Chapter 2

I. ORIGINS 45

II. BEFORE THE INTERVENTION OF BUDDHISM 46

III. THE INTERVENTION OF BUDDHISM 54

IV. THE T'ANG PERIOD--7TH TO 10TH CENTURIES 58

V. THE SUNG PERIOD--10TH TO 13TH CENTURIES 72

VI. THE YÜAN PERIOD--13TH AND 14TH CENTURIES 92

VII. THE MING PERIOD--14TH TO 17TH CENTURIES 114

VIII. THE CH'ING PERIOD--17TH TO 20TH CENTURIES 131

CONCLUSION 140

BIBLIOGRAPHY 149

INDEX OF PAINTERS AND PERIODS 151

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ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE

I. Sculptured stones of the Han dynasty. Second to third centuries. Rubbings taken by the Chavannes expedition 23

II. Portion of a scroll by Ku K'ai-chih. British Museum, London 27

III. Kwanyin. Eighth to tenth centuries. Painting brought from Tun-huang by the Pelliot expedition. The Louvre, Paris 31

IV. Palace of Kiu Cheng-kung by Li Chao-tao. T'ang period. Collection of V. Goloubew 34

V. Portrait of Lü Tung-ping by T'êng Ch'ang-yu. T'ang period. Collection of August Jaccaci. Lent to the Metropolitan Museum, New York.[A] 39

VI. Painting by an unknown artist. T'ang period. Collection of R. Petrucci 47

VII. Geese. Sung period. British Museum, London 51

VIII. White Eagle. Sung period. Collection of R. Petrucci 59

IX. Horseman followed by two attendants. Sung period. Collection of A. Stoclet 63

X. Landscape in the style of Hsia Kuei. Sung period. Collection of Martin White 67

XI. Landscape by Ma Lin. Sung period. Collection of R. Petrucci 73

XII. Mongol horseman returning from the Hunt, by Chao Mêng-fu. Yüan period. Doucet collection 77

XIII. Pigeons by Ch'ien Hsüan. Yüan period. Collection of R. Petrucci 85

XIV. Bamboos in monochrome by Wu Chên. Yüan period. Musée Guimet 93

XV. Paintings of the Yüan or early Ming period. Style of the Northern School. Collection of R. Petrucci 97

XVI. Portrait of a priest. Yüan or early Ming period. Collection of H. Rivière 101

XVII. Horse. Painting by an unknown artist. Yüan or early Ming period. Doucet collection 105

XVIII. Visit to the Emperor by the Immortals from on high. Ming period. British Museum, London 109

XIX. Egrets by Lin Liang. Ming period. Collection of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Junior 115

XX. Flowers and Insects. Ming period. Collection of R. Petrucci 119

XXI. Landscape. Ming period. Bouasse-Lebel collection 125

XXII. Beauty inhaling the fragrance of a peony. Ming period. Collection of V. Goloubew 133

XXIII. Halt of the Imperial Hunt. Ming period. Sixteenth century. Collection of R. Petrucci 137

XXIV. Painting by Chang Cheng. Eighteenth century. Collection of M. Worch 141

XXV. Tiger in a Pine Forest. Eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. Collection of V. Goloubew 145

[A] Now owned by Mr. and Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss.

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INTRODUCTION

Whatever its outward expression, human thought remains essentially unchanged and, throughout all of its manifestations, is fundamentally the same. Varying phases are but accidents and underneath the divers wrappings of historic periods or different civilizations, the heart as well as the mind of man has been moved by the same desires.

Art possesses a unity like that of nature. It is profound and stirring, precisely because it blends and perpetuates feeling and intelligence by means of outward expressions. Of all human achievements art is the most vital, the one that is dowered with eternal youth, for it awakens in the soul emotions which neither time nor civilization has ever radically altered. Therefore, in commencing the study of an art of strange appearance, what we must seek primarily is the exact nature of the complexity of ideas and feelings upon which it is based. Such is the task presented to us, and since the problem which we here approach is the general study of Chinese painting, we must prepare ourselves first to master the peculiarities of its appearance and technique, in order to understand later on the motives which inspired it.

While the first part of this study will carry us far from our habitual modes of thought, the second part will bring us back into a domain which our own philosophies, sciences and arts have already made familiar. Admittedly, Chinese painting is governed by distinctive ideas. Born of a civilization vastly different from our own, it may at times appear in a guise that seems incomprehensible. It would be astonishing, however, if Western intelligence were unable to grasp an aesthetic code of a magnitude which is too great to be ignored.

The progress of history and of criticism has given us the opportunity to reach a comprehension of the most peculiar formulas. Our culture is sufficiently broad to allow us to perceive the beauty of an Egyptian fresco or an Assyrian bas-relief as well as of a Byzantine mosaic or a painting of the Renaissance. We have therefore no excuse for remaining inaccessible to the art of the Far East and we have surely all the mental vigor that is requisite in order to accustom ourselves to the foreign nature of its presentation. It is in the realm of painting that this foreign element is most noticeable. This is due partly to a special technique and partly to the nature of the doctrines which serve as its inspiration.

It behooves us then to acquaint ourselves with these new aspects of the human soul. That is the justification for this little book. It forms an introduction in which gaps are shown without attempt at concealment and is presented in all modesty.

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