine, Cardinal of, 239, 423; at the Conference for peace at Cercamp, 426

Lorraine, Catherine of, takes the veil, 512; founds a Capucin convent, 512; appointed Abbess of Remiremont, 512

Lorraine, Charles III., Duke of, his birth, 279; appearance, 352, 364; reception of Henry II., 363; parting with his mother, 366, 370; at Joinville, 370; his proposed marriage with Princess Claude, 410; portrait, 420; meeting with his mother, 421-423, 435, 440; his feats of horsemanship, 422; return to Compiègne, 423; lavish generosity, 435; his wedding, 435; meeting with Philip of Spain, 441; at Brussels, 449; at Amboise, 463; at the coronation of Charles IX., 467; state entry into Nancy, 471; enlarges the ducal palace, 472; his sons and daughters, 489; death of his wife, 490; love of learning, 491; marriage of his daughter Christina, 508; death, 511

Lorraine, Christina, Duchess of. See Christina

Lorraine, Christine de, 489; at the French Court, 490, 507; her marriage with the Grand-Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany, 507, 508; festivities at Florence, 508; her portrait, 509

Lorraine, Claude, Duchess of, at Mon Soulas, 442; birth of a son, 473; attack of smallpox, 473; her sons and daughters, 489; death, 490; portrait, 509

Lorraine, Dorothea of, her birth, 302; appearance, 352; marriage with Duke Eric of Brunswick, 490; death of her husband, 503; her second marriage, 511; death, 511. See Brunswick

Lorraine, Elizabeth of, her marriage, 512

Lorraine, Francis I., Duke of, vi, 179; his betrothal to Christina, Duchess of Milan, 244; marriage, 245, 251; assumes the title of Duke of Bar, 249; receives the Order of St. Michel, 265, 271; his grief at the cession of Stenay, 266, 271; illness, 284, 291, 294, 296; succeeds to the dukedom, 284; his efforts for peace, 291; love of music, 294; his entry into Nancy, 296; death, 297; funeral, 309

Lorraine, Francis III., Duke of, his marriage with Maria Theresa, 512; surrenders Lorraine, 512

Lorraine, Henry, Duke of, his birth, 473; christening, 476

Lorraine, John of, 257

Lorraine, Louise de, Princesse de Chimay, her letter to Mary, Queen of Scots, 521. See Chimay

Lorraine, Philippa, Duchess of, 254, 257, 259; her sons, 258

Lorraine, Raoul of, 256

Lorraine, René II., Duke of, 257; his sons, 258

Lorraine, Renée de Bourbon, Duchess of, 179; her character, 259; influence on art, 260; death, 262; her children, 263

Lorraine, Renée de, her birth, 283; appearance, 352; offer of marriage from Eric, King of Sweden, 482; her suitors, 487; marriage with Duke William of Bavaria, 488

Lorraine, Yolande, Duchess of, 257

Louis, King of Hungary, his death at the Battle of Mohacz, 59

Louis XII. of France, 4; his marriage, 11

Louis XIII. of France, 512

Louvain, 61, 78, 135

Luna, Captain Alvarez de, 122

Lunden, Archbishop of, 103

Lunéville, 353

Luther, Martin, his friendship with King Christian II. of Denmark, 41; tribute to the memory of Queen Isabella, 47; his appeal to King Frederic of Denmark, 70

Luxembourg, 245, 252, 284, 337; siege of, 374

Mabuse, Jehan, designs the monument of Queen Isabella of Denmark, 47; his picture of the King of Denmark's children, 53

Macedonia, Constantine Comnenus, Prince of, 99

Macedonia, Francesca Paleologa, Princess of, 279; her attachment to the Duchess of Milan, 99; at Codogno, 130; at Reims, 467

Machyn, H., "Diary of a Citizen of London," 531

Mackenzie, Sir Kenneth, viii

Maestricht, 135; rising at, 220

Magdeburg, siege of, 341

Magenta, C., "I Visconti e gli Sforza nel Castello di Pavia," 93 _note_, 531

Maiocchi, Monsignor Rodolfo, Rector of the Borromeo College at Pavia, vii

Maire, Jehan Le, "Les Funéraux de Feu Don Philippe," 2 _note_; his elegy of "L'Amant Vert," 52

Malines, 2, 4, 36, 39, 57, 61

Mansfeldt, Count, 477

Mantua, 131

Mantua, Federico, Duke of, 74

Marck, 397

Marck, Margaret la, 331

Marcoing, 421

Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, 2, 4; death of her two husbands, 3; undertakes the care of her nephew and nieces, 4; meeting with King Christian II. of Denmark, 28; reception of the King and Queen of Denmark, 36; conflict with Charles of Guelders, 36; concludes a treaty with King Frederic of Denmark, 42; obtains possession of Isabella's children, 49; her tapestries and family portraits, 51; pets, 52; amusements, 53; illness, 57; letter to her nephew, 58; death, 58

Margaret, Princess, of France, her appearance, 178; negotiations for her marriage, 313; proposed union with the Duke of Savoy, 429, 443; marriage, 456

Maria, Empress-Dowager, her visit to Tortona, 500

Maria, Infanta, of Portugal, 151

Maria Theresa, Empress, 511

Marienburg, 389

Marignano, Battle of, 258

Marignano, Marquis of, at St. Dizier, 286

Marillac, French Ambassador, 213, 346

Marne River, 259, 268, 286

Marnol, Nicholas de, 104; at Milan, 104

Mary, Archduchess of Austria, her birth, 4; attack of smallpox, 5; Queen of Hungary, 9, 11; death of her husband, 59; offers of marriage, 59; her fondness for riding, 60; her powers of mind, 60; sympathy with the reformers, 60; accepts the Regency of the Low Countries, 61; enters Louvain, 61; at Malines, 61; her reforms, 62; care of her nieces, 70; protest against the proposed marriage of her niece Christina, 76; efforts to delay the marriage, 79; her welcome to her niece Christina, 135; superintends the military operations at Lille, 137; anxiety for peace, 137; her opinion of Henry VIII., 144; at the Castle of Breda, 174; her meeting with King Francis at Compiègne, 177; with her sister Eleanor, 178; return to Brussels, 183, 346; difficulties of her position with the English Ambassadors, 186-191; interviews with Wriothesley, 189, 190; entertained by him, 199; her measures to suppress the insurrection, 219; reception of Charles V., 224; protest against the cession of Stenay, 267; grief at the death of the Prince of Orange, 287; at Augsburg, 318, 340, 342, 344; protest against Henry II.'s treatment of Christina, 370; her banquet on the accession of Queen Mary, 386; on the destruction of her palace of Binche, 390; resigns the Regency, 399, 401; present at the abdication of Charles V., 400; retires to Turnhout, 405; her death, 431; funeral, 433; letter from Christina, 523; from Anne, Duchess of Aerschot, 523

Mary of Castille, Queen of Portugal, her death, 22

Mary, Princess, of England, 6; her marriage, 11

Mary, Queen of England, her proposed marriage with the Infant Don Louis of Portugal, 162; her accession, 386; proposed union with Philip of Spain, 387; her wedding, 388; supposed birth of a son, 395; ill-temper at the absence of her husband, 409; illness, 431; death, 432; letter from Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 526

Mary, Dowager-Queen of Scotland, letters from her mother, 167, 168 _note_, 518, 519, 520, 522; death of her children, 269; birth of a daughter, 278; death of her husband, 278; of her father, 335; of her son, 356; letter from the Princess de Chimay, 521

Mary, Queen of Scots, her arrival in France, 333; marriage with Francis II. of France, 420; at Lorraine, 461; at Blois, 462; death of her husband, 464; at Joinville, 464; at Nancy, 465; her appearance, 465; portrait, 465; offers of marriage, 465; attack of fever, 466; her marriage with Darnley, 485; compelled to abdicate, 487; death on the scaffold, 504

Masone, Sir John, Ambassador, 393

Mauris, St., Ambassador, 296, 300

Maximilian I., Emperor, 3; his grandchildren, 5; at Brussels, 8; war against Venice, 9; his letter on the misconduct of King Christian II., 20; his death, 24

Maximilian, King of Bohemia, at Augsburg, 318, 320, 338; his character, 344; rivalry with Philip of Spain, 345; at Brussels, 405; crowned King of the Romans, 470

Mayenne, Louise, Marchioness of, 310

Mazzenta, Guido, 97

Medemblik, 63

Medici, Alessandro de', Duke of Florence, murdered, 410

Medici, Catherine de', 74, 178, 464; her reception of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 467; jealousy of her influence, 473; death, 508

Medici, Don Pietro de', 508

Melanchthon, 152

Mendoza, Don Diego, 159

Mendoza, Don Luis de, 486, 488

Merriman, R. B., "Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell," 531

Messina, 112

Metz, 252, 285, 371; siege of, 380

Metz, Anton de, 25, 27, 33

Metz, M. de, 298. See Vaudemont

Mewtas, Sir Peter, 147

Michieli, Ambassador, 396

Middelburg, 23

Mignet, L., "Retraite de Charles V.," 388 _note_, 531; "Rivalité de Francis I. et Charles V.," 23 _note_, 531

Mikkelsen, Hans, Burgomaster of Malmoë, 41, 46

Milan, 497; taken by the French, 72; threatened French invasion, 116; defence of, by a Spanish garrison, 120

Milan, Christina, Duchess of. See Christina

Milan, Francesco Sforza, Duke of, his career, 72; deprived of his State, 72; return, 73; sufferings caused by a wound, 73; proposal of marriage with Christina of Denmark, 74; wedding by proxy, 81; surprise visit to his bride, 89; reception of her, 93; marriage, 94; portraits, 96; treatment of his wife, 97; illness, 100, 107; death, vi, 101, 107; funeral rites, 108-110; will, 111; inscription on his tomb, 511; letter from his wife, 516

Milan, Lodovico Sforza, Duke of, 7; his character, 17; imprisonment, 72

Milan, Maximilian Sforza, Duke of, at Malines, 7, 72; enters Milan, 9

Missaglia, Alessandro, 90

Moeller, E., "Eléonore d'Autriche," 22 _note_, 531

Mohacz, Battle of, 59

Molembais, M. de, 78

Mon Soulas, 440

Monboë, Hans, 45

Mons, 176, 294, 441

Mont, Christopher, Envoy to Frankfort, 209

Montague, Lord, imprisoned in the Tower, 186; his execution, 186

Montbardon, M. de, 357, 370

Montecastello, villa at, 503

Montemerlo, Niccolò, 498; "Nuove Historie di Tortona," 498 _note_, 531

Montmélian, fortress of, 86, 115

Montmorency, Anne de, Constable of France, 180; his home at Chantilly, 181; taken prisoner at St. Quentin, 417, 419; at the Conference of Cercamp, 428; taken prisoner at the Battle of Dreux, 471; killed at the Battle of St. Denis, 487

Montmorency, Floris de, 331; at Augsburg, 338

Montmorency, Jean de. See Courrières

Montpensier, Duchess of, her christening, 356

Montpensier, Gilbert de, 179, 258

Montreuil, Madame de, 174

Monzone, Imperial Council at, 126

Morillon, Provost, 485

Mornay, Charles de, 478

Morosyne, Sir Richard, Ambassador, 339, 346; on Charles V.'s reserve, 378; on the Marquis of Brandenburg's courtship of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 384

Moselle, the, 351

Mühlberg, victory of, 318

Muscovy, Czar of, Envoy from, in England, 413-415

Namur, 245, 252

Nancy, 254, 294, 296; Battle of, 257; measures for the defence of, 323; entered by the French, 362, 512; festivities at, 465

Nassau, Henry, Count of, 66, 142; his third wife, 174; sudden death, 175

Nassau, René of, Prince of Orange, 67

Nassau, William of, 287

Nassau-Dillenburg, William of, 238

Nassau-le-Grand, 285

Navarre, Antoine, King of, mortally wounded, 471

Navarre, Henri d'Albret of, 10; his marriage, 10

Navarre, Henry, King of, his proposal of marriage with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 383

Navarre, Isabel of, 102

Navarre, Jeanne d'Albret, Princess of, proposal of marriage with the Duke of Cleves, 235, 244; her resistance to the marriage, 249; wedding, 250; annulment of her marriage, 280; marriage with the Duke of Vendôme, 326

Navarre, Margaret, Queen of, 10

Neckar, the, 339

Negriolo, Girolamo, 90

Netherlands, choice of a Regent, 451; discontent of the people at the appointment of the Duchess of Parma, 458, 459

Netherlands, Margaret, Regent of 4. See Margaret

Neuburg, 417, 468

Neumarkt, 103, 105

Nevill, Sir Edward, his execution, 186

Nice, 119

Nicole, Madame, 300, 342

Nimeguen, 138

Noailles, Ambassador, 396

Nomény, 358; castle at, 351

Norfolk, Duchess of, 273

Norfolk, Henry Howard, sixth Duke of, 158 _note_

Norway, reception of King Christian II. in, 64

Nott, G., "Life of Wyatt," 169 _note_, 204 _note_, 531

Novara, 83, 87

Nubilonio, "Cronaca di Vigevano," 93 _note_, 531

Nuremberg, 40

Ochsenthal, vale of the, 352

Odensee, Palace of, 32

Oglio, 130

Oise, the, 178, 183

Oldenburg, Christopher of, his invasion of Jutland, 103

Olisleger, Chancellor, 249

Oppenheimer, Henry, viii

Orange, Anne, Princess of, 263; death of her husband, 287; at Nancy, 303; her friendship with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 303; her character, 303; at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, 310; her letter to the Queen of Scotland, 311; marriage with the Duke of Aerschot, 323. See Aerschot

Orange, René, Prince of, at Brussels, 142, 201; at the Castle of Breda, 174; his affection for Christina, Duchess of Milan, 218, 232, 238; popularity, 238; marriage with Anne of Lorraine, 239; at St. Dizier, 286; his death, 286; will, 288; tomb, 288; lines on, 289

Orange, William, Prince of, 322; in London, 391; present at the abdication of Charles V., 400; death of his wife, 425; his appearance, 425; affection for Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 425; at the Conference of Cercamp, 428; at the funeral of Charles V., 434; at the Conference of Câteau-Cambrésis, 437; his proposed marriage with Renée of Lorraine, 455; debts, 455; his treatment of Christina, 458; marriage with Anna of Saxony, 460; at Frankfurt, 470; retires to Germany, 486; ban against, 503; assassination, 504

Orleans, Charles, Duke of, his character, 178; at Brussels, 293; death, 304

Orleans, Gaston, Duke of, 512

Orleans, Henry, Duke of, 74, 113

Orleans, Margaret of, 512

Orley, Bernhard van, his portrait of Christina, Duchess of Milan, 155, 158 _note_

Osiander, the Lutheran doctor, 41

Oslo, 64

Oxe, Peder, exiled from Denmark, 457, 468; his return to Copenhagen, 483

Paget, Ambassador, at Fontainebleau, 267

Paleologa, Francisca, Princess of Macedonia, her attachment to the Duchess of Milan, 99. See Macedonia

Paleologa, Margherita, 73; Duchess of Mantua, 74

Palermo, 107

Panigarola, Gabriele, appointed Governor of Tortona, 129

Panizone, Guglielmo, 170

Paris, 222

Parma, War of, 355

Parma, Alexander of, 410

Parma, Margaret, Duchess of, her marriages, 410; son, 410; at Brussels, 411; her character, 411; visit to England, 413-415; appointed Regent of the Netherlands, 452, 458; her relations with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 459; unpopularity, 470; her treatment of Anne, Duchess of Aerschot, 484; her death, 505

Parroy, Sieur de, in charge of Stenay, 365, 367

Passau, Conference at, 376

Pastor, L., "Geschichte d. Papste," 132 _note_; "Reise des Kardinal Luigi d'Aragona," 141 _note_

Pate, Archdeacon Richard, Ambassador, 237, 241

Paul III., Pope, 106, 114; his excommunication of Henry VIII., 195

Paul IV., Pope, his war with Alva, Viceroy of Naples, 409

Pavia, 122; Castello of, 117

Pellizone, Lodovico, 123

Pembroke, Lord, 415

Pero, Massimo del, 347

Péronne, 423

Petit, J. F. Le, "Grande Chronique de Hollande," 445 _note_, 531

Petre, Dr., 206

Petri, Nicolas, Canon of Lunden, 43, 45

Pfister, C., "Histoire de Nancy," 253 _note_, 260 _note_

Philip I., King of Castille and Archduke of Austria, his death, 1; funeral, 2; children, 4

Philip II. of Spain, invested with the Duchy of Milan, 244; his marriage settled with the Infanta of Portugal, 280; death of his wife, 313; state entry into Brussels, 329; appearance, 330; character, 330, 341, 345; attentions to Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 331; fêtes in his honour, 333; at Augsburg, 337; his tournament, 338; rivalry with Maximilian, King of Bohemia, 345; return to Spain, 347; proposed union with Mary, Queen of England, 387; portrait, 388; wedding, 388; leaves London, 399; at Brussels, 400, 417; present at the abdication of Charles V., 400; investiture, 401; his first Chapter of the Fleece, 403; signs the treaty of peace, 404; his affection for Christina, 408; delay in returning to England, 409; at Greenwich, 412; capture of St. Quentin, 417; death of his wife, 433; at the funeral of Charles V., 434; his meeting with Charles, Duke of Lorraine, 441; proposal of marriage with Princess Elizabeth of France, 446; appoints his sister Margaret Regent of the Netherlands, 452; his marriage, 456; at Ghent, 457; his indifference to the illness of Christina, 477; his treatment of her, vi, 501, 503, 514

Philippa, Queen, her home in the convent, 254, 259, 285; death, 315; funeral, 316; monument, 316. See Lorraine

Philippeville, citadel of, 398

Piacenza, citadel of, 410

Picardy, invasion of, 284

Piedmont, Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, 113; at Milan, 116; at Augsburg, 320; in command of the Imperial Army, 385; his courtship of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 387; succeeds to the title of Duke of Savoy, 391; at Whitehall, 392

Piedmont, Prince Louis of, his death, 113

Pimodan, G., "La Mère des Guises," 147 _note_, 531

Po, the, 116, 117, 130

Pois, Nicolas le, 296

Poitiers, Diane de, 179

Pol, S., capture of, 126

Poland, Bona Sforza, Queen of, her letter to the Duke of Milan on his marriage, 95

Poland, Sigismund, King of, 95

Pole, Cardinal, 195; at Toledo, 203; his aversion to Queen Mary's marriage with Philip of Spain, 389; received at Whitehall, 391

Polweiler, Baron de, Bailiff of Hagenau, 476, 480

Pont-à-Mousson, 253, 285, 351, 380, 474; University at, 491

Pont-à-Mousson, Francis, Marquis of, his courtship of the Duchess of Milan, 207; marriage, 245; receives the title of Duke of Bar, 246, 249; his birth, 263; studious tastes, 263; proposed marriages, 263; his choice of Christina, 264. See Lorraine

Poor Clares, Order of the, 254, 259

Porta, G., "Alessandria Descritta," 500 _note_, 531

Portugal, Eleanor, Queen of. See Eleanor

Portugal, Emanuel, King of. See Emanuel

Portugal, Infant Don Louis of, his proposed union with Princess Mary of England, 162

Portugal, Infanta of, her marriage with Philip of Spain, 280

Portugal, invasion of, 502

Poynings, Sir Edward, Ambassador at Brussels, 8

Praet, Louis de, Imperial Ambassador, 37; his admiration for Isabella, Queen of Denmark, 38; at Ghent, 79; his oration at the marriage of the Duke and Duchess of Milan, 94

Prinsterer, Groen van, "Archives de la Maison d'Orange et de Nassau," 425 _note_, 530

Putnam, R., "William the Silent, Prince of Orange," 289 _note_, 532

Pyl, Lieven, chief magistrate at Ghent, 219

Quentin, St., victory of, 417

Quievrain, Castle of, 329

Rabutin, François de, 361; at Nancy, 364; "Collections de Mémoires," 361 _note_, 532

Rambouillet, 315

Ratti, N., "La Famiglia Sforza," 313 _note_, 532

Ravold, J. B., "Histoire de Lorraine," 253 _note_, 532

Regensburg, 65, 67, 245; Diet of, 305

Reiffenberg, F. de, "Histoire de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or," 20 _note_, 403, 532

Reims, 360, 460, 466

Reims, Charles, Archbishop of, 247 _note_, 253; his consecration, 295

Remiremont, 297

Renard, Simon, 407

Renty, Battle of, 390

Reumont, A. von, "Geschichte Toscana," 508 _note_, 532

Rhine, the, 351

Ribier, G., "Lettres et Mémoires d'État," 405 _note_, 532

Richardot, Abbé, his oration at the funeral of Charles V., 434

Richmond, 159

Richmond, Duke of, 71

Ripalta, 497

Rivoli, 87

Rocca di Sparaviera, 505, 509

Roddi, F., "Annali di Ferrara," 95 _note_

Rombaut, S., Church of, 1, 2

Rosières, Les, salt-works at, 472

Roskild, Dean of, 34

Rossem, Martin van, 277

Rostain, M. de, 374

Rotterdam, 212

Rouen, Siege of, 471

Ruble, A. de, "Le Mariage de Jeanne d'Albret," 222 _note_, 249 _note_, 326 _note_, 334 _note_, 362 _note_, 420 _note_, 532; "Traité de Câteau-Cambrésis," 429 _note_, 439 _note_

Rucellai, Orazio, 507

Rudolf II., Emperor, 512

Saint-Hilaire, M. de, 349

Salis, Friar Jehan de, 50

Salm, Count Jean de, 298, 357

Sandrart, J., "Deutsche Akademie," 274 _note_

Sangiuliani, Count Antonio Cavagna, vii, 347 _note_

Sanuto, Marino, 73; "Diarii," 63 _note_, 67 _note_, 532

Saragossa, 104

Savorgnano, Mario, 63, 66

Savoy, Beatrix of Portugal, Duchess of, 87; takes refuge at Vercelli, 116; flight to Milan, 116; meeting with Charles V., 117; at Nice, 119; death, 119

Savoy, Charles III., Duke of, 85; forced to evacuate Turin, 116

Savoy, Charles Emanuel, Duke of, 507

Savoy, Emanuel Philibert, Duke of, 391; at Whitehall, 392; his negotiations of marriage with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 396-398; appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Low Countries, 399; present at the abdication of Charles V., 400; negotiations of marriage with Princess Elizabeth, 412; his victory of St. Quentin, 417; proposed marriage with Marguerite of France, 429, 443; marriage, 456

Savoy, Margaret, Duchess of, 3

Savoy, Duke Philibert of, his marriage and death, 3

Saxe-Lauenburg, Duke of, at the marriage ceremony of King Christian II., 13

Saxony, 40

Saxony, Anna of, her marriage with William, Prince of Orange, 460

Saxony, Elector John Frederick of, taken prisoner, 318; his portrait, 322

Saxony, Elector Maurice of, 285; his siege of Magdeburg, 341; secret intrigues with France, 354, 357; killed at the battle of Sievershausen, 384

Scepperus, Cornelius, 42; Private Secretary to the King of Denmark, 19; his inscription on the tomb of Queen Isabella of Denmark, 47

Schäfer, D., "Geschichte von Dänemark," 38 _note_, 532

Scharf, Sir George, 54 note, 158 _note_

Schauwenbourg, Captain, 305

Scheldt, River, 230; frozen over, 411

Schlegel, J. H., "Geschichte der Könige v. Dänemark," 45 _note_, 532

Schleswig, Bishop of, Danish Ambassador, 12

Schlettstadt, 375

Schmalkalde, League of, campaign against, 317; dissolved, 318

Schoren, Dr., Chancellor of Brabant, 184

Scotland, Mary, Queen of. See Mary

Selve, Odet de, Ambassador, 314

Serclaes, Mademoiselle Rolande de, 50

Seymour, Jane, Queen of England, 144, 151; her portrait, 155

Sfondrati, Count Francesco, 78

Sforza, Count Bosio, 115

Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan, at Innsbruck, 7. See Milan

Sforza, Giovanni Paolo, 90, 109; his illness and death, 113

Sforza, Lodovico, Duke of Milan. See Milan

Sforza, Maximilian, Duke of Milan, at Malines, 7, 72. See Milan

Shelley, Sir Richard, 411

Sievershausen, Battle of, 384

Sigismund, King of Poland, 321

Silliers, Baron de, 388; on the illness of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 477; his death, 489

Simonet, 125

Sittard, defeat at, 280

Skelton, Mary, 149

Skippon, Philip, 47

Slagbök, Archbishop of Lunden, 26; put to death, 32

Soignies, Forest of, 141, 169, 252

Sonderburg, island fortress of, 65

Soranzo, Ambassador, 411

Southampton, Lord High Admiral, 162, 215

Souvastre, Madame de, 85, 91

Souvastre, M. de, 44, 46

Spain, Charles V. of. See Charles V.

Spain, Infant Don Carlos of, his birth, 313

Spain, Philip II. of. See Philip

Spinelli, 8, 23

Spires, 78, 282

Stabili, Gianbattista, 510

Stampa, Count Massimiliano, 75; at Ghent, 78; at Lille, 79; received by Queen Mary of Hungary, 79; representative of the Duke of Milan at his marriage, 81; his house at Cussago, 88; entertains the Duchess of Milan, 88; at the funeral of the Duke of Milan, 109; retains his post of Castellan of Milan, 112; his gifts from Charles V., 120; gives up the keys, 122

Stanislas, ex-King of Poland, at Nancy, 513

Stenay, fortress of, ceded to the French, 266; restitution, 293; evacuated by the French, 304

Stockholm, siege of, 31; surrender of, 33

Strasburg, 371, 373, 377

Stroppiana, Count, Ambassador, 342, 344, 359; on Henry II.'s treatment of Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 371; at Windsor, 391; at the Conference of Cercamp, 428

Suffolk, Mary, Duchess of, 37

Suffolk, Duke of, 162, 215

Surrey, Lord, 280, 281

Susa, towers of, 87

Sweden, outbreak of war with Denmark, 475, 478

Sweden, Eric, King of. See Eric

Swynaerde, 45

Tarbes, Bishop of, 168

Tassigny, Sieur de, 357

Taverna, Count, 74, 109

Tencajoli, Signor O. F., vii

Thérouenne, 137; fort of, razed, 385

Thionville, 252; capture of, 424

Thomas, H. L., "Spiegel des Humors grosser Potentaten," 22 _note_, 532

Throckmorton, Ambassador, 461

Tiepolo, the Venetian, 445; on the marriage of Philip of Spain with Princess Elizabeth, 446; on the appointment of the Duchess of Parma to the Regency of the Netherlands, 452

Tiloye, La, 136

Titian, his portraits, 96, 322; at Augsburg, 322

Toledo, treaty at, 195

Tongres, 340

Tortona, 111, 128, 497

Toul, 362

Toul, Bishop of, his agreement with Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 472

Tournay, Bishop of, 81

Trent, 72, 78, 133

Treves, 435

Triboulet the jester, 223

Trivulzio, Contessa Dejanira, 99, 130; on the loss of Belloni, 376; her letter to Messer Innocenzio Gadio, 526

Trivulzio, Count Gaspare, 99; his reception of Christina, Duchess of Milan, 130

Troyes, Louis, Bishop of, 247 _note_, 253

Tuke, Sir Brian, 168 _note_

Tunis, capture of, 106

Turin, evacuation of, 116

Tuscany, Grand-Duke Ferdinand of, his marriage with Christina of Lorraine, 507, 508

Tytler, P. F., "England under Edward VI.," 380 _note_, 532

Ulmann, H., "Kaiser Maximilian," 11 _note_, 532

Upsala, Cathedral of, 25

Urbino, Duke of, 270

Vaissière, P. de, "Vie de Charles de Marillac," 344 _note_, 532

Valenciennes, 176, 224

Valladolid, 125

Valois, Madeleine de, her proposed marriage with James V. of Scotland, 115; her marriage, 147; death, 147

Varembon, Marc de Rye, Marquis of, his marriage with the Duchess of Brunswick, 511

Vaucelles, Abbey of, truce signed at, 403

Vaudemont, Louise, Countess of, 489; christening of her daughter, 351

Vaudemont, Nicholas, Count de, Bishop of Metz, 253, 294, 295; his birth, 263; appointed joint Regent of Lorraine, 302; at the funeral of the Duke of Lorraine, 309; his marriage, 324; at Blois, 350; loyalty to Christina, Duchess of Lorraine, 358, 374, 390; appointed sole Regent, 364; his second marriage, 390; retires from public life, 463; christening of his daughter, 482

Vaudemont and Joinville, Ferry, Count of, 257

Vaughan, Stephen, Ambassador, 175; his interview with Queen Mary of Hungary, 176; at Antwerp, 201

Veeren, 14, 36

Vély, M. de, 199, 233

Vendôme, Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of, 179; his courtship of the Duchess of Milan, 207; marriage with Jeanne d'Albret, 326

Vendôme, Mademoiselle de, 179

Vercelli, 116

Vercelli, Bishop of, 87

Verona, 132

Verri, P., "Storia di Milano," 532

Vertot, R. de, "Ambassades de MM. de Noailles en Angleterre," 532

Viborg, 33

Vieilleville, Governor of Verdun, 380; Mémoires, 532

Vigevano, 83, 87, 407, 477

Villach, 372

Villamont, A., "Voyages," 497 _note_, 532

Viola, N., "Il Santuario di Tortona," 499 _note_, 532

Vives, Louis, 6

Voigt, G., "Albert von Brandenburg," 318 _note_, 532

Vueren, Castle of, 8

Waldrevange, 305

Wallop, Sir John, 280

Walpole, Horace, "Anecdotes of Painting," 274 _note_, 532

Wasa, Gustavus, 276; his revolt at Dalecarlia, 27; lays siege to Stockholm, 31, 33

Wassy, massacre at, 471

Willems, Dyveke, her relations with King Christian II. of Denmark, 18; her sudden death, 24

Willems, Hermann, 25

Willems, Sigebritt, 18; appointed mistress of the Queen of Denmark's household, 19; her influence over King Christian II., 24; arrested and burnt, 38

Windsor, 215, 391

Wingfield, Sir Robert, Ambassador at Ghent, 30; on the conduct of King Christian II., 33, 34

Wolsey, Cardinal, at Bruges, 30; his retinue, 30; interview with King Christian II., 30

Wornum, R., "Life of Holbein," 159 _note_, 274 _note_, 532

Wotton, Nicholas, 205; on the surrender of St. Dizier, 289; at the Conference of Cercamp, 428; of Câteau Cambrésis, 436

Wriothesley, Thomas, 149, 176; at Cambray, 177; on the terms of Henry VIII.'s negotiation of marriage, 184; his interviews with Queen Mary of Hungary, 189, 190; with Christina, Duchess of Milan, 191-194; his entertainments at Brussels, 198-201; detained at Brussels, 202; treatment, 203; return to England, 204

Würtemberg, Duchy of, 339

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, Ambassador, 145; his interviews with Charles V., 227; his efforts to prevent an alliance between Christina, Duchess of Milan, and the Duke of Cleves, 232

Young, Colonel G., "The Medici," 532

Zeeland, 14, 43, 327, 406

Zeneta, Marchioness of, 174

BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD

Transcriber's Notes:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were silently corrected.

Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.

Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.

Superscripts are enclosed in ^{curly brackets with a leading circumflex accent}.

P. 530 changed two instances of "GRANVELLE, Cardinal de," to "GRANVELLE, CARDINAL DE:" to be consistent with other entries in this section.

P. 532 changed "REIFFENBERG, F. DE: Histoire de la Toison d'Or. 2 vols. Brussels, 183 ." to "REIFFENBERG, F. DE: Histoire de la Toison d'Or. 2 vols. Brussels, 1835." Complete date is from Wikipedia.

P. 533 changed layout of GENEALOGICAL TABLES from horizontal to vertical due to column width considerations.

P. 538 added connector in family tree diagram between "René II., d. 1508 = Philippa of Guelders," and their children.