Chapter IV.
[26] Immigration Commission's Report, p. 9.
[27] Elementary Schools (Children working for Wages), House of Commons Papers, 1899, No. 205, p. 17.
[28] _Idem_, p. 21.
[29] _Idem_, p. 17.
[30] Elementary Schools (Children working for Wages), House of Commons Papers, 1899, No. 205, p. 25.
[31] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 8.
[32] _Idem_, p. 9.
[33] _Idem_, p. 10.
[34] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 18.
[35] _Idem_, p. 16.
[36] Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," 1905, p. 178.
[37] Report of President of State Children Relief Board of New South Wales for year ending April 5, 1910, pp. 39-40.
[38] Vierteljahrshefte des Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amts, 1900, Heft III, p. 97. See also Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 3, p. 294.
[39] Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 84.
[40] Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 56.
[41] _Idem_, p. 63.
[42] _Idem_, p. 65.
[43] _The Hustler_, organ of Boston Newsboys' Club, February, 1911.
[44] Report of the Newsboys' Home Association of Washington, D.C., 1863-1864, p. 7.
[45] "The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street Trading in Manchester," by E. T. Campagnac and C. E. B. Russell; Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 45, pp. 456-457.
[46] Handbook of New York Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, p. 33.
[47] "Child Labor on the Street," _The Newsboy_, leaflet of New York Child Labor Committee, 1907.
[48] Report of Newsboys' and Children's Aid Society of Washington, D.C., 1889, p. 10.
[49] "The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street Trading in Manchester," by Campagnac and Russell, 1901.
[50] Child Labor at the National Capital, an address delivered in Washington, December, 1905, Pamphlet 23 of National Child Labor Committee.
[51] Mary E. McDowell, Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee, pp. 6-7.
[52] "The Social Evil in Chicago" by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, p. 242.
[53] Miss Todd, Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee, p. 12.
[54] National Child Labor Committee, Pamphlet 114, p. 12.
[55] Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence Taken Before Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 9724.
[56] Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 46.
[57] _Charities and The Commons_, February 2, 1906.
[58] "Some Ethical Gains through Legislation," 1905, p. 12.
[59] "Child Labor on the Street," _The Newsboy_, leaflet of New York Child Labor Committee, 1907.
[60] "Children in American Street Trades," 1905, Pamphlet 14 of National Child Labor Committee.
[61] _Charities and The Commons_, February 2, 1906.
[62] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 23.
[63] Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence Taken before Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 1837 _et seq._
[64] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 13.
[65] George A. Hall, "The Newsboy," in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 102.
[66] School Document, No. 14, 1910, Boston Public Schools, pp. 42-44.
[67] Report of New York-New Jersey Committee of the North American Civic League for Immigrants, December, 1909-March, 1911, pp. 33-34.
[68] Abstract of Immigration Commission's Report on the Greek Padrone System in United States, 1911, p. 10.
[69] Abstract of Report on Greek Padrone System in United States, by Immigration Commission, 1911, p. 22.
[70] _Survey_, Vol. XXVI, p. 591.
[71] School Document, No. 10, 1910, Boston Public Schools, p. 133.
[72] "The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, p. 242.
[73] "Child Labor at the National Capital," an address delivered in Washington, December, 1905, Pamphlet 23 of National Child Labor Committee.
[74] "The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, p. 244.
[75] Bulletin 69 of Bureau of Census, "Child Labor in the United States," 1907, p. 170.
[76] Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," p. 179.
[77] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. II, Q. 10,440.
[78] J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities," edited by E. J. Urwick (England), 1904, p. 121.
[79] E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities" (England), 1904, p. 305.
[80] "Some Ethical Gains through Legislation," 1905, p. 15.
[81] Victor S. Clark, "Women and Child Wage Earners in Great Britain," Bulletin 80, United States Bureau of Labor, p. 28.
[82] "Newsboy Life--What Superintendents of Reformatories and Others think about its Effects," Leaflet No. 32 of National Child Labor Committee, 1910.
[83] "Buffalo Child Labor Problems," folder issued by New York Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 3.
[84] Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.
[85] Scott Nearing, "The Newsboy at Night in Philadelphia," _Charities and The Commons_, February 2, 1906.
[86] John Spargo, "Bitter Cry of the Children," 1906, p. 184.
[87] James L. Fieser, "Causes of Truancy," Indiana Bulletin of Charities and Correction, June, 1910, p. 227.
[88] James A. Britton, M.D., "Child Labor and the Juvenile Court," Pamphlet 95 of National Child Labor Committee, 1909.
[89] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 12.
[90] Mrs. Louise B. More, "Wage-Earners' Budgets," 1907, p. 148.
[91] J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (England)," edited by E. J. Urwick, 1904, p. 131.
[92] _Idem_, p. 135.
[93] E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities," 1904, p. 307.
[94] _Idem_, p. 309.
[95] Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," 1905, pp. 179-180.
[96] Constance Smith, Report on the Employment of Children in the United Kingdom, 1909, p. 11.
[97] Margaret Alden, M.D., "Child Life and Labour," 1908, p. 118.
[98] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. I, paragraph 68.
[99] _Idem_, Vol. II, Q. 2453.
[100] _Idem_, Vol. II, Q. 2479.
[101] Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence taken before Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 9503 _et seq._
[102] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 39, p. 418.
[103] Copied from Charts in Child Labor Exhibit at National Conference of Charities and Correction, St. Louis, May, 1910.
[104] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 11.
[105] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, p. 12.
[106] Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.
[107] "Child Labor on the Street," leaflet of New York Child Labor Committee, _The Newsboy_, 1907.
[108] "The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street Trading in Manchester," by Campagnac and Russell, 1901.
[109] Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, Q. 3862.
[110] Report of the Board of Education of the Toledo City School District, 1910-1911, p. 141.
[111] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session.
[112] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 39.
[113] _Idem_, p. 42.
[114] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 44.
[115] _Idem_, p. 59.
[116] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 62.
[117] _Idem_, p. 69.
[118] _Idem_, p. 71.
[119] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 73.
[120] _Idem_, p. 84.
[121] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 86.
[122] _Idem_, p. 87.
[123] _Idem_, p. 90.
[124] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 91.
[125] _Idem_, p. 92.
[126] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 105.
[127] Includes 17 in bowling alleys and pool rooms and 23 in theaters and other places of amusement.
[128] Includes 2 in boarding houses, 26 home workers (precise character of work not specified), 10 in restaurants, and 12 in private families.
[129] Includes 26 bootblacks and 320 newsboys.
[130] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 106.
[131] _Idem_, pp. 106-107.
[132] "Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 108.
[133] _Idem_, pp. 116-117.
[134] _Idem_, p. 134.
[135] Davis Wasgatt Clark, "American Child and Moloch of To-day," 1907, p. 40.
[136] George B. Mangold, "Child Problems," 1910, p. 232.
[137] James A. Britton, M.D., "Child Labor and the Juvenile Court," Pamphlet 95 of National Child Labor Committee, 1909.
[138] Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, 1911, p. 22.
[139] E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (England)," 1904, p. 304.
[140] Bulletin 81, United States Bureau of Labor, p. 416.
[141] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on the Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 9.
[142] "A Plea to take the Small Boy and the Girl from the City Streets," by the Chicago Board of Education and a committee representing local organizations, 1911.
[143] Report on Bylaws made by London County Council under Employment of Children Act, 1903, by Chester Jones, 1906, pp. 24-27.
[144] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 33, p. 403.
[145] Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. vii.
[146] "Street Trades," in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 108.
[147] School Document No. 15, 1909, Boston Public Schools, pp. 34-35.
[148] Committee on Work and Wages, Handbook of New York Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, p. 33.
[149] School Document No. 15, 1909, Boston Public Schools, p. 36.
[150] Elementary Schools (Children Working for Wages), House of Commons Paper, 1899, No. 205, p. 14.
[151] Elementary Schools (Children Working for Wages), House of Commons Paper, 1899, No. 205, pp. 26-27.
[152] _Idem_, p. 16.
[153] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, pp. 20-21.
[154] _Idem_, p. 24.
[155] _Idem_, p. 9.
[156] _Idem_, Q. 1123.
[157] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, Q. 7203.
[158] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. 6.
[159] Great Britain, Return of Local Authorities which have made By-laws under the Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1907.
[160] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 7.
[161] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 11.
[162] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 13.
[163] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. II, Q. 12757-12759.
[164] Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 37, pp. 415-416.
[165] Report on the By-laws made by the London County Council under the Employment of Children Act, 1903, by Chester Jones, 1906, p. 5.
[166] _Idem_, p. 16.
[167] _Idem_, p. 15.
[168] Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 9.
[169] J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in our Cities," 1904, p. 131.
[170] "Citizens in the Making," Annual Report of Superintendent of Neglected Children for Province of Manitoba, Canada, 1910, pp. 31-34.
[171] C. W. A. Veditz, "Child Labor Legislation in Europe," in Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 242.
[172] Henry Ferrette, "Manuel de législation industrielle," 1909, p. 149.
[173] Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 14th Year, No. 106, p. 566.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
ADAMS, MYRON E., _Children in American Street Trades_, in Proceedings of First Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1905, pp. 25-46.
---- _Municipal Regulations of Street Trades_, in Proceedings of National Conference of Charities and Correction, 1904, Vol. XXXI, pp. 294-300.
ALDEN, MARGARET, _Child Life and Labour_.
BRITTON, JAMES A., _Child Labor and the Juvenile Court_, in Proceedings of Fifth Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1909, p. 111.
BROWN, EMMA E., _Child Toilers of Boston Streets_.
_Buffalo Child Labor Problems_, folder issued by New York Child Labor Committee, 1911.
CAMPAGNAC AND RUSSELL, _Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street Trading in Manchester_, Board of Education Special Reports on Educational Subjects, 1902, Vol. VIII, pp. 653-670.
_Child Labor in Germany Outside of Factories_, in Report of United States Commissioner of Education, 1900-1901, Vol. I, pp. 54-80.
_Child Labor on the Street--The Newsboy_, leaflet of New York Child Labor Committee, 1907.
_Child Labor in the United States_, Bulletin 69 of Bureau of Census, 1907.
CLARK, DAVIS W., _American Child and Moloch of To-day_, 1907, p. 40.
CLARK, VICTOR S., _Woman and Child Wage Earners in Great Britain_, in Bulletin 80 of United States Bureau of Labor, January, 1909.
CLOETE, J. G., _The Boy and his Work_, in _Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities_, edited by E. J. Urwick, 1904, pp. 129-133.
CLOPPER, EDWARD N., _Children on the Streets of Cincinnati_, in Proceedings of Fourth Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1908, pp. 113-123.
---- _Child Labor in Street Trades_, in Proceedings of Sixth Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1910, pp. 137-144.
CONANT, RICHARD K., _Street Trades and Reformatories_, in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1911, pp. 105-107.
_Employment of Children Act_, 1903, Great Britain, in J. N. Larned's _History for Ready Reference_, 1910, Vol. VII, p. 87.
DAVIS, PHILIP, _Child Life on the Street_, National Conference of Charities and Correction, 1909.
FIESER, JAMES L., _Causes of Truancy_, in Indiana Bulletin of Charities and Correction, June, 1910, p. 227.
FLEISHER, ALEXANDER, _The Newsboys of Milwaukee_, in Fifteenth Biennial Report, Part III, of Wisconsin Bureau of Labor, 1911-1912, pp. 61-96.
GIBBS, S. P., _Problem of Boy Work_.
GREAT BRITAIN, Elementary Schools (Children Working for Wages), Parliament Sessional Papers 1899, Vol. 75.
---- Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901.
---- Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902.
---- Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. II, Q. 2453-2479, 10,440, 12,757.
---- Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Partial Exemption from School Attendance.
---- Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910.
---- Report on By-laws made by London County Council under Employment of Children Act, 1903, by Chester Jones, 1906.
---- Report of Education Committee of London County Council, March 21, 1911, pp. 690-696.
Report of President of State Children Relief Board of New South Wales for year ending April 5, 1910, pp. 39-40.
Citizens in the Making, Annual Report of Superintendent of Neglected Children for Province of Manitoba, Canada, 1910, pp. 31-34.
_Greek Padrone System in United States_, Abstract of Immigration Commission's Report on, 1911.
GUNCKEL, J. E., _Boyville_, 1905.
HALL, GEORGE A., _The Newsboy_, in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1911, pp. 100-102.
HENDERSON, CHARLES R., _Street Trading of Children_, in his _Preventive Agencies and Methods_, 1910, Vol. III, pp. 97-100.
_Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment_, Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in United States, Senate Document 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session.
KELLEY, FLORENCE, _Children in Street Trades_ and _Telegraph and Messenger Boys_, in her _Some Ethical Gains through Legislation_, 1905, pp. 11-26.
---- _Street Trades_, in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1911, pp. 108-110.
MANGOLD, GEORGE B., _Child Problems_, 1910, p. 232.
NEILL, CHARLES P., _Child Labor at the National Capital_, in Proceedings of Second Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1905, pp. 17-20.
_New York Child Welfare Exhibit, Handbook of_, 1911, p. 33.
_Newsboys' Home Association of Washington, D.C., Report of_, 1863-1864.
_Newsboy Law_, in Handbook of Child Labor Legislation, 1908, National Consumers' League, p. 63.
_Newsboys' and Children's Aid Society of Washington, D.C._, 1889.
_Newsboy Life--What Superintendents of Reformatories and Others Think about its Effects_, Leaflet 32 of National Child Labor Committee, 1910.
North American Civic League for Immigrants, Report of New York-New Jersey Committee, December, 1909-March, 1911, pp. 33-34.
PEACOCK, ROBERT, _Employment of Children with Special Reference to Street Trading_, in Proceedings of Third International Congress for Welfare and Protection of Children, 1902, pp. 191-202.
_Plea to Take the Small Boy and Girl from the City Streets_, a folder issued by Chicago Board of Education and a committee representing local organizations, 1911.
_Problems of Street Trading_, in Proceedings of Fifth Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1909, pp. 230-240.
_Saving the Barren Years_, in The Child in the City, Handbook of Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, pp. 25-27.
School Document No. 14, 1910, Boston Public Schools, pp. 41-44.
School Document No. 10, 1910, Boston Public Schools, pp. 132-138.
School Document No. 15, 1909, Boston Public Schools, pp. 34-37.
SCOTT, LEROY, _The Voice of the Street_.
SHERARD, ROBERT H., _Child Slaves of Britain_.
SMITH, CONSTANCE, _Report on Employment of Children in United Kingdom_.
_The Social Evil in Chicago_, Report of Chicago Vice Commission, 1911, pp. 241-245.
SPARGO, JOHN, _Street Trades_ in his _Bitter Cry of the Children_, 1906, pp. 184-188, 258-259.
STELZLE, CHARLES, _The Boy of the Street_, New York, 1904, pp. 7, 41.
URWICK, E. J., editor of _Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities_ (England), 1904.
VEDITZ, C. W. A., _Child Labor Legislation in Europe_, Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, July, 1910.
WATSON, ELIZABETH C., _New York Newsboys and their Work_, 1911.
WHITIN, E. S., _Child Labor: Street Trades_, in his _Factory Legislation in Maine_, 1908, pp. 137-138.
WILLIAMS, M., _The Street Boy: Who He is and What to do with Him_, National Conference of Charities and Correction, 1903.
WILLIAMSON, E. E., _The Street Arab_, in Proceedings of National Conference of Charities and Correction, 1898, Vol. XXV, pp. 358-361.
MAGAZINE ARTICLES
Child Labor, by Florence Kelley, _Twentieth Century_, 1911, Vol. V, pp. 30-34.
Child Laborers of the Street--The New York Bills, _Charities and Commons_, 1903, Vol. X, pp. 205-206.
Child Labor and the Night Messenger Service, by Owen R. Lovejoy, _The Survey_, Vol. XXIV, pp. 311-317.
Child Street Trades in London, _Charities and Commons_, 1903, Vol. X, pp. 149-150.
Children as Wage Earners--Street Sellers, _Fortnightly Review_, 1903, Vol. LXXIX, pp. 921-922.
Committee on Wage-earning Children--Third Annual Report, _Economic Review_, 1904, Vol. XIV, pp. 208-211.
Convalescent Men for Newsboys, _The Survey_, 1910, Vol. XXV, p. 809.
Enforcing the Newsboy Law in New York and Newark, by J. K. Paulding, _Charities and Commons_, 1905, Vol. XIV, pp. 836-837.
Ethics of the Newsboy, by A. Saxby, _Western_, Vol. CLVIII, pp. 575-578.
The Greek Bootblack, by Leola Benedict Terhune, _The Survey_, 1911, Vol. XXVI, pp. 852-854.
The Greek Boy Who Shines Shoes, _The Survey_, 1911, Vol. XXVI, p. 591.
Hartford Regulates Child Street Trades, _The Survey_, 1910, Vol. XXV, p. 511.
Industrial Democracy: A Newsboys' Labor Union and What It Thinks of a College Education, by R. W. Bruère, _Outlook_, 1906, Vol. LXXXIV, pp. 878-883.
John E. Gunckel of Toledo: the Newsboys' Evangelist, by A. E. Winship, _World To-day_, 1908, Vol. XV, pp. 1169-1173.
De Kid Wot Works at Night, by William Hard, _Everybody's_, 1908, Vol. XVIII, pp. 25-37.
Milwaukee Regulates Its Street Trades--Other Wisconsin Child Labor Advances, _Survey_, 1909, Vol. XXII, p. 589.
New Jersey Children in Street Trades by E. B. Butler, _Charities and Commons_, 1907, Vol. XVII, pp. 1062-1064.
New Rules for Street Trades in Boston, with a Comparison of Regulations in Liverpool, _Charities and Commons_, 1909, Vol. XXI, pp. 953-954.
New York's Newsboy Lodging House, _Charities and Commons_, 1908, Vol. XXI, pp. 147-148.
New York's Newsboys Licensed, _Charities and Commons_, 1903, Vol. XI, pp. 188-189.
The Newsboy at Night in Philadelphia, by Scott Nearing, _Charities and Commons_, 1907, Vol. XVII, pp. 778-784.
The Newsboy Breadwinner Story, _Charities and Commons_, 1903, Vol. XI, pp. 482, 568.
Newsboy Wanderers are Tramps in the Making, by Ernest Poole, _Charities and Commons_, 1903, Vol. X, pp. 160-162.
Newsboys Elect Their Own Judge, _Survey_, 1910, Vol. XXV, p. 312.
Night Messenger Service, by Owen R. Lovejoy, _Survey_, Vol. XXV, p. 504.
The Press and its Newsboys, by John Ihlder, _World To-day_, 1907, Vol. XIII, pp. 737-739.
Sale of Goods on Sidewalks (in France), Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 14th Year, No. 106, p. 566.
School Children as Wage Earners, by E. F. Hogg, _Nineteenth Century_, 1897, Vol. XLII, pp. 235-244.
School Children as Wage Earners--Street Trading in Liverpool, by J. E. Gorst, _Nineteenth Century_, 1899, Vol. XLVI, p. 16.
Street Children, by Benjamin Waugh, _Contemporary Review_, 1888, Vol. LIII, pp. 825-835.
Street Labor and Juvenile Delinquency, by Josephine C. Goldmark, _Political Science Quarterly_, 1904, Vol. XIX, pp. 417-438.
Street Trades and Delinquency, _Survey_, 1911, Vol. XXVI, p. 285.
The Street-trading Children of Liverpool, by Thomas Burke, _Contemporary Review_, 1900, Vol. LXXVIII, pp. 720-726.
Street Trading by Children (Bradford, England), Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 14th Year, No. 89, p. 246.
Two O'clock Sunday Morning, by Scott Nearing, _The Independent_, 1912, Vol. LXXII, No. 3297, pp. 288-289.
A Western Newspaper and its Newsboys, by W. B. Forbush, _Charities and Commons_, 1907, Vol. XIX, pp. 798-802.
Waifs of the Street, by Ernest Poole, _McClure's_, Vol. XXI, pp. 40-48.
What Boston Has Done in Regulating the Street Trades for Children, by Pauline Goldmark, _Charities and Commons_, 1903, Vol. X, pp. 159-160.
What of the Newsboy of the Second Cities? Investigations carried on in Buffalo, _Charities and Commons_, 1903, Vol. X, pp. 368-371.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LAWS
The law of Wisconsin relative to street trading, as amended in 1911, is given below in its entirety, because it is the most advanced law of its kind in the United States.
_Wisconsin_
SECTION 1728 p. The term "street trade," as used in this act, shall mean any business or occupation in which any street, alley, court, square or other public place is used for the sale, display or offering for sale of any articles, goods or merchandise. No boy under the age of twelve years, and no girl under the age of eighteen years, shall in any city of the first class distribute, sell or expose or offer for sale newspapers, magazines or periodicals in any street or public place.
SECTION 1728 q. No boy under fourteen years of age, shall, in any city of the first class, work at any time, or be employed or permitted to work at any time, as a bootblack or in any other street trade, or shall sell or offer any goods or merchandise for sale or distribute hand bills or circulars or any other articles, except newspapers, magazines or periodicals as hereinafter provided.
SECTION 1728 r. No girl under eighteen years of age shall, in any city of the first class, work at any time, or be employed or permitted to work at any time, as a bootblack or at any other street trades or in the sale or distribution of hand bills or circulars or any other articles upon the street or from house to house.
SECTION 1728 s. No boy under sixteen years of age shall, in any city of the first class, distribute, sell or expose or offer for sale any newspapers, magazines or periodicals in any street or public place or work as a bootblack, or in any other street or public trade or sell or offer for sale or distribute any hand bills or other articles, unless he complies with all the legal requirements concerning school attendance, and unless a permit and badge, as hereinafter provided, shall have been issued to him by the state factory inspector. No such permit and badge shall be issued until the officer issuing the same shall have received an application in writing therefor, signed by the parent or guardian or other person having the custody of the child, desiring such permit and badge, and until such officer shall have received, examined and placed on file the written statement of the principal or chief executive officer of the public, private or parochial school, which the said child is attending, stating that such child is an attendant at such school with the grade such child shall have attained, and provided that no such permit and badge shall be issued, unless such officer issuing it is satisfied that such child is mentally and physically able to do such work besides his regular school work as required by law.
SECTION 1728 t. Before any such permit is issued, the state factory inspector shall demand and be furnished with proof of such child's age by the production of a verified baptismal certificate or a duly attested birth certificate, or, in case such certificates cannot be secured, by the record of age stated in the first school enrollment of such child. Whenever it appears that a permit was obtained by wrong or false statements as to any child's age, the officer who granted such permit shall forthwith revoke the same. After having received, examined and placed on file such papers, the officer shall issue to the child a permit and badge. The principal or chief executive officer of schools, in which children under fourteen years of age are pupils, shall keep a complete list of all children in their school to whom a permit and badge has been issued, as herein provided.
SECTION 1728 u. Such permit shall state the place and date of birth of the child, the name and address of its parents, guardian, custodian or next friend, as the case may be, and describe the color of hair and eyes, the height and weight and any distinguishing facial marks of such child, and shall further state that the papers required by the preceding section have been duly examined and filed; and that the child named in such permit has appeared before the officer issuing the permit. The badge furnished by the officer issuing the permit shall bear on its face a number corresponding to the number of the permit, and the name of the child. Every such permit, and every such badge on its reverse side, shall be signed in the presence of the officer issuing the same by the child in whose name it is issued. Provided, that in case of carrier boys working on salary for newspaper publishers delivering papers, a card of identification shall be issued to such carriers by the factory inspector, which they shall carry on their person, and exhibit to any officer authorized under this act, who may accost them for a disclosure of their right to serve as such carriers.
SECTION 1728 v. The badge provided for herein shall be such as the state factory inspector shall designate, and shall be worn conspicuously in sight at all times in such position as may be designated by the said factory inspector by such child while so working. No child to whom such permit and badge or identification card are issued shall transfer the same to any other person.
SECTION 1728 w. No boy under fourteen years of age shall, in any city of the first class, sell, expose or offer for sale any newspapers, magazines or periodicals after the hour of six-thirty o'clock in the evening, between the first day of October and the first day of April, nor after seven-thirty o'clock in the evening between the first day of April and the first day of October, or before five o'clock in the morning; and no child under sixteen years of age shall distribute, sell, expose or offer for sale any newspapers, magazines or periodicals or shall work as a bootblack or in any street or public trades or distribute hand bills or shall be employed or permitted to work in the distribution or sale or exposing or offering for sale of any newspapers, magazines or periodicals or as a bootblack or in other street or public trades or in the distribution of hand bills during the hours when the public schools of the city where such child shall reside are in session. Provided, that any boy between the ages of fourteen and sixteen years, who is complying and shall continue to comply with all the legal requirements concerning school attendance, and who is mentally and physically able to do such delivery besides his regular school work, shall be authorized to deliver newspapers between the hours of four and six in the morning.
SECTION 1728 x. The commissioner of labor or any factory inspector acting under his direction shall enforce the provisions of this law, and he is hereby vested with all powers requisite therefor.
SECTION 1728 y. The permit of any child, who in any city of the first class distributes, sells or offers for sale any newspapers, magazines or periodicals in any street or public place or works as a bootblack or in any other street trade, or sells or offers for sale or distributes any hand bills or other articles in violation of the provisions of this act, or who becomes delinquent or fails to comply with all the legal requirements concerning school attendances shall forthwith be revoked for a period of six months and his badge taken from said child. The refusal of any child to surrender such permit, and the distribution, sale or offering for sale of newspapers, magazines or periodicals or any goods or merchandise, or the working by such child as a bootblack or in any other street or public trade, or in distributing hand bills or other articles, after notice, by any officer authorized to grant permits under this law of the revocation of such permit and a demand for the return of the badge, shall be deemed a violation of this act. The permit of said child may also be revoked by the officer who issued such permit, and the badge taken from such child, upon the complaint of any police officer or other attendance officer or probation officer of a juvenile court, and such child shall surrender his permit and badge upon the demand of any police officer, truancy or other attendance officer or probation officer of a juvenile court or other officer charged with the duty of enforcing this act. In case of a second violation of this act by any child, he shall be brought before the juvenile court, if there shall be any juvenile court in the city where such child resides, or, if not, before any court or magistrate having jurisdiction of offenses committed by minors and be dealt with according to law.
SECTION 1728 z. Any parent or other person who employs a minor under the age of sixteen years in peddling without a license or who, having the care or custody of such minor, suffers or permits the child to engage in such employment, or to violate sections 1728 p to 1728 za, inclusive, shall be punished by a fine not to exceed one hundred dollars nor less than twenty-five dollars, or by commitment to the county jail for not more than sixty days or less than ten days.
SECTION 1728 za. Providing that no badge shall be issued for a boy selling papers between the ages of twelve and sixteen years by the state factory inspector, except upon certificate of the principal of either public, parochial or other private school attended by said boy, stating and setting forth that said boy is a regular attendant upon said school. No boy under the age of sixteen years shall be permitted by any newspaper publisher or printer or persons having for sale newspapers or periodicals of any character, to loiter or remain around any salesroom, assembly room, circulation room or office for the sale of newspapers, between the hours of nine in the forenoon and three in the afternoon, on days when school is in session. Any newspaper publisher, printer, circulation agent or seller of newspapers shall upon conviction for permitting newsboys to loiter or hang around any assembly room, circulation room, salesroom or office where papers are distributed or sold, shall be punished by a fine not to exceed one hundred dollars nor less than twenty-five dollars, or by commitment to the county jail for not more than sixty days or less than ten days.
_London, England_
BY-LAWS ADOPTED BY THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL AND PUT IN FORCE ON JUNE 3, 1911
By-laws 1-9 concern the employment of children generally.
10. No girl under the age of 16 years shall be employed in or carry on street trading.
11. No boy under the age of 14 years shall be employed in or carry on street trading.
12. No boy under the age of 16 years shall be employed in or carry on street trading before 6 in the morning or after 9 in the evening.
13. No boy under the age of 16 years shall at any time be employed in or carry on street trading unless
(1) He is exempt from school attendance, and
(2) He first procures a badge from the London County Council, which he shall wear whilst engaged in street trading on the upper part of the right arm in such a manner as to be conspicuous.
The badge shall be deemed to be a license to trade, and may be withheld or withdrawn for such period as the London County Council think fit in any of the following cases--
(_a_) If the boy has, after the issue of the badge to him, been convicted of any offense.
(_b_) If it is proved to the satisfaction of the London County Council that the boy has used his badge for the purpose of begging or receiving alms, or for any immoral purpose, or for the purpose of imposition, or for any other improper purpose.
(_c_) If the boy fails to notify the London County Council within one week of any change in his place of residence.
(_d_) If the boy commits a breach of any of the conditions under which such badge is issued; such conditions to be stated on such badge or delivered to the boy in writing.
14. A boy to whom a badge has been issued by the London County Council shall in no way alter, lend, sell, pawn, transfer, or otherwise dispose of, or wilfully deface, or injure such badge, which shall remain the property of the London County Council, and he shall, on receiving notice in writing from the London County Council (which may be served by post) that the badge has been withdrawn, deliver up the same forthwith to the London County Council.
15. A boy under the age of 16 years, whilst engaged in street trading, shall not enter any premises used for public entertainment or licensed for the sale of intoxicating liquor for consumption on the premises for the purpose of trading.
16. A boy under the age of 16 years, whilst engaged in street trading, shall not annoy any person by importuning.
17. Nothing in these by-laws contained shall restrict the employment of children in the occupations specified in section 3 (_a_) of the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act, 1904, further than such employment is already restricted by statute.
APPENDIX B
TWO TYPES OF NEWSBOY BADGES.
APPENDIX C
CARDS FOR INVESTIGATIONS
The cards used in the inquiries into the newsboy situations of Philadelphia and Milwaukee are reproduced here, in the hope that they will be of use in furnishing suggestions to any organization or individual who contemplates making such an investigation elsewhere. It will be observed that these cards are practically confined to questions affecting newsboys only, and would have to be considerably amplified, if intended for use in a general study of street work by children.
Cards used by Boston School Committee for Issuance of Licenses
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
APPLICATION FOR A LICENSE
To the School Committee of the City of Boston:
I hereby apply for a license for my son as NEWSBOY--PEDLER--BOOTBLACK.
SIGNATURE OF PARENT
I promise to see that he lives up to the license rules. ________________
SIGNATURE OF BOY
I promise to live up to the license rules. ________________
------------------------------------------------------------------------- SCHOOL RECORD OF BOY TO BE FILLED OUT BY THE TEACHER AND PRINCIPAL ---------------------+-------------------+------------------------------- PLACE OF BIRTH | DATE OF BIRTH | RESIDENCE | | -------+-------------+-------------------+------------------------------- GRADE | SCHOLARSHIP | PHYSICAL DEFECT? | SIGNATURE OF TEACHER | | | -------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------------------
I hereby certify that this Boy's attendance is______ His conduct is_____
SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL SCHOOL
____________________________________ _____________________________
GRANTED WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE SCHOOL COMMITTEE:
__________________________ SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(CARD RETURNED TO SCHOOL FOR FILE) LICENSED MINORS _________
________________________________________ No.________________________
Birth date
Teacher Grade
School
Badge given Expires and must be returned =========================================================================
READ AND COPY
LICENSE RULES OF THE BOSTON SCHOOL COMMITTEE
_________
No boy can get a license unless he is eleven years of age and able to understand and COPY the following:
A LICENSED NEWSBOY
MUST MUST NOT
1. Must ATTEND school regularly. | 6. Must not sell before 6 A.M. 2. Must be "GOOD" in conduct. | 7. Must not sell after 8 P.M. 3. Must have no UNLICENSED | (9 P.M. in baseball season.) boy help him. | 8. Must not sell in SCHOOL HOURS. 4. Must keep the badge TO | 9. Must not sell on CARS. HIMSELF. | 10. Must not sell without wearing 5. Must RETURN his badge to the | the badge IN PLAIN SIGHT Superintendent of Schools | ALL THE TIME. when ordered to do so. |
Any boy who breaks any of the above rules is liable to have his license revoked or go to court and pay a maximum fine of TEN dollars.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Form of Application for License used in Hartford, Conn.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~City of Hartford~
TO THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS:--
I hereby make application for a Street-Sales Permit for ______________________________________________________________________
Born in ______________________________________________________________
Age ______________ Sex _______________ Complexion ____________________
Eyes _____________ Hair ______________ Figure ________________________
Living at_________________________________________ Street ____________
If such license is granted I agree that it shall be for this child and for no other.
________________________________________ Parent, Guardian, Next Friend
Hartford, ____________________________
=School Information=
______________________________________________________________________
Living at _______________________________________ _Street_____________
is pupil in this School, is regular in attendance, and is a suitable child to have a Street-Sales Permit.
________________________________ Principal.
__________________________________ Teacher.
__________________________________ School.
The age, sex, complexion, eyes, hair, and figure, should be as described above.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Form used in Obtaining Information before the Issuing of a Badge in Province of Manitoba, Canada.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
LICENSED NEWSBOY
No. __________________ Date _________________________________
Child's name _____________________________________ Age _______________
Father's name ____________________________ Address ___________________
Mother's name ________________________________________________________
Father's occupation __________________________________________________
School and Grade _____________________________________________________
Principal's name _____________________________________________________
Church __________________ Clergyman __________________________________
Address ______________________________________________________________
Is child of apparently normal development? ___________________________
What proof has been given that he is over twelve years of age? _______
______________________________________________________________________
Why do parents want him to sell papers? ______________________________
Can child read? ______________________________________________________
Can child write? _____________________________________________________
Has badge been granted? _____________ No. of badge ___________________
If badge has not been granted, state why _____________________________
_____________________________________________ _Superintendent Neglected Children, Province of Manitoba._
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sample of Card used in Investigation of Street Trades in Philadelphia
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Name_______________________________Address_______________________________
Age_______________sells__________________________at______________________
From________to________every day. Works from________to________on Saturday.
How long in street trades_____________Income________________per__________
Parents living_____lives at home_______contributes_______per_____to home.
If not living at home where does boy reside?
Lodging house___ Furnished room___
Some relative___$__per___paid for board. Does boy gamble__drink__smoke___
Habit acquired prior to engaging in street trades________________________
Does vendor save part earnings___________________________________________
Where and with whom does boy spend non-working hours_____________________
At what hour does newsboy reach home_____Has boy a route (exclusive)_____
General health of boy____________________________________________________
Schooling________________________________________________________________
Is selling boy's own choice______________________________________________
How many nights so far this summer has boy stayed out all night__where___
Investigator________________________________Date_________________________
=Philadelphia Investigation Card=
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sample of Card used in Investigation of Newsboys in Milwaukee
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
NAME ADDRESS CITY +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | I. FAMILY | +======================+=================+=============+==================+ |Name of {Guardian} | Nationality: | Religion: | Occupation: | |person he {Parent } | | | | |lives with{ } | | | | +--------------------+-+------+--------+-+-------+-----+------------------+ |Number in Family: |Mother |Father | Total |Number contributing | | | | |Children | to family support | +--------------------+--------+--------+---------+------------------------+ |Age of Boy, yr. mo. |Number of years |Papers handled Daily Sunday *| | | selling papers | Weekly | +--------------------+-----------------+----------------------------------+ |Sells papers as Employer Employee of Individual *| +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ |Sells at (street) | +---------------------------------------------------------+---------------+ |Sells: Morning Afternoon Evening After 9 P.M. *|Permit Number *| | |Has none | +------------------+--------------------------+-----------+---------------+ |Does he come |Where else does he eat? | How often (elsewhere) | |home for supper? | | per week? | +------------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+ |Arrives home |P.M. Saturday nights |Leaves to {deliver} A.M.*| |P.M. week nights | | {sell } | +------------------+---------------+----------+-+-------------------------+ |Does he stay out How often |Shoot |Go into {Saloons } | |all night? per week? |"craps"? | {Tenderloin} | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+ |Does he like |Family require |Why is he working? | |the work? |his working? | | +=======================+=======================+=========================+ | II. SCHOOL | +==============================+==========================================+ |School attended: | Location: | +-------------------------+----+----------+-------------------------------+ |Informant: | Grade: | Years in school: | +-------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ |Boy's standing in Good Fair Poor *| Conduct: Good Fair Poor *| |school work: Poor | | +------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------+ |Is Boy drowsy? |Is school work injured by selling papers? Yes No *| +------------------+--------------+--------------------+------------------+ |Attendance: Regular Irregular *|Number of days |Absences excused | | |absent last month: | | +---------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Reverse Side of Milwaukee Newsboy Investigation Card
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+--------------------------------------------++---------------------------+ | III. INCOME (AMOUNT RECEIVED BY || | | FAMILY CASHIER) ||IV. TO BE OBTAINED FROM BOY| +----------------------------------+---------+| | |SOURCE OCCUPATION PER NO. WEEKS| TOTAL || | | WEEK PER YEAR |PER YEAR || | +----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+ |Newsboy | | ||What does boy $ | | | | ||earn per week? | +----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+ |Other Children | | ||How much given $ | | | | ||to family? | +----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+ |Father | | ||Why is he selling papers? | +----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+ |Mother | | || | +----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+ |Rents | | || | +----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+ |Lodgers | | || | |(outside of family) | | || | +----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+ |Other | | || | |Sources | | || | +----------------------------------+------+--++---------------------------+ |Total | | || | +==================================+======+==++===========================+ |Remarks--Housing: || INSTRUCTIONS | | || | | || It is necessary to get | | ||answers to all questions, | | ||as there are a | +--------------------------------------------++comparatively small number | | ||of cases being | | ||investigated. | | || Divisions I and III are to| | ||be obtained from the | | ||family. | +--------------------------------------------++ Division II from school | |Cleanliness: ||principal or teacher. | | || Division IV from the boy | | ||himself, away from his | | ||family, if possible. | | || Only boys under 14 are to | +--------------------------------------------++considered. | |Other: || If parent is dead, cross | | ||out line two, over. | | || * Use check ([X]) to mark | | ||what answer is. | | || If there are several | | ||answers, check each. | +--------------------------------------------++---------------------------+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
INDEX
Addams, Jane, on Illinois child labor law, 15.
Age limit (_see_ Laws and Ordinances), 194-196.
Austria, investigation of 1907, 49-51.
Begging, 38, 69, 96, 220.
Berlin regulations, 240.
Bootblacks, 83, 93. Ages, 84. Delinquency, 165. Diseases, 87, 88. Earnings, 84, 89, 95. Environment, 86, 87. Home conditions, 85. Hours, 84, 85, 94, 95. Padrone System, report by Immigration Commission, 86-92. Report by North American Civic League for Immigrants, 83, 84.
Boston, license statistics, 33. Regulations of street work, 196.
Boston Newsboys' Court, 79-81.
Boston Newsboys' Republic, 212.
Buffalo conditions, report on, 132, 133.
Canada, 238.
Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit, 14, 29.
Chicago statistics of local studies, 28, 29.
Chicago Vice Commission's report, 30, 67, 96, 118.
Child Welfare Exhibit, 14. Chicago, 29. New York, 60.
Cincinnati, license statistics, 35, 71. Market children, 97. Newsboy conditions, 54. Regulations of street work, 196.
Delinquency, relation to street work, report of Dr. Charles P. Neill, 159. Chicago juvenile court records, 178. Connection between occupation and offense, 171. Records of Indiana Boys' School, 179-187.
Delivery Service, 68, 161-174.
Detroit, regulations of street work, 193.
Edinburgh, conditions in, 44, 125, 224.
Effects of street work, classified, 128. In Buffalo, 132, 133. In physical deterioration, 142-145. Opinions of superintendents of reformatories, 131, 132.
Employment distinguished from independent work, 2, 192.
Enforcement of regulations, 132, 208, 211.
Errand running, 202. Delinquency, 161-174.
France, regulations, 241.
Germany, inquiry of 1898, 45-48. Regulations, 239.
Girls as newspaper sellers, 31, 65, 200.
Great Britain, Departmental Committee of 1910, 76, 138, 147, 197, 223, 237. Employment of Children Act, 1903, 221. Interdepartmental Committee of 1901, 43, 73, 145, 203, 217. Interdepartmental Committee of 1902 on Ireland, 150, 294, 220. Interdepartmental Committee of 1904 on Physical Deterioration, 125, 142. Parliamentary return of 1899, 39-42, 215.
Hartford, regulations of street work, 196.
Housing problem's relation to street trading, 20.
Illinois, effort to regulate street trading, 14, 198.
Immigration Commission, report on Padrone System, 36, 86-92.
Ireland, report of Interdepartmental Committee of 1902, 150, 204, 220.
Kelley, Florence, on street trading, 52, 70, 127, 207.
Laws, table of state, 194.
Licenses for street work required, 197, 209.
License statistics, of Boston, 33. Of Cincinnati, 35, 71. Of New York, 16, 34.
Liverpool, conditions, 230. Regulations, 232.
London County Council bylaws, 233-236, 264.
Lovejoy, Owen R., on messenger service, 123.
Manchester regulations, 236.
Market children, 21, 96. Ages, 97. Earnings, 96. Home conditions, 99, 100. Hours, 99. Nationalities, 97, 98. Orphanage, 100. Retardation, 98, 99.
Merchandise, distinction between newspapers and, 189.
Messenger boys, 101. Ages, 106-117. Character of work, 101-104. Chicago Vice Commission's report, 118-121. Delinquency, 104, 165, 169. Diseases, 111, 112, 113. Earnings, 106, 112, 113, 114. Environment, 102, 103. Hours, 108, 113, 115, 119. Investigation in Ohio Valley, 106-117. Lack of prospects, 104, 126. Poverty as excuse for work, 122. Use of men instead of boys, 105, 123-125.
Nationality of street workers, 33, 97.
Nearing, Scott, conditions in Philadelphia, 69, 135.
Neill, Charles P., on newsboys' work, 64. On messenger service, 117. Report on Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment, 159.
Newark, regulations of street work, 196.
New York, report of newsboy investigation, 16, 34, 148. Child Welfare Exhibit, 60. Regulations of street work, 195.
Newsboys, ages, 54-60. Associations, 66. Character of work, 56-58. Classified, 52. Delinquency, 165. Diseases, 136. Earnings compared with factory wages, 58. Environment, 60, 135. Home conditions, 70-72. Hours, 65-70. Irregularity of meals, 61. Orphanage, 71, 168. Retardation, 147-156. Substitutes, 75-79. Tricks of the trade, 63-64.
Newsboys' Court of Boston, 79-81.
Newsboys' Republic of Boston, 212.
New South Wales, license statistics, 45. Regulations, 45, 238.
Newspapers, as merchandise, 189. Attitude toward regulation, 28, 199.
Night work, of messengers, 101, 169. Of newsboys, 65-70.
Ordinances, table of city, 196.
Padrone System, report, of Immigration Commission, 36, 86-92. North American Civic League for Immigrants, 83, 84.
Peddlers, findings of Chicago Vice Commission, 96. Cincinnati statistics, 97. Delinquency, 165. Immigration Commission's report, 36.
Philadelphia conditions, 69.
Playgrounds, 22.
Poverty as an excuse for street work, 70-73, 136-138.
Prohibition, of night work, 208. Of street work by children, 224, 227.
Regulation, by municipality or state, 205. Degree of, 193, 206. In future, 207. Unsatisfactory, 228.
Retardation in school of street workers, 98, 147-156.
Rochester, method of enforcement, 211.
St. Louis statistics, 146, 151.
School, as social center, 21. Retardation of street workers, 98, 147-156.
Scotland, conditions, 44, 225.
Spargo, John, on effects of street work, 135.
Statistics, of U.S. Census, 24, 25. Austria, 49-51. Boston, 33. Chicago, 28, 29. Cincinnati, 35, 71. Germany, 45-48. Great Britain, 40-44, 143-145. New York, 16, 34, 148.
Street as a social agent, 17.
Street employments, distinction between, 5.
Street occupations, of minor importance, 38. Classified, 4. Contrasted with regular work, 73, 139.
Street trading defined, 3. Neglected in legislation, 7, 12, 192.
Street trading problem related to other problems, 20.
Toledo, retardation of street workers, 152-156.
Vagrants, Chicago report on, 32.
Vice Commission of Chicago, report, 30, 67, 96, 118.
Wisconsin, law, 257.
The following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan books on kindred subjects.
NOTABLE WORKS BY MISS JANE ADDAMS
A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil
_Cloth, 12mo, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10_
It is almost unnecessary to call attention to the importance of a new book by Jane Addams. As a servant of the public good Miss Addams, both through her work at Hull-House and through her writings, has made for herself a name all over the world. She does not view things from a standpoint of destructive criticism, but rather from that of constructive, her aim being always to better the conditions in the particular field which she is considering. In "A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil," she considers sanely and frankly questions which civilized society has always had confronting it and in all probability always will. Something of her attitude of mind and of her purpose in writing this book as well as a glimpse of the character of the volume may be seen from the following paragraph taken from her preface:
"'A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil' was written, not from the point of view of the expert, but because of my own need for a counter-knowledge to a bewildering mass of information which came to me through the Juvenile Protective Association of Chicago. The reports which its twenty field officers daily brought to its main office adjoining Hull-House became to me a revelation of the dangers incident to city conditions and of the allurements which are designedly placed around many young girls in order to draw them into an evil life."
* * * * *
"Miss Addams's volume is painful reading, but we heartily wish that it might be read and pondered by every man and woman who to-day, in smug complacency, treat with indifference and contempt the great struggle for social purity."--_The Nation._
"As an educational weapon, incalculably valuable. A torch with which every thinking citizen should be armed for a crusade against the dark-covered evil at which it is aimed."--_The Continent._
The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets
_12mo, cloth, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35_
A protest against the practice of every large city of turning over to commercialism practically all the provisions for public recreation, leaving it possible for private greed to starve or demoralize the nature of youth.
* * * * *
"Few persons in this country are better qualified to speak with authority on any subject connected with the betterment of the poor than is Jane Addams."--_New York Herald._
"The book should be in the hands of every preacher and laborer for humanity. I wish that parents might make it a text-book."--Rev. MADISON C. PETER in _The New Orleans Daily News_.
"It is brimming full of the mother sentiment of love and yearning, and also shows such sanity, such breadth and tolerance of mind, and such philosophic penetration into the inner meanings of outward phenomena as to make it a book which no one who cares seriously about its subject can afford to miss."--_New York Times._
Newer Ideals of Peace
_12mo, cloth, leather back, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35_
"A clean and consistent setting forth of the utility of labor as against the waste of war, and an exposition of the alteration of standards that must ensue when labor and the spirit of militarism are relegated to their right places in the minds of men.... Back of it lies illimitable sympathy, immeasurable pity, a spirit as free as that of St. Francis, a sense of social order and fitness that Marcus Aurelius might have found similar to his own."--_Chicago Tribune._
The editor of _Collier's_ writes: "To us it seems the most comprehensive talk yet given about how to help humanity in America to-day."
"It is given to but few people to have the rare combination of power of insight and of interpretation possessed by Miss Addams. The present book shows the same fresh virile thought, and the happy expression which has characterized her work.... There is nothing of namby-pamby sentimentalism in Miss Addams's idea of the peace movement. The volume is most inspiring and deserves wide recognition."--_Annals of the American Academy._
"No brief summary can do justice to Miss Addams's grasp of the facts, her insight into their meaning, her incisive estimate of the strength and weakness alike of practical politicians and spasmodic reformers, her sensible suggestions as to woman's place in our municipal housekeeping, her buoyant yet practical optimism."--_Examiner._
Democracy and Social Ethics
_Half leather, ix + 281 pages, 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35_
"The result of actual experience in hand-to-hand contact with social problems.... No more truthful description, for example, of the 'boss' as he thrives to-day in our great cities has ever been written than is contained in Miss Addams's chapter on 'Political Reform.' ... The same thing may be said of the book in regard to the presentation of social and economic facts."--_Review of Reviews._
"The book is startling, stimulating, and intelligent."--_Philadelphia Ledger._
Twenty Years at Hull-House
_Ill., dec. cloth, 8vo, $2.50 net; by mail, $2.68_
Jane Addams's work at Hull-House is known throughout the civilized world. In the present volume she tells of her endeavors and of their success--of the beginning of Hull-House, of its growth and its present influence. For every one at all interested in the improvement of our cities, in the moral education of those who are forced to spend much of their time on the streets or in cheap places of amusement--"Twenty Years at Hull-House" is a volume of more than ordinary interest and value.
* * * * *
"The personality of Jane Addams is one of the finest achievements of that idea of democracy, service, and freedom for which America means to stand before the world."--_N. Y. Times._
"The story of the beginnings of this remarkable undertaking (Hull-House), the problems that were faced and conquered in the early days, the unsuspected resources that were developed among the crowded city population of foreign birth, and the efforts continuously made for the betterment of labor legislation in the State of Illinois, are all set forth with simplicity and directness. On the whole it is a wonderful record of accomplishment, full of suggestion to social reformers the world over."--_Review of Reviews._
"Who reads this book lightly misses a great opportunity."--_Bellman._
"The story is one of singular interest and has a strange affinity with the stories of other great moral and spiritual leaders of humanity."--_Bookman._
On City Government _The American City_
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Transcriber's Notes:
The following changes have been made to the text:
- In the table introduced as "Street traders and street employees may be classified by occupation as follows:--" Newspaper sellers was written as one word once.
- In the table detailing the occupation of children in Germany, introduced as "Seven divisions of these children were made according to occupation ..." the word Austragedienste was wrongly hyphenated.
- In the TABLE E. HOURS AND EARNINGS OF STREET WORKERS a header "OCCUPATIONS" was missing (compared to TABLE D before), and was added.
- In Footnote [172] the title of Mr. Ferrette's work was misspelled as "Manuel de Lègislation Industrielle", and was changed to "Manuel de législation industrielle" in accordance with its original title.
- In the Index entry "Great Britain ... Interdepartmental Committee of 1902 on Ireland ..." the reference to page 294 was changed to page 204.
The following changes have been made to the formatting and layout:
- Tables D to G in Chapter VII, and some tables in Annex C were changed in layout to enable readability in plain text.
- In "Reverse Side of Milwaukee Newsboy Investigation Card": Original uses check mark, rendered here as [X].