BOOK III.

CHAP. I. This chapter is really a Prologue to the Third Book.

2. _discrete_, separate; _tellinge_, counting.

3. _Three_ was considered a perfect number; see below.

6. Time was divided into three ages; first, the age of Error, before the coming of Christ; all that died then went to hell, whence some were rescued by Christ when He descended thither. The second, the age of Grace, from the time of Christ's coming till His second advent. The third, the age of Joy, enduring for ever in heaven.

_Deviacion_; Thynne prints _Demacion_, an obvious error for _Deuiacion_ (_m_ for _ui_); in l. 26, it is replaced by _Errour of misgoinge_, which has the same sense, and in bk. ii. ch. 8. 126, it is called _out-waye-going_. The New E. Dict. has no quotation for _deviation_ older than 1603; but here we find it.

25. I. e. Book I treats of Error or Deviation; Book II, of Grace; and Book III, of Joy.

28. _whiche is faylinge without desert_, which is failure without merit; these words are out of place here, and perhaps belong to the preceding clause (after _shewed_ in l. 26). _thilke_, &c.; amending that first fault.

29. Perhaps for _and_ read _an_; it refers to guidance into the right path.

37. He says that the English alter the name _Margarite-perle_ into _Margery-perle_, whereas Latin, French, and many other languages keep the true form. Cf. Lat. _margarita_, O.F. _marguerite_, _margarete_, Gk. [Greek: margaritês], Pers. _marw[=a]r[=i]d_, Arab. _marj[=a]n_; all from Skt. _manjar[=i]_, a pearl.

45. _the more Britayne_, greater Britain (England and Scotland), as distinguished from lesser Britain (Brittany); see note to bk. ii. ch. 12. 47 above. Pliny says (tr. by Holland, bk. ix. c. 35):--'In Brittaine it is certain that some [pearls] do grow; but they be small, dim of colour, and nothing orient.'

56. _conninge_, certain knowledge; _opinion_, uncertain knowledge, supposition; as he proceeds to say.

62. We thus learn that it was at this date an open question, whether the sun was bigger than the earth; there were some who imagined it to be so.

68. He here mentions the _quadrivium_, or group of four of the seven sciences, viz. arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy; see note to P. Plowman, C. xii. 98.

73. These are the four cardinal virtues, Prudence, Justice, Temperance, and Fortitude; see note to P. Plowman, C. i. 131.

79. Why 'two things' are mentioned, is not clear. It was usual to introduce here the _trivium_, or second group of the seven arts (see note to l. 68); which contained logic, grammar, and rhetoric. For the two former he has substituted 'art,' the general term.

99. _twey_, two; viz. _natural_ and _reasonable_; cf. l. 53. The third is _moral_. Hence we have the following scheme.

{ _natural_: the quadrivium. { relating to the body { Philosophy { { _reasonable_: the trivium. { { relating to the soul: _moral_: the cardinal virtues.

{ law: _natural_. { { right: _reasonable_. Law { { { written: _constitution_. { custom { { unwritten: _usage_.

122. I. e. 'so that harm, (as punishment) for harm, should restrain evil-doers by the bridle of fear.'

125. _contrarioustee of_, that which is contrary to.

130. _and unworthy_, even if they be unworthy.

_professe and reguler_; the 'professed' were such as, after a year of probation, had been received into a monastic order; the 'regular' were such as were bound by the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

131. _obediencer_, bound by obedience; used adjectivally; cf. Low Lat. _obedientiarius_.

134. Thus the author was himself bound by monastic vows, and was one of the 'regular' clergy.

146-7. _abouten_, about (me), near at hand. _eche_, to increase, lengthen.

156. _refrete_, refrain, burden of a song; O.F. _refrait_, _refret_ (Godefroy). 'Sobs are a ready (ever-present) refrain in its meditations'; where _his_ (its) refers to _goost_, or spirit, in l. 155.

157-8. _comming about I not than_, recurring I know not when. For _than_ read _whan_, to make sense.

160. _he_, Christ; referring to Matt. xxi. 16.

161. _whos spirit_; 'Spiritus ubi uult spirat'; John, iii. 8; 'Spiritus, diuidens singulis prout uult'; 1 Cor. xii. 11.

170. _wyte that_, lay the blame for that upon. Such is the right idiom; cf. 'Wyte it the ale of Southwerk, I yow preye'; Ch. C. T., A 3140. Thynne prints _with_ for _wite_ or _wyte_, making nonsense of the passage.

CHAP. II. 14. _lybel of departicion_, bill (or writ) of separation; taken from _libellum repudii_ in Matt. v. 31, which Wyclif translates by 'a libel of forsakyng.'

16. 'I find, in no law, (provision for) recompensing and rewarding in a bounteous way, those who are guilty, according to their deserts.'

19. _Paulyn_, Paulinus. But there is some mistake. Perhaps he refers to L. Aemilius Paulus, brother of M. Aemilius Lepidus the Triumvir. This Paulus was once a determined enemy of Caesar, but was won over to his side by a large bribe.

21-3. I cannot explain or understand this clause; something seems to be omitted, to which it refers.

23. Julius Caesar was accounted as following Cato in justice. The statement is obscure.

25. Perdiccas, according to the romances, succeeded Alexander the Great; see note to Bk. ii. c. 2. 116. I do not find the anecdote referring to Porus. It is not improbable that the author was thinking of Philip the physician, who revealed to Alexander 'a privy hate' entertained against that monarch by Parmenion; see the Wars of Alexander, ed. Skeat, 2559-83.

49. _right as mater_. Cf. 'sicut ad formam de forma procedere materiam notum est'; an often quoted passage in Guido delle Colonne's Historia Troiae; see note to Legend of Good Women, 1582 (vol. iii. p. 329).

65. _and right_, if right-doing were not in the original working.

82. _muste do good nedes_, must necessarily do good.

87. _ende_, object. The reference seems to be to Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, bk. i. c. 1, c. 2, or c. 5.

90. _goodly_, with a good motive. In l. 99, it simply means 'a good motive.'

112. _praysing ne lacking_, praise nor blame.

115. The Latin would be _nemo inuite beatus_; but I do not know where to find it.

128. _free arbitrement_, Lat. liberum arbitrium; introduced in order to lead up to a discussion of free will, necessity, and providence; as in Boeth. bk. v.

140. _closing_, including, implying.

154-60. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 3. 1-18.

CHAP. III. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 3 and pr. 4.

26. Cf. the same, pr. iii. 29, and the context.

58. _for I love_, i.e. because (or since) I love.

74. _commende_, coming; probably the original MS. had _command_, the Northern form. We have a similar form _lykende_, in l. 133 below. In ll. 82, 83, the usual form _comming_ appears.

82-3. In many places, _comming_ is used nearly with the sense of 'future'; cf. ll. 177-8.

126. Here again we have the usual ridiculous contradictions; the sense is--'being wet, I burn; without wasting, I fade.' Cf. Rom. Rose, Eng. version, 4703-50.

128. Thynne has (here and in ch. 6. 147, p. 132) _vnbyde_, an obvious error for _onbyde_, i.e. abide, remain; see ch. 7. 161, 163.

131. 'God grant (that) that thing may soon draw nigh to thee.' _Neigh_ is here a verb, as in Bk. ii. ch. 12. 14.

164. _that_, that which; _with nothing_, yet not so as to be constrained by anything else.

171. _rysinge of the sonne_, rising of the sun; this example is borrowed from Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 103, 165.

CHAP. IV. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 157-89.

29. _and nedeful is_, 'and it is necessary that, in order to desire (a thing), he may also _not_ desire (it)'; otherwise, he does not make any choice.

30-1. The words 'But thilke ... the same to wilne' are _repeated_ in Thynne's edition, to the destruction of the sense.

59. _as now_, present; cf. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 28-32.

96-9. A clear case of reasoning in a circle.

112. 'Constituisti terminos eius, qui praeteriri non poterunt'; Job, xiv. 5.

121-6. See Rom. viii. 29, 30. _conformes_; the Vulgate has: 'Nam quos praesciuit, et praedestinauit _conformes_ fieri imaginis Filii sui.'

129. Cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. v. pr. 6. 35, 71-8.

140. Cf. the same, 12-9, 28-33, &c.

152. Referring to ll. 121-6 above.

165. _close and one_, are closed and united; here _close_ and _one_ seem to be verbs.

169. _by_, with reference to.

198-9. _no art_, in no way (?); but surely an error for _nat_, as _wrytest nat_ is repeated in l. 200.

206. _defendeth_, 'forbids something to be movable,' &c.

220. Too obscure to deserve the encomium for perspicuity which follows in ll. 222-5.

232. _for right_, &c.; 'for nothing at all exists there (i.e. in eternity) after the manner of that which is temporal.'

243. _ben to ben_, are to come because of God's knowledge.

249. _philosophical poete_; Chaucer, because he translated The Consolation of Philosophy, and introduced passages from it into his poem of Troilus, notably in Book iv. 963-6, 974-1078. In l. 254, Troilus is expressly mentioned. Most likely, the allusion is to Bk. iv. 974-1078; although this deals rather with predestination than with the origin of evil.

257. _storiers_, gen. pl. of _storier_, a teller of a story; cf. O.F. _historieur_, an historian (Godefroy). Thynne prints _starieres_; which gives no sense.

262. _two the laste_, the last two; chapters 13 and 14; but chapter 14 has little to do with the subject.

CHAP. V. 4. 'Or as an ook comth of a litel spyr'; Troil. ii. 1335.

33-7. The word _welked_ occurs twice in Chaucer, C. T., C 738, D 277; and _wiver_ once, Troil. iii. 1010.

57. _with yvel ... acomered_, desires not to be encumbered with evil.

63. 'Why, as soon as one has sprung up on high, does not the other spring up also?' Here 'one' and 'the other' seem to refer to 'will' and 'bliss'; cf. ll. 16, 17, 70, 71.

73-6. Cf. HF. 737-46; Boeth. bk. iii. pr. 11. 98-101.

CHAP. VI. 4-7. Imitated from Ch. Boeth. bk. i. met. 6. 5-11.

10. _seconde boke_; cf. Book ii. ch. 11. 51-69, 102.

12. _setling_; misprinted _setteles_; but see _setling_ in ch. 5. l. 23.

17. He here contemplates the possibility of yielding to persecution and threats.

50-1. The _five wits_ are the five senses; P. Plowman, C. ii. 15, and the note.

60. _aptes_, natural tendencies; used here only; see New E. Dict.

64. _terme of equivocas_, terms of like signification; _terme_ being an error for _termes_. Answering to Lat. _uerba aequiuoca_, words of like signification; Isidore, Orig. ii. 26 (Lewis and Short). _Equivocas_ is formed by adding the Eng. pl. _-s_ to the Lat. neuter plural (New E. Dict.).

Cf. the passage in P. Plowman, where _Liberum-arbitrium_ recites his names; C. xvii. 201. The first name, 'instrument of willing,' corresponds to _animus_: '_dum uult, animus est_'; but the rest vary.

68. _reson_. Compare the same passage: '_dum iudicat, racio est_.'

73. Compare the same: '_dum recolit, memoria est_.'

77. _affeccion_: a disposition to wish for sleep.

90. _that lambes_, who scorn and despise lambs.

104. Thynne has _vs_, which is a not uncommon spelling of 'use.' I merely print 'us[e]' because _us_ looks so unintelligible. In l. 103, the word is _usage_; in l. 110, we have _use_.

140. _thinges_; viz. riches, honour, and power; discussed in Book ii. chapters 5-7.

147. _onbyde_, misprinted _unbyde_; see note above, to ch. 3. 128.

CHAP. VII. 11. The idea of this Tree is copied from P. Plowman, C. xix. 4-14. Thus in l. 11, the ground in which the tree grows is said to be 'ful in thyne herte'; and in P. Plowman, the tree grows in _cor-hominis_, the heart of man. In P. Plowman, the tree is called True-love, the blossoms are Benign-Speech (cf. l. 16), and the fruits are deeds of Charity. See note to l. 69 below.

38. Cf. 'As, wry the gleed, and hotter is the fyr'; Legend of Good Women, 735.

50. _pype_; see Troil. v. 1433; C. T., A 1838 (and note).

53. _no wode lay use_, sing no mad song.

59. _Aristotel_. The reference appears to be to Aristotle, De Interpretatione ([Greek: peri hermêneias]), ch. 1. _Voice_ seems to mean 'a word unrelated to a sentence,' i.e. not related to something else as forming part of a sentence.

69. So in P. Plowman, C. xix. 29, the tree is attacked by three wicked winds; especially 'in flouryng-tyme,' l. 35.

97. _A marchaunt_; so in Chaucer, C. T., G 945-50.

99. _So ofte_; from Ch. Troil. ii. 1380-3; note the epithet _happy_, the use of the sb. _sweigh_ or _swaye_, and the phrase _come al at ones_, in both passages.

101. Cf. 'Gutta cauat lapidem'; Ovid, Ex Ponto, iv. 10. 5.

_lethy_, weak; see Prompt. Parv., and Gloss. to P. Plowman.

117-121. Compare Bk. iii. ch. 2. 122-9.

123. 'Quod debuimus facere, fecimus'; Luke, xvii. 10.

145. _al is_, it is all to be accounted to her wholly. _To wyte_ usually has a bad sense; as implying blame.

160. _this lady_; i.e. Heavenly Love suddenly took up its place in his heart. This is rather inartistic; no wonder that the author was much astonished at such a proceeding (ch. 8. 2 below). This of course puts an end to the dialogue, but in Thynne's misarranged print the lady speaks to him again, as if it were _out of his heart_!

CHAP. VIII. 7. _lynes_, written lines of writing, which he imagines to be imprinted on his understanding; see ll. 8, 13, 14 below.

10. _me might_, one might; _me_ for _men_ = _man_, as often.

21. _but for_, except because; so in l. 22. _wol_, desires.

42. _owe I not alowe_, I ought not to applaud.

46. _it make_, cause it (to be so); as in Troil. ii. 959.

91. 'Quia Christi bonus odor sumus Deo, in iis qui salui fiunt; ... aliis quidem odor mortis in mortem'; 2 Cor. ii. 15-6.

120. _ne had_, had; disregarding _ne_, which is inserted after the word _denyed_.

123. _without ... nede_, without any kind of necessity.

125. _him nedeth_, something is lacking to him.

146. _forward_, thenceforward, afterwards.

155-6. _in his owne comodité_, in what is suitable for him; _comodites_, desires that are suitable. The examples of the word in this passage are older than any given, s.v. _Commodity_, in the New E. Dict. Cf. ll. 159, 165.

CHAP. IX. 7. _destenee_, destiny; cf. Ch. Boeth. bk. iv. pr. 6. 39, 44.

12. _non inconvenient_, convenient; i.e. befitting.

21. _chapitre_, chapter; viz. ch. 3 of Book iii.

46. Here Thynne's text returns to the right order.

52. The author now concludes his work with a prayer and a short recommendation of his book to the reader. Ll. 58-61 speak of its imperfections; ll. 61-6 tell us that the effort of writing it has done him good. In ll. 67-75 he anticipates future freedom from anxiety, and continuance 'in good plight.' He was then evidently unaware that his death was near at hand.

86. 'My dull wit is hindred by the stepmother named Forgetfulness.' A curious expression.

92. _horisons_, put for _orisons_, prayers.

98. _sightful_, visible; an obvious allusion to the eucharist (l. 100). Similarly, a gem denotes a pearl, or 'margaret'; and Margaret (a woman's name) denotes grace, learning, or wisdom of God, or else holy church.

104. From John, vi. 63.

107. From 2 Cor. iii. 6.

109, 110. Printed as prose in Thynne; but two riming verses seem to be intended. If so, _al-le_ is dissyllabic.

§ II. THE PLOWMAN'S TALE.

Numerous references are given to Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, ed. Skeat (E.E.T.S.); a poem by the same author. See the Introduction.

9. _tabard_; a ploughman's loose frock; as in Ch. C. T., A 541.

11. _saynt Thomas_; i.e. his shrine at Canterbury.

30. _therwith to fynd_, to provide for thereby.

40. _queynt_, quenched; because, in the solemn form of excommunication used in the Romish church, a bell was tolled, the book of offices for the purpose was used, and three candles were extinguished. See Nares, s.v. _Bell, Book, and Candle_. Cf. ll. 165, 1241.

44. Four lines are here lost, the stanza being incomplete. We might supply them thus:--

They have the loof and we the crust, They eten more than kinde hath craved; They been ungentle and unjust, With sinners shullen such be graved.

53. _stryf_, strife. The struggle was between the secular and regular clergy on the one hand, and the Lollards on the other; see ll. 61-76. Each side accused the other of falseness, and the author hopes that the falser of them may suffer shame. He evidently sides with the Lollards; but, not caring to decide so weighty a question for himself, he contrives that the dispute shall be carried on by two birds, the Griffin and the Pelican.

55. _sedes_, seeds. The Lollards were accused of sowing tares (_lolia_). The author hints that seeds were sown by _both_ of the contending parties.

57. _some_; referring rather to the sowers than to the seeds. In any case, it refers to the two parties.

58. _souple_; the text has _souble_, which is an obvious error. The O.F. _souple_ means 'humble,' which is the sense here intended.

71. _a-cale_, chilled, frozen; cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xxi. 439; and see the New E. Dict.

72. _ever in oon_, always in the same condition, without increasing in wealth.

73. _I-cleped_, called; the old text has _Iclepeth_, but some editions make this obvious correction. _lollers_, idle fellows; see the note to P. Plowman, C. x. 213.

74. 'Whoever looks on them (sees that) they are the reverse of tall.' Cf. 'a _tall_ fellow,' and 'a _tall_ man of his hands' in Shakespeare.

81. _wro_, nook; see _wr[=a]_ in Stratmann.

86. _Griffon_, griffin; a fabulous monster with the head and wings of an eagle, and the hinder parts of a lion; with probable reference to the Vulture. 'In that contre ben many _griffounes_ ... thei han the body upward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun.... But o griffoun is more strong thanne .viij. lyouns'; Mandeville's Travels; ch. xxvi. See l. 1317 below.

87. 'A Pelican laid his lure to (attracted to him) these lollers.' The Pelican was supposed to feed its young with blood which it drew from its own breast by wounding it, and was early considered as the type of Christian love or Charity, or of Christ himself; see l. 1293. See the illustration at p. 172 of Legends of the Holy Rood, ed. Morris. Hence it is here supposed to plead on behalf of meekness, in the long passages contained in ll. 95-716, 719-988, 991-1072, 1110-32, 1177-232, 1245-68. The Pelican is responsible for the greater part of the poem, as the author distinctly says in l. 1373. Anything that is amiss, we are told, must be put down to the Pelican; the author is irresponsible, as it is only a fable.

106. _pelure_, costly fur; also spelt _pellour_; but _pylloure_ (as in the old text) is a bad spelling. See Gloss. to P. Plowman.

111. _batail_, battle. It was notorious that William Spenser, bishop of Norwich, used to lead military expeditions. Thus he led one such expedition into Flanders, in 1382. Cf. l. 128.

129. 'God is not the master of them that consider no man equal to them.'

130. _peragall_, equal; spelt 'p_er_agal' or 'p_ar_agal' in Rich. the Redeless, i. 71. The old text has _permagall_, where the _m_ is clearly for _in_; the spelling _peringall_ being intended. Godefroy has O.F. _parivel_, also _parigal_, _paregal_, _perigal_, _paringal_ [with intrusive _n_], 'adj. et s., tout à fait ègal, tout à fait semblable.' From Lat. _peraequalis_.

135. 'Painted and adorned with colours.' Cf. 'peynt and portred'; P. Pl. Crede, 192; 'portreid and paynt,' 121.

139. _boystous_, rough. The O.F. _boistous_ meant 'lame' (F. _boiteux_); but Godefroy shews, in his Supplement, that it was also applied to a very rough road (as being likely to lame one); hence, generally, rough, and finally, rude, noisy, as in the E. _boisterous_; a word of which the etymology has not yet been fully accounted for, but may be thus explained.

159. _perrey_, precious stones, jewellery; see _Perree_ in the Glossary (vol. vi). The old text has _pyrrey_.

162. _gown_, an obvious correction; old text, _gold_, repeated from l. 161. For 'grene gownes,' see l. 925 below.

178. This line seems to be corrupt.

186. _crallit_, curled, twisted; cf. _crulle_ in Chaucer; see New E. Dict.

187. _gold-mastling_ is a compound word, and should have been printed with a hyphen. It means the same as _latoun_, unless _latoun_ was an imitation of an older and richer alloy. Thus, in Wright's A.S. Vocabularies, we find: '_Auricalcum_, goldmæslinc,' col. 334, 10; '_Auricalcum_, goldmestling,' col. 550, 34; '_Auricalcum_, _Anglice_ latoun,' col. 567, 5. As to _latoun_, see note in vol. v. p. 270. Cf. A.S. _mæstling_, G. _Messing_; words of uncertain origin.

193-4. Cf. 1 John, iv. 3. _admirall_, prince, chief.

198. _demed_; an easy correction; old text, _done_, which will not scan.

201. _All-holyest_, i.e. _Sanctissimus_ (l. 230); a title given to the head of a religious order.

208. 'The very thing which Christ forbad to the apostles.'

212. 'They regard him (the pope) as wholly omnipotent.'

213-6. _He_, the Pope. _another_, (apparently) a head of a religious order, an abbot or prior. _mystere_, ministry, office.

220. 'He reserves nothing at all'; _opin_, open, a thing that is free; _joint_, a thing that is connected.

226. _An angell_; see Rev. xxii. 9.

235. Read _Christ his_; 'Christ keep his people from them'; the printer evidently regarded _Christ his_ as a form of the genitive case. The proper sense of _wisse_ is guide, or direct.

242. _which of hem_, which of the two popes. The rival popes were Boniface IX, elected Nov. 2, 1389, and Benedict XIII, elected Sept. 28, 1394. Clement VIII, predecessor of the latter, died Sept. 16, 1394.

245. 'Omnes enim, qui acceperint gladium, gladio peribunt'; Matt. xxvi. 52.

255. Swearing was a dismembering of Christ; see note to C. T., C 474 (vol. v. p. 275).

264. 'But curse all that oppose them.'

275. 'But he, who so acquires it, shall part from it.'

281. _rent_, income, profit; the method of doing this is explained in The Freres Tale, D 1371-4.

282. 'They anoint the sheep's sore'; as a shepherd does with tar; see _Tar-box_ in Halliwell; and cf. l. 707.

298. _Maximien_; Galerius Valerius Maximianus, usually called Galerius; emperor of Rome, 305-11; a cruel persecutor of the Christians.

297. 'They follow Christ (who went upward) to heaven, just as a bucket (that goes downward) into a well.' Said ironically; their ascent towards heaven is in a downward direction; cf. l. 402. _wall_ for 'well' is rare, but not unexampled; cf. _walle-stream_, well-stream, in Layamon, vol. i. p. 121, and see _walle_ in Stratmann.

305. 'The truth has (often) slain such men.'

306. 'They comb their "crockets" with a crystal comb.' A _crocket_ was a curl or roll of hair, as formerly worn; see the New E. Dict. There is a lost romance entitled 'King Adelstane with gilden kroket'; see footnote to Havelok, ed. Skeat, p. vi. Sir F. Madden remarks that 'the term _crocket_ points out the period [i.e. the earliest possible date] of the poem's composition, since the fashion of wearing those large rolls of hair so called, only arose at the latter end of the reign of Henry III.'

321. Cf. 'turpis lucri'; Tit. i. 7, 11; 1 Pet. v. 2.

322. _meynall_, perhaps better spelt _meyneall_. It is the adj. formed from M.E. _meynee_, a household, and is the same word as mod. E. _menial_. Wyclif uses _meyneal_ to translate Lat. _domesticam_ in Rom. xvi. 5. The sense here is--the exaction of tithes is, with these masters, a household business, a part of their usual domestic arrangements.

325. Lit. 'They betake to farm to their sumners,' i.e. they farm out to their sumners the power of harming people as much as they can; they let their sumners make exactions. The method of doing this is fully exposed in Chaucer's Freres Tale. Cf. ll. 328, 725.

333. 'Such rascals are sure to slander men, in order to induce them to win their favour'; i.e. by compounding.

338. _call_, caul or head-dress, richly ornamented, and therefore expensive; see note to C. T., D 1018 (vol. v. p. 318).

375. 'Or, to commit such a tool (instrument) to such cursed men.'

402. 'As good a bishop as is my horse Ball.' Said ironically; 'no better a bishop than,' &c. Ball was, and still is, a very common name for a horse.

406. _nothing_, not at all, not a whit.

410. Old text, _one fors_, with _s_ attached to the wrong word.

417-8. _goodes_, property. _somme totall_, sum total of wealth.

421, 431. _for Christes love_, for love of Christ. The words _forsake_ in l. 421, and _wake_ in l. 431, are used ironically.

434. _Lamuall_, Lemuel; who was a king; Prov. xxxi. 1.

443. _the stoon_, the rock; Matt. xvi. 18; cf. 1 Cor. x. 4.

445. _croysery_, crusade, as in Rob. of Glouc. 9938. No serious crusade was intended at this time; however, the author affirms that the rival popes discouraged the idea; for each wanted men to fight for him.

464. _hye seet_, sat aloft; the form _seet_ occurs in Ch. C. T., A 2075.

471. _fettes_, fetch; observe the use of this Northern plural.

473. 'Their servants are unfaithful [or unserviceable] to them unless they can double their rental.'

477. The author can find no more rimes to rime with _fall_, so he proceeds to 'shew' or propose another word, viz. _amend_.

487. 'They tell men nothing, nor (explain) how; yet, in God's word, they tell of (or count) many a slip, or omission,' i.e. find errors in the Scriptures. See _Balk_ in the New E. Dict.

490. _offrend_; O.F. _offrende_; cf. '_Offrande_, an offering'; Cotgrave.

520. Read _punishëments_, as in the old edition; it is a word of four syllables; from O.F. _punissement_ (Godefroy), which often appears in verse as a word of four syllables.

531. 'They hate guests of the poor,' i.e. hate to entertain them; cf. l. 747.

542. _careckes_, characters, signs, marks; see the New E. Dict.

567. 'One, to curse to hell; the other, to slay men here (on earth)'; cf. Luke, xxii. 38.

575. 'A sword is no implement to guard sheep with, except for shepherds that would devour the sheep.' In later English, at any rate, a _sheep-biter_ meant a thief (Halliwell). Cf. l. 583.

594. _untrend_, unrolled; not rolled up, but freshly pulled off.

605. _Sathan_, Satan; Heb. _s[=a]t[=a]n_, adversary, opponent.

610. Read _reprende_; cf. _comprende_ in Chaucer.

625. _ensyse_, variant of _assyse_, fashion, sort; 'they are, surely, of the same sort.' See _Assize_, sect. 8, in the New E. Dict. Bailey gives: '_Ensise_, quality, stamp; _Old word_'; with reference, doubtless, to this very line. Cf. _assyse_, fashion, manner, in l. 843 below.

626. _frend_, evidently put for _fremde_, strange, foreign, averse; which was difficult to pronounce.

633. Read _maundements_, i.e. commandments (trisyllabic). The form _commaundementes_ is too long for the line. See _mandement_ in Stratmann and in Chaucer.

642. _to prison_. Evidently written before 1401, when Lollards were frequently sent to the stake for heresy. Cf. l. 650; and see note to l. 827.

645. 'The king's law will judge no man angrily, without allowing the accused to answer.'

661. _testament_, a will; the friars had much to do with the making of wills.

681. 'For they (the people) are faster in their bonds, worse beaten, and more bitterly burnt than is known to the king.' For the word _brent_, see note to l. 827.

693. _The emperour_; Constantine, according to a legend which the Lollards loved to repeat; see the full note to P. Plowman, C. xviii. 220.

695. _sely kyme_, innocent (or silly) wretch. _Kyme_ answers to an A.S. _*c[=y]ma_ = _*k[=u]m-ja_, lit. 'one who laments,' from the verb found in O.H.G. _k[=u]mjan_, to lament, _ch[=u]-mo_, a lament; cf. Gk. [Greek: goos], wailing; Skt. _gu_, to sound. See O.H.G. _c[=u]m_, _c[=u]mjan_ in Schade; and the Idg. root _gu_, in Fick.

723. 'A title of dignity, to be as a play-mate to them'; a curious expression. Godefroy gives O.F. '_personage_, s.m., dignité, bénéfice ecclésiastique; en particulier personnat, dignité ecclésiastique qui donnait quelque prééminence au _chanoine_ qui en était revêtu dans le chapitre auquel il appartenait.' Cotgrave has: '_Personat_, a place, or title of honour, enjoyed by a beneficed person, without any manner of jurisdiction, in the church.'

724. Possibly copied from P. Plowman, B. prol. 92:--'Somme serven the king, and his silver tellen.' These ecclesiastics often busied themselves in the law-courts, to their great profit. Cf. l. 790.

725. 'And let out to farm all that business.'

743. _builde_; so in P. Pl. Crede, 118: 'For we buldeth a burwgh, a brod and a large.' Cf. Wyclif's Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 380.

748. 'Nor (will they) send anything to Him who hath given them everything.'

759. _gigges_, concubines; see Stratmann. Roquefort has: '_Gigues_, fille gaie, vive.' Cf. _giglot_ in Shakespeare. (Initial _g_ is here sounded as _j_.)

760. 'And provide them with fine clothes.'

773. Here all the 'seven sins' are mentioned except gluttony.

780. 'The wisdom of such willers is not worth a needle.'

791. _jay_; so also in Chaucer, C. T., A 642.

801. _maynteyners_, abettors of wrongdoers; see note to P. Plowman, B. iii. 90.

827. _brent_, burnt; still more strongly put in l. 1234. That heretics were sometimes burnt before 1401, is certain from Wyclif's Sermons, ed. Arnold, vol. i. pp. x, 205, as compared with p. 354. There is a case given in Bracton of a man who was burnt as early as in the reign of Henry III. See the whole subject discussed in my edition of P. Plowman (E. E. T. S.), in the Pref. to B-text, p. v, Pref. to C-text, pp. xi-xiv, and the note to B. xv. 81, where Langland has 'ledeth me to brennynge.' Observe that the king is here spoken of as not presuming to burn heretics.

855. The seven sacraments of the Romish church; cf. l. 875.

856. Compare--'And also y sey coveitise _catel to fongen_'; P. Pl. Crede, 146.

857. 'They want to meddle in everything, and to perform matters amiss is their amusement.'

868. _sturte_, variant of _sterte_, start up; _stryve_, struggle.

870. _at the nale_ = _at then ale_, at the ale-house; cf. note to P. Plowman, C. i. 43.

871. Cf. 'At marketts and miracles we medleth us nevere'; P. Pl. Crede, 107.

872. 'They dance and hoot with the cry of "heave and hale."' _Heave_ is here to use exertion; cf. Troil. ii. 1289; and _hale_ is to haul or pull. _Heave and hale_, or _heave and hoe_, was a cry used for men to pull all together; hence _with heve and hale_ just corresponds to the modern 'with might and main.' Cotgrave has (s.v. _Cor_) the phrase: '_À cor et à cry_, by proclamation; also, by might and maine, with heave and hoe, eagerly, vehemently, seriously.'

878. _they_, i.e. the husbands; _sory_, aggrieved.

880. _For_, for fear of being summoned.

893. _stocke_, i.e. some image of a saint. An image of a favourite saint was honoured with many candles burning before it; whilst other saints were left in the dark, because they could work no miracles. The most favourite image was that of Mary; see l. 902, and cf. P. Pl. Crede, 79.

915. 'And alle povere in gost god himself blisseth'; P. Pl. Crede, 521.

918. _Baudriks_, belts; _baselardes_, short swords, sometimes curved. See note to P. Plowman, C. iv. 461.

927. _counten ... of gownes_, they think much (_counten_) of scarlet and green gowns, that must be made in the latest fashion, in order to embrace and kiss the damsels. An awkward sentence.

929. _sewe_, sue, suit, lit. follow; unless it be for _schewe_, i.e. shew.

930. _pykes_, peaks. Long-peaked shoes were much in fashion; cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 219.

941. 'Such men will ask them (i.e. those that confess to them) for money for shriving them.' _is_ = _es_, them; a curious form of the plural pronoun of the third person; see _es_ in Stratmann.

942. 'And they desire men to creep to the cross.' 'Creeping to the cross' was an old ceremony of penance, most practised on Good Friday; see note to P. Plowman, C. xxi. 475.

943. _askes_, ashes; alluding to the sacrament of penance. For all other sacraments (as baptism, confirmation, holy orders, the eucharist, matrimony, and extreme unction) men had to pay.

955. _sans ... dyre_, without (saying) 'if I may say so.' That is, _ose je dyre_, (dare I say it) is an apologetic phrase for introducing an unpalatable remark.

957. 'Either they give the bishops (some reason) why.'

961. _agryse_, dread, here used in an imperative sense; 'let such men dread God's anger.' Cf. ll. 964, 1216.

979. _for he_, because he would fain earn something.

993. _Benet_, Benedict; cf. Ch. C. T., A 173, and note.

1002. Cf. 'Of double worstede y-dight'; P. Pl. Crede, 228.

1035. Compare--'And his syre a soutere' (cobbler); P. Pl. Crede, 752.

1042-4. _honged_, hung upon, followed after. Cf. 'opon the plow hongen,' P. Pl. Crede, 421. And compare also the same, 784-8.

1050. The line is imperfect. I have supplied _but_, but the right word is _not_. For _cherelich_ means 'expensive' or 'prodigal,' from O.F. _cher_, dear. This we know from the occurrence of the same rare form as an adverb in P. Pl. Crede, 582; where the sense is--'but to maintain his chamber as expensively (_chereliche_) as a chieftain.' See _cherely_ in the New E. Dict. The parallel phrase _not lordlych_ occurs in l. 1052.

1066. _Crede_, i.e. Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, written shortly before by the same author, and describing at length the four orders of friars.

1089. _sad_, sated, tired. The more usual old sense was 'staid.'

1097. 'If they were poor, filthy, and dirty.'

1102. _honest_, honourable, worthy of respect; cf. l. 1105.

1115. _Maysters_, masters; Matt. xxiii. 10. Cf. P. Pl. Crede, 574-6, 838; and C. T., D 2185, and the note (vol. v. p. 340).

1135. Read _leve_, not _lyve_; _with hir leve_, with what is permitted to them. For _leve_ (leave), see l. 1238.

1153. _For ye woll_, because you wish to.

1166. _distaunce_, disagreement, strife; see Mätzner.

1174. 'Why do ye meddle, who have nothing to do with it?'

1189. _lette_, to prevent men from living in that way.

1193. _soule-hele_, salvation for the soul.

1200. Pronounce _this is_ as _this_.

1212. _Wedding_, matrimony; considered as a sacrament.

1222. 'subject or accident'; cf. note to C. T., C 539.

1231. The line should end with a semicolon.

1244. 'Unless ye will act otherwise.'

1271. _cockes_, euphemistic for _goddes_.

1272. _doule_, small feather, down-feather. I derive it from O.F. _doulle_, variant of _douille_, soft, something soft, from Lat. _ductilis_. Hence it meant something downy, and, in particular, the 'down-feather' of a bird. This is clearly the sense in Shakespeare also, where Ariel uses the expression--'one _dowle_ that's in my plume'; Temp. iii. 3. 65; i.e. one down-feather (small feather) that is in my plumage. Dr. Schmidt is in doubt whether _plume_ here means 'plumage,' but the stage-direction expressly says that 'Ariel enters like a harpy, and claps his _wings_ upon the table.' It is very interesting to see how well this passage illustrates Shakespeare. See Mr. Wright's note for other passages where _dowl_ means 'soft down.' Of course, the words _dowl_ and _down_ are in no way connected. See my note in Phil. Soc. Trans. 1888-90, p. 3.

1280. _God wolde_, i.e. oh! that it might be God's will. Cf. _would God_, Numb. xi. 29; Deut. xxviii. 67; 2 Kings, v. 3; Rich. II, iv. 1. 117.

1293. Christ was likened to the pelican; see note to l. 87.

1305. _The foul_, the former or _bird_-like part of the griffin; see note to l. 86, and cf. l. 1317.

1315. 'Because bribery may break God's prohibition.'

1317. Referring to the form of the griffin; see notes to ll. 86, 1305.

1336. _Y-gurd_, lit. girt; hence, prepared, ready.

1339. _ly_, lie, i.e. deceive; because the lapwing tries to delude those who search for its nest.

1340. _for-gerd_, destroyed, utterly done away with; from M.E. _for-garen_.

1343. _the Phenix_. The Phoenix is here supposed, as being an unique bird, to be the king or master of all birds, and to execute vengeance on evil-doers.

1359. The sense of _of_ is here uncertain. Perhaps _of flight_ means 'as regards my flight,' and so 'to protect my flight.'

1361. This line is somewhat 'set back,' as in the original. But there seems to be no reason for it.

1362. The original has: 'And the lambe that slayn was'; imperfect.

1367. Here the author speaks for himself, and excuses the Pelican's language.

§ III. JACK UPLAND.

To this piece, which is an attack upon the friars, a reply was made by one of them (probably a Dominican, see notes to ll. 100, 130), which is printed at length in Wright's Political Poems and Songs (Record Series), vol. ii. pp. 39-114; together with a rejoinder by Jack Upland, printed on the same pages. The friar's reply is often cited in the Notes below, where the number refers to the page of the above-named volume. See further in the Introduction.

1. _Jack Uplande_, Jack the Countryman, a nickname for one who is supposed to have had but little education; cf. the _Plowman's_ Tale.

6. _fellest folk_, the wickedest people; referring to the friars.

7. The friar's reply copies several of these expressions: thus we find--'_On wounder wise_, seith Jak, freres, ye ben growun'; p. 42.

8. '_sowen_ in youre sectes of _Anticristis_ hondes'; p. 42.

9. _not obedient_; 'unboxom _to bishopis_, not _lege men to kynges_'; p. 42. The friar asserts that they _do_ obey the bishops; but carefully adds--'although not so fer forth as seculer preestes'; p. 44.

11. '_wede, corn, ne gras_, wil ye not hewen'; p. 42; repeated on p. 44. The friar retorts that they are not expected to cleanse ditches, like a Jack Upland; p. 44. We thus learn that _woode_ in l. 11 is almost certainly an error for _weede_.

15. _where to been_, where they will (hereafter) go to.

21. See 1 Cor. xiii. 1-3.

27. _skilfully_, reasonably; _skill_ often has the sense of reason.

28. The friar evades the question as to the number of orders, and replies that he is of Christ's order; pp. 59-61.

35. Reply: St. James makes mention of two kinds of life, the active and the contemplative; we belong to the latter; pp. 63-6.

37. _apostata_, apostate; a term applied to a friar who left his order (see l. 42) _after_ his year of probation had been completed, or else (see l. 42) after a probation of three months. See ll. 273-5, and 310-2 below; and the note to P. Plowman, C. ii. 98 (B. i. 104). The question here put was not answered.

40-1. Reply: it is shocking to speak of men leaving their wives like this; we are not wedded to our habit any more than a priest is to his tonsure; p. 67.

44. Reply: no. We are only punished for leaving off our habits because it implies forsaking of our rule. Our habits are not sendal, nor satin nor golden; pp. 67-8.

50. Reply: what, Jack, does your tippet mean? My wide cope signifies charity. My hood, patience in adversity. The scapulary denotes obedience to our superiors. As for the knotted girdle, ask the Franciscans; pp. 68-71.

52. Reply: Why do most of the Lollards wear gray clothes? p. 71.

58. No reply to this question.

60. Reply: see Eccles. iii. 7; Prov. xxv. 28; p. 71.

62. Reply: a question rather for monks than friars. Why do you not put your dining-table in your cow-house? p. 72.

65. Reply: perhaps some of us go to Rome for dispensations, but most of us have need to stay at home, to keep watch over Lollards; p. 73.

70. Reply: you have forgotten the text, 2 Cor. vi. 9; p. 74.

74. Reply: Christ, at His transfiguration, had only three witnesses from among His apostles. And He chose only twelve apostles, out of His many followers; and see Prov. xii. 15; p. 75.

77. Reply: a man is better than a beast; yet even for your beasts you make cattle-sheds and stables. Our houses are often poor ones. Did you ever see any that resembled the Tower, or Windsor Castle, or Woodstock? Your lies are shameless; pp. 77-8. I note here Jack Upland's rejoinder; he says that he does not object to the friars having houses, but he objects to the needless grandeur of them; for it does not follow that a man who drinks a quart of wine must therefore proceed to drink a gallon; p. 76.

83. Reply: you say that we let the whole realm to farm. Why, it is not ours at all! It belongs to the king. We have no more estate in the country than you have in heaven; pp. 78-9. The incompleteness of this reply is amazing.

86. The original reading must have been different here. The friar puts the question thus: Why do you pay no tribute to the king, whereas Christ paid tribute to the emperor? Reply: Christ did not pay it as a debt, but only to perform the law in meekness. The Jewish priests did not pay taxes like the commons. Priests may pay if they are willing, but not friars; pp. 79, 80.

90. Reply: we are glad to have the prayers of the poor, if their letters of fraternity are genuine; but we do not desire _your_ paternosters; p. 80.

92. Reply: we do not make men more perfect than their baptism makes them; p. 81.

95. Reply: the golden trental, 'that now is purchasid of preestis out of freris hondis,' delivers no soul, except as it is deserved; p. 81. See note to Ch. C. T., D 1717 (vol. v. p. 331).

100. Reply: you are quite mistaken. Perhaps some Carmelite told you this, or some Franciscan. The Austin friars and the Dominicans do not say so; p. 82.

105. Reply: if you accuse us of stealing children, Christ practically did the same, by enticing disciples to follow him. See Matt. xix. 21; Luke, xiv. 33; John, xv. 19. To win souls is no robbery; pp. 83-4.

109. _undernime_, reprove. Reply: according to you, not even the king should maintain any discipline. The pope has a prison; and so has the bishop of Canterbury, and the bishop of London. But you do not like prisons, for you often experience them; pp. 85-6.

114. Reply: burial is _not_ a sacrament, as you say. You contradict yourself; p. 86.

116. Reply: if, as you say, we never shrive the poor, why are parish-priests so angry with us for doing so? p. 87. Cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xiii. 21. Questions 26, 27, and 28 are passed over.

127. Reply: we do right to live of the gospel; see 1 Cor. ix. 14; Luke, x. 7; Rom. xv. 26.

130. Reply: God knows how much good the preaching of the friars has wrought; p. 89. The Dominicans especially were proud of their preaching.

133. The friar here remarks that the Wycliffites are heretics, and ought to be burnt; p. 90. The same remark is all the answer made to question 32.

141. Reply: the friars do not _sell_ the mass; they only freely give it to those who freely give to them. Even if we did sell it, surely the parish-priests receive money for the same; this is not simony; pp. 93-5. See note to Ch. C. T., D 1749; vol. v. p. 333.

149. Reply: we write down the names only to help our _own_ memories; for special prayers are very profitable for souls; pp. 99, 100. See note to Ch. C. T., D 1741; vol. v. p. 332.

153. _berest god in honde_, accusest Christ. Reply: Christ was lord of all spiritually; but, as a man, he was needy. David says of Him, 'I am poor and needy, yet the Lord thinketh upon me'; Ps. xl. 17. I refer you to Matt. viii. 20; pp. 95-8.

156. No special answer is given to questions 36-9.

187. Reply: you expect your servant to call you 'master.' It is not the being called 'master,' but ambition, that Christ forbids; pp. 100-1. Cf. note to Ch. C. T., D 2185; vol. v. p. 340.

189. The reply is singular, to the effect that pope John XXIV wrote against this matter, and the friars Minors (Franciscans) against him. 'Examyne her actis, and loke who hath the beter; and knowe noon other ordre this perfitnesse approveth'; p. 101.

208. There is no reply to question 42.

211. Reply; going two and two together is a scriptural custom. Barnabas and Paul did so. So did Paul and Timothy. Besides, there were _two_ tables in the law, _two_ cherubim in the temple, and _two_ in the tabernacle. It was not good for Adam to be _alone_; pp. 101-3. Cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xi. 8; and to Chaucer, C. T., C 1740.

213. There seems to be no reply to questions 44-8.

246. As regards question 49, the friar replies to ll. 249-51, saying that, according to this, no one could pray for any one; for we cannot tell his future destiny; p. 103. Cf. note to Ch. C. T., D 2126; vol. v. p. 339.

258. Questions 50 and 51 do not seem to be noticed. Question 52 is partly answered in the reply to question 22. See l. 105.

277. Reply: you admit (l. 283) that God made _all things_ according to weight, number, and measure. But a friar is _something_; ergo, God made friars according to weight, &c. Why are priests so numerous? As to a man's hand (l. 287), the number of fingers is fixed, and an extra finger is monstrous. But neither God nor holy church have fixed the number of priests or friars. 'Many hondis togider maken light werk'; pp. 105-6. Cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 270.

At this point the friar introduces a subject not discussed in the copy of Jack Upland here printed, viz. the subject of transubstantiation. He says that Jack accuses the friars of saying that the bread is not Christ's body, but mere roundness and whiteness, and accident without subject; and Wyclif is adduced as saying that it remains material bread, and only Christ's body in a figurative sense; pp. 106-10. The rest of the friar's reply (which goes but little further) is inapplicable to our text, so that the latter part of the treatise, ll. 294-end, is left unanswered. Perhaps sections 54-64 were, at first, a somewhat later addition.

296. This has been partly said before; see l. 77 above.

310. It was thought that to die in a friar's habit increased a man's chance of salvation; see l. 100 above.

320. Cf. note to P. Plowman, C. xiii. 21. See l. 246 above.

336. Cf. P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 323-72.

368. This enquiry takes up a large portion of the Ploughman's Crede. The jealousy of one order against the other was very remarkable. See note to l. 100 above.

399. See James, i. 27; cf. l. 36 above.

411. See Matt. xi. 30. Wyclif has--'For my yok is _softe_, and my charge light.'

421. The Franciscans claimed that St. Francis sat in heaven above the Seraphim, upon the throne from which Lucifer fell; see note to P. Plowman, C. ii. 105 (B. i. 105).

424-7. Evidently intended for four alliterative lines, but the third is too long; read--'And whan ye han soiled that I saide,' &c. Again, the first is too short; read--'Go, _frere_, now forth,' &c.

430. _even-Christen_, fellow-Christian; see Gloss. to P. Plowman.

433. 'Benefac humili, et non dederis impio: prohibe panes illi dari, ne in ipsis potentior te sit'; Ecclus. xii. 6.

§ IV. GOWER: THE PRAISE OF PEACE.

This piece has no English title except that printed at p. 205; for the Latin title, see p. 216. See the Introduction.

12, 13. Henry founded his title on conquest, hereditary right, and election. The first of these is referred to in ll. 9, 10; the second, in l. 12; and the third, in l. 13. See note in vol. i. p. 564, to XIX. 23.

17. _boun_, ready; better than the reading _bounde_.

21. I note here an unimportant variation. For _this is_, the MS. has _is this_.

27. I find that there is no need to insert _the_. Read _requeste_, in three syllables, as it really had a final _e_, being a feminine substantive. Cf. 'Et lor _requestë_ refaison'; Rom. Rose, 4767. _Requeste_ is trisyllabic in Troil. iv. 57; L. Good Wom. 448.

36. According to the romance of Alexander, the god Serapis, appearing in a dream, told him that his great deeds would be remembered for ever. Before this, Alexander had told his men that he hoped to conquer all the earth--'with the graunt of my god.' See Wars of Alexander, ed. Skeat, ll. 990, 1095.

57. This obviously refers to Bolingbroke's invasion, when he came, as he said, to claim his inheritance; cf. l. 65.

81. _Of pestilence_, out of pestilence, to free him from pestilence.

86. _lyf_, person, man; lit. 'living soul.' Common in P. Plowman.

174, 179. Matt. v. 9; John, xiv. 27.

185. _out of herre_, out of (off) the hinge; like mod. E. 'out of joint.' A favourite phrase of Gower's; see his Conf. Amant. ii. 139; iii. 43, 52, 203, 211.

197. Knights were expected to defend the faith; see note to P. Plowman, C. ix. 26. Cf. ll. 243-5.

202. I supply _alday_ (i.e. continually) to complete the line.

204. _wayted_, watched, carefully guarded; in contrast to l. 207.

211. For _any_ perhaps read _a_; the line runs badly.

218. 'It is easier to keep a thing than acquire it.'

236. _assysed_, appointed; as in Conf. Amant. i. 181; iii. 228.

251. 'Let men be armed to fight against the Saracens.'

253. Three points; stated in ll. 254, 261-2, and 268; i.e. the church is divided; Christian nations are at variance; and the heathen threaten us.

281-3. These are the nine worthies; of whom three were heathen (281), three Jewish (282), and three Christian (283); as noted in Reliquiæ Antiquæ, i. 287. Sometimes they varied; thus Shakespeare introduces Hercules and Pompey among the number; L. L. L. v. 2. 538. _Machabeus_, Judas Maccabeus. _Godfray_, Godfrey of Bouillon. _Arthus_, King Arthur.

294. For _men_, MS. T. has _pes_ = _pees_; which perhaps is better.

295. For _tennes_, as in Thynne, the Trentham MS. has the older spelling _tenetz_, which gives the etymology of 'tennis.' _Tenetz_ is the imperative plural of the verb _tenir_, and must have been a cry frequently used in the _jeu de paume_; probably it was used to call attention, like the modern 'play!' This is the earliest passage in which the word occurs. 'No one can tell whether he will win or lose a "chace" at tennis, till the ball has run its course.' _Chace_ is a term 'applied to the second impact on the floor (or in a gallery) of a ball which the opponent has failed or declined to return; the value of which is determined by the nearness of the spot of impact to the end wall. If the opponent, on both sides being changed, can "better" this stroke (i.e. cause his ball to rebound nearer the wall) he wins and scores it; if not, it is scored by the first player; until it is so decided, the "chace" is a stroke in abeyance'; New E. Dict.

306. _be gete_, begotten, be obtained; _begete_ gives no sense.

323. _lyf_, life; not as in l. 86. See 1 Cor. xiii. 1.

330. _Cassodore_, Cassiodorus. Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus, born about A.D. 468, was a statesman and author; his chief work being his _Variarum Epistolarum Libri XII_, which is six times quoted in Chaucer's Tale of Melibeus. Gower, in his Conf. Amantis, iii. 191, quotes this very passage again; thus--

'Cassiodore in his aprise telleth, The regne is sauf, where pitè dwelleth.'

I find: 'Pietas est quae regit et celos'; Cass. _Var._ xi. 40.

332. _assysed_, fixed, set; cf. l. 236. Unless it means assessed, rated; a sense which is also found in Gower, viz. in his Conf. Amant. i. 5; see the New E. Dict. The passage is a little obscure.

336. 'On account of which mercy should turn aside.'

339. _Constantyn_, Constantine the Great, Roman emperor from A.D. 306 to 337. Eusebius wrote a life of him in four books, which is rather a panegyric than a biography. The story here told is hardly consistent with the facts, as Constantine caused the death of his own son Crispus and of young Licinius; as to which Gibbon (c. xviii) remarks that 'the courtly bishop, who has celebrated in an elaborate work the virtues and pieties of his hero, observes a prudent silence on the subject of these tragic events.' In his Conf. Amantis, iii. 192, Gower again says:--

'Thus saide whylom Constantyn:-- What emperour that is enclyn To pitè for to be servaunt, Of al the worldes remenaunt He is worthy to ben a lord.'

But the particular story about the 'yonge children' to which Gower here alludes is given at length in the Conf. Amantis, bk. ii. vol. i. pp. 266-77. Very briefly, it comes to this. Constantine, while still a heathen, was afflicted with leprosy. The physicians said he could only be healed by bathing in the blood of young children. On due reflection, he preferred to retain his leprosy; whereupon, he was directed in a vision to apply to pope Silvester, who converted him and baptised him; and he was cured of his leprosy when immersed in the baptismal font. The whole city followed the emperor's example, and was converted to Christianity. This explains ll. 354-5:--'so that the dear ones, (converted) from being the hateful ones who had formerly been at enmity with Christ,' &c.

363. For _debated_, MS. T. has _deleated_, for _delated_, i.e. deferred; see _Dilate_ in the New E. Dict.

380. 'these other Christian princes'; viz. in particular, Charles VI, king of France, and Robert III, king of Scotland.

393. These interesting lines tell us that blindness befell the poet in the first year of Henry IV (Sept. 30, 1399--Sept. 29, 1400); and we gather that the present poem was meant to be his last. As a matter of fact, he wrote a still later couplet in the following words:--

'Henrici regis annus fuit ille secundus Scribere dum cesso, sum quia cecus ego.'

These lines occur in MSS. of his Vox Clamantis; see Morley, Eng. Writers, iv. 157. Notwithstanding his infirmity, Gower survived till the autumn of 1408; and was interred, as is well known, in the church of St. Mary Overies--now St. Saviour's--in Southwark, towards the rebuilding of which he had liberally contributed.

It appears that negotiations for peace, both with Scotland and France, were being prosecuted in the latter part of 1399; see Wylie, History of Henry IV, i. 82, 86. It is also probable that Gower must have written the 'Praise of Peace' before the death of Richard II in Feb. 1400, as he makes no allusion to that event, nor to the dangerous conspiracy against Henry's life in the early part of January. For these reasons, we may safely date the poem in the end of the year 1399.

§ V. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: THE LETTER OF CUPID.

This poem is imitated, rather than translated, from the French poem entitled L'Epistre au Dieu d'Amours, written by Christine de Pisan in May, 1399; printed in Oeuvres Poétiques de Christine de Pisan, publiées par Maurice Roy, ii. 1-27; Société des Anciens Textes Français, 1891. Hoccleve even rearranges some of the material; and Dr. Furnivall has printed all the lines of the original of which the English poet has made use, in the Notes to his edition of Hoccleve's Works, published for the Early English Text Society, in 1892. It thus appears that the lines of Christine's poem are to be taken in the following order: 1-116, 537-54, 126-30, 531-4, 131-96, 721-5, 259-520, 321-5, 271-4, 387-460, 643-77, 608-23, 559-75, 759-800. The following stanzas, on the other hand, are wholly Hoccleve's own: 71-7, 92-8, 127-33, 141-7, 162-8, 176-89, 267-73, 316-29, 379-434. The last set extends to 56 lines.

Cupid, god of Love, is supposed to write a letter to all lovers, who are his subjects, reproving men for their slander and ill-treatment of women, and defending women against all that is alleged against them. In fact, it is a reply, by Christine de Pisan, to the numerous severe things that Jean de Meun had said about women in the famous Roman de la Rose. He is expressly mentioned by name in l. 281.

I here quote, as a specimen, the first 7 lines of the original, answering to Hoccleve's first stanza--

'Cupido, roy par la grace de lui, Dieu des amans, sans aide de nullui, Regnant en l'air du ciel tres reluisant, Filz de Venus la deesse poissant, Sire d'amours et de tous ses obgiez, A tous vos vrais loiaulx servans subgiez, Salut, Amour, Familiarite!'

5. 'Son of the goddess Cithera,' i.e. Venus. Cithera is an alternative spelling of Citherea, occurring in the Cambridge and Petworth MSS. of the Cant. Tales, A 2215. For the construction, see note to Ch. C. T., F 209.

16. _Albion_. Of course Hoccleve has adapted the poem for English readers. The original has:--'Sur tous païs se complaignent de _France_.'

28. I read _mot_ for the sake of the grammar and scansion; the MSS. have _most_, bad spelling for _most-e_, the past tense. But _moot_ occurs, correctly, as the emphatic form of _mot_, in l. 35. Cf. l. 410.

30. _As doth_, pray, do; a common idiom; see note to C. T., E 7.

37. _man_, i.e. 'human being'; used generally, and including women.

38. 'When no word can proceed out of his mouth but such as may reasonably please any one, it apparently comes from the heart.'

50. 'Has the pot by the handle'; i.e. holds it securely.

54. Note the accentuation: 'Aný womán.' This accentuation of words on the latter syllable in rather unlikely cases, is a marked peculiarity of Hoccleve's verse. Cf. _womán_ in l. 79, _journéy_ in l. 106; _axíng_ in l. 122, _purpós_ in l. 130. Cf. _wommán_ in l. 170 with _wómman_ in l. 174.

71. _To here?_ to her? Dr. Furnivall notes that Hoccleve frequently makes _here_ dissyllabic, when it represents the personal pronoun. Cf. l. 70; and see his Preface, p. xli. The reading 'To hir name yet was yt no reprefe,' given in Dr. Furnivall's edition from one MS. only, affords no sense, and will not scan, as _name_ is properly dissyllabic.

90. _souneth in-to_, tends to; cf. note to C. T., B 3157.

95. 'They procure such assistants as have a double face.' The accentuation of _prócuren_ on the _o_ was at this time common; we even find the form _proker_ (see Stratmann).

120-2. _wolde ... Men wiste_, would like men to know.

131. 'Unless he be so far advanced in madness as to spoil all with open coarseness; for _that_, as I suppose, women do not like.'

145. 'Reason follows it so slowly and leisurely.'

184. _dishonest_, unworthy of honour, blameworthy. Ray gives the proverb--'it's an ill bird that bewrays its own nest'; and compares the Greek--[Greek: ton oikoi thêsauron diaballein].

192. _lakken_, blame, find fault with; as in Chaucer.

196. _bilowen_, lied against; pp. of _bil[=e]o[gh]en_, A.S. _bil[=e]ogan_.

204. Alluding to Ovid's _Remedium Amoris_. Cf. Ch. C. T., D 688-710.

215. 'They say, it is profitable to consider peril.'

225. Rather close to the original French:--

'Et aucuns sont qui iadis en mes las Furent tenus, mais il sont d'amer las, Ou par vieillece ou deffaulte de cuer, Si ne veulent plus amer a nul fuer, Et convenant m'ont de tous poins nyé, Moy et mon fait guerpy et renié, Comme mauvais serviteurs et rebelles.'

257. _hente_, caught; _in hir daunger_, under their control, within their power.

258. It was thought that one poison would expel another; see P. Plowman, C. xxi. 156-8, and the notes.

272. 'It cannot long abide upon one object.'

281. Jean de Meun, author of the latter and more satirical part of the famous Roman de la Rose; see vol. i.

298. 'They are not so void of constancy.' Read _cónstauncè_.

302. See Ch. Legend of Good Women, 1580.

305. _wold_, desired; pp. of _willen_; see note to C. T., B 2615.

309. See Ch. Legend of Good Women, 924.

316-29. These two stanzas are wholly original. Hoccleve, remembering that the examples of Medea and Dido both occur in Chaucer's Legend of Good Women, here takes occasion to make an express reference to that work, which he here calls 'my Legende of Martres.' _My_ refers to Cupid; _Legend_, to Chaucer's title; and _Martres_, to the Latin titles to some of the Legends. Thus the Legend of Hypsipyle and Medea is entitled--'Incipit Legenda Ysiphile et Medee, _Martirum_.' Instead of _Martres_, Thynne has the ridiculous reading _Natures_, which the editions carefully retain.

357. 'And, had it not been for the devil,' &c.

360. _her_, the serpent. There was a legend that the serpent had the face of a beautiful virgin. See Ch. C. T., B 360, and note; P. Plowman, B. xviii. 335, and note.

379-434. These eight stanzas are all Hoccleve's own.

393. _happy to_, fortunate for; because it brought about Christ's incarnation. The allusion is to the oft-quoted sentence--'O _felix culpa_, O necessarium peccatum Ade,' from the Sarum missal. See note to P. Plowman, C. viii. 126. Cf. l. 396.

421. The day of St. Margaret, Virgin and Martyr, was July 20, in the Latin Church. See the edition of Seinte Marherete, by O. Cockayne, E. E. T. S., 1866.

428. _I_, i.e. Cupid. This stanza is spoken by Cupid, in his own character; cf. l. 431. In l. 464, he assumes the royal style of _we_. It is, moreover, obvious that this stanza would hardly have been approved of by Christine.

473-6. Imitated from the closing lines of Christine's poem:--

'Donné en l'air, en nostre grant palais, Le jour de May la solempnée feste Ou les amans nous font mainte requeste, L'An de grace Mil trois cens quate vins Et dix et neuf, present dieux et divins,' &c.

It thus appears that 'the lusty month of May,' in l. 472, is merely copied from the French; but, to the fortunate circumstance that Christine gives the exact date of her poem as 1399, we owe the fact that Hoccleve likewise gives the exact date of his poem as being 1402.

§ VI. THOMAS HOCCLEVE: TO THE KING; AND TO THE KNIGHTS OF THE GARTER.

These two Balades, each of 32 lines, are written in a highly artificial metre; for, in each case, the four stanzas of which each consists shew the same rimes throughout. The riming syllables in Balade 1 are _-esse_, _-our_, and _-alle_; and in Balade 2, are _-ame_, _-aunce_, and _-ee_. A similar example of metrical arrangement occurs in Chaucer's Balade to Rosemounde.

2. _king_, Henry V, as we see from the French title.

3. _Justinian_; emperor of Constantinople, A.D. 527-65, whose fame rests upon the justly celebrated Justinian Code of laws. The reference, fortunately, is explained by Hoccleve himself, in a longer Balade concerning Sir John Oldcastel, printed in _Anglia_, v. 23; and again in Hoccleve's Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 8. Hoccleve is praising Justinian's orthodoxy, to which (as he tells us) Henry V was heir; and the exact reference is to the following clause in one of Justinian's laws, which is quoted in full in the margin of the Balade above mentioned; see _Anglia_, v. 28; or Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 14. 'Nemo clericus vel militaris, vel cuiuslibet alterius conditionis _de fide Christiana_ publice turbis coadunatis et audientibus tractare conetur,' &c. So that Justinian's 'devout tenderness in the faith' was exhibited by repressing religious discussion; cf. l. 27. See Gibbon's Roman Empire, ch. 44.

5. _the Garter_. The noble Order of the Garter was founded by Edward III on St. George's day, Apr. 23, 1349; cf. l. 54.

10. _Constantyn_. He now proceeds to liken Henry V to Constantine the Great, who was a great supporter of the church; see note above, to Poem no. IV, l. 339. Cf. _Anglia_, v. 29; or Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 15; st. 28.

15. _do forth_, proceed, continue to do as you have done in the past. Not a common expression; see _forth_ in Mätzner.

18. Very characteristic of Hoccleve; the accents required by the verse are thrown upon the weak words _your_ and _the_. But perhaps _your_ is emphatic. Cf. _fullý_ in l. 20, _á sharp_, 21.

30. Hoccleve is clearly urging the King to repress Lollardry.

37. 'God would have it so; and your allegiance would also have it so.' This is explained in a sidenote in the margin: 'quia Rex illam iustissimam partem tenet.' That is, the lords ought to put down heresy, because their master the king was against it.

41. _Your style_, your motto; the famous 'Honi soit qui mal y pense.' Hence _shame_ here means scandal; but _foos to shame_ is an awkward expression in this connexion.

47. _nuisaunce_, annoyance; referring to heresy; cf. l. 50.

52. _Slepë nat this_, be not sleepy about this; a rare construction.

58. _norice of distaunce_, nurse of debate or strife.

60. 'Variation from the faith would be a damnable thing.'

64. The remark--_Cest tout_--instead of the usual word _explicit_, occurs at the end of several poems by Hoccleve; see his Poems, ed. Furnivall, pp. 8, 24, 47, 51, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, &c.

§ VII. HENRY SCOGAN: A MORAL BALADE.

For remarks upon the heading of this poem, see the Introduction.

3. _Sende_; that is, he did not come and recite the poem himself.

8. This reminds us of the Knight's appeal: 'Now late us ryde, _and herkneth what I seye_'; C. T., A 855.

30. _to queme_, according to your pleasure. _Queme_ is here a substantive; see Stratmann. Cf. _to pay_ in Chaucer.

49. _Tak'th_ is monosyllabic, as in l. 57. So also _Think'th_, in l. 59.

51. From James, ii. 17.

56. 'To the honour of your life and the benefit of your soul.'

65. The exclamation shews that Chaucer was then dead.

67. The quotation is inexact; cf. ll. 120, 121 below. The reference is to the Wyf of Bathes Tale, D 1121:--

'Yet may they [our eldres] nat biquethe us, for no-thing, To noon of us hir virtuous living.'

81. Read _Think'th_; so also _Dryv'th_ in l. 86; _Tak'th_ in l. 89.

97. Here the quotation, again from the Wyf of Bathes Tale (D 1131), is very close:--

'For of our eldres may we no-thing clayme But temporel thing, that man may hurte and mayme.'

100. 'Therefore God is the source of virtuous nobleness.' This depends on a passage in Boethius, bk. iii. met. 6. l. 2; see notes to poem XIV, in vol. i. pp. 553-5.

105. See this poem of Chaucer's in vol. i. p. 392.

143. _ful rage_, very fierce. But I know of no other example of _rage_ as an adjective.

146. _kalends_, the beginning; as in Troil. v. 1634.

150. The passage in Boethius is in Book i. met. 6. 11-15. Cf. Ch. vol. ii. p. 19.

'Nec quaeras auida manu Vernos stringere palmites, Vuis si libeat frui: Autumno potius sua Bacchus munera contulit.'

166. From Chaucer, Wyf of Bathes Tale, D 1165:--

'Thenketh how noble, as seith Valerius, Was thilke Tullius Hostilius, That out of povert roos to heigh noblesse.'

And Chaucer found it in Valerius Maximus, iii. 4; see vol. v. p. 320.

168. From Chaucer, Monkes Tale, B 3862. But it may be doubted if Caesar's alleged poverty is an historical fact. Cf. p. 24, l. 128 (above).

174. Read the story of Nero in the Monkes Tale, B 3653; that of Balthasar (Belshazzar) in the same, B 3373; and that of Antiochus in the same, B 3765. Compare the lines in B 3800-1:--

'For he so sore fil out of his char That it his limes and his skin to-tar.'

187. 'I should be sorry, if ye choose amiss.'

§ VIII. JOHN LYDGATE; COMPLAINT OF THE BLACK KNIGHT.

There are some excellent notes relative to this poem in Schick's edition of Lydgate's _Temple of Glas_ (E. E. T. S.); I refer to them below as 'Schick, T. G.'

4. _Bole_, Bull. The sun entered Taurus, in the fifteenth century, just before the middle of April. Hence the phrase _Amid the Bole_ refers, not to the first degree of the sign, but (literally) to the _middle_ of it. The reference must be to May 1, when the sun had just passed a little beyond the middle (or 15th degree) of Taurus.

Even here we trace the influence of Chaucer's translation of the Romaunt of the Rose; for which see notes to ll. 36, 74 below. Chaucer reiterates the mention of _May_, R. R. 49, 51, 55, 74, 86; and ll. 1 and 2 of the present poem answer to R. R. 53-56:--

'For ther is neither busk ne hay _In May_, that it nil shrouded been, And it with newe leves wreen.'

12. _with seint Johan_, with St. John for their security or protection; probably suggested by The Compleynt of Mars, l. 9, which opens in a similar strain; cf. note to C. T., F 596; vol. v. p. 385.

15, 16. Compare Rom. Rose (Chaucer's version), ll. 94-5.

21. _halt_, holds, constrains; the present tense.

22, 23. Compare Rom. Rose (Chaucer's version), ll. 100-1.

28. Lydgate is fond of calling the sun _Tytan_; Chaucer has the name only once; in Troil. iii. 1464. Lydgate is here thinking of the passage in the Knightes Tale, A 1493-6, about _fyry Phebus_. Note that he is fond of the word _persaunt_; see ll. 358, 591, 613; cf. Schick, note to T. G. 328.

33. It is odd that no MS. has the form _splayen_; yet the final _n_ is required for the metre, or, at any rate, to save an hiatus.

36. Lydgate here copies l. 134 of the English Romaunt of the Rose--'The river-syde costeying'--and is a witness to the genuineness of Fragment A of that poem; as appears more clearly below; see note to l. 75. The whole passage seems founded upon the Romaunt; for this walk by the river brings him to a _park_ (a _garden_ in the Romaunt) enclosed by a wall that had a small gate in it. It is further obvious that l. 42 is borrowed from l. 122 of the Parliament of Foules--'Right of a park walled with grene stoon.' I may remark here that I have seen a wall constructed of red sandstone so entirely covered with a very minute kind of vegetable growth as to present to the eye a bright green surface.

40. _gate smal_; usually called a _wiket_ in similar poems; see Rom. Rose, 528, and Schick, note to T. G. 39.

43-49. This stanza answers to Rom. Rose, ll. 105-8, 78-9.

52. _celúred_, canopied, over-arched (New E. Dict.).

53-6. Cf. Rom. Rose, 1398-1400.

57. _attempre_, temperate; observe that this word occurs in the Rom. Rose, l. 131 (only three lines above the line quoted in the note to l. 36), where the F. text has _atrempee_.

62. _take_, take effect, take hold, become set; an early example of this curious intransitive use of the verb.

63. 'Ready for (men) to shake off the fruit.'

64. _Daphne_. Cf. Troil. iii. 726:--'O Phebus, thenk whan Dane hirselven shette _Under the bark, and laurer wex_ for drede.' And cf. C. T., A 2062; and Schick, note to T. G. 115.

66. _myrre_; see Troil. iv. 1138-9.

67. Cf. the mention of laurel, pine, and cedar in Rom. Rose, 1313-4.

68. The resemblance of _philbert_ (Philibert's nut) to Phyllis is accidental, but it was then believed that the connexion was real; merely because Vergil has 'Phyllis amat corylos'; Ecl. vii. 63. Thus Gower has (Conf. Amant. ii. 30):--

'And, after Phillis, _philiberd_ This tree was called in the yerd'--

and he gives the story of Phyllis and Demophon, saying that Phyllis hanged herself on a nut-tree. See the Legend of Good Women, 2557. Pliny alludes to 'the almond-tree whereon ladie Phyllis hanged herselfe'; Nat. Hist. xvi. 26 (in Holland's translation). See further in Schick, note to T. G. 86.

71. _hawethorn_; often mentioned in poems of this period; see Schick, note to T. G. 505. Cf. XX. 272, p. 369; XXIV. 1433, p. 447.

74, 75. The list of trees was evidently suggested by the Rom. Rose; see Chaucer's translation, 1379-86. Hence the next thing mentioned is a _well_; see the same, ll. 1409-11, 109-30. Note that the water was _cold_, as in R. R. 116; _under a hill_, as in R. R. 114; and ran over _gravel_, as in R. R. 127, 1556. And then note the same, 1417-20:--

'About the _brinkes_ of thise welles, And by the stremes over-al elles _Sprang up the gras_, as thikke y-set _And softe as any veluët_.'

It is remarkable that the French original merely has 'Poignoit l'erbe freschete et drue,' without any mention of _softe_ or of _veluët_. It thus becomes clear that Lydgate is actually quoting _Chaucer's version_.

81. The reading seems to be _lustily cam springing_; it would be a great improvement to transpose the words, and read _cam lustily springing_. Cf. 'Abouten it is gras springing'; R. R. 1563.

82. Cf. 'That shadwed was with braunches grene'; R. R. 1511.

87. _Narcisus_, Narcissus; introduced as a matter of course, because he is here mentioned in the Romaunt; see R. R. 1468--'Here starf the faire Narcisus.'

88. _Cupyde_; cf. R. R. 1523--'Wel couthe Love him wreke tho.' And see the same, 1601-29.

89. Cf. R. R. 1617--'Hath sowen there of love the seed.'

92. _pitte_, i.e. well of Helicon, most likely; which Chaucer mixed up with the Castalian spring on Parnassus; see note to Anelida, 15. And cf. _the Pegasee_ in C. T., F 207; and 'I sleep never on the mount of Pernaso,' F 721.

95. _Dyane_, Diana; see C. T., A 2065-6.

97. _his houndes_, his _own_ dogs; not _her_, as in several MSS. For see C. T., A 2067--'his houndes have him caught.'

102. _pensifheed_, pensiveness; common in Lydgate; see Schick, note to T. G. 2.

103. Cf. 'To drinke and fresshe him wel withalle'; R. R. 1513.

107-12. Suggested by R. R. 1507-16; especially 1515-6.

127. 'Of gras and _floures, inde_ and pers'; R. R. 67. And compare l. 126 with R. R. 68.

129. _hulfere_, holly; Icel. _hulfr_, dogwood. Spelt _hulwur_, _huluyr_ in the Prompt. Parv. 'The holly is still called in Norfolk _hulver_, and in Suffolk _hulva_'; Way. Cotgrave has:--'_Houx_, the holly, holme, or hulver-tree.' Also '_Petit houx_, kneehulver, butchers broom.'

131. MS. P. has _of colour_; which suggests the reading--'In blakke and whyte, of colour pale and wan'; but this, though a better line, cannot stand, as it makes the words _also of his hewe_ in l. 132 superfluous; indeed l. 132 then becomes unmeaning.

136. _accesse_, feverish attack; see Schick, note to T. G. 358.

151. _ure_, destiny; O.F. _eur_, Lat. _augurium_; cf. F. _mal-heur._ See l. 302 below, and Barbour's Bruce, i. 312.

154. _among_; so in all the copies; _among as_, whilst.

161. _ado_, to do; put for _at do_; a Northern idiom.

168. _awhaped_, stupefied: see Gloss. in vol. vi. _amat_, dismayed. Cf. Schick, note to T. G. 401.

169. _sitting_, suitable; cf. R. R. 986.

172. _grounde_ (dissyllabic) improves the line; but _ground_ is the correct form.

176. Here the Ashmole MS. inserts 'La compleynt du Chiualier'; but wrongly. For see l. 218.

178. _Niobe_; mentioned in Troil. i. 699. So _woful Myrre_, Troil. iv. 1139.

227. _cheste_, receptacle; '_cheste_ of every care'; Troil. v. 1368.

229. Cf. Troil. i. 420; also Rom. Rose, 4746-50.

233. _fro_, from being, after being.

250. _Daunger_; see Schick, note to T. G. 156.

253. Cf. 'his arwes ... fyle'; Parl. Foules, 212.

260. _Male-Bouche_, Evil Tongue; cf. R. R. 7357, &c.; where Fragment C has 'Wikkid-Tonge,' the F. original has _Male Bouche_. Cf. IX. 84 (p. 269). See Schick, note to T. G. 153.

274-6. _forjuged_ and _excused_ only give an assonance, not a rime.

291. _through-girt ... wounde_; from C. T., A 1010.

303. _purveyaunce_, providence; a reminiscence of the argument in Troil. iv. 961, &c.

304. _god_; for _the god_; but the article is unnecessary; see Schick, note to T. G. 132.

305. 'And true men have fallen off the wheel'; i.e. the wheel of Fortune; cf. Troil. iv. 6.

330. _Palamides_, Palamedes. There were two different heroes of this name. One was the son of Nauplius, king of Euboea, who lost his life before Troy, by the artifices of Ulysses. It is said that Ulysses, envious of his fame, forged a letter to him purporting to come from Priam, and then accused him of treachery; whereupon he was condemned to be stoned to death. But the reference is rather to a much later hero, the unsuccessful lover of La bele Isoude. He was defeated by the celebrated knight Sir Tristram, who made him promise to resign his pretensions to the lady; a promise which he did not keep. See Sir T. Malory, Morte Arthure, bk. viii. c. 10, &c.

344. _Hercules_. See the Monkes Tale, B 3285.

349. _Gades_, Cadiz; where, according to Guido, Hercules set up some columns or pillars, to shew that he had come to the end of the world. There is an extraordinary confusion as to the locality and maker of these pillars. Lydgate here follows the account in the Alexander romances, viz. that Alexander set up a pillar of marble in the furthest end of India (l. 351); on which was inscribed--'Ego Alexander Philippi Macedonis post obitum Darii usque ad hunc locum expugnando viriliter militaui'; see Alexander and Dindimus, ed. Skeat, p. 42. Lydgate has confused the two accounts.

354. Copied from Troil. i. 518:--'Of hem that Love list febly for to avaunce'; which is preceded by 'he may goon in the daunce'; see the next line.

358. _Phebus_. Cf. 'Whan Phebus dwelled here in this erthe adoun'; C. T., H 1. Lydgate is not, however, referring to the story in the Manciples Tale, but rather to the hopeless love of Phoebus for the daughter of Admetus; for which see Troil. i. 659-65. Cf. Schick, note to T. G. 112.

365. _Piramus_. See Legend of Good Women, 724; and Schick, note to T. G. 80.

366. _Tristram_. See notes to Parl. Foules, 288, and to Rosamounde, 20; and to Temple of Glas, ed. Schick, l. 77.

367. Achilles fell in love with Polyxena, a daughter of Priam, according to Guido; see note to Book of the Duch. 1070; and Schick, note to T. G. 94. _Antonius_, Antony; see Legend of Good Women, 588.

368. See the Knightes Tale; but it is a little extraordinary that Lydgate should instance Palamon here.

372. _Jason_; see Legend of Good Women, 1580. For _Theseus_, see the same, 1945; and for _Enee_ (Aeneas), the same, 924.

379. An interesting allusion, as the story of the false Arcite was of Chaucer's invention; see his Anelida.

380. _Demophon_; already mentioned above, l. 70.

386. _Adon_, Adonis; see Troil. iii. 721; C. T., A 2224.

390. _chorl_, churl; Vulcan; cf. C. T., A 2222, and Compl. of Mars.

393. _Ipomenes_, Hippomenes, the conqueror of Atalanta in the foot-race; and therefore _not_ 'guerdonles.' He is thinking of Meleager, the unsuccessful lover of the _other_ Atalanta, her of Calydon. Chaucer seems likewise to have confused these stories; see note to Parl. Foules, 286; and cf. C. T., A 2070-2.

412. Cf. Book Duch. 1024, and my note; and Schick, note to T. G. 169.

419. The correction is obvious. The scribes read _iupartyng_ as _inpartyng_ and then made it into two words. Cf. l. 475. Chaucer has _juparten_, Troil. iv. 1566.

458. 'So variable is thy chance'; cf. C. T., B 125, and the note.

461. _blent_, blinded. Evidently the right reading, for which MS. S. has _blend_. This was turned into _blynde_, destroying the rime.

462. _went_, weeneth, weens, supposes, guesses; he shoots by guess. Evidently the right word, for which MS. S. has _wend_. But it was easily misunderstood, and most MSS. have _by wenynge_, which preserves the sense, but destroys the rime. Cf. _let_ = lets, in l. 464.

480. This line resembles l. 229 of the Temple of Glas.

484. For references to similar lines, see Schick, note to T. G. 60.

488. _Parcas_, Parcae, the Fates; the form is copied from Troil. v. 3. Lines 486-9 are reminiscences of Troil. iii. 734 and C. T., A 1566.

491. Nature is the deputy of God; see P. F. 379, and note; C. T., C 20.

512. With the following stanzas compare Chaucer's Complaint to his Lady, and An Amorous Complaint.

525. 'Out of your mercy and womanliness, charm my sharp wounds.'

554. A stock line of Lydgate's; it occurs twice in the Temple of Glas, ll. 424, 879.

574. Here the Knight's Complaint ends.

590. 'Parfourned hath the sonne his ark diurne'; C. T., E 1795.

596. Cf. 'among yon rowes rede'; Compl. Mars, 2.

597. _deaurat_, gilded, of a golden colour; see _Deaurate_ in the New E. Dict.

612. _Esperus_, Hesperus, the evening-star, the planet Venus. See note to Boeth. bk. i. m. 5. 9.

621. Cf. C. T., A 2383, 2389; and Temple of Glas, 126-8.

627. 'Venus I mene, the _wel-willy_ planete'; Troil. iii. 1257. Cf. _gude-willy_ in Burns.

644. 'For thilke love thou haddest to Adoun'; C. T., A 2224.

647. MS. B. has _for very wery_, meaning 'because I was very weary,' which is a possible expression; see Schick, note to T. G. 632; but _verily_ seems better, as otherwise the line is cumbersome.

663. _Jelousye_; cf. Parl. Foules, 252.

§ IX. JOHN LYDGATE: THE FLOUR OF CURTESYE.

I know of no MS. copy of this piece.

4. Valentine's day is Feb. 14; cf. Parl. Foules, 309-11.

8. _larke_; cf. the song of the bird in Compl. Mars, 13-21.

20. _Cipryde_, really the same as Venus, but here distinguished; see Parl. Foules, 277.

38. Apparently accented as 'Aúrorà'; Ch. has Auróra, L. G. W. 774.

49. _crampessh at_ must be _crampisshed_, i.e. constrained painfully, tortured; see note to Anelida, 171 (vol. i. p. 535).

62. Imitated from Parl. Foules, 379-89.

75. _sursanure_; a wound healed outwardly only; cf. note to C. T., F 1113.

84. _Male-bouche_, Evil Tongue, Slander; from the Roman de la Rose. See VIII. 260 above.

96. _Boreas_, only mentioned by Ch. in his Boethius, bk. i. m. 5. 17, m. 3. 8.

113. _somer-sonne_; imitated from the Book of the Duch. 821-4.

125. 'To speke of bountè or of gentilles,' &c.; T. G. 287.

140. 'To alle hir werkes virtu is hir gyde'; C. T., B 164.

158. Alluding to the proverb--'He that hews above his head, the chips fall in his eye'; which is a warning to men who attack their betters. See I. i. 9. 20, and the note (p. 462).

190-3. _Policene_, Polyxena; cf. note to VIII. 367. _Helayne_, Helen. _Dorigene_; see Frankleyns Tale, F 815.

195. _Cleopatre_; see the first legend in the Legend of Good Women. _secree_, secret, able to keep secrets; a praiseworthy attribute; cf. Parl. of Foules, 395; and Lydgate's Temple of Glas, 294-5:--

'and mirrour eke was she Of _secrenes_, of trouth, of faythfulnes.'

It is obvious that the extraordinary word _setrone_ (see the footnote) arose from a desire on the part of the scribe to secure a rime for the name in the next line, which he must have imagined to be _An-ti-góne_, in _three_ syllables, with a mute final _e_! This turned _secree_ into _secrone_, which Thynne probably misread as _setrone_, since _c_ and _t_ are alike in many MSS. But there are no such words as _secrone_ or _setrone_; and _secree_ must be restored, because _An-ti-go-ne_ is a word of four syllables. We know whence Lydgate obtained his 'white Antigone'; it was from Troilus, ii. 887, where we find 'fresshe Antigone the whyte.' Antigone was Criseyde's niece, and was so 'secree' that Pandarus considered her to be the most fitting person to accompany Criseyde when she visited Troilus (Troil. ii. 1563), and again when she came to visit Pandarus himself (iii. 597).

197. _Hester_, Esther; see Book Duch. 987; but especially Legend of Good Women, 250: 'Ester, lay thou thy _mekenesse_ al adoun.' _Judith_; cf. Cant. Tales, B 939, 2289, 3761, E 1366.

198. _Alceste_, Alcestis; see L. G. W. 432, 511, 518. _Marcia Catoun_, Martia, daughter of Cato of Utica; see note to L. G. W. 252 (vol. iii. p. 298).

199. _Grisilde_; the Griselda of the Clerkes Tale. Again mentioned by Lydgate in the Temple of Glas, 75, 405, and elsewhere; see Schick's note to T.G. l. 75.

200, 201. _Ariadne_; see L. G. W. 268, 2078, &c. _Lucrece_, Lucretia; see the same, 1680; especially l. 1691:--'this Lucresse, that starf _at Rome toun_.'

203. _Penelope_; see note to L. G. W. 252.

204. _Phyllis_, _Hipsiphilee_; both in L. G. W.; 2394, 1368.

206. _Canacee_; may be either the Canace mentioned in L. G. W. 265, or the heroine of the Squieres Tale; probably the latter. See Schick, note to l. 137 of the Temple of Glas.

209. _naught_, not. _falle_, stoop, droop; hence, fail.

211-3. Dido slew herself; see L. G. W. 1351.

214. _Medee_, Medea; see L. G. W. 1580. But Chaucer does not there relate how Medea committed any 'outrage.' However, he refers to her murder of her children in the Cant. Tales, B 72.

216. 'That, while goodness and beauty are both under her dominion, she makes goodness have always the upper hand.' See l. 218.

221. Read _n'offende_, offend not. Probably the MS. had _nofende_, which Thynne turned into _ne fende_.

229. It is remarkable how often Lydgate describes his hand as 'quaking'; see Schick's note to the Temple of Glas, 947. Chaucer's hand quaked but once; Troil. iv. 14. Cf. note to XXII. 57 (p. 539).

232. _suppryse_, undertake, endeavour to do. _Suppryse_ is from O.F. _sousprendre_, for which Godefroy gives the occasional sense 'entreprendre.'

234. _lose_, praise; _out of lose_, out of praise, discreditable.

236. Perhaps this means that Chaucer's decease was a very recent event. Schick proposes to date this piece between 1400 and 1402.

242. Chaucer invokes Clio at the beginning of Troilus, bk. ii. (l. 8); and Calliope at the beginning of bk. iii. (l. 45).

251. Cf. Compl. Mars, 13, 14. The metre almost seems to require an accent on the second syllable of _Valentyn_, with suppressed final _e_; but a much more pleasing line, though less regular, can be made by distributing the pauses artificially thus: Upón . the dáy of . saint Válen . týne . sínge. The word _saint_ is altogether unemphatic; cf. ll. 4, 100.

257. _fetheres ynde_, blue feathers; possibly with a reference to blue as being the colour of constancy. Cf. _floures inde_; VIII. 127.

261. The woodbine is an emblem of constancy, as it clings to its support; cf. XX. 485-7.

§ X. IN COMMENDATION OF OUR LADY.

4, 5. In l. 4, _fere_ is the Kentish form of 'fire.' In l. 5, Thynne again prints _fere_, but MS. A. has _hyre_ (not a rime), and MS. Sl. has _were_, which means 'doubt,' and is the right word.

7. For _her_, we must read _his_, as in l. 4. The reference is to Love or Cupid; see VIII. 354, and the note.

12. Cf. 'O wind, O wind, the weder ginneth clere,' &c.; Troil. ii. 2. Observe that Chaucer invokes _Cleo_ (Clio) in his next stanza.

22. We may compare this invocation with Chaucer's ABC, and his introduction to the Second Nonnes Tale; but there is not much resemblance. Observe the free use of alliteration throughout ll. 22-141.

24. 'O pleasant ever-living one' seems to be meant; but it is very obscure. Notice that the excellent Sloane MS. has _O lusty lemand_ (= _leming_), O pleasant shining one. Perhaps we should read _leming_ for _living_; cf. l. 25.

27. Cf. 'Haven of refut'; ABC, 14. _up to ryve_, to arrive at; see _rive_ in Halliwell.

28. The five joys of the Virgin are occasionally alluded to. See the poem on this subject in An Old Eng. Miscellany, ed. Morris, p. 87. The five joys were (1) at the Annunciation; (2) when she bore Christ; (3) when Christ rose from the dead; (4) when she saw Him ascend into heaven; (5) at her own Assumption into heaven.

30. 'And cheering course, for one to complain to for pity.' Very obscure.

52. _propyne_, give to drink; a usage found in the Vulgate version of Jer. xxv. 15: 'Sume calicem ... et _propinabis_ de illo cunctis gentibus.'

56. Cf. _magnificence_ in Ch. Sec. Nonnes Tale, G 50.

58. _put in prescripcioun_, i.e. prescribed, recommended.

60. Cf. 'I flee for socour to thy tente'; ABC, 41.

64. _itinerárie_, a description of the way.

65. _bravie_, prize, especially in an athletic contest; Lat. _brauium_, Gk. [Greek: brabeion], in 1 Cor. ix. 24. See note to C. T., D 75.

66. _diourn denárie_, daily pay, as of a penny a day; referring to Matt. xx. 2: 'Conventione autem facta cum operariis ex _denario diurno_.'

68. _Laureat crowne_, crown of laurel.

69. _palestre_, a wrestling-match; cf. Troil. v. 304.

70. _lake_, fine white linen cloth; as in C. T., B 2048.

71. _citole_, harp; as in C. T., A 1959.

78. 'The wedded turtel, with her herte trewe'; Parl. Foules, 355.

83. _Phebus_; here used, in an extraordinary manner, of the Holy Spirit, as being the spirit of wisdom; perhaps suggested by the mention of the _columbe_ (or dove) in l. 79.

87. Here Thynne prints _dyametre_, but the Sloane MS. corrects him.

88. _Fewe feres_, few companions; i.e. few equals.

92, 93. _loupe_; cf. F. _loupe_, an excrescence, fleshy kernel, knot in wood, lens, knob. It was also a term in jewellery. Littré has: 'pierre précieuse que la nature n'a pas achevée. Loupe de saphir, loupe de rubis, certaines parties imparfaites et grossières qui se trouvent quelquefois dans ces pierres.' Hence it is not a very happy epithet, but Lydgate must have meant it in a good sense, as expressing the densest portion of a jewel; hence his 'stable (i.e. firm) as the loupe.' Similarly he explains _ewage_ as being 'fresshest of visage,' i.e. clearest in appearance. _Ewage_ was a term applied to a jacinth of the colour of sea-water; see New E. Dict. and P. Plowman, B. ii. 14; but it is here described as _blue_, and must therefore refer to a stone of the colour of water in a lake.

98. Read _hértè_ for the scansion; but it is a bad line. It runs:--And hém . recéyvest . wíth . hértè . ful tréwe.

99. _gladded_, gladdened; referring to the Annunciation.

102. _obumbred_, spread like a shadow; 'uirtus Altissimi _obumbrabit_ tibi'; Luke, i. 35. This explains _to thee_, which answers to _tibi_.

106. This stanza refers to Christ rather than to Mary; see l. 112. But Mary is referred to as the _ground_ on which He built (l. 111).

107. Cf. Isaiah, xi. 1; Jerem. xxiii. 5.

110. _corn_, grain; 'suscitabo Dauid germen iustum'; Jer. xxiii. 5. Cf. 'ex semine Dauid uenit Christus; John, vii. 42.

111. _ground_; the ground upon which it pleased Him to build. Referring to Mary.

113. _vytre_, glass; Lat. _uitreum_. The Virgin was often likened to glass; sun-rays pass through it, and leave it pure.

114. _Tytan_, sun; curiously applied. Christ seems to be meant; see l. 116. But _thy_ in l. 115 again refers to Mary. Hence, in l. 114 (as in 116) we should read _his_ for _thy_.

118. _Sunamyte_, Shunammite; Lat. _Sunamitis_, 2 Kings, iv. 25. She was an emblem of the Virgin, because her son was raised from the dead.

119. _Mesure_, moderate, assuage. _Margaryte_, pearl; as an epithet of the Virgin.

121. _punical pome_, pomegranate; Pliny has _Punicum malum_ in this sense; Nat. Hist. xiii. 19.

122. _bouk and boon_, body and bone; see _Bouk_ in the New E. Dict.

123. _agnelet_, little lamb; not in the New E. Dict., because this stanza is now first printed.

126. _habounde_, abundant; of this adj. the New E. Dict, gives two examples.

128. _Cockle_, shell; referring to the shell in which the pearl was supposed to be generated by dew. See note to I. ii. 12. 47, p. 475.

129. 'O bush unbrent'; C. T., B 1658; see the note, _fyrles_, set on fire without any fire (i.e. without visible cause).

132. Referring to Gideon's fleece; Judges, vi. 39.

133. Referring to Aaron's rod that budded; Heb. ix. 4.

134. _misty_, mystic; cf. 'mysty, _misticus_,' in Prompt. Parv.

_arke_, ark; the ark of the covenant.

_probatik_; certainly the right reading (as in MS. Sl.), instead of _probatyf_ or _probatyfe_, as in A. and Thynne. The reference is to the O.F. phrase _piscine probatique_, which Godefroy explains as being a cistern of water, near Solomon's temple, in which the sheep were washed before being sacrificed. The phrase was borrowed immediately from the Vulgate version of John v. 2: 'Est autem Ierosolymis _probatica piscina_, quae cognominatur hebraice Bethsaida'; i.e. the reference is to the well-known pool of Bethesda. The Greek has: [Greek: epi têi probatikêi kolumbêthra]. The etymology is obvious, from Gk. [Greek: probaton], a sheep. We may translate the phrase by 'sheep-cleansing pool.' Cotgrave explains it very well; he has: '_piscine probatique_, a pond for the washing of the sheep that were, by the Law, to be sacrificed.'

135. _Aurora_, dawn; mentioned in Ch. L. G. W. 774. Cf. 'al the orient _laugheth_'; C. T., A 1494. And cf. 'Th'olyve of pees'; Parl. Foules, 181.

136. 'Column, with its base, which bears up (or supports) out of the abysmal depth.'

137. 'Why could I not be skilful?'

140. I make up this line as best I can; the readings are all bad.

Note that, at this point, the MS. copies come to an end, and so does the alliteration. Poem no. XI is joined on to no. X in Thynne without any break, but is obviously a different piece, addressed to an earthly mistress.

§ XI. TO MY SOVERAIN LADY.

1. Imitated from C. T., B 778: 'I ne have noon English digne,' &c. Cf. l. 41. And see the Introduction.

8. 'For if I could sing what I feel in love, I would (gladly do so).'

14. 'I have all my trust in thee.' The scansion is got by grouping the syllables thus: J'áy . en vóus . tóute . má . fiáunce. It is a line of the Lydgate type, in which the first syllable in the normal line, and the first syllable after the cæsura, are alike dropped.

17. _thou knette_, mayst thou knit; the subj. or optative mood.

21. This quotation is most interesting, being taken from the first line in 'Merciless Beauty'; Ch. Minor Poems; no. XI. Cf. l. 54.

23. _it is_; pronounced either as _it's_ or _'t is_. The latter sounds better.

26. The substitution of _ginne_ for _beginne_ much improves the line.

_on esperaunce_, in hope.

44. _in o degree_, (being) always in one state.

49. 'Weep for me, if a lover pleases you.'

56. 'So much it grieves to be away from my lady.'

59. 'Now my heart has what it wished for.'

64. _were_, should be, ought to be (subjunctive).

68. _go love_, go and love, learn to love. _wher_, whether.

77. _and also_, including. The 'fair' Rosamond is mentioned in P. Plowman, B. xii. 48; which shews that her name was proverbial.

98. 'Embrace me closely with a joyful heart.'

100. 'The ardent hope that pricks my heart, is dead; the hope--to gain the love of her whom I desire.'

103. 'And I know well that it is not my fault; (the fault of me) who sing for you, as I may, by way of lament at your departure.' O.F. _sai_, I know, is a correct form.

107. _sad_, fixed, resolute, firm, constant.

§ XII. BALLAD OF GOOD COUNSEL.

7. Cf. Prov. xvii. 20: 'He that hath a perverse tongue falleth into mischief.'

15. _equipolent_, equal in power; used by Hoccleve (New E. Dict.).

16. _peregal_, the same as _paregal_, fully equal; Troil. v. 840.

22. I follow the order of stanzas in MS. H. (Harl. 2251), which is more complete than any other copy, as it alone contains ll. 71-7. Th. and Ff. transpose this stanza and the next one.

23. _amorous_ is evidently used as a term of disparagement, i.e. 'wanton.'

33. _this is_; pronounced as _this_, as often elsewhere.

40. _deslavee_, loose, unchaste; see Gloss. to Chaucer.

45. Accent _dévourour_ on the first syllable.

60. _dissolucioun_, dissolute behaviour.

71-7. In Harl. 2251 only. In l. 71, read _is_; the MS. has _in_.

73. The missing word is obviously _mene_, i.e. middling; missed because the similar word _men_ happened to follow it.

78. _prudent_ seems here to be used in a bad sense; cf. mod. E. 'knowing.'

86. In the course of ll. 86-103, Lydgate contrives to mention all the Nine Worthies except Godfrey of Bouillon; i.e. he mentions David, Joshua, Judas Maccabaeus, Hector, Julius Caesar, Alexander, Charles (Charlemagne), and King Arthur. His other examples are Solomon, Troilus, Tullius Cicero, Seneca, and Cato; all well known.

96. Thynne has--'With _al_ Alisaundres.' The word _al_ is needless, and probably due to repeating the first syllable of _Alisaundre_.

107. We now come to examples of famous women. _Hestre_ is Esther, and _Griseldes_, the Grisildis of Chaucer's Clerkes Tale. Others are Judith (in the Apocrypha), Polyxena, Penelope, Helen, Medea, Marcia the daughter of Marcus Cato Uticensis (see note to Legend of Good Women, 252), and Alcestis. They are all taken from Chaucer; Esther, Polyxena, Penelope, Helen, 'Marcia Catoun,' are all mentioned in the 'Balade' in Legend of Good Women, Prologue, B-text, 249-69; and Alcestis is the heroine of the same Prologue. The Legend contains the story of Medea at length; and Judith is celebrated in the Monkes Tale. See the similar list in IX. 190-210.

110. For _Policenes_, Ff. has _Penilops_ (!); but Penelope is mentioned in l. 113. _Policenes_ is right; see IX. 190.

115. For _Eleynes_, the printed editions have the astonishing reading _Holynesse_, a strange perversion of _Heleynes_.

121. _kerve_, cut; suggested by Chaucer's use of _forkerveth_ in the Manciple's Tale, H 340. This _is_ tolerably certain, as in l. 129 he again refers to the same Tale, H 332-4.

130. Chaucer does not mention Cato; he merely says--'Thus lerne children whan that they ben yonge.' Both Chaucer and Lydgate had no doubt been taught some of the sayings of Dionysius Cato in their youth; for see Troil. iii. 293-4. This particular precept occurs in the third distich in Cato's first book; i.e. almost at the very beginning. See note to C. T., H 332 (vol. v. p. 443).

§ XIII. BEWARE OF DOUBLENESS.

This piece is gently ironical throughout, as, for example, in ll. 15, 23, 31, 39, 47, &c.

30. _abit_, abideth, abides, remains, is constant.

32 (footnote). The remark in the margin--'Per antifrasim'--simply means that the text is ironical.

48. _tache_, defect; this is Shakespeare's _touch_, in the same sense; Troilus and Cressida, iii. 3. 175.

51. _sliper_, slippery; A.S. _slipor_; as in XVI. 262. Cf. HF. 2154, and the note.

55. 'Who can (so) guide their sail as to row their boat with craft.' Not clearly put. Is there a reference to Wade's boat? Cf. C. T., E 1424, and the note. The irony seems here to be dropped, as in ll. 71, 79.

75. _sys and sink_, six and five, a winning throw at hazard; see C. T., B 124, and the note. _avaunce_, get profit, make gain.

77, 78. Here _sette_ seems to mean 'lay a stake upon,' in the game of hazard; when, if the player throws double aces (_ambes as_), he loses; see the note on C. T., B 124 as above; and see _Ambs-Ace_ in the New E. Dict. It is amusing to find that Stowe so wholly misunderstood the text as to print _lombes, as_ (see footnote on p. 293); for _lombes_ means 'lambs'!

83. _innocence_ is, I suppose, to be taken ironically; but the constancy of Rosamond and Cleopatra is appealed to as being real. For the ballad of 'Fair Rosamond,' see Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry.

'Her chiefest foes did plaine confesse She was a glorious wight.'

89, 90. _sengle_, single. _oo-fold_, one-fold, as distinct from _double_. See the whimsical praise of 'double' things in Hood's Miss Kilmansegg, in the section entitled 'Her Honeymoon.'

§ XIV. A BALADE: WARNING MEN, ETC.

6. _see at y_, see by the outward appearance; cf. C. T., G 964, 1059. This Balade resembles no. XIII. Cf. l. 4 with XIII. 63, 81.

7. _et_, eateth, eats. This contracted form evidently best suits the scansion. The copy in MS. T. had originally _ette_, mis-spelt for _et_, with _ettyth_ written above it, shewing that the old form _et_ was obsolescent. _Et_ (eateth) occurs in P. Plowman, C. vii. 431; and again, in the same, B. xv. 175, the MSS. have _eet_, _eteth_, _ette_, with the same sense. 'The blind eat many flies' is given in Hazlitt's Collection of Proverbs. Skelton has it, Works, ed. Dyce, i. 213; and Hazlitt gives four more references.

9. _geson_, scarce, rare, seldom found; see note to P. Plowman, B. xiii. 270.

19. Remember to pronounce _this is_ (_this's_) as _this_.

25. A common proverb; see note to C. T., G 962.

26. 'But ay fortune hath in hir hony galle'; C. T., B 3537.

29. The proverbial line quoted in T. is here referred to, viz. 'Fallere, flere, nere, tria sunt hec in muliere.' In the margin of the Corpus MS. of the C. T., opposite D 402, is written--'Fallere, flere, nere, dedit Deus in muliere.' See that passage in the Wife's Preamble.

33. _sleight_; pronounced (_sleit_), riming with _bait_; shewing that the _gh_ was by this time a negligible quantity.

36. The reference is to the proverb quoted in the note to C. T., B 2297 (vol. v. p. 208):--

'Vento quid leuius? fulgur; quid fulgure? flamma. Flamma quid? mulier. Quid muliere? nichil.'

Hence _light_ in l. 37 should be _leit_, as it means 'lightning'; which explains 'passeth in a throw,' i.e. passes away instantly. We also see that Lydgate's original varied, and must have run thus:--

'Aëre quid leuius? fulgur; quid fulgure? uentus. Vento quid? mulier. Quid muliere? nichil.'

43. Curiously imitated in the modern song for children:--

'If all the world were paper, And all the sea were ink, And all the trees were bread and cheese, What _should_ we do for drink?'

The Baby's Bouquet, p. 26.

§ XV. THREE SAYINGS.

(A). 2. _Honour_, i.e. advancement. The Lat. proverb is--'Honores mutant mores'; on which Ray remarks--'As poverty depresseth and debaseth a man's mind, so great place and estate advance and enlarge it, but many times corrupt and puff it up.' _outrage_, extravagant self-importance.

§ XVI. LA BELLE DAME.

1-28. The first four stanzas are original; so also are the four at the end. These stanzas have seven lines; the rest have eight.

10. Read _called_ as _call'd_; _Bell-e_ and _Dam-e_ are dissyllabic.

11. _Aleyn_; i.e. Alain Chartier, a French poet and prose writer, born in 1386, who died in 1458. He lived at the court of Charles VI and Charles VII, to whom he acted as secretary. Besides La Belle Dame sans Merci, he wrote several poems; in one of these, called Le Livre de Quatre Dames, four ladies bewail the loss of their lovers in the battle of Agincourt. He also wrote some prose pieces, chiefly satirical; his _Curial_, directed against the vices of the court, was translated by Caxton. Caxton's translation was printed by him in 1484, and reprinted by the Early English Text Society in 1888. The best edition of Chartier's works is that by A. Duchesne (Paris, 1617); a new edition is much wanted.

45. I here quote the original of this stanza, as it settles the right reading of l. 47, where some MSS. have _eyen_ or _eyn_ for _pen_.

'Qui vouldroit mon vouloir contraindre A ioyeuses choses escrire, _Ma plume_ n'y sçauroit attaindre, Non feroit ma langue à les dire. Ie n'ay bouche qui puisse rire Que les yeulx ne la desmentissent: Car le cueur l'en vouldroit desdire Par les lermes qui des yeulx issent.'

53. The original French is clearer:--

'Je laisse aux amoureulx malades, Qui ont espoir d'allegement, Faire chansons, ditz, et ballades.'

65, 66. _forcer_, casket; _unshet_, opened; _sperd_, fastened, locked up.

103 (footnote). _deedly_, inanimate, dull, sleepy; an unusual use of the word. Only in Thynne, who seems to be wrong.

105, 106. _som_, i.e. some male guests. _their juges_, (apparently) the ladies who ruled them, whom they wooed; cf. l. 137. _demure_, serious, grave; an early example of the word; cf. XX. 459, XXI. 82.

105. _most fresshest_, who had most newly arrived; 'Tels y ot qui à l'heure vinrent.'

137. _scole-maister_, i.e. his mistress who ruled him; cf. _her_ in l. 139.

145. The right reading is _shot_, as in Thynne and MS. Ff., which are usually better authorities than MSS. F. and H. The original has:--

'I'apperceu le _trait_ de ses yeulx Tout empenné d'humbles requestes.'

154, 156. _mes_, dish or course of meats. _entremes_, ill-spelt _entremass_ in Barbour's Bruce, xvi. 457; on which my note is: 'it is the O.F. _entremes_, now spelt _entremets_, [to mark its connection with F. _mettre_; but] _mets_, O.F. _mes_, is the Lat. _missum_ [accusative of _missus_], a dish as _sent in_ or served at table (Brachet). An _entremes_ is a delicacy or side-dish (lit. a between-dish)'; and I added a reference to the present passage. It is here used ironically.

166. _chase_, chose; apparently, a Northern form.

174. _apert_, as in MS. Ff., is obviously right; _pert_, as still in use, is due to the loss of the former syllable. _prevy nor apert_, neither secretly nor openly, i.e. in no way; just as in Ch. C. T., F 531.

176. _frounter_; answering here, not to O.F. _frontier_, forehead, but to O.F. _frontiere_, front rank of an army, line of battle; whence the phrase _faire frontiere a_, to make an attack upon (Godefroy). So here, the lady's beauty was exactly calculated to make an attack upon a lover's heart. Sir R. Ros has 'a frounter _for_'; he should rather have written 'a frounter _on_.' The original has:--'Pour faire au cueur d'amant _frontiere_'; also _garnison_ in the preceding line.

182. 'Car ioye triste cueur traueille.' Sir R. Ros actually takes _triste_ with _ioye_ instead of with _cueur_. There are several other instances in which he does not seem to have understood his original. See below.

184. _trayle_, trellis-work, or lattice-work, intertwined with pliant thick-leaved branches; Godefroy has O.F. '_treille_, _traille_, treillis, treillage'; cf. l. 195. The original has:--'Si m'assis dessoubz une treille.' A note explains _dessoubz_ as _derriere_.

198. _neer_, nearer; as in l. 201. _sought_, attacked (him).

230. 'Et se par honneur et sans blasme Ie suis vostre.' That is, if I am yours, with honour _to myself_. But the translator transfers the _worship_, i.e. the honour, to the lady.

259. 'Which promised utterly to deprive me of my trust.'

265. _Other or me_, me or some one else. But the French is:--'Se moy ou autre vous regarde,' if I or some one else look at you; which is quite a different thing.

269-72. Obscure, and perhaps wrong; the original is:--

'S'aucun blesse autruy d'auenture Par coulpe de celuy qui blesse, Quoi qu'il n'en peult mais par droicture, Si en a il dueil et tristesse.'

282-3.

'Que peu de chose peult trop plaire Et vous vous voulez deceuoir.'

300. 'It were less harm for one to be sad than two.'

303. Read _sory_: 'D'ung _dolent_ faire deux joyeulx.'

324. _rechace_, chasing it back, which gives small sense; and the reading _richesse_ is worse, and will not rime. The French has _rachatz_ = mod. F. _rachat_, redemption, ransom; which has been misunderstood.

340. 'Preuue ses parolles par oeuure.'

348. _their_ is an error for _his_ (Love's), due to the translator. 'Lors il [Amour] descouure sa fierté.'

351.

'Tant plus aspre en est la poincture, Et plus desplaisant le deffault.'

357. _oon_, one; i.e. the same. MS. Ff. has _wone_, a very early example of the prefixed sound of _w_, as in modern English. See Zupitza's notes to Guy of Warwick.

393. Something is wrong. The French is:--'La mesure faulx semblant porte'; meaning (I suppose) moderation has a false appearance.

400. _As think_, i.e. pray think; see _As_ in the Gloss. in vol. vi.

443. 'A constrained reward, and a gift offered by way of thanks, cannot agree'; i.e. are quite different.

449. _wanteth_, is wanting, is lacking.

468. 'Qui soit donné à autre office.'

469. 'D'assez grant charge se cheuit,' he gets rid of a great responsibility. The translator gives the contrary sense.

506. 'D'en donner à qui les reffuse.'

509. That _He_, not _Who_, should begin the line, is certain by comparison with the French:--'_Il_ ne doit pas cuider muser.'

514. _me mistook_, that I mistook myself, that I made a mistake.

519, 520. _prevayl you_, benefit you; _after_, according to.

523-4. _after-game_, return-match, a second game played by one who has lost the first. I believe l. 524 to mean 'who cannot thoroughly afford to double his stakes.' To _set_ often means to stake. The French is:--

'Et celuy pert le ieu d'attente Qui ne scet faire son point double.'

531. _it ar_, they are. This use of _ar_ with _it_ is due to the pl. sb. _fantasyes_ (i.e. vain fancies) immediately following; _other counsayl_ is equivalent to 'as for any other counsel,' which implies that there are more alternatives than one.

536. 'Who would like to conduct himself,' i.e. to regulate his conduct. 'Qui la veult conduire et ne peult.'

538. Read _sute_: 'Desespoir le met de sa _suite_.'

555. 'Ne de l'aprendre n'ay-ie cure.'

559. 'Et le deuoir d'amours payer Qui franc cueur a, prisé et droit.'

566. _That_ is a mere conjunction; the reading _Which_ alters the sense, and gives a false meaning.

583. _let_, makes as though he knew not; French, 'scet celler.'

594, 595. _Hath set_; 'Mettroit en mes maulx fin et terme.' Line 595 should begin with _Then_ rather than _Yet_, as there is no contrast.

605. 'De tous soit celuy deguerpiz.'

608. _or anything at al_, &c.; 'et le bien fait De sa Dame qui l'a reffait Et ramené de mort a vie'; i.e. and the kindness of his Lady, who has new made him, and brought him back from death to life. The English follows some different reading, and is obscurely expressed.

614. 'A qui l'en puisse recourir'; to whom he could have recourse. But _recourir_ has been read as _recovrir_, giving no good sense.

627. The reading _high_ is right; 'Que iamais _hault_ honneur ne chiet.'

634. _reclaymed_, taught to come back; a term in falconry; French, 'bien reclamez.' Opposed to _hem to withholde_, i.e. to keep themselves from coming back.

635.

'Et si bien aprins qu'ils retiennent A changer dés qu'ils ont clamez.'

651. _fol_, foolish; F. text, 'fol plaisir.'

667. _To have better_, to get a better lover. But the sense is wrongly given. In the French, this clause goes with what follows:--'D'auoir mieulx ne vous affiez,' i.e. expect to get nothing better.

667. _to have better_, to get a better lover.

668. 'Et prenez en gré le reffus.'

673. The original shews that _she_ really refers to _Pity_, denoted by _it_ in l. 671, not to the Lady herself.

680. 'Et iamais á bout n'en vendrez.'

706. _By_; French, _De_; hence _By_ should be _Of_. Read _defame of cruelty_, an ill name for cruelty. The mistake is the translator's.

741. _Male-bouche_, Slander; a name probably taken from the Rom. de la Rose, 2847; called _Wikked-Tonge_ in the English version, 3027.

750. _playn_, (all equally) flat. 'La terre n'est pas toute unie.'

757. _be nought_, are naughty, are wicked; as in K. Lear, ii. 4. 136.

788. 'Que si tost mis en obli a.'

814. _avantours_, boasters; see l. 735. F. text, 'venteus'; cf. '_Vanteux_, vaunting'; Cotgrave.

817. _Refus_, i.e. Denial; personified. 'Reffuz a ses chasteaulx bastiz.'

829. The last four stanzas are original. Note the change from the 8-line to the 7-line stanza.

§ XVII. THE TESTAMENT OF CRESSEID.

This sequel to Chaucer's 'Troilus,' written by Robert Henryson of Dunfermline, is in the Northern dialect of the Scottish Lowlands. Thynne has not made any special attempt to alter the wording of this piece, but he frequently modifies the spelling; printing _so_ instead of _sa_ (l. 3), _whan_ for _quhen_ (l. 3), _right_ for _richt_ (l. 4), and so on. I follow the Edinburgh edition of 1593. See further in the Introduction.

1. _Ane_, a; altered by Thynne to _a_, throughout.

_dooly_ (Th. _doly_), doleful, sad; from the sb. _dool_, sorrow.

4-6. Here _fervent_ seems to mean 'stormy' or 'severe,' as it obviously does not mean hot. _Discend_ is used transitively; _can discend_ means 'caused to descend.' This is an earlier example than that from Caxton in the New Eng. Dictionary. _Aries_ clearly means the influence of Aries, and implies that the sun was in that sign, which it entered (at that date) about the 12th of March; see vol. iii. p. 188 (footnote). _Lent_ is 'spring'; and the Old Germanic method is here followed, which divided each of the seasons into three months. In this view, the spring-months were March, April, and May, called, respectively, foreward Lent, midward Lent, and afterward Lent; see A Student's Pastime, p. 190. Hence the phrase in _middis of the Lent_ does not mean precisely in the middle of the spring, but refers to the month of April; indeed, the sun passed out of Aries into Taurus on the 11th of the month. The date indicated is, accordingly, the _first week in April_, when the sun was still in Aries, and showers of hail, with a stormy north wind, were quite seasonable.

10. _sylit under cure_, covered up, (as if) under his care. The verb _to syle_ is precisely the mod. E. _ceil_; which see in the New E. Dict.

12. _unto_, i.e. over against. The planet Venus, rising in the east, set her face over against the west, where the sun had set.

20. _shill_, shrill. _Shille_ occurs as a variant of _schrille_ in C. T., B 4585; see _schil_ in Stratmann.

32. _douf_ (spelt _doif_ in the old edition) is the Northern form of 'deaf,' answering to the Icel. _daufr_; thus a nut without a kernel is called in the South 'a deaf nut,' but in Scotland 'a douf nit'; see Jamieson. For _deaf_ in the senses of 'dull' and 'unproductive,' see the New E. Dict.

39. _cut_, curtail; illustrated from Lydgate in the New E. Dict.

42. Read _lusty_, to avoid the repetition of _worthy_; cf. l. 41. It should have been stated, in the footnotes, that the readings are: E. worthy; Th. lusty.

43. Referring to Troil. bk. v. In l. 92, we are told how Diomede led Criseyde away. Note particularly that, in l. 45, Henryson quotes Chaucer rather closely. Cf. 'For which wel neigh out of my wit I breyde'; Troil. v. 1262. And cf. ll. 47-9 with--'Betwixen hope and drede his herte lay'; Troil. v. 1207.

48. _Quhill_, till. The reading _Esperus_ in E. is comic enough. Even Thynne has misread _esperans_, and has turned it into _esperous_. There can be little doubt that _esperans_ here means 'hope,' as it is opposed to _wanhope_ in the line above. The word was known to Henryson, as we find, in st. 8 of his Garment of Gude Ladyis: 'Hir slevis suld be of _esperance_, To keip hir _fra dispair_.' Cf. l. 49.

50. _behest_, promise; because she had promised to return to Troy within ten days; Troil. iv. 1595.

65. _this narratioun_, i.e. the sequel of the story, which he is about to tell. He does not tell us whence he derived it, but intimates that it is a fiction; I suppose he invented it himself.

74. _lybel of répudy_, Lat. 'libellum repudii,' as in Matt. xix. 7.

77. 'And, as some say, into the common court'; i.e. she became a courtesan.

78. _A-per-se_, i.e. the first letter of the alphabet, standing alone. A letter that was also a word in itself, as _A_, or _I_, or _O_, was called 'per se,' because it could stand alone. Of these, the _A-per-se_ was a type of excellence. One of Dunbar's Poems (ed. Small, i. 276) begins:--'London, thou art of townes _A-per-se_.'

79. _fortunait_, the sport of fortune; oddly used, as it implies that she was 'an unfortunate.' Cf. l. 89.

94. _but_, without; and Thynne actually prints _without_ in place of it.

97. _quhair_, where her father Calchas (was). He was living among the Greeks; Troil. i. 80, 87.

106. In the medieval legend, Calchas was not a priest of Venus, but of Apollo, as Chaucer notes; see Troil. i. 66-70. So also in Lydgate, Siege of Troy, bk. ii. c. 17. Henryson probably altered this intentionally, because it enabled him to represent Criseyde as reproaching her father's god; see ll. 124, 134.

129. _outwaill_, outcast; one who is chosen out and rejected; from the verb _wail_, _ wale_, to choose. There seems to be no other example of the word, though Jamieson gives '_outwailins_, leavings, things of little value.'

140. _forlane_ can hardly mean 'left alone.' If so, it would be a word invented for the occasion, and improperly formed from _lane_, which is itself a docked form of _alane_. In all other passages _forlane_ or _forlain_ is the pp. of _forliggen_; and the sense of 'defiled' is quite applicable. And further, it rimes with _slane_, which means 'slain.'

143. 'And, as it seemed, she heard, where she lay,' &c.

147. The seven planets; which, in the order of the magnitude of their orbits, are Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury, and the Moon. And to this order the author carefully adheres throughout ll. 151-263.

155. _fronsit_, wrinkled; _frounse_ is the mod. E. _flounce_, which formerly meant 'a pleat'; see _frounce_, _frouncen_ in Stratmann, and the Gloss. to Chaucer. Misprinted _frosnit_ in E.

'His complexion was like lead.' Lead was Saturn's metal; see C. T., G 828, and the note.

164. That _gyte_ is the correct reading, is obvious from ll. 178, 260, where Thynne has preserved it. It is a Chaucerian word; see the Glossary in vol. vi. It seems to mean 'mantle.' The Edinburgh printer altered it to _gyis_, which is too general a term, at least in l. 260.

182. 'To ward off from us the wrath of his father (Saturn).'

198. Compare Ch. C. T., F 1031--'god and governour Of every plaunte, herbe, tree, and flour.'

205. Alluding to Phaethon's misguidance of the chariot of the sun; 'And that his faders cart amis he dryve'; Troil. v. 665. Laing prints _unricht_; but omits to say that E. has _upricht_.

211. _soyr_, sorrel-coloured, reddish-brown; see _Sorrel_ in my Etym. Dict.

212-6. The names of the four horses are curiously corrupted from the names given in Ovid, Met. ii. 153, viz. Eöus, Æthon, Pyröeis, and Phlegon. As _Eous_ means 'belonging to the dawn,' we may consider the words _into the Orient_, i.e. in the East, as explanatory of the name _Eoy_; 'called Eoy, (which signifies) in the East.' As to the name of the last horse, it was obviously meant to take the form _Philegoney_, in order to rime with _sey_ (sea), and I have therefore restored this form. The two authorities, E. and Th., give it in the amazing form _Philologie_ (_Philologee_), which can only mean 'philology'!

231. _lauch_ and _weip_ are infinitives, but appear to be meant for past tenses. If so, the former should be _leuch_; _weip_ may answer to the strong pt. t. _weep_ in Chaucer (A.S. _w[=e]op_).

246. He seems to be thinking of Chaucer's Doctor of Phisyk; cf. Ch. Prol. A 425-6, 439.

254. 'The last of all (in order), and swiftest in her orbit.'

256. Thynne has _tapere_ = to appear; this passage is curiously cited, in Richardson's Dictionary, in illustration of the sb. _taper_!

261. _churl_, man; this is Chaucer's _cherl_, in Troil. i. 1024. See the note to that line.

263. _na nar_, no nearer; the moon's orbit, being the least, was the most remote from the outer heaven that enclosed the _primum mobile_.

273. _shew_, shewed; but it is false grammar, for the verb to _shew_ (or _show_) was weak. Formed by analogy with _blew_, _grew_, _knew_; cf. _rew_, _mew_, _sew_, old strong preterites of _row_, _mow_, and _sow_.

290. As Henryson usually refrains from the addition of a syllable at the cæsura, we should probably read _injure_, not _injury_; see Troil. iii. 1018.

297, 298. _hyest_, i.e. Saturn; _lawest_ (lowest), i.e. Cynthia.

299. _modify_, determine, specify; not here used in the modern sense.

318. Heat and moisture characterised the _sanguine_ temperament (see vol. v. p. 33); coldness and dryness characterised the melancholy temperament (see P. Plowman, B-text, p. xix). Cf. l. 316.

343. 'With cup and clapper, like a leper.' It was usual for lepers to carry a cup (for their own use), and a clapper or clap-dish, which was used in order to give warning of their approach, and also as a receptacle for alms, to prevent actual contact; cf. l. 479 below. Compare the following:--

'Coppe and claper he bare ... As he a mesel [_leper_] were.'--Sir Tristrem, 3173.

'Than beg her bread with dish and clap' (referring to Criseyde).

Turbervile's Poems: The Lover in utter dispaire.

See further under _Clapper_ in the New Eng. Dict.

_lazarous_ is formed as an adj. in _-ous_ from the sb. _lazar_, a leper; see l. 531.

350. _wa_, woful; 'God knows if she was woful enough.'

382. The accent on the second syllable of _hospital_ was not uncommon; hence its frequent contraction to _spittal_ or _spittel-house_; for which see l. 391 below.

386. Read _bevar_ or _bever_ (Th. has _beuer_); the reading _bawar_ in E. gives no sense. I see no connection with Lowl. Sc. _bevar_, 'one who is worn out with age,' according to Jamieson, who merely guesses at the sense, as being perhaps allied to _bavard_, which he also explains as 'worn out'; although, if from the F. _bavard_, it rather means talkative, babbling, or idle. I believe that _bevar hat_ simply means 'beaver hat,' formerly used by women as well as by men. Even Dickens alludes to 'farmer's wives in beaver bonnets,' in Martin Chuzzlewit, ch. 5. No doubt a beaver hat was, when new, an expensive luxury, as worn by Chaucer's 'Merchant' (Prol. l. 272); but they wore well and long, and were doubtless gladly used by beggars when cast off by their original owners.

407. The metre, in ll. 407-69, is borrowed from Chaucer's Anelida.

410. _blaiknit_, is not a derivative of M.E. _blak_, black, but of M.E. _bl[=a]k_, _bleik_, bleak, pallid, cheerless. It is here used in the sense of 'rendered cheerless'; and _bair_ means 'bare' or 'barren.' See _bl[=a]kien_ in Stratmann.

413. 'Thy bale is in the growth,' or is sprouting. See _Braird_, the first shoots of corn or grass, in the New E. Dict., where two more examples of this phrase are cited from Henryson.

417. 'With goodly bed, and convenient embroidered bench-covers.' _Burelie_ (mod. E. _burly_, prov. E. _bowerly_) answers to an A.S. form _b[=u]r-l[=i]c_, i.e. suitable for a lady's bower. This explains why it was appropriately used as an epithet for a bed. Cf. 'Quhair ane _burely_ bed was wrocht in that wane'; Rauf Coilyear, 264. Hence 'a burly knight' was one suitable for a lady's bower, and therefore handsome, strong, well-grown, large; and by a degradation of meaning, huge, corpulent. The changes in sense are curious and instructive. In the New E. Dict., the etymology is not given. For _bene_, see _bain_ in the New E. Dict.; and for _bankouris_, see _banker_.

421. _saipheroun sals_, saffron sauce. _Saffron_ and _salt_ were often used together in medieval cookery; see Two Fifteenth-Century Cookery Books, ed. Austin (E. E. T. S.). The Glossary to that book gives the spellings _safroun_, _saferon_, _saferoun_, and _sapheron_.

423. This is a very early mention of _lawn_. It is also mentioned in st. 10 of Lydgate's 'London Lickpeny.'

429. _walk_, wake. The history of this spelling is not quite clear; but the _l_ was, in any case, mute; another spelling is _wauk_. I suspect that it originated in the misunderstanding of a symbol. The scribe, who wished to write _wakk_, used a symbol resembling _lk_, where the _l_ was _really_ the first _k_, indicated by its down-stroke only. For example, the word _rokke_ was (apparently) written _rolke_. See my article on Ghost-words; Phil. Soc. Trans. 1885, p. 369.

_tak the dew_, gather May-dew. The old custom of bathing the face with fresh dew on the 1st of May is referred to in Brand's Popular Antiquities. He gives an example as late as 1791. See Pepys' Diary, May 28, 1667, May 11, 1669; where we find that _any_ day in May was then considered suitable for this health-giving operation.

433. I take _on every grane_ to mean 'in every particular'; cf. 'a _grain_ of sense.' We may also note the Fr. _teindre en graine_, to dye in grain, to dye of a fast colour; and we occasionally find _grain_ in the sense of 'tint.' Godefroy cites 'ung couvertoer d'une _graigne_ vermeille'; and 'une manche vermeille, ne sçay se c'est _graine_ ou autre taincture.' _Grane_ also means 'groan,' and 'groin,' and 'fork of a tree'; but none of these senses suit.

438. 'Take this leper-lodge in place of thy stately bower.'

450. In l. 407, we have _sop of sorrow_, i.e. sop, or sup, of sorrow. So here _sowpit in syte_, sopped, or drenched, in sorrow; an expression which Jamieson illustrates from Holland's Houlate, i. 4, and Douglas's Vergil, prologue to Book viii, l. 5.

463. This expression is imitated from Chaucer's Boethius, bk. iii. pr. 6. 3--'O glorie, glorie, thou art nothing elles but a greet sweller of eres!' See note to I. ii. 8. 68 (p. 472).

480. _leir_ (Th. _lerne_); surely miscopied from l. 479. Read _live_.

490. _lipper_ seems to be used collectively; so also in l. 494.

492. _shuik coppis_, shook their cups; it implies that they waved them aloft, to attract attention. They also used their clappers.

501. _ply_, plight. I know of no other example of _ply_ in this sense; but _ply_ (usually, a fold) and _plight_ (incorrect spelling of M.E. _plyte_) are closely related; the former represents Lat. _plicitum_, the latter, Lat. _plicita_; from _plicare_, to fold (whence E. _ply_, verb, to bend).

541. 'With many a sorrowful cry and cold _or_ sad (cry of) O hone!' Here _cald_ = sad; and _Ochane_ is the Irish and Scotch cry of _O hone!_ or _Och hone!_ See _O hone_ in the Century Dict., s.v. _O_.

543. _will of wane_, lit. wild of weening, at a loss what to do. See Gloss. to Barbour's Bruce, s.v. _Will_.

550. 'And climbed so high upon the fickle wheel' (of Fortune). Cf. Troil. iv. 6, 11.

567. 'For they (women) are as constant as a weathercock in the wind.' Cf. '_unsad_ ... and chaunging as a vane'; Ch. C. T., E 995.

588. _wellis_, streams, rills; as in Book Duch. 160.

589. _broche and belt_; Criseyde gave Diomede the brooch she had received from Troilus; see Troil. v. 1661, 1669, 1688. The _belt_ is Henryson's addition.

600. 'His heart was ready to burst.'

§ XVIII. THE CUCKOO AND THE NIGHTINGALE.

In this piece, the final _-e_ is much used as forming a distinct syllable; indeed, more freely than in Chaucer.

1, 2. Quoted from the Knightes Tale, A 1785-6.

4. The word _of_ is inserted in Th., Ff. and S., and seems to be right; but as _hy-e_ should be two syllables, perhaps the words _And of_ were rapidly pronounced, in the time of a single syllable. Or omit _And_.

11-5. The lines of this stanza are wrongly arranged in Thynne, and in every printed edition except the present one; i.e. the lines 12 and 13 are transposed. But as the rime-formula is _aabba_, it is easy to see that _suffyse_, _devyse_, _agryse_ rime together on the one hand, and _nyce_, _vyce_, on the other. The pronunciation _suffice_ is comparatively modern; in Chaucer, the suffix _-yse_ was pronounced with a voiced _s_, i.e. as _z_. Note the rimes _devyse_, _suffyse_ in the Book of the Duch. 901-2; _suffyse_, _wyse_, _devyse_, in the C. T., B 3648-9; &c. The MSS. Ff., F., and B. all give the right arrangement.

18. _whom him lyketh_, him whom it pleases him (to gladden or sadden).

20, 23. _May_; cf. Troil. ii. 50-63; Rom. Rose, 51-2, 74-6, 85-6; Legend of Good Women, 108; C. T., A 1500-2.

36. _of feling_, from experience. _Spek-e_ is dissyllabic.

39. _hoot_, hot, i.e. hopeful; _cold_, full of despair; _acces_, feverish attack, as in Troil. ii. 1315, 1543, 1578.

41. _fevers whyte_, feverish attacks (of love) that turn men pale; the same as _blaunche fevere_ in Troil. i. 916; see note to that line.

48. _a comune tale_, a common saying. As a fact, one would expect to hear the cuckoo first. Prof. Newton, in his Dict. of Birds, says of the cuckoo, that it 'crosses the Mediterranean from its winter-quarters in Africa at the end of March or beginning of April. Its arrival is at once proclaimed by the peculiar ... cry of the cock.' Of the nightingale he says--'if the appearance of truth is to be regarded, it is dangerous to introduce a nightingale as singing in England before the 15th of April or after the 15th of June.'

As the change of style makes a difference of 12 days, this 15th of April corresponds to the 3rd of April in the time of Chaucer. It is remarkable that Hazlitt, in his Proverbs, p. 305, gives the following:--'On the third of April, comes in the cuckoo and the nightingale'; which may once have been correct as regards the latter. Hazlitt also says that, in Sussex, the 14th of April is supposed to be 'first cuckoo-day'; whereas it would better apply to the nightingale. And again, another proverb says (p. 380)--'The nightingale and the cuckoo sing both in one month.' It is clear that, whatever the facts may be, our ancestors had a notion that these birds arrived nearly at the same time, and attached some importance, by way of augury, to the possibility of hearing the nightingale first. They must frequently have been disappointed. See Milton's sonnet, as quoted in the Introduction.

54. _of_, during; exactly as in l. 42.

62. Read _inne_, the adverbial form; for the sake of the grammar and scansion. See _Inne_ in the Gloss. in vol. vi. p. 135. _been_ gives a false rime to _gren-e_ and _sen-e_; shewing that _grene_ and _sene_ are here monosyllabic (really _green_ and _seen_), instead of being dissyllabic, as in Chaucer. _Sene_ is the adj., meaning visible, not the pp., which then took the form _seyn_.

70. For _began_, which is singular, substitute the pl. form _begonne_. _to don hir houres_, to sing their matins, &c.; referring to the canonical hours of church-service. Bell has the reading _to don honoures_, for which there is no early authority. Morris unluckily adopts the meaningless reading found in MSS. F. and B.

71. 'They knew that service all by rote,' i.e. by heart. Bell actually explains _rote_ as a hurdy-gurdy; as to which see _Rote_ (in senses 2 and 3) in the Gloss. in vol. vi. p. 218.

80. _Feverere_ seems to have been pronounced _Fev'rer'_. Surely it must be right. Yet all the MSS. (except T.) actually have _Marche_ (written _Mars_ in Ff.), followed by _upon_, not _on_. Even Th. and T. have _upon_, not _on_; but it ruins the scansion, unless we adopt the reading _March_. It looks as if the author really _did_ write _Marche_!

82, 85. _ron_, _mon_, for _ran_, _man_, are peculiar. As such forms occur in Myrc and Audelay (both Shropshire authors) and in Robert of Gloucester, they are perfectly consistent with the supposition that they are due to Clanvowe's connection with Herefordshire.

87. _swow_, swoon; cf. Book Duch. 215.

90. As _brid_ is a monosyllable (cf. ll. 212, 260, 270, 271), it is necessary to make _lew-ed-e_ a trisyllable; as also in l. 103. But it becomes _lew'de_ in ll. 50, 94. Chaucer has _lew-ëd_, P. F. 616, &c.

105. _him_; the cuckoo is male, but the nightingale, by way of contrast, is supposed to be female.

118. _playn_, simple, having simple notes; cf. 'the plain-song cuckoo,' Mids. Nt. Dr. iii. 1. 134.

119. _crakel_, 'trill or quaver in singing; used in contempt'; New E. Dict.

124. _I_ seems to be strongly accented. It is a pity that there is no authority for inserting _For_ before it. Otherwise, read _I hav-ë_.

In Old French, _oci oci_, represented the cry of the nightingale; Godefroy gives examples from Raoul de Houdenc, Froissart, and Deschamps. Moreover, _oci_ was also the imperative of the O.F. verb _ocire_, to kill; with which it is here intentionally confused. Accordingly, the nightingale retorts that _oci_ means 'kill! kill!' with reference to the enemies of love.

135. _grede_, exclaim, cry out. Not used by Chaucer, though found in most dialects of Middle-English. Clanvowe may have heard it in Herefordshire, as it occurs in Langland, Layamon, Robert of Gloucester, and in the Coventry Mysteries, and must have been known in the west. But it was once a very common word. From A.S. _gr[=æ]dan_.

137. _to-drawe_, drawn asunder; cf. Havelok, 2001; Will. of Palerne, 1564.

140. _yok_, yoke; cf. Ch. C. T., E 113, 1285.

142. _unthryve_, become unsuccessful, meet with ill luck. A very rare word; but it also occurs in the Cursor Mundi (Fairfax MS.), l. 9450, where it is said of Adam that 'his wyf made him _to unthryve_.'

146. The first syllable of the line is deficient. Accent _What_ strongly. Cf. 153-8 below.

151. The sentiment that love teaches all goodness, is common at this time; see Schick's note to Lydgate's Temple of Glas, l. 450.

152. The true reading is doubtful.

153-8. Here the author produces a considerable metrical effect, by beginning all of these lines with a strong accent. There are three such consecutive lines in the Wyf of Bathes Tale, D 869-71. Cf. ll. 161, 232, 242, 252, 261, 265, 268, 270, 278.

180. Bell and Morris read _haire_, without authority, and Bell explains it by 'he may full soon have the _hair_ (!) which belongs to age, _scil._, grey hair, said to be produced by anxiety.' But the M.E. form of 'hair' is _heer_, which will not give a true rime; and the word _heyr_ represents the mod. E. _heir_. As the _h_ was not sounded, it is also written _eir_ (as in MS. T.) and _air_ (as in MS. S.). The sense is--'For he who gets a little bliss of love may very soon find that his heir has come of age, unless he is always devoted to it.' This is a mild joke, signifying that he will soon find himself insecure, like one whose heir or successor has come of age, and whose inheritance is threatened. On the other hand, 'to have one's hair of age' is wholly without sense. Compare the next note.

185. 'And then you shall be called as _I_ am.' I. e. your loved one will forsake you, and you will be called a cuckold. This remark is founded on the fact that the O.F. _coucou_ or _cocu_ had the double sense of cuckoo and cuckold. See _cocu_ in Littré. This explains l. 186.

201-5. Bell, by an oversight, omits this stanza.

203. This reading (from the best MS., viz. Ff.) is much the best. The sense is--'And whom he hits he knows not, or whom he misses'; because he is blind.

216-25. All the early printed editions crush these two stanzas into one, by omitting ll. 217-9, and 224-5, and altering _thoughte me_ (l. 223) to _me aloon_. This is much inferior to the text.

237. _leve_, believe; yet all the authorities but S. have the reading _loue_! Cf. l. 238.

243. _dayesye_, daisy. Cf. Legend of Good Women, 182-7, 201-2, 211.

266. _Ye witen_ is the right reading; turned into _ye knowe_ in F. and B. The old printed editions actually read _The cuckowe_!

267. A syllable seems lacking after _I_; such lines are common in Lydgate. The reading _y-chid_ would render the line complete; or we may read _hav-ë_, as perhaps in l. 124.

275. An obvious allusion to Chaucer's Parlement of Foules, in which he gives 'the royal egle' the first place (l. 330).

284. _The quene_; queen Joan of Navarre, second wife of Henry IV, who received the manor of Woodstock as part of her dower.

285. _lay_, lea; not a common word in M.E. poetry, though occurring in P. Plowman. The parliament of birds required a large open space.

289. _Terme_: during the whole term of my life; cf. C. T., G 1479.

§ XIX. ENVOY TO ALISON.

1. _lewde book_, unlearned book. It is not known to what book this refers. It has nothing to do with the preceding poem. My guess, in vol. i. p. 40, that this piece might be Hoccleve's, is quite untenable. His pieces are all known, and the metrical form is of later date. See the next note.

11. Too long; perhaps _servant_ should be struck out. So in l. 13 we could spare the word _als_. But ll. 17, 18, 19, 20, are all of an unconscionable length.

22-7. I believe I was the first to detect the obvious acrostic on the name of Alison; see vol. i. p. 40. The sense of ll. 25-6 (which are forced and poor) is--'I beseech (you) of your grace, let your writing (in reply) alleviate the sighs which I pour out in silence.'

§ XX. THE FLOWER AND THE LEAF.

I give numerous references below to 'A. L.', i.e. the Assembly of Ladies, printed at p. 380. The two poems have much in common.

1-2. Imitated from C. T., F 671; see note in vol. v. p. 386.

3. _Bole_, Bull, Taurus. The sun then entered Taurus about the middle of April; hence the allusion to April showers in l. 4. Compare the opening lines of Chaucer's Prologue. But we learn, from l. 437, that it was already May. Hence the sun had really run half its course in Taurus. _certeinly_; used at the end of the line, as in A. L. 85.

10. _very good_; this adverbial use of _very_ is noticeable; cf. ll. 35, 315, 409, and A. L. 479. I believe Chaucer never uses _very_ to qualify an adjective. It occurs, however, in Lydgate.

20. Cf. '_more_ at _hertes ese_'; A. L. 672.

25. Cf. 'at _springing of the day_'; A. L. 218.

26. Cf. 'That ye wold help me _on_ with _myn aray_'; A. L. 241.

27-8. This rime of _passe_ with _was_ occurs again below (114-6); and in A. L. 436-8.

30. Chaucer has _hew-ë_, _new-ë_; but here _hew_, _new_ rime with the pt. t. _grew_. So, in A. L. 65-8, _hew_, _new_ rime with the pt. t. _knew_.

31-2. Copied from the Book of the Duch. 419-20:--

'And every tree stood by him-selve Fro other wel ten foot or twelve.'

35. 'The young leaves of the oak, when they first burst from the bud, are of a red, cinereous colour'; Bell.

37. Cf. 'this proces _for to here_'; A. L. 27. And again, 'pitous _for to here_; A. L. 718.

39-42. This seems to be a direct allusion to the Cuckoo and the Nightingale, ll. 52-4:--

'I wolde go som whider to assay If that I might _a nightingale here_; For yet had I non _herd of al this yere_.'

43-5. From the Book of the Duch. 398-401:--

'Doun by a floury grene wente _Ful thikke of gras_, ful softe and swete,... _And litel used_, it semed thus.'

Cf. A. L. 47; 'into a strait passage,' and the context.

47. _parde_; a petty oath (being in French), such as a female writer might use; so in A. L. 753.

49, 50. For the _herber_ and _benches_, see A. L. 48-9; also L. G. W. 203-4. For the phrase _wel y-wrought_, see A. L. 165.

53. Bell and Morris read _wool_, which is obviously right; but neither of them mention the fact that _both_ Speght's editions have _wel_; and there is no other authority! Clearly, Speght's MS. had _wol_, which he misread as _wel_.

56. _eglantere_, eglantine, sweet-briar. Entered under _eglatere_ in the New E. Dict., though the earlier quotations, in 1387 and 1459, have _eglentere_. I find no authority for the form _eglatere_ except Speght's misprint in this line, which he corrects in l. 80 below. Tennyson's _eglatere_ (Dirge, 23) is clearly borrowed from this very line.

58. _by mesure_; a tag which reappears in A. L. 81.

59. _by and by_; another tag, for which see A. L. 87, 717.

60. _I you ensure_; yet another tag; see l. 457, and A. L. 52, 199, 495, 517.

62. The final _e_ in _peyn-e_ is suppressed; so in A. L. 359, 416.

68. Cf. 'And as they sought hem-self thus _to and fro_'; A. L. 43.

75. Here _espyed_ rimes with _syde_, _wyde_; in A. L. 193, it rimes with _asyde_ and _gyde_.

89. The _goldfinch_ is afterwards opposed to the _nightingale_. Hence he replaces the _cuckoo_ in the poem of the Cuckoo and Nightingale. Just as the Cuckoo and Nightingale represent the faithless and the constant, so the goldfinch and the nightingale are attached, respectively, to the bright Flower and the long-lasting Leaf. This is explicitly said below; see ll. 439, 444.

98. _in this wyse_; appears also at the end of a line in A. L. 589; cf. _in her gyse_, A. L. 603; _in ful pitous wyse_, A. L. 584; _in no maner wyse_, A. L. 605.

99, 100. These lines correspond to the Cuckoo and Nightingale, 98-100.

113. _inly greet_, extremely great; cf. _inly fair_, A. L. 515.

115. 'Ye wold it _thinke a_ very _paradyse_'; A. L. 168.

118. Better _I set me doun_, as in A. L. 77.

121. 'Withouten sleep, withouten mete or drinke'; L. G. W. 177 (note the context).

134. Here begins the description of the adherents of the Leaf, extending to l. 322, including the Nine Worthies, ll. 239-94. The reader must carefully bear in mind that the followers of the Leaf are clad in _white_ (not in green, as we should now expect), though the nine Worthies are crowned with green laurel, and all the company gather under a huge Laurel-tree (l. 304). On the other hand the followers of the Flower, shortly described in ll. 323-50, are clad in _green_, though wearing chaplets of white and red flowers; for green was formerly an emblem of _inconstancy_.

137. Cf. '_to_ say you _very right_'; A. L. 750.

144. _oon and oon_, every one of them. This phrase is rare in Chaucer; it seems only to occur once, in C. T., A 679; but see A. L. 368, 543, 710.

146. _purfil_ occurs in A. L. 87, in the same line with _by and by_; and in A. L. 522-4, we find _colour_, _sleves_, and _purfyl_ close together.

148. Cf. 'With _grete perles_, ful fyne _and orient_'; A. L. 528. For _diamonds_, see A. L. 530.

150. Borrowed from Chaucer, Parl. Foules, 287: 'of whiche the name I wante.' Hence _wante_, i.e. lack, is the right reading. The rime is imperfect.

155. The missing word is not _branches_, as suggested by Sir H. Nicolas, nor _floures_, as suggested by Morris, but _leves_; as the company of _the Leaf_ is being described; cf. l. 259. The epithets _fresh and grene_ are very suitable. The leaves were of laurel, woodbine, and _agnus-castus_.

160. For _were_ read _ware_; see ll. 267, 329, 335, 340; the sense is _wore_. Chaucer's form is _wered_, as the verb was originally weak; Gower and Lydgate also use the form _wered_. The present is perhaps one of the earliest examples of the strong form of this preterite.

_agnus-castus_; 'from Gk. [Greek: agnos], the name of the tree, confused with [Greek: agnos], chaste, whence the second word Lat. _castus_, chaste. A tree, species of Vitex (_V. Agnus Castus_), once believed to be a preservative of chastity, called also Chaste-tree and Abraham's Balm'; New E. Dict. The same Dict. quotes from Trevisa: 'The herbe agnus-castus is alwaye grene, and the flowre therof is namly callyd Agnus Castus, for wyth smelle and vse it makyth men chaste as a lombe.'

163. For _But_ Morris reads _And_, which is simpler.

164. _oon_, one. She was the goddess Diana (see l. 472), or the Lady of the Leaf.

171. Cf. 'That to beholde it was a greet plesaunce'; A. L. 59.

172. Cf. 'though it were _for a king_'; A. L. 158.

177-8. Speght has _Suse le foyle de vert moy_ in l. 177, and _Seen et mon joly cuer en dormy_ in l. 178. I see little good in guessing what it ought to be; so I leave it alone, merely correcting _Suse_ and _foyle_ to _Sus_ and _foyl_; as the O.F. _foil_ was masculine.

Bell alters _de vert_ to _devers_, and for _Seen_ puts _Son_; and supplies _est_ after _cuer_; but it all gives no sense when it is done. We should have to read _Sus le foyl devers moy sied, et mon joli cuer est endormi_; sit down upon the foliage before me, and my merry heart has gone to sleep. Which can hardly be right. The Assembly of Ladies has the same peculiarity, of presenting unintelligible scraps of French to the bewildered reader.

180. _smal_, high, treble; chiefly valuable for explaining the same word in Chaucer's Balade to Rosemounde.

188-9. A parallel passage occurs in A. L. 384-5.

201. _the large wones_, the spacious dwellings; cf. Ch. C. T., D 2105.

202. Speght has _Pretir_, an obvious error for _Prester_. The authoress may easily have obtained her knowledge of Prester John from a MS. of Mandeville's Travels; see cap. 27 of that work. And see Yule's edition of Marco Polo. He was, according to Mandeville, one of the greatest potentates of Asia, next to the Great Khan.

209. _cereal_; borrowed from Chaucer:--'A _coroune_ of a grene _ook cerial_'; C. T., A 2290. And Chaucer took it from Boccaccio; see note in vol. v. p. 87.

210. _trumpets_, i.e. trumpeters; as several times in Shakespeare. Cf. l. 213.

212. _tartarium_, thin silk from Tartary. Fully explained in my note to P. Plowman, C. xvii. 299 (B. xv. 163), and in the Glossary to the same. _bete_, lit. beaten; hence, adorned with beaten gold; see note to C. T., A 978 (vol. v. p. 64). _were_, (all of which) were; hence the plural.

213. Read _bere_, as in l. 223; A.S. _b[=æ]ron_, pt. t. pl.

220. _kinges of armes_, kings-at-arms; who presided over colleges of heralds. Sir David Lyndsay was Lord Lion king-at-arms.

224. Cf. '_Set with saphyrs_'; A. L. 480.

233. _vel-u-et_ is trisyllabic; as in The Black Knight, 80.

234. 'And certainly, they had nothing to learn as to how they should place the armour upon them.'

238. _in sute_, in their master's livery.

240. The celebrated Nine Worthies; see notes to IV. 281, XII. 86.

243. Cf. '_and furred_ wel _with gray_'; A. L. 305.

252. _henshmen_, youths mounted on horseback, who attended their lords. See numerous quotations for this word in A Student's Pastime, §§ 264, 272, 415-8. Each of them is called _a child_, l. 259.

253. For _every on_, it is absolutely necessary to read _the first upon_; for the sense. Each of the nine worthies had three henchmen; of these three, the first bore his helmet, the second his shield, and the third his spear.

257. Bell and Morris alter _nekke_ to _bakke_; but wrongly. The shields were carried by help of a strap which passed round the _neck_ and over the shoulders; called in Old French a _guige_. The convenience of this arrangement is obvious. See note to C. T., A 2504 (vol. v. p. 88).

272. In Lydgate's Temple of Glas, 508, we are told that hawthorn-leaves do not fade; see ll. 551-3 below.

274. Read _hors_, not _horses_; _hors_ is the true plural; see l. 293.

275. Cf. '_trompes_, that ... blowen _blody sounes_'; C. T., A 2511-2.

286-7. 'That _to beholde it was a greet plesaunce_'; A. L. 59. And again--'_I you ensure_'; A. L. 52.

289. I. e. the Nine Worthies; see ll. 240, 249.

293. The reading _ninth_ (as in Speght) is an absurd error for _nine_; yet no one has hitherto corrected it. How could the ninth man alight from _their horses_? The 'remnant' were the twenty-seven henchmen and the other knights.

295. Cf. 'See how they come _togider, twain and twain_'; A. L. 350.

302. Cf. '_Ful womanly_ she gave me,' &c.; A. L. 196.

305. 'Laden with leaves, with boughs of great breadth.'

323. Here begins the description of the company of the Flower. They were clad in _green_.

330. Cf. 'Her gown was _wel embrouded_'; A. L. 85.

348. _bargaret_, a pastoral; a rustic song and dance; O.F. _bergerete_, from _berger_, a shepherd. Godefroy notes that they were in special vogue at Easter.

350. We have here the refrain of a popular French pastoral. Warton suggests it may have been Froissart's; but the refrain of Froissart's Ballade de la Marguerite happens to be different: 'Sur toutes flours j'aime la margherite'; see Spec. of O. French, ed. Toynbee, p. 302. In fact, Warton proceeds to remark, that 'it was common in France to give the title of Marguerites to studied panegyrics and flowery compositions of every kind.' It is quite impossible to say if a special compliment is intended; most likely, the authoress thought of nothing of the kind. She again mentions _margarettes_ in A. L. 57.

351. _in-fere_, together; very common at the end of a line, as in ll. 384, 450; A. L. 407, 469, 546, 602, 719.

369. _withouten fail_; this tag recurs in A. L. 567, 646, in the form _withouten any fail_; and, unaltered, in A. L. 188, 537.

373. Those in white, the party of the Leaf.

379. _oon_, one of those in green; this was queen Flora; see l. 534.

403. Bell thinks this corrupt. I think it means, that, before engaging with them in jousts in a friendly manner, they procured some logs of wood and thoroughly dried them. Hence _To make hir justës_ = in order to joust with them afterwards.

410. 'Quickly anointing the sick, wherever they went.'

417. _for any thing_, in any case, whatever might happen; cf. C. T., A 276, and the note (vol. v. p. 30).

427. 'For nothing was lacking that ought to belong to him.'

450. Here the story ends, and the telling of the moral begins.

457. The meeting with a 'fair lady' was convenient, as she wanted information. In the Assembly of Ladies, this simple device is resorted to repeatedly; see ll. 79, 191, 260, 400.

459. We find _ful demure_ at the end of A. L. 82.

462, 467. _My doughter_; this assumes that the author was a female; so in ll. 500, 547; and in A. L. throughout.

475. Referring to l. 173; so l. 477 refers to l. 160; l. 479, to l. 158.

493. _some maner way_, some kind of way; cf. _what maner way_, A. L. 234.

502. Refers to ll. 240, 249. With l. 510, cf. C. T., A 1027.

512. Speght prints _bowes_ for _boughes_; but the meaning is certain, as the reference is to ll. 270-1. Bows are not made of laurel; yet Dryden fell into the trap, and actually wrote as follows:--

'Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur's reign; Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charlemagne; For bows the strength of brawny arms imply, Emblems of valour and of victory.'

This is probably the only instance, even in poetry, of knights being armed with bows and arrows.

515. For the knights of Arthur's round table, see Malory's Morte Arthure.

516. _Douseperes_; _les douze pers_, the twelve peers of Charlemagne, including Roland, Oliver, Ogier the Dane, Otuel, Ferumbras, the traitor Ganelon, and others. The names vary.

520. _in hir tyme_, formerly, in their day; shewing that the institution of the Knights of the Garter on April 23, 1349, by Edward III, was anything but a recent event.

530. I. e. 'Witness _him_ of Rome, who was the founder of knighthood.' Alluding to Julius Cæsar, to whom was decreed by the senate the right of wearing a laurel-crown; Dryden mentions him by name.

550. Cf. '_De mieulx en mieulx_'; Temple of Glas, 310.

551-6. Apparently imitated from The Temple of Glas, 503-16.

567. Cf. 'We _thanked_ her _in our most humble wyse_'; A. L. 729.

580. _Male-Bouche_, Slander; borrowed from the Rom. de la Rose. See note above, to VIII. 260.

589. Cf. 'to _put_ it _in wryting_'; A. L. 664; 'she _put_ it _in wryting_'; A. L. 629.

590. I. e. in the hope that it will be patronised.

591. Cf. 'As for this _book_'; A. L. (last stanza).

592. 'How darest thou thrust thyself among the throng?' i.e. enter into contest. Cf. 'In suych materys to _putte mysylff in prees_'; Lydgate, Secrees of Philosophers, ed. Steele, l. 555.

§ XXI. THE ASSEMBLY OF LADIES.

For numerous references to this poem, see Notes to the preceding poem.

Though apparently written by the authoress of the Flower and the Leaf, it is of later date, and much less use is made of the final e. That the author was a woman, is asserted in ll. 7, 18, 259, 284, 370, 379-85, 407, 450, 625.

17. _the mase_. They amused themselves by trying to find a way into a maze, similar to that at Hampton Court. Cf. l. 32.

29. Ll. 1-28 are introductory. The story of the dream now begins, but is likewise preceded by an introduction, down to l. 77.

34. The word _went_ is repeated; the second time, it is an error for _wend_, weened. 'Some went (really) inwards, and imagined that they had gone outwards.' Which shews that the maze was well constructed. So, in l. 36, those who thought they were far behind, found themselves as far forward as the best of them.

42. That is, they cheated the deviser of the maze, by stepping over the rail put to strengthen the hedge. That was because they lost their temper.

44. The authoress got ahead of the rest; although sorely tired, she had gained a great advantage, and found the last narrow passage which led straight to the arbour in the centre. This was provided with benches (doubtless of turf, Flower and Leaf, l. 51) and well enclosed, having stone walls and a paved floor with a fountain in the middle of it.

54. There were stairs leading downwards, with a 'turning-wheel.' I do not think that turning-wheel here means a turn-stile, or what was formerly called a turn-pike. It simply means that the stair-case was of spiral form. Jamieson tells us that, in Lowland Scotch, the term _turn-pike_ was applied (1) to the winding stair of a castle, and (2) to any set of stairs of spiral form; and quotes from Arnot to shew that a spiral stair-case was called a _turnpike stair_, whereas a straight one was called a _scale stair_. The pot of marjoram may have been placed on a support rising from the newel.

It may be noted that arbours, which varied greatly in size and construction, were often set upon a small 'mount' or mound; in which case it would be easy to make a small spiral stair-case in the centre. In the present case, it could hardly have been very large, as it occupied a space in the centre of a maze. For further illustration, see A History of Gardening in England, by the Hon. Alicia Amherst, pp. 33, 52, 78, 116, 118, 314.

60. 'And how they (the daisies) were accompanied with other flowers besides, viz. forget-me-nots and remember-mes; and the poor pansies were not ousted from the place.'

61. _Ne-m'oublie-mies_; from O.F. _ne m'oublie-mie_, a forget-me-not. Littré, s.v. _ne m'oubliez pas_, quotes, from Charles d'Orléans, 'Des fleurs de _ne m'oubliez mie_'; and again, from a later source, 'Un diamant taillé en fleur de _ne m'oblie mie_.' The recovery of this true reading (by the help of MS. A.) is very interesting; as all the editions, who follow Thynne, are hopelessly wrong. Thynne, misreading the word, printed _Ne momblysnesse_; whence arose the following extraordinary entry in Bailey's Dictionary:--'_Momblishness_, talk, muttering; Old Word.' This ghost-word is carefully preserved in the Century Dictionary in the form:--'_Momblishness_, muttering talk; Bailey (1731).'

_sovenez_ doubtless corresponds to the name _remember-me_, given in Yorkshire and Scotland to the _Veronica chamædrys_, more commonly called the germander speedwell, and in some counties forget-me-not. But we should rather, in this passage, take forget-me-not (above) to refer, as is most usual, to the _Myosotis_; as Littré also explains it. Here Thynne was once more at a loss, and printed the word as _souenesse_, which was 'improved' by Stowe into _sonenesse_. Hence another ghost-word, recorded by Bailey in the entry:--'_Sonenesse_, noise.' Cf. l. 86.

62. _pensees_, pansies; alluding, of course, to the _Viola tricolor_. The spelling is correct, as it represents the O.F. _pensee_, thought; and it seems to have been named, as Littré remarks, in a similar way to the forget-me-not, and (I may add) to the remember-me.

68. _stremes_, jets of water; there was a little fountain in the middle.

73. The authoress had to wait till the other ladies also arrived in the centre of the maze. Cf. note to l. 736.

82. _sad_, settled, staid. _demure_, sober; lit. mature.

83. _blewe_, blue; which was the colour of constancy; see note to C. T., F 644 (vol. v. p. 386). For the lady's name was Perseverance. It is convenient to enumerate here the officers who are mentioned. They are: Perseveraunce, usher (91); Diligence (133, 198, 728); Countenance, porter (177, 277, 295); Discretion, purveyour (263); Acquaintance, herbergeour (269); Largesse, steward (318); Belchere, marshall (322); Remembrance, chamberlain (336); Avyseness, or Advisedness, secretary (343); and Attemperance, chancellor (508). The chief Lady is Loyalty (98), dwelling in the mansion of Pleasant Regard (170).

87. Here _word_ means 'motto.' I here collect the French mottoes mentioned, viz. Bien et loyalement (88); Tant que je puis (208); A moi que je voy (308); Plus ne purroy (364); A endurer (489). Afterwards, four ladies are introduced, with the mottoes Sans que jamais (583); Une sanz chaungier (590); Oncques puis lever (598); and Entierment vostre (616). These ladies afterwards present petitions, on which were written, respectively, the phrases Cest sanz dire (627); En dieu est (645); Soyez en sure (666); and Bien moneste (675). The words, or mottoes, were embroidered on the sleeves of the ladies (119). See Lydgate's Temple of Glas, 308-10.

224. They said a pater-noster for the benefit of St. Julian, because he was the patron-saint of wayfarers. 'Of this saynt Julyen somme saye that this is he that pylgryms and wey-faryng men calle and requyre for good herberowe, by-cause our lord was lodgyd in his hows'; Caxton's Golden Legend. The story occurs in the Gesta Romanorum, c. xviii., and in the Aurea Legenda. The following extract from an old translation of Boccaccio, Decam. Day 2. Nov. 2, explains the point of the allusion. 'Nevertheless, at all times, when I am thus in journey, in the morning before I depart my chamber, I say a _pater-noster_ and an _Ave-Maria_ for the souls of the father and mother of St. Julian; and after that, I pray God and St. Julian to send me a good lodging at night'; &c. Dunlop, in his Hist. of Fiction, discussing this Novella, says: 'This saint was originally a knight, and, as was prophecied to him by a stag, he had the singular hap to kill his father and mother by mistake. As an atonement for his carelessness, he afterwards founded a sumptuous hospital for the accommodation of travellers, who, in return for their entertainment, were required to _repeat pater-nosters_ for the souls of his unfortunate parents.'

241. Because she was to change her dress, and put on blue; see ll. 258-9, 313-4, 413.

457. The reference is to the Legend of Good Women, which contains the story of Phyllis, Thisbe, and 'Cleopataras.' Cf. l. 465.

463. _Hawes_, probably the same name as _Havise_, which occurs in the old story of Fulke Fitzwarine. But it is remarkable that MS. A. has the reading:--'That other sydë was, how Enclusene'; and this looks like an error for _Melusene_, variant of _Melusine_. This would agree with the next line, which means 'was untruly deceived in her bath.' The story of Melusine is given in the Romance of Partenay. She was a fairy who married Raymound, son of the Earl of Forest, on the understanding that he was never to watch what she did on a Saturday. This he at last attempts to do, and discovers, through a hole in the door, that she was _in a bath_, and that her lower half was changed into a serpent. He tries to keep the knowledge of the secret, but one day, in a fit of anger, calls her a serpent. She reproaches him, and vanishes from his sight. See the Romans of Partenay, ed. Skeat (E.E.T.S.).

465. From Chaucer's poem of Anelida and the false Arcite; vol. i. p. 365; for her Complaint, see the same, p. 373.

471. _umple_ (MS. T. _vmpylle_), smooth gauze; from O.F. _omple_, smooth, used as an epithet of cloth, satin, or other stuff (Godefroy). Here evidently applied to something of a very thin texture, as gauze; see l. 473.

477. _stages_, steps. The chair or throne was set on a platform accessible by five steps, which were made of _cassidony_. Cotgrave explains O.F. _cassidonie_ as meaning not only chalcedony, but also a kind of marble; and this latter sense may be here intended.

488. _Her word_, her motto; _her_ must refer to the great lady (l. 501) to whom the throne belonged.

499. _tapet_, a hanging cloth (Halliwell); here a portion of the hangings that could be lifted up, to give entrance.

526. _After a sort_, of one kind, alike. _vent_, slit in front of a gown. '_Vente_, the opening at the neck of the tunic or gown, as worn by both sexes during the Norman period, and which was closed by a brooch'; Gloss. to Fairholt's Costume in England. O.F. _fente_, a slit, cleft; from Lat. _findere_. The collar and slit were alike bordered with ermine, covered with large pearls, and sprinkled with diamonds. Cf. also: 'Wyth armynes powdred bordred at the vent'; Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure, ed. Wright, p. 80.

536. _balays_, a balas-ruby; 'a delicate rose-red variety of the spinel ruby'; New. E. Dict. _of entail_, lit. 'of cutting,' i.e. carefully cut; the usual phrase; see New E. Dict.

539. _a world_, worth a world; cf. _a world_ (great quantity) of ladies; Flower and the Leaf, 137.

576-8. Alluding to the proverb: 'first come, first served'; cf. C. T., D 389, and the note (vol. v. p. 301).

581. We find that the 'bills' are petitions made by the four ladies regarding their ill success in love-affairs.

592. I. e. yet not so much as she ought to have been, as she had all the trouble; _she_ refers to the lady herself.

598. _Oncques_, ever; Lat. _unquam_. 'I can ever rise' seems at first sight to be meant; but _ne_ must be understood; the true sense is, 'I can never rise'; i.e. never succeed. See the context, ll. 605-9.

645. 'I trust in God'; see l. 655.

675. 'Admonish well'; from O.F. _monester_, to admonish, warn.

680. Here, and in l. 689, the speaker is the lady of the castle. In l. 682 (as in l. 690), the speaker appears to be the fourth lady; it is none too clear.

689. _I hate you_, I command you. _Hate_ should rather be written _hote_; perhaps it was confused with the related pt. t. _hatte_, was called. The reference to Saint James of Compostella is noteworthy.

693. _it_, i.e. the bill, or petition; it takes the form of a Complaint.

697-8. _And_, if. _ye wolde_, i.e. _ye wolde seme_, (see l. 696), ye would think so. _Seem_ is still common in Devonshire in the sense of think or suppose; usually pronounced _zim_.

699. _her_ refers to the lady of the castle; at least, it would appear so from l. 705. Else, it refers to Fortune.

736. _the water_, water thrown in her face by one of her companions, who had by this time entered the arbour.

752. A headless line; accent the first syllable.

754-5. The Flower and the Leaf has a similar ending (ll. 582-3).

§ XXII. A GOODLY BALADE.

Obviously Lydgate's. See the Introduction.

1. _Moder of norture_, model of good breeding. The poem is evidently addressed to a lady named Margaret.

2. _flour_, daisy (for Margaret); see ll. 22, 23.

4. _Al be I_, although I am; common in Lydgate.

9. _Thing_, i.e. anything, everything, whatever thing.

15. _Mieulx un_, one (is) better; evidently cited from a motto or device. The meaning seems to be: it is better to have but _one_ lover, and you have found one in a heart that will never shrink. In the Temple of Glas, 310, Lydgate uses the motto _de mieulx en mieulx_.

22-3. 'Daisy (born) of light; you are called the daughter of the sun.' Alluding to the name _day's eye_, which was also applied by Lydgate to the sun; see note in vol. iii. p. 291 (l. 43). Imitated from Legend of Good Women, 60-4.

29. 'When the day dawns, (repairing) to its natural place (in the east), then your father Phoebus adorns the morrow.'

34. 'Were it not for the comfort in the day-time, when (the sun's) clear eyes make the daisy unclose.' Awkward and involved; cf. Legend of Good Women, 48-50, 64-5.

43. _Je vouldray_, I should like; purposely left incomplete.

44. _casuel_, uncertain; see New E. Dict.

48-9. _god saith_; implying that it is in the Bible. I do not find the words; cf. Prov. xxi. 3; 1 Pet. ii. 20.

50. _Cautels_, artifices, deceits; a word not used by Chaucer, but found in Lydgate; see New E. Dict.

57. _Quaketh my penne_, my pen quakes; an expression used once by Chaucer, Troil. iv. 13, but pounced upon by Lydgate, who employs it repeatedly. See more than twenty examples in Schick's note to the Temple of Glas, 947. Cf. IX. 229.

59. Read _roseth_, grows rosy, grows red, as opposed to _welkeneth_, withers, fades. We find the pp. _rosed_ twice in Shakespeare; 'a maid yet _rosed over_,' Henry V, v. 2. 423; and 'thy _rosed_ lips'; Titus And. ii. 4. 24. The emendation seems a safe one, for it restores the sense as well as the rime.

_welkeneth_ should probably be _welketh_; I find no other example of the verb _welkenen_, though _welwen_ occurs in a like sense; and _welketh_ suits the rhythm.

60. _eft_, once again hot. These sudden transitions from cold to heat are common; see Temple of Glas, 356:--'For thoughe I brenne with _feruence_ and with hete.'

64. Lydgate is always deploring his lack of eloquence; cf. notes to Temple of Glas, ed. Schick, ll. 1393, 1400.

69. I can find no such word as _jouesse_, so I alter it to _jonesse_, i.e. youth. For the spelling _jonesce_ in the 14th century, see Littré, s.v. _jeunesse_. The expression _have more yet_ implies that the phrase or motto _je serve jonesse_ is added as a postscript, and that there was some special point in it; but the application of it is now lost to us. Cf. 'Princes _of youthe_, and flour of gentilesse,' Temple of Glas, 970.

§ XXIII. GO FORTH, KING.

This poem really consists of twelve precepts, intended to redress twelve abuses. The twelve abuses are given by the Latin lines above, which should be compared throughout. The whole poem is thus easily understood.

The accent is on the first syllable of the line in most of the lines. In l. 3, the word _Lord_ stands alone in the first foot. The lines are somewhat unsteady, quite in Lydgate's usual manner. In l. 6, _jug-e_ is probably dissyllabic. See further in the Introduction.

§ XXIV. THE COURT OF LOVE.

This late piece abounds with imitations of Lydgate, especially of his Temple of Glas; many of the resemblances are pointed out in Schick's edition of that poem, which I refer to by the contraction 'T. G.'

1. Cf. 'With quaking hert[e] of myn inward drede'; T. G. 978.

'Another feature characteristic of Lydgate is his self-deprec[i]atory vein'; T. G., Introd. p. cxl. We have here an instance of an imitation of it.

6. Cf. 'Save that he wol conveyen his matere'; C. T., E 55.

8. He refers to Cicero's flowers of rhetoric. He may have found the name in Chaucer, P. F. 31. But he probably took the whole idea from a line of Lydgate's:--'Of rethoriques _Tullius_ fond the _floures_': Minor Poems, p. 87.

9. _borne_, burnish, adorn; it rimes (as here) with _sojorne_ in Troil. i. 327.

11. _Galfrid_, Geoffrey de Vinsauf; his 'craft' refers to his treatise on the art of poetry, entitled 'Nova Poetria'; see note to C. T., B 4537 (vol. v. p. 257). [I once thought (see vol. i. p. 43) that _Galfrid_ here means Chaucer himself, as he also is twice called _Galfrid_ in Lydgate's Troy-book. But I find that Dr. Schick thinks otherwise, and the use of the word _craft_ is on his side. At the same time, this renders it impossible for Chaucer to have written 'The Court of Love'; _his_ opinion of his namesake was the reverse of reverential.] With ll. 4-11 compare the opening lines of Benedict Burgh's Poem in Praise of Lydgate, pr. at p. xxxi of Steele's edition of Lydgate's Secrees of Philosophers.

19. _Calliope_; twice mentioned by Chaucer; also by Lydgate, T. G. 1303. Lydgate's Troy-book opens with an invocation to Mars, followed by one to Calliope:--'Helpe me also, o thou Callyope'; and only four lines above there is a mention of 'Helicon the welle' (see l. 22 below).

22. _Elicon_, mount Helicon in Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and the Muses; confused by Chaucer and his followers with the fountain Hippocrene; see note in vol. i. p. 531. Hence Lydgate's expression 'Helicon the welle' in the last note and in T. G. 706, and the reference in the text to its _dropes_.

_suger-dropes_; Lydgate was fond of sugar; he has 'soote _sugred_ armonye,' Minor Poems, p. 182; and '_sugrid_ melody,' ib., p. 11. Also '_sugred_ eloquence'; XII. 200 (p. 288); with which cf. l. 933 below. I have observed several other examples.

24. _Melpomene_; the muse who presided over tragedy.

28. Cf. 'This simpil tretis for to take _in gre_'; T. G. 1387. 'Taketh _at gre_ the rudness of my style'; Lydgate, Secrees of Philosophers, 21.

30. _metriciens_, skilful in metre, poets; a word which has a remarkably late air about it. Richardson gives an example of it from Hall's Chronicle.

36. Compare the following, from T. G. 1379-81.

'I purpos here to maken and to write A litil tretise, and a processe make In pris of women, oonli for hir sake.'

40. _man_, servant, one who does her homage; cf. Chaucer, C. T., I 772; La Belle Dame, 244; T. G. 742.

42. Cf. 'So that here-after my ladi may it _loke_'; T. G. 1392.

45. Cf. 'Ther was enclosed _rype and sad corage_'; C. T., E 220.

49, 50. Here the mountain of Cithæron, in Boeotia, is confused with the island of Cythera, sacred to Venus, whence her name Cytherea was derived. The mistake arose, of course, from the similarity of the names, and occurs (as said in vol. v. p. 78, note to A 1936), in the Roman de la Rose, where we find:--

'Citeron est une montaigne ... Venus, qui les dames espire, Fist là son principal manoir'; ll. 15865-71.

Hence Chaucer makes the same confusion, but in a different way. Chaucer preserves the right name of the mountain, in the form _Citheroun_, which he rimes with _mencioun_ (A 1936) and with _Adoun_ (A 2223); but here we have the form _Citharee_, riming with _see_. For all this, the scribe corrects it to _Citheron_ in l. 69, where he has no rime to deal with.

56. Cf. 'the _winged_ god, Mercurie'; C. T., A 1385.

58. The MS. has _costes that it drewe_; Bell alters this to _had to it drew_, under the impression that _drew_ is the pp. of _draw_! So again, in l. 78, he alters _saphir ind_, which is correct, to _saphir of Inde_; and in general, alters the text at will without the least hint that he has done so.

78. _ind_, blue; as in The Black Knight, 127.

80. _Baleis Turkeis_ (MS. _Bales turkes_). _Baleis_ is a better spelling, answering to F. _balais_ in Littré. It also occurs as _balai_ in O.F.; and the word was probably suggested by the mention of it in Rom. de la Rose, 20125:--'Que saphirs, rubis, ne _balai_.' Hence also the mention of it in the King's Quhair, st. 46, which see; and in the Assembly of Ladies, 536. _Turkeis_ is the A. F. equivalent of O.F. _Turkois_, i.e. Turkish, as in C. T., A 2895, on which see the note (vol. v. p. 93).

81. _shene_, a misspelling of _shine_, intimating that the author has confused the adj. _shene_ with the verb; or rather, that the poem was written at a time when the word _shine_ could be used as riming to _been_; since we find similar examples in lines 561, 768. So also we find _pretily_ riming with _be_ in The Flower and the Leaf, 89. The pt. t. _shoon_ occurs in l. 83.

82. Cf. 'As doon the sterres in the frosty night'; C. T., A 268. And again: '_bryght As sterrys in_ the _wyntyr_ nyght'; Lydgate, Compleint following T. G., l. 548.

86. Cf. Compl. of Mars, 78-84, 104-5; C. T., A 2388 (and note); and T. G. 126-8.

88. Cf. 'Long as _a mast_,' &c.; C. T., A 3264.

92. Cf. Troil. iii. 8-21: '_In hevene and helle_,' &c.; from Boccaccio; see note (vol. ii. p. 475).

105. _Alceste_; evidently borrowed from Ch., Legend of Good Women, 224, 293-9, 432; cf. T. G. 70-4. _The quenes flour Alceste_ = the flower of queen Alcestis; a common idiom; see note to C. T., F 209 (vol. v. p. 376).

107. _Admete_, Admetus; see Troil. i. 664, and the note; T. G. 72.

108. _ninetene_; copied from the Legend of Good Women, 283; just as the next line is from the same, 285-9. This is the more remarkable, because Chaucer never finished the poem, but mentions ten ladies only, in nine Legends. Cf. 'the book of _the nynetene Ladies_'; C. T., I 1086. Hawes also refers to Chaucer's 'tragidyes ... of the xix. ladyes'; Pastime of Pleasure, ed. Wright, p. 53.

115. 'So fair was noon in alle Arras'; R. R. 1234.

116. _of esier availe_, of less value; see _Avail_ in the New E. Dict.

117. _saunz faile_; thrice in Ch.; HF. 188, 429; C. T., B 501.

119. _Helisee_, Elysium; '_the feld_ ... That hight _Elysos_'; Troil. iv. 789.

120. _saintes_, saints, martyrs for love; cf. V. 316, above (p. 227), and the note. Cf. T. G. 414.

129. 'The king had Danger standing near him, and the queen had Disdain, who were chief of the council, to treat of affairs of state'; Bell.

138. Cf. T. G. 271, and the note, shewing how common gold hair is in Lydgate.

139, 140. 'Bihinde _her bak, a yerde long_'; C. T., A 1050.

148. _In mewet_, in an inaudible voice, to myself; like mod. F. _à la muette_ (Littré).

167. _non erst_; false grammar for _non er_, no sooner; 'no soonest' is nonsense. We find, however, the phrases _not erst_ and _never erst_ elsewhere; see New E. Dict., s.v. _Erst_, § B. 4.

170. This is the earliest quotation given in the New E. Dict., s.v. _Assummon_; and the next is from the poet Daniel.

177. Chaucer has the compound _for-pampred_; Former Age, 5. I read _jolif_, joyful, to make sense; the MS. has the absurd word _ioylof_ (_sic_); and Stowe has _ialous_, jealous, which is quite out of place here.

181. 'An allusion to the monkish story of the man who brought up a youth ignorant of women, and who, when he first saw them, told him they were geese. The story is in the _Promptuarium Exemplorum_. It was adopted by Boccaccio, from whom it was taken by Lafontaine, liv. iii. conte 1. See _Latin Stories_, edited by Mr. [T.] Wright.'--Bell.

194. From C. T., B 466: '_On many a_ sory _meel_ now _may she bayte_.'

202. Cf. '_Comfort is noon_'; Chaucer's A B C, 17.

207. _how_, however. Cf. 'that _boghten love_ so _dere_'; Legend of Good Women, 258.

229. See the Book of the Duchess, 323-34, where the painted glass windows contain subjects from the Romance of the Rose and others. The story of Dido is common enough; but the reference to Chaucer's Anelida and the false Arcite, is remarkable, especially as it occurs also in XXI. 465 above (p. 395). 'The turtel trewe' is from the Parl. Foules, 577. See the parallel passage in T. G. 44-142, where Lydgate's _first_ example is that of _Dido_, while at the same time he mentions Palamon, Emilie, and Canacee, all from Chaucer.

246. _blew_, blue, the colour of constancy; see l. 248.

250. 'And why that ye ben clothed thus _in blak_?' C. T., A 911.

255. _grene_ only gives an assonance with _here_, not a rime. Green was the colour of inconstancy, and was sometimes used _for despyt_, to use Chaucer's phrase; see note to C. T., F 644 (vol. v. p. 386). White may refer to the White Friars or Carmelites, and russet to the hermits; cf. P. Plowman, C. prol. 3, C. xi. 1.

270. _an ho_, a proclamation commanding silence; see C. T., 2533. Quite distinct from _hue_ (and cry), with which Bell confuses it. A hue and cry was only raised against fleeing criminals.

280. Clearly suggested by the God of Love's stern question in the Legend of Good Women, 315:--'What dostow heer So nigh myn owne flour, so boldely?' At the same time the phrase _fer y-stope in yeres_ is from Chaucer's _somdel stape in age_, C. T., B 4011, on which see the note (vol. v. p. 248). See the next note.

288. Similarly the God of Love pardoned Chaucer (L. G. W. 450), but upon a condition (ib. 548).

290. _serven_, false grammar for _serve_.

302. Here follow the twenty statutes; ll. 302-504. They are evidently expanded from the similar set of injunctions given by Venus to the Knight in The Temple of Glas, ll. 1152-213; as clearly shewn by Schick in his Introduction, p. cxxxi. The similarity extends to the first, second, third, fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth and eighteenth statutes, which resemble passages found in the Temple of Glas, ll. 1152-213, or elsewhere in the same poem. It is also possible that the author, or Lydgate, or both of them, kept an eye upon Ovid's Art of Love. See also Rom. Rose (Eng. version), 2355-950, which is much to the point.

305. This is also the first injunction in T. G. 1152-3, and is immediately followed by the second, which enjoins _secrecy_. The reader should compare the passages for himself.

311. MS. _synk and flete_; which must of course be corrected to 'sink _or_ flete,' as in Anelida, 182; C. T., A 2397.

317. '_Withoute chaunge_ in parti or in al'; T. G. 1155.

319. The MS. has _brynde_, and Stowe has _brinde_; so I let the reading stand. Morris has _blynde_, and Bell _blind_; neither of them has a note as to the change made. Perhaps _brind_ = _brend_ = burnt, in the sense of 'inflamed by passion'; or it may be an error for _brim_ = _breme_, furious, applied especially to the desire of the boar for the sow. The sense intended is clear enough; we should now write 'base.'

324-5. From C. T., A 2252-3:--

'And on thyn [_Venus'_] _auter_, wher I ryde or go, I wol don sacrifice, and _fyres bete_.'

329. _passe forby_, to pass by, i.e. to get out of his way; cf. C. T., B 1759, C 668. _an ese_, a relief, a way of escape. There is no difficulty, but all the editions have altered it to _passe, for thereby_, which will not scan.

330. _daungerous_, grudging, reluctant; see C. T., D 514.

332. _of a sight_, of what one may see. _squeymous_ (MS. _squymouse_, Stowe _squmous_), squeamish, particular; see note to C. T., A 3337 (vol. v. p. 102). It is added that when the lady, on her part, was cruel, it was the lover's duty to toss about in bed and weep; cf. T. G. 12:--'The longe nyght _walowing_ to and fro.' 'To _walwe and wepe_'; Troil. i. 699. And see Rom. Rose (Eng. version), 2553-62.

338. Cf. 'Him to complein, that he walk [_read_ welk = walked] so sole'; T. G. 552. And cf. Book Duch. 449; Black Knight, 143; Rom. Rose, 2391-6, 2517-9.

340. Cf. 'as though he roughte nought Of life ne deth'; T. G. 939-40.

344. 'Abide awhile,' T. G. 1203; '_patiently_ t'endure'; T. G. 1267.

347. _helden_, false grammar for _held_. The metre shews that it was intentional.

349. 'Fulli _to obeye_,' T. G. 1151; cf. 1145-50.

360-4. Cf. T. G. 1012-25; especially 'And when I trespas, goodli me correcte'; and 'neuyr yow offende.' And Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. ii. 199-202.

367. _yern_, earn; so _yearne_ in Spenser, F. Q. vi. 1. 40; A.S. _geearnian_.

368-9. 'Of _grace and pitè_, and nought of rightwisnes'; T. G. 979.

378. _a-croke_ (MS. _a croke_), awry; see _Acrook_ in the New E. Dict.

379-81. In l. 381, the MS. has _shon_ (shun) distinctly; yet Morris prints _shoue_, and Stowe _showe_, destroying the sense. All have _knowe_ in l. 379, but it should rather be _con_, which gives a perfect rime; for _con_ represents A.S. _cunnan_, to know, and is frequently spelt _cun_; see _Con_ in the New E. Dict. This statute refers to 'the comfort of Sweet-Looking'; see Rom. Rose, 2893-922; Gower, C. A., iii. 26-7.

390. See T. G. 170-1, 1014.

397. 'Yeve hir giftes, and get hir grace'; Rom. Rose, 2699. 'Auro conciliatur amor'; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. ii. 278.

403. Cf. Rom. Rose, 2568-85.

412. 'And for no tales thin herte not remue'; T. G. 1182. Cf. C. T., A 3163-4; F 1483-5; and XII. 113-9 above (p. 289).

429. 'For love ne wol nat countrepleted be'; Legend of Good Women, 476. 'Quisquis erit cui favet illa, fave'; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. i. 146.

431. '_Whyt_ was this _crowe_'; C. T., H 133; cf. note to C. T., D 232.

456. Compare the Merchant's Tale; C. T., E 1245.

469. Cf. T. G. 1168-70: 'All trwe louers to relese of her payne,' &c.

475. 'Ai fressh and wel besein'; T. G. 1167. Cf. Rom. Rose, 2279-84. 'Munditiae placeant,' &c.; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. i. 513.

484. 'Who loveth trewe hath no fatnesse'; Rom. Rose, 2686; 'Arguat et macies animum'; Ovid, Art. Amat. lib. i. 733.

491-504. Cf. Rom. Rose, 2419-39, 2817-20. In particular, ll. 496-7 seem to be actually copied from Rom. Rose, 2819-20: 'or of hir _chere That to thee made thy lady dere_.' This raises the suspicion that the Court of Love was written after 1532.

499. _thou seen_ would be in Latin _tu videatis_; another example of false grammar.

523. _let been_, to let (them) be, to leave off.

526. _kepten been_ (MS. _bene_); so in all the copies; but _kepten_ is the pt. t. plural, as if we should say in Latin _seruauerunt sunt_. Unless, indeed, the _-en_ is meant for the pp. suffix of a strong verb, as if we should make a Latin form _seruatiti_. The scansion shews that this false grammar came from the author.

529. 'Except God and the devil.'

536-7. Solomon and Samson; the usual stock examples. But probably in this case borrowed from Lydgate's Balade, XIV. 4 (p. 295), which is certainly quoted thrice again below.

542. This line is made up from Lydgate's Balade, XIV. 29-33, and 26; so again l. 544 resembles the same, l. 24. And Lydgate merely versifies the medieval proverb: 'Fallere,' &c.; see note to XIV. 29; p. 516.

547. _of kind_, by nature; as in XIV. 29 (p. 296).

550. 'An housbond shal _nat been inquisitif_'; C. T., A 3163.

556. _Citherea_ is right; see l. 50; MS. and Stowe have _Cithera_.

560. 'You that are provided already with a lady.'--Bell. Cf. l. 561.

561-3. _eke_, _lyke_, a permissible rime, at a time when _e_ had gained the mod. E. sound. See note to l. 81 above.

570. See T. G. 143-6. With l. 577, cf. T. G. 50.

580. The reading _blisful_ is certain; it is from T. G. 328:--'O _blisful_ sterre, persant and ful of light.' The author uses _persant_ below, in l. 849.

582. See the second of the interpolated stanzas in T. G., p. 21, ll. 6, 7:--

'Withoute desert; wherefore that ye vouche To _ponysshe_ hem dewely for here male-bouche.'

586. _loves daunce_; see references in the Glossary to vol. vi., s.v. _Daunce_.

589. In T. G. 144, the lovers are only many a thousand; in the Kingis Quair, st. 78, they are 'mony a' million; here they are a thousand million. Such is evolution.

591. '_redresse_ is elegantly put for _redresser_';--Bell. Then let the credit of it be Lydgate's; cf. '_Redresse_ of sorow, O Citheria'; T. G. 701.

592. Bell prints _yheried_, which is obviously right; but he does not say that both the MS. and Stowe have _I hired_; see Troil. ii. 973, iii. 7, 1804.

593. _loves bond_; founded on Boethius, lib. ii. met. 8, but doubtless taken from Troil. iii. 1766; see note in vol. ii. p. 483.

598, 603. 'Make him teschwe euere synne and vice'; T. G. 450.

611-3. _Celsitude_ and _pulcritude_ are words that savour of the revival of learning. Such words are common in Dunbar, who uses both of them. For _celsitude_, see Dunbar, ed. Small, p. 271, 76, and p. 325, 25; for _pulcritude_, see the same, p. 271, 74; p. 274, 2; p. 279, 5. He even rimes them together; p. 271. Hawes also uses _pulchritude_; Pastime of Pleasure, ed. Wright, pp. 5, 18.

614. Cf. '_Comparisoun may noon y-maked be_'; Legend of Good Women, 122.

623. _fere_, fire (not fear); as in Troil. iii. 978.

628. _Beseech_, to beseech; note the anachronism in using the French infin. _void-en_ with a suffix, and the Eng. _beseech_ with none at all.

634. _ure_, destiny; from O.F. _eur_, Lat. _augurium_. A word that first appeared in Northern English; it occurs at least eight times in Barbour's Bruce. And in the Kingis Quair, st. 10, we have the whole phrase--'my fortúne and ure.' It is also used by Lydgate; see VIII. 151, 302, 482 (pp. 250, 254, 260).

641. An exact repetition of l. 633 above.

642. Here, for a wonder, is an example of the final _e_; the author took the whole phrase 'In thilk-ë place' from some previous author; cf. 'In thilke places' (_sic_); Rom. Rose, 660 (Thynne). _sign_, assign.

648. 'Bi god and be my trouthe'; T. G. 1011.

683. '_And holden werre_ alwey with chastitee'; C. T., A 2236.

684. _I kepen_; false grammar; equivalent to Lat. _ego curamus_.

688. _yove_, gave; but in l. 690 the form is _gave_. I suspect that in l. 690, _gave_ should be _gan_, and that _image_ (for _images_) is to be taken as a genitive case; then the sense is--'And I began anon to ponder and weigh in my heart her image's fresh beauty.'

701. The idea is due to Chaucer's Compleynt to Pity; cf. l. 1324.

702. Cf. 'Him deyneth nat to _wreke him on a flye_'; Legend of Good Women, 381.

703. _eke him_, him also; but perhaps read _ete him_.

704. Cf. 'and tendre herte'; C. T., A 150.

725. _springen_; false grammar, as it is a plural form.

727. _endry_, suffer, endure; so again in l. 941. This ridiculous hybrid is rightly excluded from the New E. Dict., which gives, however, several similar formations. It was coined by prefixing the F. prefix _en-_, with an intensive force, to M.E. _drien_, variant of _dreogen_, to endure (A.S. _dr[=e]ogan_), Lowl. Sc. _dree_. No other author uses it.

732. _spede_, succeed; Stowe's alteration to _speke_ is unnecessary.

749. 'How are you the nearer for loving,' &c.

751. _fayn_, put for _feyn_, i.e. feign, tell an untruth.

755. _heth_, heath. Here, and in l. 757, the author refers to two occasions when he was in great danger of falling in love; but he does not go into details.

768. Here we must read _ee_ (eye) for the rime; in other cases it appears as _eye_, _ye_, _y_, riming with words in _-y_. This points to a somewhat late date; see note to l. 81 above. As for _stremes_, it is Lydgate's word for glances of the eye; see T. G. 263, 582. And Lydgate had it from Chaucer, who mostly uses it of sunbeams, but twice applies it to the beams from the eyes of Criseyde; Troil. i. 305, iii. 129.

782. _flawe_, generally explained as representing Lat. _flauus_, yellowish, or the O.F. _flave_, with the same sense. Her hair was gold, so her eyebrows may have been of a similar colour. I suspect that _flawe_ was a Northern form; cf. _braw_, as a Northern variant of _brave_.

783. _mene disseverance_, a moderate distance; evidently meant with reference to Criseyde, whose one demerit was that her eye-brows joined each other; Troil. v. 813.

787. _milk-whyt path_, the galaxy, or milky way; but surely this is quite a unique application of it, viz. to the prominent ridge of Rosial's nose.

789. _smaragde_, emerald. The eyes of Beatrice are called _smeraldi_; Dante, Purg. xxxi. 116. Juliet's nurse said that an eagle's eye was not so green as that of Paris; Romeo, iii. 5. 222. Eyes in Chaucer are usually 'as gray as glas'; the O.F. _vair_, an epithet for eyes, meant grayish-blue.

797. _basse_, kiss, buss; see _Bass_ in the New E. Dict. _ben_ is yet another instance of a false concord; read _be_, as _basse_ is singular. See next note.

798. Cornelius Maximianus Gallus, a poet of the sixth century, wrote six elegies which have come down to us. The quotation referred to occurs in the first Elegy (ll. 97-8), which is also quoted by Chaucer; see note to C. T., C 727 (vol. v. p. 287). The lines are:--

'Flammea dilexi, modicumque tumentia labra, Quae mihi gustanti basia plena darent.'

Hence the epithet _Flaming_ in l. 793.

810. _bend_, a band, sash; see New E. Dict., s.v. _Bend_ (2), sb., 1. a.

811. 'With hair in tresses'; like Criseyde's; see Troil. v. 810.

813. Cf. the Assembly of Ladies, 533-4 (p. 397):--

'_Aboute her nekke_ a sort of faire _rubyes_ In whyte _floures_ of right fyne enamayl.'

See also the Kingis Quair, st. 48.

815-6. See my note to Ch. Minor Poems, XXI. 20 (vol. i. p. 566).

821. _Calixto_, Callisto; called _Calixte_ in Parl. Foules, 286. The story is in Ovid, Met. ii. 409, _Alcmenia_, Alcmene, mother of Hercules; see Ovid, Met. ix. 281; cf. Troil. iii. 1428; T. G. 123.

823. _Europa_, the story is in Ovid, Met. ii. 858. See Legend of Good Women, 113, and the note; T. G. 118.

824. _Dane_, Danae, mother of Perseus; see Ovid, Met. iv. 610. In Chaucer, C. T., A 2062, _Dane_ means Daphne. _Antiopa_, mother of Amphion and Zethus; it may be noted that Jupiter's intrigues with Europa, Antiopa, Alcmene, and Danae, are all mentioned together in Ovid, Met. vi. 103-13. It follows that our author had read Ovid.

831. '_There is no lak, saue_ onli of pitè'; T. G. 749.

841. The word _the_ was probably written like _ye_, giving, apparently, the reading _ye ye_; then one of these was dropped. The long passage in ll. 841-903 may be compared with the pleadings of the lover in La Belle Dame sans Merci (p. 307, above); with T. G. 970-1039; and with the Kingis Quair, st. 99. Note the expression 'of beaute rote,' T. G. 972; and '_Princes_ of youthe,' T. G. 970 (two lines above); see l. 843.

849. _persant_, piercing; common in Lydgate; T. G. 328, 756, 1341; Black Knight, 28, 358, 591, 613. Cf. 'And _with_ the _stremes of your percyng_ light'; Kingis Quair, 103.

852-3. Cf. T. G. 1038-9; Kingis Quair, st. 103, l. 7.

858. 'Of verrey routhe upon my peynes rewe'; T. G. 1001.

865. 'To love him best ne shal I _never repente_'; The Compleynt of Venus, 56, 64, 72. See note to l. 875.

872-3. Referring to Ch. Troilus, and Legend of Good Women, 580. 'To ben as trewe as was Antonyus To Cleopatre'; T. G. 778.

874. _thinkes_; observe this Northern form.

875. 'And therfore, certes, _to myn ending-day_'; The Compleynt of Venus, 55. See note to l. 865.

882. _expert_, experienced; 'expert in love,' Troil. ii. 1367.

891. 'With al my hert I thanke yow _of youre profre_'; T. G. 1060.

897. Read _I_; this the scribe must have mistaken for the contraction for 'and.'

901. 'And I beseech you not to be disdainful.'

902. _seen my wil_, to see what I wish; but surely _wil_ is an error for _bill_, petition; see l. 916. Then _rede_ means 'read it.'

906. _com of_, be quick; see Troil. ii. 1738, 1742, 1750; and the numerous examples in Schick's note to T. G. 1272.

911. Stowe, like the MS., ends the line with _why_. Bell supplied _makes thou straunge_.

913. _Cambrige_; this form is not found till after 1400. Chaucer has _Cant-e-brigg-e_ (C. T., A 3921) in four syllables, which appears as _Cambrugge_ in the late Lansdowne MS., after 1420. See Skeat, A Student's Pastime, pp. 397-8.

922. _and have_, i.e. and have loved. On this construction, see Schick's note to T. G. 1275.

925-7. _I ... doon_; more false grammar; equivalent to Lat. _ego faciamus_.

929. 'And, whan I trespace, goodli _me correcte_'; T. G. 1018.

931-52. Compare the answers of the lady in La Belle Dame sans Merci (p. 309, &c.).

988-9. Cf. Parl. Foules, 90-1; Compl. to his Lady, 47-9.

998. _dwale_, an opiate, a sleeping-draught; made from the _dwale_ or 'deadly nightshade' (_Atropa belladonna_). It occurs once in Chaucer; C. T., A 4161. See my note to P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 379.

1000. _y-wis afrayed_, (being) certainly frightened. The use of _y-wis_ in such a position is most unusual.

1016-7. 'Right as the fressh[e] rodi rose nwe Of hir coloure to wexin she bigan'; T. G. 1042-3.

1023. Something is lost here. There is no gap in the MS.; but there was probably one in the MS. from which it was copied. I think six stanzas are lost; see the Introduction.

1032-3. 'And their fellow-furtherer,' i.e. fellow-helper.

1034. _Dred_ is one of the personifications from the Roman de la Rose; see Rom. Rose, 3958; so in T. G. 631.

1040. 'Gall under honey'; see l. 542 above. Cf. T. G. 192.

1042. 'Lay aside your confidence (courage), for all her white (flattering) words'; cf. Troil. iii. 901.

1045. _thow wot_, false grammar for _thou wost_.

1049. _The ton_ = _thet on_, the one; _the toder_ = _thet oder_, the other. _Oder_ is a remarkable form; see Halliwell. So also _brodur_, in Le Bon Florence of Rome, ed. Ritson, 931.

1053-4. 'Hir kind is fret with doublenesse'; XIII. 80 (p. 293).

1055. 'So I cast about to get rid of Despair's company'; hence _taken_, in l. 1056, is in the infin. mood.

1058. _bay-window_; cf. Assembly of Ladies, 163. The earliest known quotation for _bay-window_ is dated 1428, in a prosaic document.

1060. 'As any ravenes _fether_ it shoon _for-blak_'; spoken of hair; C. T., A 2144.

1065. 'Ther needeth non _auctoritee allegge_'; C. T., A 3000.

1072. Cf. Troil. ii. 855-61.

1083. _were_, wear; altered by Bell to _ware_, which is a form of the past tense.

1087. _she_ seems to be spoken casually of some woman in the company; and _prety man_, in l. 1088, is used in a similar way.

_goth on patens_, walks in pattens. A very early example of the word _paten_. It occurs in Palsgrave (1530). _fete_, neat, smart; used by Lydgate; see _Feat_ in the New E. Dict.

1095. Here the author comes back again to the Temple of Glas, 143-246, which see; and cf. The Kingis Quair, stanzas 79-93.

1096. _black_, Dominican friars; _white_, Carmelites; _gray_, Franciscans.

1100. From T. G. 196-206; for the nuns, see T. G. 207-8.

1104. '_In wide_ copis _perfeccion to feine_'; T. G. 204. See l. 1116.

1106. 'That _on hir freendis al the_ wite they leide'; T. G. 208.

1116. '_In wide copis_ perfeccion to feine'; T. G. 204.

1134. '_Ther thou were weel_, fro thennes artow weyved'; C. T., B 308.

1136. Cf. 'With sobbing teris, and with ful pitous soune'; T. G. 197.

1139. Cf. 'And other eke, that for _pouertè_'; T. G. 159.

1150. _prang_, pang (MS. _prange_; and so in Stowe); altered to _pang_ by Bell and Morris. '_Pronge_, Erumpna' [aerumna]; Prompt. Parv. '_Throwe_ [throe], _womannys pronge_, Erumpna'; the same. '_Prange_, oppression, or constraint'; Hexham's Dutch Dict. Cf. Gothic: 'in allamma _ana-pragganai_,' we were troubled on every side, 2 Cor. vii. 5; where _gg_ is written for _ng_, as in Greek. The mod. E. _pang_ seems to have been made out of it, perhaps by confusion with _pank_, to pant.

1160, 1164. 'And pitousli _on god and kynde pleyne_'; T. G. 224. But the context requires the reading _god of kind_, i.e. God of nature. In l. 1166, _leften_ must be meant for a pp.; if so, it is erroneously formed, just like _kepten_ above; see note to l. 526.

1173. _werdes_, Fates; obviously the right reading; yet the MS., Stowe, and Morris have _wordes_, and Bell alters the line. The confusion between _e_ and _o_ at this time is endless. See _Werdes_, _Wierdes_ in the Gloss. to Chaucer.

1177. _he_, another of the company; cf. _she_ in l. 1087. Both Morris and Bell alter the text. Bell reminds us that the character here described is that of Shakespeare's Benedict. But it is obviously copied from Troilus! see Troil. i. 904-38.

1189. The word _post_ is from Troil. i. 1000: 'That thou shalt be the beste _post_, I leve, Of al his lay.'

1198. _Shamefastness_, Bashfulness; borrowed from _Honte_ in the Rom. de la Rose, 2821; called _Shame_ in the E. version, 3034. Hence the reference to _roses_ in l. 1203, though it comes in naturally enough.

1211. _were not she_, if it had not been for her.

1213. _returnith_, turns them back again; used transitively.

1218. 'When Bashfulness is dead, Despair will be heir' (will succeed in her place). Too bold lovers would be dismissed.

1219. _Avaunter_, Boaster; as in Troil. iii. 308-14. The line sounds like an echo of 'Have at thee, Jason! now thyn horn is blowe!' Legend of Good Women, 1383.

1222. _wowe_, woo; evidently the right reading; so in Morris. Cf. The Letter of Cupid, V. 274-80 (p. 226).

1238. _statut_, i.e. the sixteenth statute (l. 435).

1242. '_Avauntour_ and _a lyere_, al is on'; Troil. iii. 309.

1253. _sojoure_, sojourn, dwell, used quite wrongly; for O.F. _sojur_ (originally _sojorn_) is a sb. only, like mod. F. _séjour_. The O.F. verb was _sojorner_, _sojourner_, whence M.E. _sojornen_, _sojournen_, correctly used by Chaucer. The sb. _sojour_ occurs in Rom. Rose, 4282, 5150. The mistake is so bad that even the scribe has here written _soiorne_; but, unluckily, this destroys the rime.

1255. 'Envy is admirably represented as rocking himself to and fro with vexation, as he sits, dark, in a corner.'--Bell. For all this, I suspect the right word is _rouketh_, i.e. cowers, as in C. T., A 1308. _Rokken_ is properly transitive, as in C. T., A 4157.

1257. For the description of Envy, see Rom. Rose, 247. But the author (in l. 1259) refers us to Ovid, Met. ii. 775-82, q. v.

1259. _Methamorphosose_; this terrible word is meant for _Metamorphoseos_, the form used by Chaucer, C. T., B 93. But the true ending is _-e[=o]n_, gen. pl. The scribe has altered the suffix to _-ees_, thus carelessly destroying the rime.

1268. _Prevy Thought_ is taken from _Doux-Pensers_ in the Rom. de la Rose, 2633, called _Swete-Thought_ in the E. Version, 2799; see the passage.

1288. Cf. 'Hir person he shal afore him sette'; R. R. 2808.

1290. Cf. 'This comfort wol I that thou take'; R. R. 2821.

1295. Cf. 'Awey his anger for to dryve'; R. R. 2800.

1315. Schick refers us, for this fiction, to the Rom. Rose, 939-82, where Cupid has two sets of arrows, one set of _gold_, and the other set _black_. Gower, Conf. Amantis (ed. Pauli, i. 336), says that Cupid shot Phoebus with a dart of _gold_, but Daphne with a dart of _lead_. In the Kingis Quair, stanzas 94-5, Cupid has _three_ arrows, one of _gold_, one of _silver_, and one of _steel_. But the fact is, that our author, like Gower, simply followed Ovid, Met. i. 470-1. Let Dryden explain it:--

'One shaft is pointed with refulgent gold To bribe the love, and make the lover bold; One blunt, and tipped with lead, whose base allay Provokes disdain, and drives desire away.'

1317. There is here a gap in the story. The speaker is Rosial, and she is addressing Philogenet, expressing herself favourably.

1319-20. _hight_, promised. _had_, would have.

1324. _she_, i.e. Pity, as in l. 701.

1328. MS. _tender reich_; Stowe, _tenderiche_; which must be wrong; read _tender reuth_. Confusion between _ch_ and _th_ is common. _where I found_, where I (formerly) found much lack.

1332. For Pity's golden shrine, see l. 694.

1353. This notion of making the birds sing matins and lauds is hinted at in the Cuckoo and Nightingale--'That they begonne of May _to don hir houres_'; l. 70. It is obviously varied from Chaucer's Parl. Foules, where all the birds sing a roundel before departing. Next, we find the idea expanded by Lydgate, in the poem called Devotions of the Fowls; Minor Poems, ed. Halliwell, p. 78; the singers are the popinjay, the pelican, the nightingale, the lark, and the dove. All these reappear here, except the pelican. A chorus of birds, including the mavis, merle, lark, and nightingale, is introduced at the close of Dunbar's Thistle and Rose. The present passage was probably suggested by Lydgate's poem, but is conceived in a lighter vein.

The Latin quotations are easily followed by comparing them with The Prymer, or Lay Folks' Prayer-Book, ed. Littlehales (E. E. T. S.). They all appear in this 'common medieval Prayer-book'; and, in particular, in the Matins and Lauds of the Hours of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The Matins end at l. 1407. The Matins contain:--the opening, the _Venite_, a Hymn, three Psalms, an Antiphon, Versicles and Responses, three Lessons (each with Versicles and Responses), and the _Te Deum_. The Lauds contain:--the opening, eight Psalms (the _Benedicite_ considered as one), Antiphon, Chapter, Hymn, the _Benedictus_; &c. I point out the correspondences below.

1354. Observe that the nightingale sings _in a hawthorn_ in the Cuckoo and Nightingale, 287 (p. 358).

1356. _Domine, labia mea aperies_, Lord, open thou my lips; 'the opening' of Matins.

1358. _bewrye_, a variant of _bewreye_, to bewray; used by Dunbar.

1359. _Venite, exultemus_, Ps. xcv (Vulgate, xciv); still in use.

1362. 'The unhappy chorister who comes late skulks in behind the desks and stalls.'--Bell.

1364. _Domine, Dominus noster_, Ps. viii. The 'first psalm.'

1366. _Celi enarrant_, Ps. xix (Vulgate, xviii). The 'second psalm.'

1370. _Domini est terra_, Ps. xxiv (Vulgate, xxiii). The 'third psalm.' _this Laten intent_, this Latin signifies; _intent_ is the contracted form of _intendeth_; by analogy with _went_ for _wendeth_.

1372. A queer reminiscence of Troil. iii. 690:--'There was no more to _skippen nor to_ traunce.'

1373. _Jube, Domine, benedicere_, 'Lord, comaunde us to blesse'; versicle preceding the first lesson; which explains l. 1374.

1375. Cf. 'Legende of Martres'; Letter of Cupid, 316 (p. 227); and the note.

1380. Here follows the second lesson. The _lectorn_ is the mod. E. lectern, which supports the book from which the lessons are read.

1384. 'The glad month of us who sing.' Cf. 'lepten _on the spray_'; Cuckoo and Nightingale, 77 (p. 350).

1387. Here follows the third lesson, read by the dove.

1390. This looks like an allusion to the endless joke upon cuckolds, who are said, in our dramatists, to 'wear the horn'; which the offender is said 'to give.' If so, it is surely a very early allusion. Here _give an horn_ = to scorn, mock.

1400. _Tu autem, domine, miserere nobis_, 'thou, lord, have merci of us,' said at the conclusion of each lesson; to which all responded _Deo gratias_, 'thanke we god!' See The Prymer, p. 5.

1401. _Te deum amoris_; substituted for _Te deum laudamus_, which is still in use; which concludes the matins.

1402. _Tuball_, who was supposed to have been 'the first musician.' As to this error, see note in vol. i. p. 492 (l. 1162).

1408. _Dominus regnavit_, Ps. xciii (Vulgate, xcii); the 'first psalm' at Lauds.

1411. _Jubilate deo_, Ps. c (Vulgate, xcix); the 'second psalm.' The third and fourth psalms are not mentioned.

1413. _Benedicite, omnia opera_; still in use in our morning service; counted as the 'fifth psalm.'

1415. _Laudate dominum_, Ps. cxlviii; the 'sixth psalm.' The seventh and eighth are passed over.

1416. _O admirabile_; the anthem. The E. version is:--'O thou wonderful chaunge! the makere of mankynde, takynge a bodi with a soule of a maide vouchide sauf be bore [_born_]; and so, forth-goynge man, with-outen seed, yaf to us his godhede'; Prymer, p. 12. The 'chapter' and hymn are omitted.

1422. _Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel_; still in use in our morning service. This is the last extract from 'the hours.'

1434. 'She gadereth floures, _party_ whyte and rede To make a sotil _garland_'; C. T., A 1053.

1436. This is exactly like 'the battle of the flowers,' as seen in Italy.

1437. _the gold_, the marigold; see C. T., A 1929.

1440. _trew-love_; a name for herb paris (_Paris quadrifolia_). But as the 'true-love' is described as being _plited_, i.e. folded, it must rather be supposed to mean a true lover's knot or love-knot, which was simply a bow of ribbon given as a token of affection, and frequently worn by the lover afterwards. The bestowal of this token nearly made an end of him.

§ XXV. VIRELAI.

Not a true virelay, as the ending _-ing_ does not reappear in the second stanza; for a correct example, see note to Anelida and Arcite, 256 (vol. i. p. 536). But it is of the nature of a virelay, inasmuch as the rime _-ate_, which concludes the first stanza, reappears in the second; and similarly, the ending _-ure_, which concludes the second stanza, reappears in the third; and so on, with the rime-endings _-ain_ and _-aunce_. Compare the poem by Lord Rivers, in the same metre, alluded to in vol. i. p. 42.

11. _ure_, destiny; as above, sect. XXIV. 634 (and note, p. 546).

20. The pronunciation of _ende_ as _ind_ is not uncommon in East Anglia, and may have been intended.

§ XXVI. PROSPERITY.

From John Walton's translation of Boethius, A.D. 1410. See the Introduction.

§ XXVII. LEAULTE VAULT RICHESSE.

From the same MS. as the last.

7. _don but lent_, lit. 'done but lent,' i.e. merely lent (you). For this idiom, see note to Ch. C. T., B 171 (vol. v. p. 145).

§ XXVIII. SAYINGS.

5. Cf. Shak. King Lear, iii. 2. 91; see the Introduction.

§ XXIX. BALADE.

This Balade, printed by Stowe, seems like a poor imitation of the style of Lydgate.

* * * * *

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

References to I. (The Testament of Love) are to the Book, Chapter, and Line; thus 'I. ii. 1. 7' = Testament of Love, bk. ii. ch. 1. l. 7. References containing '_pr._' refer to the prologue to the same. In all other cases, the references are to the piece and to the line: thus 'V. 50' = Letter of Cupid, l. 50.

A, _v._ have, I. i. 2. 173; _ger._ I. i. 5. 93.

A DEBLYS, (_perhaps_) to the devil, as if devoted to the devil, I. ii. 13. 99. See the note.

A DEWE, (_perhaps for_ à dieu), I. ii. 13. 99. See the note.

A THIS HALFE, on this side, below, I. i. 9. 39.

A. B. C., _s._ alphabet, I. ii. 1. 113.

ABACKE, _adv._ backward, III. 300; Abakke, VIII. 326.

ABBEYS, _s. pl._ abbeys, XXIV. 1115.

ABEISEN, _v._ (_for_ Abasen), abase, put down, reprove, XXIV. 738.

ABIT, _pr. s._ abides, IV. 284; XIII. 30.

ABLE, _imp. s._ enable, VII. 32; Abled, _pp._ I. ii. 9. 95; fitted, I. ii. 6. 4.

ABODE, _2 pt. s._ didst abide, I. ii. 4. 101; Abood, _pt. s._ remained, I. i. 5. 31.

ABOUTEN, _adv._ all about, all round, I. ii. 8. 37.

ABREGGE, _ger._ to abridge, shorten, XIX. 18.

ABREYDE, _ger._ to start up, awake, VIII. 15; Abraid, _pt. s._ started, went suddenly, XVII. 45; Abrayde, awoke, VIII. 154.

ABYDINGE, _s._ waiting, delay, I. i. 3. 38.

ABYE, _v._ pay for (it), II. 1233; pay for, II. 1199.

ABYME, _s._ the abyss, X. 136.

A-CALE, _pp. as adj._ frozen, afflicted with the cold, II. 71.

ACCEPT, _pp._ accepted (as), I. ii. 13. 36; Accepte, _as adj. pl._ accepted, VIII. 427.

ACCES, _s._ feverish attack, VIII. 229; XVIII. 39; Accesse, VIII. 136.

ACCIDENT, _s._ accidental quality, I. ii. 7. 144; accident, II. 1222.

ACCOMPTE, _1 pr. s._ account, I. ii. 13. 91; _pp._ I. ii. 9. 48.

ACCOMPTES, _s. pl._ accounts, II. 778.

ACCORD, _s._ agreement, XVIII. 280.

ACCORDAUNCE, _s._ agreement, I. ii. 5. 27.

ACCORDAUNT, _adj._ agreeing, XVIII. 83.

ACCORDE, _ger._ to agree, to rime, II. 477; _pr. s._ suits, VIII. 183; _2 pr. pl._ agree, III. 212; _pr. pl._ I. ii. 5. 26; _pres. pt._ XX. 112. See ACORDE.

ACERTAINED, _pp._ made sure, informed, XX. 568.

ACHATES, _s. pl._ purchases, I. ii. 2. 48.

ACOMERED, _pp._ encumbered, I. iii. 5. 57; troubled, I. iii. 7. 41.

ACOMPT, _v._ reckon, I. ii. 10. 88.

ACORDAUNCES, _s. pl._ agreements, I. ii. 8. 54.

ACORDE, _ger._ to agree, I. ii. 8. 47; _pr. s._ I. ii. 2. 52; _pr. pl._ IX. 210; _a. nothing_, in no wise agree, I. ii. 2. 74.

ACORN, _s._ acorn, VIII. 73.

A-CROKE, _adv._ amiss, XXIV. 378.

A-DAYES, _adv._ by day-time, XXII. 34.

ADHERAND, _pres. pt._ cleaving, I. i. 9. 103.

ADMIRALL, _s._ prince, chief, II. 194.

ADNULLED, _pp._ annulled, I. iii. 3. 49.

ADNULLINGE, _s._ annulling, I. i. 4. 22.

ADO, to do, VIII. 161.

A-DOWN, _adv._ down here, II. 1319.

A-DRAD, _pp._ afraid, I. ii 7. 61; IV. 89; filled with fear, I. i. 2. 12, 182.

ADULACIOUN, _s._ flattery, XII. 61.

ADVERSAIR, _s._ adversary, XXIV. 1035.

ADVERTENCE, _s._ attention, XI. 61.

ADVERTETH, _imp. pl._ heed, note, XIII. 45.

A-FERD, _pp._ afraid, II. 433; Aferde, I. i. 2. 10.

A-FERE, on fire, X. 129.

A-FERRE, _adv._ afar, VIII. 610.

AFFECT, _s._ desire, I. iii. 9. 43.

AFFECTUOUSLY, _adv._ with desire, I. iii. 6. 64.

AFFERMED, _pp._ affirmed, IV. 13.

AFFICHED, _pp._ fixed, set, I. ii. 9. 28.

AFFIRMATIF, _s._ the affirmative, I. iii. 8. 40.

AFFRAY, _s._ conflict, trouble, XX. 374.

AFFRAYED, _pp._ frightened away, XVIII. 235; frightened, XXIV. 1000.

AFFY, _v._ trust, XXVII. 3; Affye, _pr. pl._ X. 63.

AFORN, _adv._ previously, VIII. 451; X. 107.

AFRAY, _ger._ to frighten, II. 859.

AFTER, _adv._ afterwards, XVI. 380; After as, according as, I. i. _pr._ 44.

AFTER, _prep._ for, I. ii. 3. 35; i.e. to get, I. ii. 14. 94; After oon, i.e. always alike, XVI. 161.

AFTER-GAME, _s._ second game, return-match, XVI. 523.

AFTER-REWARD, _s._ following reward, I. iii. 2. 123.

AGADRED, _pp._ gathered together, II. 1335.

AGASTETH, _pr. s._ frightens greatly, I. ii. 7. 77.

AGILTED, _pt. s._ sinned against, II. 1308.

AGNELET, _s._ little lamb, X. 123.

AGNUS-CASTUS (see the note, p. 531), XX. 160.

AGOON, _pp._ gone away, VIII. 24; Ago, XVII. 238.

AGRAMED, _pp._ angered, II. 343.

AGRYSE, _v._ feel terror, II. 360, 841, 1216; XVIII. 15; _pr. pl. subj._ let them fear, II. 961.

AGUE, _s._ feverish attack, IX. 37.

AIR, _adv._ early, XVII. 82.

AKELE, _v._ cool, XXIV. 1076.

AKEN, _pr. pl._ ache, IV. 260; Ake, VIII. 524.

A-KNOWE, _pp._ perceived, recognised, XXIV. 1199.

AL, _conj._ although, I. i. 7. 61.

ALAY, _s._ alloy, I. ii. 4. 131; Alayes, _pl._ VII. 136.

ALAYE, _v._ allay, VIII. 109.

ALDAY, _adv._ continually, I. i. 2. 162; IV. 270.

ALDER-LAST, _adv._ last of all, VIII. 561.

ALDERNEXT, _adj._ next of all, XV. _a._ 3.

ALE, _s._ ale, II. 432.

ALEGEAUNCE, _s._ alleviation, XVI. 54.

ALEGED, _pp._ alleged, adduced, I. ii. 9. 143.

ALEGEMENT, _s._ alleviation, XII. 32.

ALEGGE, _v._ alleviate (me), XIX. 26.

ALGATE, _adv._ in any case, IV. 249; VIII. 519; always, IV. 271.

ALGATES, _adv._ in all ways, I. iii. 6. 14; at any rate, I. ii. 5. 71.

A-LIGHTE, _v._ be glad, be cheerful, I. i. 3. 71.

ALLEGEAUNCE, _s._ alleviation, relief, XVI. 725; XXIV. 886; XXV. 17.

ALL-HOLYEST, _adj._ holiest of all, II. 201.

ALMESSE, _s._ alms, II. 301; XXIII. 7; Almous, (his) pittance, XVII. 392.

ALMOIGNER, _s._ almoner, I. i. _pr._ 108.

ALOES, _s._ aloes, I. i. 1. 100.

AL-ONLY, _adv._ only, I. iii. 3. 44.

A-LOUGHTER, a-laughing, XXIV. 1426.

AL-OUT, _adv._ altogether outside, XVI. 575.

ALOWE, _pr. s. subj._ may (He) approve, II. 1379; Alowed, _pp._ approved of, I. i. 8. 7.

ALS, _adv._ as, XVII. 161, 571; Al-so, as, XII. 85.

ALTERAIT, _pp._ altered, XVII. 227.

ALTHER-GRETTEST, _adj._ greatest of all, very great, XVI. 298.

ALTHER-LAST, _adv._ last of all, VIII. 503.

A-MAISTRY, _v._ conquer, I. ii. 11. 63; rule, I. i. 2. 105; Amaistrien, _v._ subdue, I. ii. 11. 32; _pr. s._ masters, overpowers, I. ii. 9. 60; compels, I. iii. 6. 157; _pp._ conquered, got by mastery, I. ii. 11. 59; overcome, I. i. 4. 28.

AMAT, _pp._ cast down, VIII. 168.

AMAYED, _pp._ dismayed, XVIII. 232.

AMBES AS, double aces, XIII. 78. See note, p. 515.

AMENDES, _s. pl._ amends, retribution, II. 1090.

AMERCED, _pp._ fined, II. 1023.

AMISSE-GOING, _s._ trespass, I. ii. 14. 94.

AMONESTETH, _pr. s._ admonishes, I. i. 6. 109.

AMONG, _adv._ meanwhile, VIII. 154; X. 86; XXI. 300.

AND, _conj._ if, I. i. 8. 13.

ANE, a, XVII. 1.

ANEUCH, _adj._ enough, XVII. 110, 350.

ANGUIS, _adj._ distressful, I. ii. 8. 120; I. ii. 10. 94. See N. E. D.

A-NIGHT, by night, XIX. 23.

ANIS, _adv._ once, XVII. 127.

ANKERS, _s. pl._ anchors, I. ii. 10. 117.

ANON-RIGHT, _adv._ immediately, XX. 397, 402.

ANOY, _s._ vexation, I. ii. 1. 34; Annoy, discomfort, XX. 389.

ANOYNT, _pp._ anointed, IV. 274.

ANTECEDENT, _s._ antecedent statement, premiss, I. ii. 5. 12.

ANULLED, _pp._ annulled, I. iii. 2. 81.

A-PACE, _adv._ quickly, VIII. 120.

APAL, _v._ be appalled, faint, XXII. 15.

APART, _adv._ apart, XXIV. 1400.

APAYED, _pp._ pleased, satisfied, III. 133, 248; Apayd, XXI. 208; _wel a._, well pleased, XVIII. 231; _evel a._, ill pleased, XVIII. 92.

APAYRED, _pp._ depreciated, I. ii. 1. 66.

APECHE, _pr. pl._ impeach, XIII. 88; Apeched, _pp._ I. i. 9. 138.

APEND, _v._ belong, II. 666.

A-PER-SE, A by itself, the chief letter, prime thing, XVII. 78.

APERT, _adj._ open; _prevy nor apert_, secret nor open, in no respect, XVI. 174.

APERTLY, _adv._ openly, I. iii. 8. 108; without concealment, I. i. 8. 29; Apertely, I. iii. 2. 28.

APETED, _pp._ sought after, I. ii. 13. 53. See the note, p. 476.

APEYRE, _v._ suffer evil, be harmed, XVIII. 170; Apeyred, _pp._ injured, I. iii. 5. 24; defamed, I. i. 6. 11.

APEYSE, _v._ appease, XVI. 391.

A-PLACE, into its right place, IV. 50.

APOSTATA, _s._ apostate, III. 37, 312; Apostatas, _pl._ III. 43.

APPAIR, _v._ blame, harm, XXIV. 416.

APPALLE, _pr. s. subj._ fade, VI. 8.

APPARAILE, _s._ ornamentation, XXIV. 114.

APPARAYLEN, _pr. pl._ attempt, I. i. 6. 171.

APPEIRED, _pp._ impaired, XX. 553; harmed (i.e. much harm is done), I. ii. 6. 161.

APPERCEYVED,_ pp._ perceived, I. i. 2. 34.

APPERTLY, _adv._ openly, evidently, I. ii. 9. 178.

APPROPRED, _pp._ appropriated, reserved, I. ii. 6. 63; assigned, VI. 34.

APTES, _s. pl._ natural tendencies, I. iii. 6. 60. (Unique.)

AQUYTEST, _pr. s._ payest, I. iii. 7. 152.

AR, _pr. pl._ are; It ar, they are, XVI. 531.

ARAYSE, _ger._ to raise, I. ii. 14. 45.

ARBITREMENT, _s._ choice, I. iii. 2. 128; I. iii. 3. 76.

AREIR, _adv._ behindhand, XVII. 423.

ARERED, _pp._ set up, I. i. 5. 124.

AREST, _s._ spear-rest, XX. 282. 'With spere in thyn _arest_ alway'; Rom. Rose, 7561.

AREST, _s._ stopping, arresting, I. ii. 6. 83; arrest, I. ii. 10. 98.

AREYSED, _pp._ raised up, I. ii. 5. 113; raised, V. 144.

ARK, _s._ arc, course, VIII. 590.

ARKE, _s._ ark, X. 134.

ARMONY, _s._ harmony, I. ii. 9. 9; I. ii. 13. 75; XXIV. 1403.

ARMURE, _s._ armour, XIII. 101.

ARN, _pr. pl._ are, VI. 43; IX. 153.

ARRAS, _s._ cloth of Arras, XXIV. 115.

ARSMETRIKE, _s._ arithmetic, I. iii. 1. 68.

ARTED, _pl. s._ provoked, XXIV. 46.

ARTYK, _adj._ northern, XVII. 20.

AS, _with imp._, pray, V. 30; As than, at that time, just then, XVII. 27.

AS, _s. pl._ aces, XIII. 78.

ASH, _s._ ash-tree, VIII. 73.

ASKAUNCE, _adv._ askance, aside, XVI. 604.

ASKER, _s._ one who asks, I. ii. 3. 30.

ASKES, _s. pl._ ashes (i.e. penance), II. 943.

ASKETH, _pr. s._ requires, I. i. _pr._ 124; I. ii. 5. 28.

ASLAKEN, _v._ assuage, XXIV. 710.

ASOTTED, _pp._ besotted, XVI. 682.

ASSAY, _s._ trial, I. i. 5. 53; V. 147; attempt, XVI. 572; Assayes, _pl._ trials, I. ii. 3. 72.

ASSEMBLED, _pt. s._ brought (them) together, XVI. 691.

ASSENTAUNT, _pres. pt._ assenting, I. i. 6. 53, 87; I. iii. 6. 150.

ASSHEN, _s. pl._ ashes, I. iii. 7. 38.

ASSOMONED, _pp._ summoned, XXIV. 170.

ASSOYLE, _ger._ to explain, I. iii. 4. 18; Asoile, _v._ answer, XXIV. 1283; _pp._ explained, I. iii. 4. 255; absolved, III. 312.

ASSYSE, _s._ way, fashion, II. 843; size, XXIV. 1313; _of a._, of a like size, suitable to each other, XXI. 531.

ASSYSED, _pp._ fixed, set; _or perhaps_, assessed, rated, IV. 332; regulated, IV. 236.

ASTARTE, _pt. s._ escaped, II. 1350.

ASTATE, _s._ estate, rank, XXIV. 47.

ASTERTE, _v._ escape, I. i. 7. 87; V. 38; VIII. 490; start aside, give way, I. ii. 1. 70; _pr. s. subj._ escape, IX. 234; _pt. s._ escaped, XXIV. 148.

ASTONIED, _pp._ astonished, I. i. 2. 17; XX. 102.

ASTRANGLED, _pp._ strangled, I. iii. 7. 128.

ASTRAY, _adv._ astray, II. 673; XX. 285.

ASTRONOMYE, _s._ astronomy, I. iii. 1. 69.

ASURED, _pp._ rendered blue, blue, I. ii. 13. 78.

AT, _prep._ from, XVII. 258.

ATASTE, _v._ taste, I. i. 1. 101; I. iii. 7. 7; Atasted, _pp._ I. iii. 5. 91.

A-THROTED, _pp._ throttled, strangled, I. ii. 5. 71. (Unique.)

ATOUR, _prep._ beyond, XVII. 162.

ATTAME, _v._ subdue (lit. tame), XVI. 707. See _Atame_ in N. E. D.

ATTEMPERAUNCE, _s._ Moderation, XXI. 507.

ATTEMPRE, _adj._ temperate, VIII. 57.

ATTOURNEY, _s._ attorney, I. i. 8. 111; VIII. 281.

ATTYRED, _pp._ attired, II. 192.

AUCTORITÈ, _s._ authority, I. i. 4. 9; XVI. 137.

AUCTOUR, _s._ author, I. iii. 4. 245.

AUGRIM, _s._ arithmetic, I. ii. 7. 83.

AULD, _adj._ old, XVII. 32.

AUNCESTRYE, _s._ ancestry, IV. 12; Auncetrye, XXIV. 1242.

AUREAT, _adj._ golden, X. 13; XXIV. 817.

AURORE, _s._ dawn, XIX. 22.

AUTER, _s._ altar, I. ii. 2. 57.

AUTHORYSED, _pp._ considered as authoritative, IV. 330; Authoreist, _pp._ authorised, XVII. 66.

AUTHOUR, _s._ author, I. iii. 1. 169.

AUTUMPNE, _s._ autumn, VIII. 63.

AVAILE, _s._ value; _esier a._, less value, _or_, easier to obtain, XXIV. 116.

AVANTOURS, _s. pl._ boasters, XVI. 814. See note, p. 520.

AVAUNCE, _s._ advancement, II. 215.

AVAUNCE, _v._ promote, VIII. 354; X. 7; succeed, XIII. 75; _imp. s. refl._ advance, come forward, approach, XVI. 801; _pt. pl. refl._ advanced, came forward, XVI. 157; _pp._ promoted, I. i. 7. 69.

AVAUNCEMENT, _s._ promotion, I. iii. 8. 145.

AVAUNT, _s._ boast, V. 64; XVI. 732.

AVAUNTE, _1 pr. s._ boast, I. i. 6. 186; _pr. pl._ boast, I. ii. 2. 124.

AVAUNTOUR, _s._ boaster, XVI. 735, 739; Avaunter, Boaster, XXIV. 1219.

AVAYL, _s._ prevalence, XXI. 649.

AVAYL, _v._ be of use, II. 1080; _pp._ made valid, IV. 191; _pres. pt._ useful, I. i. 7. 96.

AVENTURE, _s._ fortune, XVI. 499; luck, XVI. 856.

AVER, _s._ wealth, I. i. 10. 19. A. F. _aveir_, F. _avoir_.

AVISEE, _adj._ prudent, IX. 215; XII. 4.

AVOIDE, _ger._ to depart, I. i. 1. 131.

AVOW, _s._ vow, II. 29; XVIII. 229; Avowe, IX. 93.

AVOWE, _v._ vow, IV. 243; XVIII. 229; own, acknowledge (it), II. 1374.

AVOWING, _s._ vowing, I. i. 3. 64.

AVOWRIES, _s. pl._ protectors, III. 355.

AVYSE, _s._ advice, XVI. 225; XXI. 189; consideration, VIII. 464.

AVYSEMENT, _s._ consideration, VIII. 278; XVIII. 272.

AVYSENESSE, _s._ Advisedness, XXI. 343.

AVYSINGE, _pres. pt._ considering, I. i. 4. 5.

AWAYT, _s._ lying in wait, watching an opportunity, XVI. 341; attendance, VIII. 408; ambush, snare, XVI. 778.

AWAYTE, _v._ wait, XVI. 474; _ger._ to wait for, try, XVI. 555.

AWAYWARD, _adv._ away, I. i. 1. 115; aside, XVI. 89.

A-WERKE, at work, I. ii. 3. 124; I. iii. 6. 67.

A-WHAPED, _pp._ amazed, VIII. 168.

AWIN, _adj._ own, XVII. 275.

AWREKE, _pp._ avenged, XVIII. 215.

AWTER, _s._ alter, XXIV. 325.

AXE, _v._ ask, III. 24.

AXING, _s._ asking, request, V. 122.

AY, _s._ egg, II. 862.

AYEIN, _adv._ back again, XVI. 504.

AYEN-BRINGE, _v._ bring back, I. i. 2. 77.

AYENCOMING, _pres. pt._ returning, I. iii. 9. 66.

AYENËS, _prep._ in return for, II. 1297; Ayens, ready for, VIII. 63.

AYEN-LOOKING, _pres. pt._ looking back, I. i. 8. 17.

AYENST, _prep._ against, II. 826.

AYENTURNING, _s._ power of turning again, I. ii. 7. 136.

AYENWARD, _adv._ back again, I. ii. 6. 15; in return, I. i. 2. 102; on the contrary, on the other hand, I. iii. 4. 130; XVI. 18.

AYRE, _s._ air, XVI. 384.

AZURE, _s._ azure, i.e. _lapis lazuli_, I. iii. 5. 124, 132.

BADDE, _adj._ bad, evil, I. ii. 13. 11.

BADDE-MENINGE, _adj._ ill-intentioned, I. ii. 1. 94; I. ii. 13. 16.

BAID, _pt. s._ abode, XVII. 490.

BAILL, _s._ bale, sorrow, XVII. 110; harm, XVII. 413.

BAIR, _s._ boar, XVII. 193.

BAIR, _adj._ bare, XVII. 180, 206.

BAIT, _s._ food (for horses), XVII. 210.

BAIT, _v._ feed, XXIV. 194 (see note, p. 543); Baited, _pp._ baited, II. 648.

BAKBYTE, _ger._ to backbite, XII. 124.

BAKKER-MORE, _adv._ further back, XVI. 85.

BAL, _s._ ball, IV. 296; eye-ball, I. i. 4. 2.

BALAUNCE, _s._ balance, IV. 263; the balance, XIII. 91; _in b._, in His sway, XVI. 851.

BALAYS, _s._ balas-ruby, XXI. 536; Baleis, XXIV. 80.

BALE, _s._ evil, I. ii. 9. 143.

BALEFULL, _adj._ evil, II. 120, 1234.

BALKE, _s._ balk, check, difficulty, II. 488.

BALL, _s._ a horse's name, II. 402.

BALLET, _s._ ballad, poem, XVII. 610.

BANDON, _s._ disposal, I. ii. 5. 107.

BANERE, _s._ banner, XX. 211.

BANKES, _s. pl._ banks, I. ii. 14. 44. See note to l. 40, p. 478.

BANKOURIS, _s. pl._ benches, soft seats, XVII. 417.

BANNE, _pr. pl._ swear, XXIV. 1143.

BAPTYME, _s._ baptism, III. 93.

BAR, _pt. s._ bore, carried, XX. 254, 257.

BAREYNE, _adj._ barren, void, V. 298.

BARGARET, _s._ a pastoral song, XX. 348. See note, p. 533.

BARGE, _s._ boat, XXIV. 187; ship, IV. 231.

BASELARDES, _s. pl._ short swords, II. 918.

BASSE, _s._ base, I. ii. 7. 90.

BASSE, _s._ kiss, buss, XXIV. 797.

BATAYLED, _pp._ assaulted, IV. 194.

BAUDRIKS, _s. pl._ belts, II. 918.

BAUME, _s._ balm, VIII. 27.

BAWME-BLOSSOM, _s._ balm-blossom, X. 47.

BAY, _s._ bay; _at bay_, II. 139.

BAYN, _s._ bath, XXI. 464.

BAY-WINDOW, _s._ window with a bay or recess, XXIV. 1058; _pl._ XXI. 163.

BE, _adv._ by the time that, when, XVII. 358.

BEAU, _adj._ fair, XXIV. 1085.

BEDE, _pt. s._ bade, II. 1229.

BEDRED, _adj._ bedridden, III. 119.

BEDREINT, _pp._ drenched, wetted, XXIV. 577.

BEESTLY, _adj._ animal, I. ii. 2. 79.

BEET, _pt. s._ beat, II. 1353.

BEFORE-WETING, _s._ foreknowledge, I. iii. 4. 63; Beforn-, I. iii. 4. 49.

BEFORE-WIST, _pp._ foreknown, I. iii. 4. 154.

BEGETEN, _pp._ begotten, I. iii. 4. 123; Begete, II. 1030.

BEGGAIR, _s._ beggar, XVII. 483.

BEGONNE, _pt. pl._ began, XVIII. 70; _pp._ IV. 22.

BEHAVE, _v._ behave (himself), I. i. 10. 16.

BEHEST, _s._ promise, I. i. 2. 93; _pl._ I. ii. 3. 38.

BEHESTEN, _pr. pl._ promise, III. 334.

BEHIGHT, _1 pr. s._ promise, assure, XX. 396; _pt. s._ promised, IV. 41; (apparently) commanded, XVI. 259.

BEHOLD, _pp._ beheld, XXIV. 279.

BEHOTEN, _pp._ promised, I. iii. 8. 76.

BEHOVE, _s._ behoof, I. ii. 3. 86.

BEHOVELY, _adj._ fit, suitable, IV. 304.

BEIKIT, _1 pt. s._ warmed, XVII. 36.

BEILDIT, _pp._ built, XVII. 97.

BEING, _s._ existence, I. ii. 5. 29.

BEINGE-PLACE, _s._ home, I. iii. 5. 77.

BE-KNOWE, _ger._ to acknowledge, I. ii. 1. 127.

BELCHERE, _s._ Good Cheer, XXI. 322.

BELEVE, _s._ belief, XVI. 426; XVIII. 162.

BELEVED, _pp._ left, I. ii. 10. 109.

BELIVE, _adv._ at once, XVII. 331.

BELLE, _s._ bell, VIII. 262; _gen._ II. 40.

BENCHED, _pp._ provided with benches, VIII. 126; XX. 50.

BENCHES, _s. pl._ benches, or banks of turf, XXI. 49.

BEND, _s._ band, girdle, XXIV. 810; Bendes, _pl._ bonds, II. 537.

BENE, _adv._ excellently, XVII. 417.

BENE, _s._ bean, XXIV. 796.

BENE-BREED, _s._ bean-bread, I. ii. 2. 56.

BENIMEN, _v._ take away, I. i. 9. 77.

BEQUATH, _pt. s._ bequeathed, IV. 178.

BERAFT, _pp._ bereft, I. i. 10. 53; V. 362.

BERAYNED, _pp._ rained upon, X. 128.

BERE, _s._ bear, II. 139, 648.

BERE HIM IN HONDE, make him believe, III. 323; _pt. pl._ bore, carried, XX. 213, 223; Berest in honde, _2 pr. s._ accusest, III. 153; Beren on honde, accuse falsely, V. 274.

BEREL, _s._ beryl, VIII. 37; XXI. 455.

BERNES, _s. pl._ barns, I. i. 3. 31.

BESEEN, _pp._ adorned, XX. 169; Besene, arrayed, XVII. 416.

BESETTE, _v._ bestow, place, I. i. 9. 72; XI. 15; _pp._ bestowed, XXIV. 391; used, II. 1040; set up, VIII. 352.

BE-SEYN, _pp._ adorned, XII. 9; XXIV. 121.

BESHET, _pp._ shut up, I. i. 3. 99.

BESMYTETH, _pr. s._ defiles, I. ii. 6. 127. See the note, p. 469.

BESPRAD, _pt. pl._ spread over, XXIV. 266.

BESTAD, _pp._ hardly beset, IV. 88; Be-sted, _pp._ bestead, circumstanced, II. 403.

BESTIAL, _adj._ bestial, I. ii. 4. 4; I. ii. 10. 12.

BESTIALLICH, _adj._ bestial, I. ii. 4. 45.

BESTIALTÈ. _s._ fleshliness, I. iii. 9. 48.

BESWINKE, _ger._ to toil for, I. i. 1. 40.

BET, _adv._ better, VIII. 337; XXII. 54.

BETAKE, _pp._ committed (to), I. ii. 6. 42.

BETE, _pp._ adorned with beaten gold, XX. 212.

BETEICH, _1 pr. s._ bequeath, XVII. 577.

BETEN, _v._ kindle, XXIV. 324.

BETIDEN (= betidden), _pt. pl._ happened (to), I. i. _pr._ 122.

BETOKENETH, _pr. s._ means, III. 50.

BETRAPPED, _pp._ entrapped, V. 252.

BETRAYDEN, _pt. pl._ betrayed, V. 198.

BETRAYSSHED, _pt. s._ betrayed, I. ii. 7. 118.

BETTERER, _adj._ better, I. ii. 13. 71.

BEVAR, _adj._ made of beaver, XVII. 386.

BEWENT, _pp._ turned aside, I. i. 1. 21.

BEWRYE, _v._ disclose, utter, XXIV. 1358.

BICCHE, _s._ bitch, II. 889.

BIGGE, _ger._ to build, II. 473.

BIGON, _pp._ beset; _wel b._, well placed, well situate, in a good position or case, XX. 186. See _Bego_ in the New E. Dict.

BIL, _s._ petition, XXI. 325; Billes, _pl._ XXI. 352.

BILEVED, _pp._ believed, I. ii. 6. 20.

BILOWEN, _pp._ lied against, belied, V. 196.

BIQUATH, _pt. s._ bequeathed, VII. 68.

BIT, _pr. s._ bids, XXIV. 469.

BITTE, _s._ bit, I. ii. 6. 83.

BLA, _adj._ livid, XVII. 159. Icel. _blár_.

BLABBING, _pres. pt._ prattling, V. 116.

BLAIKNIT, _pp._ lit. made bleak, deprived, XVII. 410.

BLASOURS, _s._ proclaimers, trumpeters, I. i. 10. 10.

BLEMISSHED, _pp._ injured, I. ii. 12. 93.

BLEND, _pp._ blinded, II. 852.

BLENK, _s._ glance, look, XVII. 499.

BLENKING, _s._ look, XVII. 503.

BLENT, _pp._ blinded, II. 771; VIII. 461 (see note, p. 508).

BLERE, _adj._ blear, dim, I. ii. 1. 123.

BLERED, _pp._ bleared, dimmed, V. 105.

BLISS, _1 pr. s._ bless, XXIV. 862.

BLOBERE, _v._ to blubber, to sob, I. ii. 3. 59.

BLUSTRINGE (_probably for_ bluschinge), _s._ brightness, I. i. 2. 20. See note, p. 454.

BLYFE; _as bl._, as quickly as possible, XXIV. 161; heartily, XXIV. 404; as soon as possible, IX. 111; XXIV. 1441.

BLYVELY, _adv._ soon, I. iii. 4. 19.

BOCHOUR, _s._ butcher, II. 584.

BODE, _1 pt. s._ remained, XXIV. 1351.

BODEN, _pp._ bidden, III. 134.

BOISTOUSLY, _adv._ rudely, XX. 595.

BOKET, _s._ bucket, I. iii. 1. 145.

BOLDED, _pp._ emboldened, XVI. 26.

BOLE, _s._ bull, I. i. 5. 127; XX. 3; Taurus, VIII. 4.

BOLLEN, _pp._ swollen, overcharged, VIII. 101.

BOLNE, _ger._ to swell, I. ii. 14. 42.

BOND, _s._ bond, II. 681.

BOND, _pt. s._ bound, VIII. 623.

BONDMEN, _s. pl._ serfs, II. 1009.

BOOD, _1 pt. s._ abode, XVI. 99.

BOON, _s._ boon, petition, XXI. 621.

BOOT, _s._ boat, XIII. 56.

BORDES, _s. pl._ tables, XVI. 101.

BORDURE, _s._ border, rim, VIII. 594.

BORE, _s._ boar, VIII. 386.

BOREN, _v._ bore, I. i. 4. 2.

BORNE, _ger._ to burnish, ornament, adorn, XXIV. 9.

BOROWE, _s._ pledge; _to b._, as a security, VIII. 12.

BOSARDES, _s. pl._ buzzards, II. 1337.

BOSSE, _s._ stud, boss, XX. 246.

BOST, _s._ boast, V. 234.

BOSTEOUS, _adj._ noisy, XVII. 195.

BOSTER, _s._ boaster, II. 401.

BOTE, _s._ good, benefit, VII. 56; help, XX. 83.

BOTH, _s._ booth, tabernacle, I. ii. 10. 95.

BOUK, _s._ body; _bouk and boon_, body and bone, X. 122. See New E. D.

BOUN, _adj._ ready, IV. 17; XVII. 600.

BOUR, _s._ bower, II. 120.

BOWE, _v._ bend, give way, XVI. 491, 492.

BOWES, _s. pl._ boughs, VIII. 53, 583.

BOYSTOUS, _adj._ rough, boisterous, I. i. _pr._ 7; II. 139; rough, poor, lowly, II. 1052; rude, XXII. 26.

BRAK, _pt. s._ brake, V. 378.

BRAST, _pt. s._ burst, XVIII. 210; _1 pt. s._ I. i. 4. 1; _pt. pl._ XX. 490; penetrated, XVII. 15.

BRAUNCHELET, _s._ small branch, X. 44.

BRAUNCHES, _s. pl._ branches, I. iii. 7. 4.

BRAVIE, _s._ prize of running, X. 65. See note.

BRAYD, _s._ moment, XXIV. 1173.

BRAYING, _pres. pt._ clanging, II. 166.

BREDE, _s._ breadth, VIII. 162; XX. 43.

BREIRD, _s._ lit. blade (of grass, &c.); _on br._, in growth, on the increase, XVII. 413.

BREIST, _s._ breast, XVII. 110.

BRENNE, _pr. s. subj._ burn, XVIII. 105; _pr. pl._ XVIII. 35; Brende, _1 pt. s._ burnt, XI. 6; _pt. s. subj._ should burn, I. ii. 6. 29; Brent, _pt. s._ burnt, XXIV. 232; Brent, _pp._ II. 1234; Brend, _pp._ II. 674; _pres. pt._ burning, I. i. 3. 101; Brennende, I. i. 1. 21; Brennande, I. i. 1. 104.

BRENNINGLY, _adv._ hotly, V. 239.

BRENT, _adj._ high, smooth, XVII. 173.

BRETHERHEDES, _s. pl._ brotherhoods, III. 88.

BRID, _s._ bird, XVIII. 260, 270; Briddes, _pl._ VIII. 43; XVIII. 262.

BRIGE, _s._ contention, trouble, I. i. 7. 104. See note, p. 460.

BRIND, _adj._ hot (lit. burnt), XXIV. 319. See note, p. 544.

BRINKE, _s._ brink, edge, margin, I. ii. 14. 41; VIII. 90.

BROCHED, _pt. s._ violated, XXIV. 1234.

BROCHES, _s._ brooches, II. 904.

BROKE, _s. dat._ brook, XVIII. 217; -syde, brook-side, XVIII. 60.

BROKEN, _pp._ torn, I. ii. 2. 65.

BROSTE, _pp._ burst, XI. 99. See BRAST.

BROTEL, _adj._ brittle, frail, I. i. 10. 110.

BROTELNESSE, _s._ frailty, XIII. 22.

BROUK, _2 pr. pl._ use, make use of, enjoy, XXI. 259.

BROWDERED, _pp._ braided, XXIV. 811; ornamented, XVII. 417.

BRUKILNES, _s._ frailty, XVII. 86.

BRUKKIL, _adj._ brittle, XVII. 569.

BRYDEL, _ger._ to restrain, I. ii. 6. 83.

BUCKELERS, _s. pl._ bucklers, II. 917.

BUCKET, _s._ bucket, II. 298. See note.

BUIT, _s._ advantage, profit, help, XVII. 481. See BOTE.

BULLAR, _s._ bubble, XVII. 192.

BULLE, _s._ bull, IV. 208.

BURELY, _adj._ fit for a lady's bower, XVII. 417; handsome, XVII. 173; large, XVII. 180. See p. 524.

BURJONEN, _v._ bud, I. iii. 7. 51.

BURJONING, _s._ budding, bud, I. ii. 11. 105; I. iii. 7. 45.

BURJONING-TYME, _s._ time of budding, I. iii. 7. 70.

BURJONS, _s. pl._ buds, I. iii. 7. 49.

BUSKIT, _pp._ adorned, XVII. 255.

BUSTEOUS, _adj._ boisterous, rough, XVII. 153; huge, XVII. 166. See BOYSTOUS.

BUT, _prep._ without, I. iii. 4. 135; XVII. 94, 194; except, I. iii. 6. 40.

BUT-IF, _conj._ unless, I. i. 1. 124; I. ii. 7. 86.

BUXOM, _adj._ obedient, hence, subject, I. i. 9. 40.

BUXUMNESSE, _s._ obedience, VI. 11.

BY, _prep._ with reference to, XVII. 278; By that, for the reason that, I. i. 7. 57.

BY AND BY, in due order, IX. 226; XX. 59, 145.

BYE, _v._ buy, I. i. 3. 123; _1 pr. s._ VIII. 435.

BYLIS, _s. pl._ boils, tumours, XVII. 395.

BY-PATHES, _s. pl._ by-ways, I. i. 4. 42.

BYTE, _v._ bite, devour, II. 576; Bytande, _pres. pt._ biting, bitter, I. i. 10. 90.

CABLES, _s. pl._ cables, I. ii. 10. 117.

CACCHENDE, _pres. pt._ catching, comprehensive, I. ii. 1. 57.

CACCHING, _s._ getting money, II. 1017.

CACE, _s._ case; _in c._, perchance, XVII. 507.

CAIRFUL, _adj._ full of care, mournful, XVII. 1, 310.

CAITIF, _adj._ wretched, XXIV. 205.

CAITIVED, Caytifved, _pp._ imprisoned, kept as a captive, I. i. 1. 16.

CALD, _adj._ cold, XVII. 541.

CALL, _s._ caul, head-dress, II. 338.

CALL, _adj._ (_prob. error for_ Tall), II. 466. See UNTALL.

CALM, _s._ calm, VII. 140.

CAN, _1 pr. s._ know, possess, XVI. 733; _can pas_, did pass, went, XVII. 28; _can discend_, caused to descend, XVII. 6; Canst, _pr. s._ knowest, II. 1073.

CAPTYVES, _s. pl._ wretches, captives, II. 291.

CARDIACLE, _s._ a disease of the heart, pain in the heart, I. ii. 11. 125.

CARDINALL, _s._ cardinal, II. 314, 456.

CARE, _s._ misery, I. i. 3. 118.

CARECKES, _s. pl._ characters, marks, II. 542.

CARKË, _v._ be anxious, II. 250, 1123.

CARPEN, _1 pr. pl._ talk about, discuss, I. ii. 8. 30.

CASSIDONY, _s._ chalcedony, XXI. 478. See note.

CAST ME, _1 pt. s._ designed, intended, XVI. 80.

CASUEL, _adj._ subject to chance, XXII. 44.

CATEL, _s._ wealth, I. ii. 5. 56; Catell, II. 385; Cattal, II. 250.

CATHEDRALS, _s. pl._ cathedrals, II. 313.

CATTEL-CACCHING, _s._ getting money, II. 856.

CAULD, _s._ cold, XVII. 7.

CAUSEFUL, _adj._ circumstantial, weighty, I. iii. 5. 54.

CAUTEL, _s._ trick, III. 303; Cautele, V. 286; _pl._ deceits, XXII. 50.

CAWDELL, _s._ a warm gruel, mixed with wine or ale, and sweetened or spiced, given chiefly to sick people, XXIV. 438. See _Caudle_ in the N. E. D.

CAYTIF, _s._ captive, wretch, I. i. 1. 122; _pl._ II. 71.

CAYTIFNESSE, _s._ captivity, wretchedness, I. i. 2. 31.

CAYTIVE, _adj._ wretched, XVII. 408.

CEDRE, _s._ cedar, X. 39; _pl._ VIII. 67.

CEDULE, _s._ schedule, writing, XXI. 345.

CELLER, _s._ cellar, I. ii. 2. 27.

CELSITUDE, _s._ highness, XXIV. 611.

CELURED, _pp._ ceiled, canopied, VIII. 52.

CERCLE, _s._ circle, XXI. 536.

CEREAL, _adj._; _c. okes_, holm-oaks, XX. 209. See note.

CESSE, _ger._ to cease, XVI. 37; Cessing that, when that ceases, V. 415.

CHACE, _s._ chase (at tennis), IV. 295. See note.

CHAFED, _pp._ heated, warmed, I. ii. 12. 8; Chafinge, _pr. pt._ I. ii. 12. 8.

CHAFFREN, _pr. pl._ bargain for, II. 146.

CHAIR, _s._ chariot, car, XVII. 204; XX. 1.

CHALENGE, _v._ claim, I. i. 10. 66; _1 pr. s._ claim, XVI. 233; _pr. pl._ III. 22.

CHALMER, _s._ chamber, XVII. 28, 416.

CHAMBERER, _s._ lady of the chamber, XXIV. 158.

CHANONS, _s. pl._ canons, II. 717, 1062; III. 280.

CHAPELAYNS, _s. pl._ chaplains, III. 348.

CHAPELET, _s._ chaplet, XX. 154, 236; Chapelets, _pl._ XX. 159, 161, 209, 222.

CHAPITRE, _s._ chapter, I. iii. 9. 21.

CHAPMAN, _s._ trader, III. 147; Chapmen, _pl._ III. 128.

CHAPTER-HOUSE, _s._ chapter-house, III. 75.

CHAR, _s._ chariot, VII. 177; VIII. 595.

CHARGE, _s._ responsibility, VIII. 328; XVI. 469; burden, I. i. 3. 15; blame, XXIV. 186; _pl._ burdens, I. ii. 7. 69.

CHASE, _pr. pl._ chase, persecute, II. 1322.

CHASE, _pt. s._ chose, XVI. 166.

CHAUNCELLERE, _s._ chancellor, XXI. 507.

CHAUNSEL, _s._ chancel, I. ii. 2. 63.

CHAUNTEMENTS, _s. pl._ enchantments, I. i. 9. 28.

CHAUNTOURS, _s._ singers, II. 870.

CHAYRE, _s._ throne, XXI. 476.

CHEES; see CHESE.

CHERE, _s._ demeanour, XXIV. 575; good cheer, XVI. 95; _pl._ looks, XIV. 8.

CHERELICH, _adj._ prodigal, II. 1050. Read _not cherelich_; see note, p. 491.

CHERYCE, _v._ cherish, VII. 16; Cheryse, XXIV. 893.

CHESE, _ger._ to choose, I. ii. 10. 21; Chesen, _ger._ VII. 185; _1 pr. s._ IX. 249; _imp. s._ _3 p._ let him choose, XVI. 313; Chees, _pt. s._ chose, IV. 31; VIII. 395; Cheisit, _pt. pl._ chose, XVII. 265.

CHESING, _s._ choice, IX. 15.

CHESTE, _s._ chest, VIII. 227.

CHEVERIT, _pt. pl._ shivered, shook, XVII. 156. See CHIVER.

CHEVISAUNCE, _s._ usury, dealing for profit, XII. 53.

CHEVYCE, _v._ preserve, V. 325.

CHID, _pp._ chid (pp. of _chide_), XVIII. 267.

CHILDING, _pres. pt._ bearing a child, X. 139.

CHIPPES, _s. pl._ chips, I. i. 9. 20.

CHIVER, _1 pr. s._ shiver, VIII. 230.

CHORL, _s._ churl, VIII. 390.

CHOSE, _pp._ chosen, IV. 4.

CHOWETH, _pr. s._ chews, II. 258.

CHRISTNED, _pp._ christened (person), II. 101.

CHURLICH, _adj._ churlish, poor, II. 1051.

CIRCUTE, _s._ circuit; _c. cours_, complete course, I. iii. 7. 75.

CITOLE, _s._ zedoary, X. 71.

CLADDE, _pp. pl._ clothed, II. 1014.

CLAM, _pt. s._ climbed, XVII. 550.

CLAMURE, _ger._ to clamour, I. i. 6. 120.

CLAPPE, _pr. pl._ prate, V. 328; Clappen, I. i. 8. 33; Clappeth, _pr. s._ prates, V. 142.

CLAPPER, _s._ clap-dish, as carried by lepers, XVII. 343, 387.

CLATTER, _ger._ to proclaim, applaud, I. i. 8. 24.

CLERGION, _s._ chorister-boy, I. ii. 2. 62.

CLEPE, _1 pr. s._ cry, VIII. 285; _pr. pl._ call, name, VI. 6; _pr. pl._ II. 201; _imp. s._ call, I. ii. 14. 75; _pt. pl._ called, I. ii. 2. 96; _pp._ I. iii. 4. 154; V. 16.

CLIM, _v._ climb, XVII. 263.

CLINKE, _s._ clink, sound, II. 40.

CLIPPINGES, _s. pl._ embraces, I. i. 5. 97.

CLIPS, _s._ eclipse, I. ii. 2. 15; I. ii. 6. 94.

CLOKES, _s. pl._ cloaks, XX. 207.

CLOSE, _pr. pl._ are included, come together, I. iii. 4. 165; _pp._ enclosed, I. i. 1. 133; XXI. 52.

COACCION, _s._ compulsion, I. iii. 3. 53.

COARTED, _pp._ constrained, I. i. 6. 157; compelled, I. iii. 3. 63.

COCKES, _s._ (_for_ Goddes), II. 1271.

COCKLE, _s._ darnel, I. ii. 1. 93.

COCKLE, _s._ shell, X. 128.

COCOLD, _s._ cuckold, XXIV. 410.

COFREN, _ger._ to put in a chest, II. 107.

COKKOW, _s._ cuckoo, XXIV. 1422.

COLERS, _s. pl._ collars, XX. 215.

COLES, _s. pl._ coals, i.e. charcoal, I. i. _pr._ 15.

COLLATIOUN, _s._ banquet, XVII. 418.

COLLINGES, _s. pl._ embracings, I. ii. 14. 12.

COLOUR, _s._ pretence, III. 3, 341; VIII. 425.

COLUMBE, _s._ dove, X. 79.

COLUMPNE, _s._ column, X. 136.

COM OF, be quick! XXI. 244; Come of, come on, I. i. 3. 14.

COMBERAUNCE, _s._ trouble, XXI. 430.

COMBRED, _pp._ encumbered, burdened, I. i. 3. 103.

COMFORTABLE, _adj._ comforting, I. ii. 2. 1.

COMINALTEE, _s._ a community, I. i. 6. 65.

COMMENDE, _pres. pt._ coming, I. iii. 3. 74.

COMMENS, _s._ commons, rations of food, I. i. 7. 106.

COMMENS, _s. pl._ the commons, I. i, 7. 64.

COMMENSAL, _adj._ partaking of a common repast, feeding with others, I. i. 4. 25.

COMMINALTÈ, _s._ commons, II. 654; _pl._ communities, I. iii. 1. 89.

COMMING, _pres. pt. as adj._ future, sure to happen, I. iii. 3. 26; I. iii. 3. 82.

COMODITÈ, _s._ advantage, I. iii. 8. 155.

COMONALTÈ, _s._ commonalty, XXIV. 1209.

COMPARACION, _s._ comparison, I. ii. 11. 35.

COMPARISONED, _pp._ compared, I. i. _pr._ 49; I. i. 1. 68; I. ii. 13. 50.

COMPAS, _s._ circuit, XX. 54; _a certain of c._, within a certain distance round, XVI. 193; _of compas_, in a circle, XXI. 53.

COMPASSED, _pp._ contrived, V. 369.

COMPTETH, _pr. s._ accounts, I. iii. 5. 45; Compted, _pp._ accounted, I. ii. 10. 16; counted, I. ii. 5. 77.

COMPULCION, _s._ compulsion, I. iii. 2. 145.

COMUNE WELE, commonwealth, I. i. 6. 84.

CON, _ger._ to observe, note, XXIV. 379.

CONCEIT, _s._ liking, fancy, XVI. 442; Conceyt, XVI. 476; imagination, V. 364; XVI. 791.

CONCLUDE, _v._ include, I. ii. 11. 111. See note, p. 475.

CONCLUSIOUN, _s._ result, XIII. 77.

CONCOURS, _s._ due course, XIII. 35.

CONDING, _adj._ excellent, XVII. 446.

CONDUIT, _s._ conduit, X. 32.

CONDUITE, _v._ conduct, demean, XVI. 536.

CONFESSOURES, _s. pl._ confessors, III. 336.

CONFITEOR, _s._ confession, III. 353.

CONFORMES, _adj. pl._ similar, shewing conformity (with), like (to), I. iii. 4. 122.

CONFOUNDE, _v._ confuse, trouble, VIII. 481.

CONGELED, _pp._ congealed, I. ii. 12. 52.

CONGELEMENT, _s._ congealment, I. ii. 12. 39.

CONISAUNCE, _s._ cognisance, badge, I. i. 5. 113.

CONJECTEMENTS, _s._ devices, I. ii. 3. 73.

CONJUNCCION, _s._ conjunction, I. iii. 1. 113; conjoining, I. ii. 5. 40.

CONJURACIONS, _s. pl._ conspiracies, I. i. 6. 54.

CONNE, _v._ know how (to), I. i. 1. 96; I. iii. 3. 120; be able, I. ii. 4. 37; _pr. pl._ know, II. 413, 842; IV. 24; can, V. 18; may, I. iii. 7. 160.

CONNECCION, _s._ connexion, I. ii. 8. 56.

CONNING, _s._ skill, I. i. _pr._ 99.

CONSERVATRICE, _s._ preserver. X. 117.

CONSIGNED, _pp._ dedicated, X. 37.

CONSISTORY, _s._ consistory-court, II. 880.

CONSTAUNCE, _s._ constancy, XIII. 3.

CONSTREWE, _v._ construe, translate, I. ii. 2. 7; _imp. s._ I. iii. 6. 148.

CONTENENCE, _s._ continence, XXVI. 2.

CONTINGENCE, _s._ contingence, conditional state, I. ii. 9. 181.

CONTINGENT, _adj._ contingent, I. i. 4. 56; conditional, I. ii. 9. 147.

CONTRADICCION, _s._ a contradiction, I. ii. 11. 116.

CONTRADICTORIE, _s._ opposite, I. ii. 13. 129.

CONTRARIAUNT, _adj._ opposing, I. iii. 2. 96; Contrariant, I. ii. 9. 65; Contrariauntes, _pl._ contravening, I. i. 5. 64.

CONTRARIEN, _pr. pl._ contradict (it), II. 936; _pt. s. subj._ should contradict, I. ii. 4. 117; would oppose, I. iii. 2. 152.

CONTRARIES, _s. pl._ contrary things, I. ii. 6. 11.

CONTRARIOUS, _adj._ contrary, I. ii. 6. 95.

CONTRARIOUSTÈ, _s._ contrariety, I. ii. 8. 50; contradiction, I. iii. 4. 229; opposition, I. iii. 1. 125.

CONTRARY-DOERS, _s. pl._ trespassers, I. iii. 2. 8.

CONVENIENT, _adj._ fitting, suitable, XI. 1; XX. 119; XXIV. 786.

COP, _s._ cup, XVII. 343, 387.

COP, _s._ top, I. iii. 1. 151.

COPE, _s._ cope, cape, III. 51; I. i. 3. 149; _pl._ XXIV. 116.

CORNES, _s. pl._ grains of corn, I. i. 5. 85.

COROWNED, _pp._ crowned, I. iii. 2. 12.

COSINAGE, _s._ relationship, I. ii. 2. 101; relatives, I. ii. 2. 99.

COST, _s._ side, XX. 76; _pl._ coasts, regions, XXIV. 58.

COSTAGES, _s. pl._ expenses, I. i. 2. 139.

COSTEY, _v._ coast along, VIII. 36.

COTE, _s._ coat, I. iii. 7. 132.

COUCHED, _pp._ set, XXI. 529.

COUDE, _pt. pl._ knew, XVIII. 71.

COUNTEN, _pr. pl._ (they) count, expect, II. 927.

COUNTENAUNCE, _s._ sign, I. ii. 7. 122; semblance, XVI. 50.

COUNTERFAYTOURS, _s. pl._ counterfeit dealers, II. 1061.

COUNTERPAYSING, _s._ an equivalent, I. i. 2. 128.

COUNTERPLETE, _v._ plead against, contradict, I. i. 8. 30; _v._ plead against me, I. ii. 12. 101; _pp._ pleaded against, XXIV. 429.

COUNTERVAYLE, _ger._ to equal, I. i. 3. 132; _pp._ balanced, I. iii. 5. 131.

COUNTOURS, _s._ accountants, II. 802.

COUPABLE, _adj._ culpable, V. 152.

COURE, _v._ cower, cringe, II. 207.

COURSER, _s._ horse, II. 1004.

COURTEOURS, _s._ courtiers, XXIV. 1313.

COURTES, _s. pl._ court-houses, III. 81.

COURT-HOLDING, _s._ holding of courts, II. 790.

COUTH, _pt. s._ knew how, XVI. 134.

COVENABLE, _adj._ suitable, I. iii. 8. 116.

COVER, _v._ recover (themselves), I. ii. 7. 97; obtain, I. ii. 5. 121.

COVERT, _adj._ secretive, sly, very prudent, XVI. 177.

COVERTOURS, _s._ coverings, II. 105.

COVINS, _s. pl._ complots, I. i. 6. 167.

COWPIS, _s. pl._ cups, flagons, XVII. 419.

CRABBED, _adj._ crabbed, perverse, V. 324; Crabbit, cross, XVII. 353.

CRABBITLY, _adv._ crabbedly, morosely, XVII. 154.

CRAKE, _pr. pl._ boast, V. 328.

CRAKEL, _v._ quaver, XVIII. 119. See note.

CRALLIT, _pp._ curled, twisted, II. 186.

CRAMPISSHED, _pt. s._ oppressed, constrained, pained, IX. 49.

CRAVE, _ger._ to ask for again, XXVII. 8.

CREDE, _s._ Creed, II. 413, 1066.

CREPË, _v._ creep, II. 942.

CRESSE, _s._ blade of a cress, I. i. 5. 133; I. ii. 7. 109; I. iii. 5. 45.

CROKE, _pr. pl._ go crooked, bend in, I. ii. 7. 69.

CROKED, _adj._ crooked, indirect, I. ii. 6. 163; curved, XIII. 17.

CROKEN, _adj._ crooked, I. ii. 7. 91.

CROKETS, _s. pl._ rolls of hair, II. 306. See note.

CROMMES, _s. pl._ crumbs, I. i. _pr._ 105.

CRONIQUE, _s._ chronicle, story, IV. 338, 369.

CROPE, _pp._ crept, I. i. 4. 54.

CROPPE, _s._ shoot, sprout, top, V. 17.

CROSSE, _s._ cross, the cross marked on a piece of money, III. 225.

CROSSE-ALEYS, _s. pl._ cross-alleys, XXI. 10.

CROUCHE, _s._ cross, II. 942.

CROWES, _s. pl._ crows, II. 1334.

CROYSERY, _s._ crusade, II. 445.

CUKKOW, _s._ cuckoo, XVIII. 50.

CULLETH, _pr. s._ kills, II. 593, 1314; _pr. pl._ II. 267.

CULTRE, _s._ coulter, II. 7.

CURE, _s._ care, XVI. 494; XXIV. 986; guard, XVII. 10; diligence, VIII. 311; attention, I. iii. 8. 52; cure (of souls), II. 1173; responsibility, XX. 61.

CURIOUS, _adj._ curious, anxious, II. 384; nice, II. 1013; choice, VII. 66.

CURRANT, _s._ current, _or adj._ running, X. 51.

CURREYDEN, _pt. pl._ curried favour, I. i. 10. 11.

CURRISH, _adj._ like a cur, XVI. 389.

CURTEYS, _adj._ gentle, II. 482.

CUSTOME, _s._ custom, I. iii. 1. 106.

CUT, _ger._ curtail, XVII. 39; _pp._ cut short, II. 929.

DAME, _s._ mother, I. ii. 2. 117; II. 1361; Dames tonge, mother-tongue, I. i. _pr._ 37.

DAMOSELLES, _s. pl._ damsels, I. ii. 2. 42; girls, II. 928.

DAMPNÁBLE, _adj._ damnable, VI. 60.

DAMPNE, _v._ condemn, II. 630; _pr. s._ II. 224; _pp._ damned, I. i. 7. 55; condemned, VIII. 276.

DASED, _pp._ dazed, II. 1326.

DAUNGER, _s._ control, V. 257.

DAUNGEROUS, _adj._ disdainful, XXIV. 901; cross, XXIV. 330; difficult to please, XXIV. 761; forbidding, I. i. 2. 102.

DAUNTEN, _v._ subdue, I. ii. 2. 131.

DAWE, _s. pl. dat._ days; _by elder dawe_, in olden times, II. 643. A.S. _dagum_.

DAWENINGE, _s._ dawning, IX. 251.

DAWING, _pres. pt._ dawning, XXII. 29.

DAYESYE, _s._ daisy, XVIII. 243.

DAYNETH, _pr. s._ deigns, I. ii. 9. 122.

DEAURAT, _pp._ gilded, made of a golden colour, VIII. 597.

DEBAT, _s._ strife, VII. 59; uneasiness, XVI. 698; _pl._ I. ii. 2. 48; combats, I. i. 4. 44.

DEBATED, _pp._ striven about, IV. 363. But read _delated_, i.e. deferred; the Trentham MS. has _deleated_, meant for _delated_.

DEBONAIR, _adj._ courteous, XX. 501; gentle, V. 347.

DEED, _adj._ dead, II. 198.

DEEDLY, _adj._ mortal, I. ii. 12. 121; Deedliche, I. iii. 3. 65; Dedly, I. iii. 3. 68.

DEETH, _s._ death, VIII. 140.

DEFAME, _ger._ to accuse falsely, III. 305.

DEFASED, _pp._ defaced, I. i. 8. 115; made cheerless, I. i. 1. 66.

DEFAUT, _s._ default, trespass, I. i. 3. 95; XVI. 270 (obscure); XVI. 611; Defaute, fault, I. ii. 2. 17; III. 398; _pl._ IV. 267.

DEFENCE, _s._ power to defend, X. 124.

DEFEND, _v._ forbid, II. 570; _pt. s._ forbade, I. iii. 8. 122; II. 1115; _pp._ forbidden, I. iii. 3. 57.

DEFENDINGE, _s._ forbidding, I. iii. 3. 55.

DEFORMAIT, _adj._ deformed, ugly, XVII. 349.

DEFOULE, _ger._ to defile, V. 186; _1 pt. s._ defiled, I. i. 8. 83; _pp._ I. ii. 13. 74.

DEGEST, _pp._ digested, considered, XVII. 303.

DEID, _s._ death, XVII. 70, 585.

DEID, _s._ deed, doing, XVII. 328.

DEIFICAIT, _pp._ accounted as gods, XVII. 288.

DEL, _s._ portion; _every del_, every bit, XXI. 227.

DELATED; see DEBATED.

DÉLECTABLE, _adj._ delightful, XXI. 72.

DÉLITABLE, _adj._ delightful, VIII. 122.

DELIVER, _adj._ nimble, VIII. 164.

DELIVERAUNCE, _s._ deliverance, I. i. 7. 102.

DELYTABLE, _adj._ delightful, I. ii. 4. 47.

DELYTE, _v._ delight, VIII. 61, 381.

DEME, _v._ judge, XII. 7; _2 pr. s. subj._ VII. 32; _pr. s._ condemns, I. ii. 7. 117; _pp._ judged, adjudged to be true, approved, II. 67; condemned, II. 198.

DEMENE, _s._ demeanour, XXIV. 734.

DEMEYNE, _s._ control, IX. 216; XVI. 132.

DEMIN, _v._ deem, suppose, I. iii. 3. 111; _pr. pl._ (?), II. 510. See DEME.

DEMING, _s._ suspicion, XVII. 118.

DEMURE, _adj._ sedate, IX. 156; XVI. 106; XX. 459; XXI. 82; XXIV. 653.

DEMURELY, _adv._ sedately, XVI. 246.

DENARIE, _s._ pay, wages, X. 66.

DENOMINACION, _s._ naming, I. ii. 9. 162.

DENT, _s._ stroke, blow, dint, I. iii. 7. 92, 100; XXIV. 836.

DENWERE, _s._ doubt, I. i. 6. 193. A false form; see note, p. 459.

DEPARTE, _v._ separate, XVI. 317; sever, I. i. 1. 90; part, XXIV. 1399; impart, XVI. 440; _pr. s. subj._ part, I. i. 9. 86; _pp._ divided, I. ii. 10. 9; parted, XI. 51; rent, XX. 193.

DEPARTICION, _s._ divorce, I. iii. 2. 14.

DEPARTING, _s._ separation, I. iii. 6. 158; XVI. 659; distributing, I. ii. 5. 44.

DEPEYNT, _pp._ painted, VIII. 425; Depeynted, XXIV. 100.

DEQUACE, _v._ suppress, I. i. 5. 77; put down, I. i. 7. 26; _ger._ to repress, I. ii. 1. 74.

DERE, _v._ do harm, I. i. 5. 72.

DEREWORTHINESSE, _s._ fondness (for), I. ii. 5. 99.

DEREWORTHLY, _adv._ preciously, X. 39.

DERE-WORTHY, _adj._ precious, I. i. 10. 117.

DESCRY, _ger._ to describe, XXIV. 97.

DESESPERAUNCE, _s._ despair, desperation, XVI. 538, 652.

DESLAVEE, _adj._ unchaste, inordinate in conduct, XII. 40.

DESTENYED, _pp._ predestined, I. iii. 9. 13.

DESYROUSLY, _adv._ eagerly, I. iii. 6. 70.

DETERMINACIONS, _s. pl._ ordinances, settlements, I. i. 5. 52.

DETERMINE, _adj._ fixed, XXIV. 647.

DETERMINE, _ger._ to end, I. iii. 3. 129; _pp._ settled, fixed, I. ii. 6. 20.

DETERMINISON, _s._ determination, definition, I. ii. 13. 30.

DETTOUR, _s._ debtor, VI. 31.

DEVIACION, _s._ deviation, going astray, I. iii. 1. 6.

DEVOIR, _s._ duty, XVI. 559. (F. text, _devoir_.)

DEVOIT, _adj._ devout, XVII. 115.

DEVYN, _adj._ divine, XVII. 127.

DEVYNLY, _adj._ divine-like, I. iii. 1. 55.

DEVYSE, _s._ device, XXI. 207.

DEVYSE, _v._ relate, XX. 97; XXI. 525.

DEW, _adj._ due, XXI. 51.

DEW-DROPYS, _s. pl._ dewdrops, XXIX. 6.

DEWE, _s._ due; _of dewe_, duly, XXIV. 1397.

DEWETÈ, _s._ duty, due course, IV. 232.

DEYDEST, _2 pt. s._ didst die, were to die, I. i. 9. 65; _pt. s._ died, VII. 102.

DEYNE, _v. refl._ deign, I. ii. 3. 3.

DEYNOUS, _adj._ disdainful, I. i. 1. 130; I. i. 2. 143 (see note); I. i. 3. 70; Deynouse, _fem._ V. 150.

DEYNTEES, _s._ dainties, II. 1008.

DIAMANT, _s._ diamond, XXIV. 696.

DIFFAME, _pr. pl._ defame, I. i. 3. 7.

DIFFYNE, _v._ define, V. 463.

DIGHTETH, _pr. s._ gets ready, II. 978; _pr. s. subj._ may (He) arrange _or_ place, X. 84; _pp._ ornamented, II. 894; XX. 254.

DIGNE, _adj._ worthy, V. 457; XIX. 11.

DIGNED, _pp._ honoured, X. 39.

DINNE, _s._ din, noise, I. ii. 9. 31.

DIOURN, _adj._ daily, X. 66.

DIRIGES, _s. pl._ dirges, burials, III. 125.

DIRK, _adv._ in the dark, XXIV. 1256.

DISALOWE, _v._ disapprove of, dispraise, IV. 242.

DISAVENTURE, _s._ ill fortune, IX. 72.

DISCEYVABLE, _adj._ deceitful, I. ii. 4. 89.

DISCIPLYNING, _s._ correction, I. ii. 11. 137.

DISCLAUNDER, _v._ slander, II. 333; _pr. pl._ II. 1053; _pr. s._ speaks slander, I. ii. 8. 74.

DISCLAUNDRING, _s._ slandering, I. ii. 3. 112.

DISCOMFIT, _adj._ discomfited, sad, XVI. 35.

DISCOMFITETH, _pr. s._ discomforts himself, grieves, I. ii. 11. 55; _pp._ discomforted, I. ii. 11. 57.

DISCORDAUNCE, _s._ disagreement, I. ii. 8. 47.

DISCORDAUNT, _adj._ discordant, I. i. 9. 106; Discordantes, _s. pl._ things discordant, I. ii. 8. 54.

DISCOVERT, _pp._ discovered, made known, XVI. 403.

DISCRETE, _adj._ separate, I. iii. 1. 2.

DISCRYVE, _v._ describe, VIII. 156; IX. 112; XXIV. 778; _ger._ XXI. 512.

DISENCREES, _s._ decrease, VIII. 202.

DISESE, _s._ misery, woe, XVIII. 265; XX. 377; annoyance, I. i. 1. 20, 28; anger, II. 1260.

DISESED, _pp._ made wretched, I. i. 1. 31.

DISESELY, _adj._ uncomfortable, I. iii. 1. 172.

DISHEVEL, _adj._ dishevelled, XXIV. 139.

DISHONEST, _adj._ shameful, V. 184.

DISLOGED, _pp._ banished, XXI. 62.

DISMAYE, _v._ feel dismay, I. ii. 9. 144.

DISPENCE, _s._ expence, II. 523; _pl._ I. i. 7. 107.

DISPENDE, _ger._ to spend, VII. 40; XXII. 16; _pr. pl._ II. 762; Dispent, _pp._ spent, I. i. 10. 53.

DISPENSE, _ger._ to dispense, III. 367.

DISPITOUS, _adj._ contemptuous, I. i. 10. 90; spiteful, XII. 26.

DISPLESAUNCE, _s._ displeasure, XVI. 544; XXI. 661; XXV. 19.

DISPORT, _s._ amusement, XVI. 98; _pl._ XVI. 410.

DISPORTE, _ger._ to amuse, interest, VIII. 602; _v. refl._ be merry, VIII. 10; _1 pr. s. refl._ throw myself about, tumble and toss, I. i. 3. 102.

DISPREYSE, _v._ blame, I. ii. 6. 91.

DISPYT, _s._ contempt, II. 712; VIII. 240.

DISSEVER, _v._ part, depart, IX. 175; _pp._ separated, II. 1242.

DISSEVERAUNCE, _s._ separation, XI. 13; XXIV. 783.

DISSIMULACION, _s._ (_ill used for_ simulation), imitation, I. ii. 14. 10.

DISSIMULAIT, _adj._ full of dissimulation, XVII. 225.

DISSIMULEN, _v._ dissimulate, V. 18.

DISSOLUCIOUN, _s._ dissolute conduct, XII. 60.

DISTAUNCE, _s._ strife, VI. 58; VII. 161; disagreement, II. 1166.

DISTEMPRETH, _pr. s._ intoxicates, XV. _a._ 7.

DISTOURBOUR, _s._ disturbance, I. iii. 5. 30.

DISTRAINETH, _pr. s._ constrains, XXIV. 660; _pp._ afflicted, VIII. 134.

DISTRUCCIOUN, _s._ destruction, IX. 88.

DISTRYE, _v._ destroy, II. 1235. (In II. 1144, perhaps _distry_ should be _discry_, i.e. describe.)

DIURNAL, _adj._ daily, VIII. 590.

DO, _imp. s._ cause, I. i. 1. 83; _pp._ done, IV. 97; come to an end, XIV. 18; Do way, do (it) away, put (it) aside, abandon (the idea), I. i. 9. 89.

DOCKE, _s._ dock (plant), I. i. 2. 167; I. iii. 6. 7.

DOCTRINE, _s._ learning, I. ii. 11. 136.

DOLE, _s._ sorrow, woe, X. 10; XXIV. 1098.

DOLEFUL, _adj._ sad (ones), X. 55.

DOLVEN, _pp._ buried, I. ii. 2. 69; wrought, I. i. _pr._ 11.

DOMBE, _adj._ dumb, I. ii. 5. 98.

DOME, _s._ judgement, XX. 306; _gen._ II. 331.

DOMESDAY, _s._ doom's-day, X. 84.

DON, _pp._ done; _d. but lent_, only lent, XXVII. 7.

DONATYF, _s._ gift, reward, X. 72.

DONET, _s._ primer, I. ii. 12. 17. See note, p. 475.

DONNE, _adj. pl._ dun, dark, IX. 115.

DOOLY, _adj._ mournful, XVII. 1, 344.

DOON, _error for_ Do, _1 pr. s. subj._ do, act, XXIV. 927.

DOTAGE, _s._ folly, XV. _a._ 5, XV. _b._ 4.

DOTE, _ger._ to be a fool, I. i. 2. 71; _v._ XXIV. 1047.

DOTH, _imp. pl._ cause, make, XXIV. 1326.

DOUBLENESSE, _s._ duplicity, XIII. 8.

DOUCEPERES, _s. pl._ the twelve peers (of Charlemagne), XX. 516.

DOUF (_old text_ doif), benumbed (lit. deaf), XVII. 32. See note.

DOULE, _s._ down-feather, II. 1272. See note.

DOUR, _adj._ stern, severe, oppressive, XVII. 437.

DOUT, _s._ fear, II. 697.

DOUTE, _ger._ to be feared, IV. 138; _1 pr. s. refl._ fear, XXI. 246.

DRADDE, _1 pt. s._ dreaded; feared, I. i. 3. 74; Drad, _pp._ frightened, II. 561; afraid, II. 1088.

DRAUGHT, _s._ draught, drawing, I. iii. 7. 102.

DREDE, _s._ dread; _withoute d._, without doubt, XX. 152.

DREDE, _ger._ to fear, V. 330.

DREDFUL, _adj._ timid, V. 348; XVI. 218; fearful, IX. 157; fearful (to offend), XXIII. 10.

DRENCHE, _1 pr. s._ am drowned, I. i. 3. 162.

DRERIHEED, _s._ dreariness, VIII. 9.

DRESSE, _v. refl._ advance, XXIV. 113; address myself, VIII. 203; _ger._ to direct, XXIV. 179; Dresse, XIII. 62; _pr. pl. refl._ direct themselves, II. 379; _1 pr. pl. subj._ direct our way, go forward, XXI. 215; Dress you, _imp. pl. (as s.)_, direct yourself, go, XXIV. 554; Drest, _1 pt. s. refl._ advanced, XX. 456; Dressed, _pt. s. refl._ advanced, I. iii. 3. 2.

DRIVE, _pp._ driven, I. i. 1. 2.

DROPPING, _pres. pt._ dripping, XX. 371.

DROW, _pt. s._ withdrew, XVI. 806.

DROWPIT, _pt. pl._ drooped, XVII. 157.

DROWRY, _s._ love-token, XVII. 583.

DUALITÈ, _s._ duality, doubleness, I. ii. 13. 30.

DUCHEES, _s. pl._ duchies, V. 333.

DUËTEE, _s._ duty, VI. 38; IX. 5, 106.

DULEFUL, _adj._ grievous, XVII. 309.

DULLEN, _v._ render dull, I. iii. 3. 196.

DURACIOUN, _s._ duration, endurance, X. 87.

DURESSE, _s._ hardness, XVI. 703; force, I. iii. 7. 71; constraint, I. i. 6. 157; stress, I. i. 1. 87; cruelty, XVI. 784.

DURETH, _pr. s._ lasts, I. i. 3. 20.

DURING, _adj._ enduring, X. 131.

DWALE, _s._ a sleeping draught made from the deadly nightshade, XXIV. 998.

DYAMAUNT, _s._ diamond, X. 87.

DYKING, _pres. pt._ ditching, II. 1043.

DYS, _s. pl._ dice, XIII. 74.

DYTÈ, _s._ ditty, song, poem, VIII. 606; IX. 268; XVII. 1.

EBBE, _s._ ebb, VII. 143; XIII. 36.

ECHE, _ger._ to increase, I. iii. 1. 147; Eched, _pp._ I. ii. 8. 79.

EDEFYE, _ger._ to build, I. i. 5. 110; _v._ VII. 77.

EDWYTE, _v._ accuse, reproach, XII. 18.

EE, _s._ eye, XXIV. 768. See EYE.

EET, _pt. s._ ate, I. i. 8. 55; XX. 90; Eten, _pp._ eaten, XX. 95.

EFFUNDE, _1 pr. s._ pour out, XIX. 25.

EFTER, _conj._ according as, XVII. 106.

EGALL, _adj._ equal, XXIV. 1041.

EGALLY, _adv._ equally, impartially, XXIV. 365.

EGLANTERE, _s._ sweet-briar, XX. 56, 80. See the note, p. 520.

EIGHTETH, _adj._ eighth, I. i. 5. 103.

EIRD, _s._ earth. XVII. 384.

EIRDLY, _adj._ earthly, XVII. 52, 355.

EKE-NAMES, _s. pl._ nicknames, I. ii. 1. 96.

ELDE, _s._ old age, I. i. 6. 94; I. i. 8. 115.

ELDE-FADERS, _s. pl._ ancestors, I. ii. 2. 125.

ELECCIOUN, _s._ choice, V. 236.

ELECTUAIRIS, _s. pl._ electuaries, XVII. 246.

ELEMENTES, _s. pl._ elements, I. ii. 9. 41.

ELENGE, _adj._ mournful, miserable, XVIII. 115.

EMBELISSHED, _pp._ honoured, dignified, X. 104.

EMBROUDED, _pp._ embroidered, XXI. 85.

EMERAUD, _adj._ emerald, XXIV. 79; _s. pl._ XX. 144.

EMISPERE, _s._ hemisphere, XXII. 27.

EMPRYSE, _s._ enterprise, II. 960; design, V. 119; _pl._ VIII. 416.

ENAMAYL, _s._ enamel, XXI. 534.

ENBOLDED, _pp._ emboldened, I. i. 2. 23.

ENCHACE, _v._ chase, XVI. 416.

ENCHESOUN, _s._ reason, V. 429.

ENCHEYNEN, _ger._ to link together, _or_, to be linked together, I. ii. 6. 4.

ENCOMBERAUNCE, _s._ encumbrance, trouble, XVI. 284, 775; XXI. 746.

ENCOMBRED, _pp._ encumbered, hindered, defeated, X. 103.

ENCREES, _s._ increase, II. 72.

ENDRY, _v._ suffer, endure, XXIV. 727, 941. See note, p. 547.

ENDUCED, _pp._ induced, I. ii. 1. 60.

ENDYTE, _v._ indite, VIII. 196; IX. 231; _pr. pl._ indict, II. 1026.

ENDYTING, _s._ composition, inditing, XXII. 65.

ENE, _s. pl._ eyes, XVII. 157.

ENFAME, _s._ disgrace, I. i. 8. 51; reproach, I. i. 6. 6.

ENFECT, _pp._ infected, stained, XXIV. 217.

ENFEFFED, _pp._ invested (with), possessed (of), XVI. 364.

ENFORME, _ger._ to inform, I. ii. 11. 127; to give information, I. ii. 1. 51; _pr. pl._ instruct, I. ii. 2. 79.

ENFOURMER, _s._ instructor, I. ii. 2. 87.

ENGENDRURE, _s._ conception, I. ii. 6. 80; nativity, I. i. 6. 101; _pl._ I. ii. 9. 174.

ENGYN, _s._ device, XXIV. 535; ingenuity, V. 296.

ENHAUNCE, _ger._ to exalt, V. 455; _pr. pl._ increase, I. ii. 8. 85; _pp._ advanced, II. 448.

ENLUMINETH, _pr. s._ illumines, I. ii. I. 127; _pp._ I. i. 1. 23.

ENMOYSED, _pp._ cheered, comforted, I. i. 3. 105. See note, p. 456.

ENPECHE, _v._ impeach, accuse, I. i. 6. 86.

ENPEYRED, _pp._ injured, I. i. 6. 8.

ENPIGHT, _pp._ infixed, I. i. 2. 48.

ENPITED, _pp._ filled with pity, I. ii. 4. 111. (The sole known example of the word.)

ENPLEDE, _v._ plead against, II. 734.

ENPOYSONEN, _ger._ to poison, I. iii. 5. 115.

ENPRENT, _imp. s._ imprint, XXIV. 876.

ENPRISONED, _pp._ imprisoned, I. ii. 4. 104.

ENSAMPLE, _s._ example, I. i. 5. 1.

ENSELED, _pp._ sealed, I. i. 9. 94.

ENSURE, _1 pr. s._ assure, XX. 60, 287; XXI. 52.

ENSYSE, _s._ kind, sort, II. 625.

ENTALENTED, _pp._ excited, V. 338. See N.E.D.

ENTAYL, _s._ cutting; _of e._, with excellent cutting, XXI. 536.

ENTENCION, _s._ intention, design, I. ii. 4. 42; V. 553; XXIV. 908; signification, I. iii. 2. 140; VIII. 431.

ENTENDAUNCE, _s._ service, VII. 173.

ENTENDE, _v._ intend, XXII. 12.

ENTENT, _s._ intent, desire, XVI. 768; XXIV. 206; _pl._ II. 1159.

ENTENTYF, _adj._ attentive, V. 439.

ENTERCHAUNGED, _pp._ interchanged, I. ii. 9. 156.

ENTERE, _adj._ entire, XXIV. 354; true, IX. 163.

ENTERMETING, _pres. pt._ intermeddling, I. iii. 7. 163.

ENTRECHANGEN, _v._ interchange, I. ii. 9. 176.

ENTRECOMUNED, _pp._ had communication, I. i. 5. 7.

ENTREMELLEN, _pr. pl._ intermingle, I. i. 5. 14.

ENTREMES, _s._ course between two more substantial ones, XVI. 156. See note.

ENTREPRISE, _s._ enterprise, XVI. 515.

ENTUNE, _s._ tune, tone, XI. 27.

ENTUNED, _pp._ kept in tune, XX. 180.

ENVIROUN, _adv._ all round, XXI. 53; Environ, XXIV. 1031.

ENVOLVED, _pp._ enwrapped, I. i. 1. 111.

ENVYRONED, _pp._ surrounded, I. ii. 7. 94; Envyroning, _pres. pt._ encircling, VIII. 79.

EQUIPOLENT, _adj._ equal in power, XII. 15.

EQUIVOCAS, _s. pl._ words of like meaning, I. iii. 6. 64. See note, p. 482.

ER, _adv._ sooner, XVIII. 233.

ERBER, _s._ arbour, XXIV. 757.

ERDLY, _adj._ earthly, XXVII. 2.

ERMYNE, _s._ ermine, XX. 243.

ERNEST-SILVER, _s._ earnest money, I. i. 3. 151.

ERST, _adv._ soonest; _non erst_ (error for _non er_), no sooner, XXIV. 167.

ESCHAUNGE, _s._ change, XIII. 96.

ESCHETOUR, _s._ an escheator, I. ii. 2. 49.

ESCHEWING, _s._ avoidance, avoiding, XVI. 291, 307.

ESCLAUNDRE, _s._ scandal, V. 70.

ESPERAUNCE, _s._ Hope, XXIV. 1033; Esperans, XVII. 48; _on e._, in hope, XI. 26.

ESPERUS, Hesperus, the evening-star, VIII. 612.

ESPLOIT, _s._ result, success, XI. 57; Esployte, I. i. 5. 20.

ESPOIRE, _s._ hope, I. ii. 8. 23.

ESTATE, _s._ state, XXI. 486; _pl._ VII. 6.

ET, _pr. s._ (_short for_ eteth), eats, XIV. 7, 14.

ETERNE, _adj._ eternal, I. iii. 4. 205.

EVANGELY, _s._ gospel, II. 97; IV. 217.

EVEN, _adv._ close; _e. by_, close by, XX. 134.

EVEN-CHRISTEN, _s._ fellow-Christian, III. 430.

EVENFORTH, _adv._ continually, I. ii. 11. 21; forwards, I. i. 1. 110.

EVENHED, _s._ equality, I. iii. 1. 89; I. iii. 5. 150.

EVENLICH, _adv._ equally, I. iii. 4. 62; similarly, I. iii. 3. 95.

EVENLICHE, _adj._ equal, I. ii. 2. 122; I. iii. 5. 152.

EVEN-LYK, _adv._ exactly so, VIII. 201; exactly, VIII. 194.

EVER, _adv. as s._ eternity, I. i. 8. 117.

EVER IN OON, _adv._ continually, VIII. 528.

EVERICH, _adj._ each one, XX. 151.

EVERICHON, _pron._ every one, XX. 168.

EVE-STERRE, _s._ evening-star, I. ii. 13. 96.

EWAGE, _s._ a precious stone having the colour of sea-water, X. 92, 93. See note.

EXCITATION, _s._ instigation, I. i. 3. 37.

EXCITOURS, _s. pl._ exhorters, instigators, I. i. 6. 56.

EXCUSACION, _s._ excuse, I. i. 7. 33; V. 471.

EXEMPLAIR, _s._ exemplar, XX. 502.

EXEMPT, _pp._ exempted, III. 232.

EXPERT, _adj._ experienced, XXIV. 882.

EXPLOYTES, _s. pl._ successes, successful results, I. i. 5. 69.

EXPONE, _v._ recount, XVII. 369; Expowne, _imp. s._ expound, I. iii. 5. 10.

EXPULS, _s._ expulsion, repulse, XVII. 119.

EXTEND, _s._ extent, II. 658.

EYE, _s._ eye; _at e._, visibly, I. ii. 6. 16; Eyen, _pl_. XVI. 266. See EE.

EYLEN, _v._ ail, XVIII. 116.

EYRE, _s._ air, I. ii. 8. 48; VIII. 14; Eyr, XIV. 36.

FACHIOUN, _s._ falchion, curved sword, XVII. 187.

FACOUND, _adj._ eloquent, XVII. 268.

FACULTEES, _s. pl._ facilities, opportunities, I. i. 2. 29.

FADE, _adj._ dull, sombre, IV. 102.

FADE, _ger._ to cause to wither, I. i. 1. 27; Faidit, _pp._ XVII. 24.

FAIN, _adj._ glad, XX. 378.

FAIR, _s._ fare, XVII. 403.

FALLAS, _s._ deceit, I. ii. 14. 52, 54.

FALLE, _v._ happen, I. i. 1. 77; XVI. 539; _pr. s._ is suitable, III. 78.

FALOWEN, _pr. pl._ fade, I. ii. 8. 114.

FALSEN, _ger._ to deceive, V. 307; _pt. s._ gave way, failed, I. ii. 8. 127; was false to, I. i. 2. 92.

FALSETÈ, _s._ falsehood, I. ii. 3. 57; _pl._ I. ii. 1. 73.

FALSHEED, _s._ falsehood, I. iii. 6. 127.

FAMED, _pp._ defamed, II. 341.

FAMILIER, _adj._ familiar, (once) friendly, I. ii. 7. 108.

FAMULERS, _s. pl._ familiar friends, I. ii. 7. 81.

FAND, _1 pt. s._ found, XVII. 43.

FANES, _s. pl._ vanes, weather-cocks, XXI. 161.

FANTASY, _s._ fancy, XXI. 597; XXVII. 1; folly, XIV. 20; pleasure, I. i. _pr._ 26; _pl._ XXI. 11.

FARCED, _pp._ stuffed, filled, XXIV. 655.

FARE, _pr. pl._ go, XX. 341; fare, II. 1134; Farn, _pp._ fared, I. ii. 10. 58.

FASOUN, _s._ make, XXI. 305, 522; Fassioun, habit, XII. 46.

FAUCON, _s._ falcon, XVI. 413.

FAUTE, _s._ lack, VIII. 443; Faut, fault, XXIV. 608.

FAY, _s._ faith, XVII. 571; XVIII. 115.

FAYN, _2 pr. pl._ feign, make a pretence, XXIV. 751.

FAYRHEDE, _s._ beauty, I. ii. 3. 124.

FAYTOURS, _s._ deceivers, II. 148, 327.

FECHT, _ger._ to fight, XVII. 185.

FEDERED, _pp._ feathered, XVI. 146; Fedderit, XVII. 168.

FEFFE, _ger._ to endow, XXIV. 932; _pr. s._ XVI. 472.

FEILL, _s._ experience, knowledge, XVII. 533.

FEIRD, _adj._ fourth, XVII. 216.

FEL, _adj._ cruel, wicked, XVI. 505; evil, XIII. 77.

FELAUSHIP, _s._ company, XXI. 730.

FELAWES, _s. pl._ companions, XXI. 247.

FELD, _pp._ overthrown (lit. felled), I. i. 3. 148.

FELE, _adj._ many, XX. 5; XXIV. 110, 191.

FELED, _pp._ felt, perceived, I. ii. 1. 86.

FELL, _adj._ cruel, II. 859; terrible, XVII. 187; Fellest, worst, III. 6.

FELLE, _v._ overturn, V. 234.

FELLOUN, _adj._ destructive, XVII. 167.

FELLY, _adv._ cruelly, IX. 76.

FELONOUS, _adj._ evil, I. i. 6. 167; wicked, I. ii. 6. 56.

FELTERIT, _pp._ entangled, XVII. 163.

FEMININITEE, _s._ womanhood, IX. 148.

FEMINITEE (_for_ Femininitee), _s._ womanliness, XVII. 80.

FEND, _s._ the fiend, XXIV. 529; _pl._ II. 1165.

FENYEIT, _pp._ feigned, XVII. 66.

FEORTHE, _adj._ fourth, VII. (_title_).

FER, _adv._ far, XXI. 141.

FERD, 1. _pt. s._ fared, was, XXIV. 152.

FERDE, _s._ fear, I. i. 2. 15.

FERDE, _adj. pl._ afraid, I. ii. 9. 138.

FERDETH, _pr. s._ feels fear, I. ii. 7. 42.

FERDFUL, _adj._ timid, I. ii. 7. 43.

FERDNESSE, _s._ fear, terror, I. i. 1. 9; I. i. 1. 59; I. i. 2. 13; I. ii. 4. 102; I. iii. 1. 123; I. iii. 6. 126.

FERE, _s._ companion, comrade, I. i. 2. 123; I. i. 5. 128; Feres, _pl._ X. 88.

FERE, _s._ fire, VIII. 55; _on f._, on fire, X. 4.

FERFORTH, _adv._ far onward, I. ii. 10. 66; XXI. 37; far, XXI. 273.

FERME, TO, to farm, on hire, II. 325, 725; III. 83.

FERVENCE, _s._ ardour, VIII. 205; X. 130; XXII. 60.

FERVENT, _adj._ severe, XVII. 4.

FETE, _adj._ neat, XXIV. 473.

FETTES, _pr. pl._ fetch, II. 471; Fet, _pp._ I. ii. 13. 40.

FEVERS WHYTE, _s. pl._ attacks of lovelonging, XVIII. 41. See note.

FEYNTYSE, _s._ feigning, deceit, XVI. 385.

FIG; _a fig for_, XXIV. 685.

FIGURAIT, _pp._ figured, imaged, XVII. 511.

FIKILNESSE, _s._ fickleness, VI. 19.

FIL, _pt. s._ came to pass, IV. 43.

FILTHES, _s. pl._ low women, V. 262.

FIRRE, _s._ fir, VIII. 73.

FIT, _s._ bout, XXIV. 984.

FLAMBING, _pres. pt._ flaming, X. 130.

FLAMING, _adj._ flame-coloured, XXIV. 793. See note to l. 798.

FLANIS, _s. pl._ arrows, XVII. 167.

FLASH, _s._ sheaf, quiver (?), XVII. 167.

FLAWE, _adj._ yellowish (?), XXIV. 782. See note.

FLEBRING, _s._ gossip (?), I. ii. 9. 54. Or is it an error for _fabling_?

FLEES, _s._ fleece, V. 303; X. 132.

FLETE, _v._ float, XXIV. 311.

FLEY, _pt. s._ flew, XVIII. 219, 221.

FLICKERING, _adj._ wavering, I. ii. 5. 104.

FLITTE, _v._ stir, I. i. 1. 79; move, I. i. 9. 69; change, XVI. 639; remove, XX. 489; _pr. pl._ go away, I. i. 7. 95; Flittinge, _pres. pt._ volatile, fading, I. ii. 8. 102.

FLOON, _s. pl._ arrows, VIII. 468. See FLANIS.

FLORISHED, _pp._ garnished, III. 26.

FLORISSHINGE, _s._ adornment, florid use, I. ii. 14. 33.

FLOUR, _s._ flower, chief, XXIV. 3; chastity, IV. 108.

FLOURED, _pp._ full of flower, VII. 48.

FLOWE, _pp._ flown, II. 1306, 1311, 1344; come, I. i. 1. 128; gone, I. ii. 3. 69.

FLYTE, _pr. pl._ chide, scold, II. 1022.

FOIR-SPEIKAR, _s._ first speaker, XVII. 266.

FOL, _adj._ foolish, XVI. 651.

FOLDE, _pp._ enfolded, I. iii. 9. 76.

FOLE, _s._ fool, II. 373; _voc._ XVIII. 126.

FON, _v._ to be foolish, act foolishly, dote, XXIV. 458.

FOND, _pt. s._ found, VIII. 622.

FONGETH, _pr. pl._ take, II. 967.

FOOLE, _adj._ foolish, XIX. 1.

FOON, _s. pl._ foes, V. 466; VIII. 280.

FOR, _prep._ on account of, I. i. 3. 156; for fear of, II. 880; XVII. 118, 207.

FOR, _conj._ because, I. iii. 8. 22; III. 161.

FORAYNE, _adj._ foreign, alien, I. i. 2. 56; I. ii. 8. 97.

FOR-BARRE, _v._ bar up, repress, XVI. 259.

FORBED; see FORBIT.

FORBERE, _v._ forbear, XXIV. 1341.

FORBIT, _pr. s._ forbids, I. iii. 3. 71; Forbood, _pt. s._ forbade, II. 701; Forbed, II. 200; Forbode, _pp._ forbidden, I. ii. 2. 78; Forboden, _pp._ I. i. 7. 57.

FORBODE, _s._ prohibition, II. 1315.

FORBY, _adv._ by; _passe forby_, to pass by, to take no notice, XXIV. 329.

FORCAST, _pp._ cast away, VIII. 236.

FORCE; _of f._, of necessity, XVII. 202; _no f._, it is no matter, I. i. 1. 53.

FORCER, _s._ casket, shrine, XVI. 65.

FORDO, _v._ annul, III. 218; For-don, _pp._ destroyed, III. 431.

FORDOINGE, _s._ annulling, I. iii. 8. 63; destruction, I. iii. 1. 11.

FORE-NEMPNED, _pp._ aforenamed, I. ii. 9. 2.

FORFAYTURE, _s._ trespass, IV. 133.

FOR-FERDE, _pp. pl._ extremely afraid, I. i. 6. 135.

FORFEYT, _s._ injury, XVI. 789.

FORFEYTEST, _2 pr. s._ offendest, I. ii. 14. 75.

FORGED, _pp._ made, XXIV. 1165.

FOR-GERD, _pp._ ruined, destroyed, II. 1340. See Stratmann.

FORGETE, _pp._ forgotten, XVI. 662.

FORGO, _v._ forgo, II. 319.

FORGOING, _s._ giving up, I. i. 8. 44.

FORGROWEN, _pp._ overgrown, XX. 45.

FORJUGED, _pp._ condemned, I. i. 3. 118; VIII. 274.

FORLANE, _pp._ lit. for-lain, deflowered, XVII. 140.

FORLETEN, _pp._ forsaken, I. ii. 11. 45.

FORLYTH, _pr. s._ lies with, IV. 108.

FORNCAST, _pp._ forecast, I. i. 6. 73.

FOR-QUHY, _adv._ because, XVII. 53.

FORS, _s._ matter, III. 327; V. 273.

FORSAKE, _pp._ refused, rejected, XVI. 502.

FOR-SHRONK, _pp._ shrunken up, XX. 358.

FORSOKEN, _pt. pl._ forsook, V. 441.

FORSWAT, _pp._ covered with sweat, II. 14.

FORSWONKE, _pp._ worn with toil, II. 14.

FORSWORE, _pp._ forsworn, V. 310.

FORT, _adj._ strong, XIV. 4.

FORTH, _adv._ forward; _do f._, go on, V. 327.

FOR-THAN, _adv._ therefore, II. 603.

FORTHERER, _s._ Advancer, Promoter, XXIV. 1033.

FORTHERINGE, _s._ helping forward, preparing, I. ii. 3. 105.

FORTHREN, _v._ further, II. 1080; _pr. s._ advances, VIII. 384; _pp._ I. i. 9. 8.

FORTHRIGHT, _adv._ immediately, XX. 439.

FOR-THY, _adv._ therefore, V. 264; _nat for-thy_, all the same, nevertheless, XVI. 3.

FORTUNAIT, _adj._ afflicted by fortune, XVII. 79.

FORTUNED, _pp._ directed by fortune, XIII. 73.

FORWARD, _adv._ afterwards, I. iii. 8. 146.

FORWARD, _s._ covenant, agreement, I. i. 9. 96; -warde, I. i. 3. 152.

FOR-WERIED, _pp._ tired out, XXI. 45.

FORWETING, _s._ foreknowledge, I. iii. 2. 159; I. iii. 3. 78.

FORWOT, _pr. s._ foresees, I. iii. 2. 155.

FORYETE, _v._ forget, V. 423; Foryet, _pr. s._ II. 465; _pr. pl._ I. ii. 11. 136; _pp._ I. i. 2. 52.

FORYETING. _s._ forgetfulness, I. iii. 9. 86.

FOTEN, _pr. pl._ foot, dance, XXIV. 586.

FOUL, _s._ a foul or evil fate, II. 60.

FOULE, _adj._ ugly, VIII. 390.

FOULERS, _gen._ fowler's, I. ii. 3. 55.

FOULES, _s. pl._ birds, II. 83.

FOUNDEMENT, _s._ foundation, I. i. 5. 111; I. ii. 14. 64.

FOYLES, _s. pl._ leaves, X. 38.

FRA, _adv._ from, XVII. 7; from the time that, as soon as, XVII. 101.

FRATERNITÈ, _s._ fraternity, III. 246.

FRAUNCHYSE, _s._ freedom, XVI. 236, 364; liberality, XVI. 422; privileged place, VIII. 273.

FRAWARD, _adj._ froward, XVII. 352.

FRAY, _ger._ to quarrel, XXIV. 682.

FRAYNE, _imp. s._ ask, III. 424; _1 pt. s._ XXIV. 1275.

FREEL-WITTED, _adj._ thin-witted, I. iii. 7. 57.

FREESED, _adj._ very cold, I. ii. 6. 105.

FREISIT, _pt. s._ froze, XVI. 19.

FRELE, _adj._ frail, VII. 22; XXII. 45.

FREND, _for_ Fremd, _adj._ strange, II. 626.

FRENDED, _pp._ befriended, I. iii. 9. 109.

FRERES, _s. pl._ friars, II. 1065; XXIV. 1097.

FRESSHE, _ger._ to refresh, X. 61.

FRET, _s._ ornament, XX. 152.

FRET, _pp._ lit. adorned, XXIV. 124; hence, furnished, XIII. 80.

FRETE, _pr. pl._ fret, annoy, XXIV. 940; Fretes, _pr. pl._ eat, devour, II. 151; Frettith, _pr. pl._ (_or s._), vex, XXIV. 579.

FRITH, _s._ coppice, XVI. 124.

FRIVOLL, _adj._ frivolous, hence, poor, base, XVII. 454.

FRO, _prep._ after, VIII. 233.

FRONSIT, _pp._ wrinkled, XVII. 155.

FROUNTER, _s._ first attack, XVI. 176. See note.

FRUCTIF, _adj._ fruitful, X. 38.

FRUCTIFYING, _pres. pt._ fruit-producing, X. 133.

FULFILLED, _pp._ filled full, I. ii. 9. 54; V. 301.

FUTUR, _adj._ future, I. iii. 3. 177.

FYLE, _ger._ to file, to whet, VIII. 253, 441.

FYNDING, _s._ food, II. 794.

FYNE, _s._ end, VIII. 343, 400; XVI. 594.

FYNED, _pp._ refined, I. ii. 4. 130.

FYNESSE, _s._ fineness, I. ii. 12. 44; Fynenesse, I. ii. 12. 48.

FYRLES, _s._ without fire, X. 129.

GA, _v._ go; _ga dy_, go and die, XVII. 203.

GABBEST, _2 pr. s._ talkest idly, I. iii. 4. 171; Gabbeth, _pr. s._ lies, V. 142.

GABBING, _s._ boasting, XVI. 342.

GADER, _ger._ gather, III. 301; _pp._ I. i. _pr._ 98.

GAINCOME, _s._ coming again, XVII. 55.

GAIR, _s._ gore, strip, XVII. 179.

GALERYES, _s. pl._ galleries, XXI. 165.

GALLE, _s._ gall, bitterness, XIV. 26.

GAN, _1 pt. s._ did, XXIV. 274.

GARMOUND, _s._ garment, XVII. 164.

GARNEMENT, _s._ garment, I. iii. 7. 132.

GARNISHING, _s._ ornamentation, XX. 143.

GARNISOUN, _s._ garrison, XVII. 484; complete array, XVI. 175.

GASTETH, _pr. s._ frightens, I. ii. 7. 76.

GAYNETH, _pr. s._ serves, helps, XVI. 623.

GEDER, _2 pr. pl._ gather, III. 191; _pres. pt._ collecting, II. 733.

GEMETRYE, _s._ geometry, I. i. 1. 79.

GENERABILL, _adj._ that can be produced, created, XVII. 148, 171.

GENERALTEE, _s._ generality, V. 402.

GENTILLESSE, _s._ nobility, I. ii. 8. 94.

GENTILWOMAN, _s._ gentlewoman, XXI. 133.

GENTYLED, _pp._ ennobled, I. ii. 8. 100.

GERE, _s._ dress, XX. 26; array, II. 651.

GERNERE, _s._ garner, I. ii. 2. 27.

GESON, _adj._ scarce, XIV. 9.

GESSE, _pr. pl._ guess, make guesses, II. 170.

GEST, _s._ guest, I. ii. 5. 51; _pl._ II. 531.

GET, _pr. s._ gets, II. 275; Gete, _pp._ gotten, obtained, IV. 306; XVI. 67.

GIF, _pr. s. subj._ grant, XVII. 414.

GIF, _conj._ if, XVII. 64.

GIGGES, _s. pl._ concubines, II. 759.

GIGLOT-LYK, _adj._ like a giglot, like a common woman, XVII. 83.

GINNE, _1 pr. s._ begin, XI. 26; _pr. pl._ I. i. 3. 48.

GINNING, _s._ beginning, I. i. 3. 61; IX. 88, 253.

GLAD, _adj._ pleasant, XX. 35.

GLADDE, _ger._ to gladden, please, I. ii. 12. 86; _pp._ X. 99.

GLADSOM, _adj._ pleasant, X. 43.

GLASSE, _s._ glass, i.e. mirror, I. ii. 1. 83.

GLEDES, _s. pl._ kites, II. 1337.

GLEED, _s._ glowing coal, VIII. 231; Gledes, _pl._ I. iii. 7. 37.

GLEYVE, _s._ glaive, sword, XXIV. 544.

GLITERANDE, _pres. pt._ glittering, I. ii. 13. 75; Glitterand, II. 134.

GLOSE, _s._ explanation, comment, II. 842.

GLOSE, _v._ explain (it) away, XXIV. 1260; _imp. s._ XXIV. 420; _pr. s._ glosses over (things), dissembles, XXII. 50; _pt. pl._ flattered, I. ii. 7. 105; _pp._ commented upon, II. 312.

GLOSING, _s._ explaining, II. 1140; flattery, I. i. 6. 14; deception, I. i. 10. 58.

GLOSOURS, _s. pl._ flatterers, I. i. 10. 11.

GLOTON, _adj._ gluttonous, devouring, I. iii. 9. 65.

GLOTOUN, _s._ glutton, XII. 44.

GLOWRAND, _pres. pl._ glowering, lowering, XVII. 191.

GNAT, _s._ gnat, II. 459.

GNAWEN, _pp._ gnawed, I. ii. 9. 113.

GODLIHEED, _error for_ Godheed, _s._ godhead, I. i. 9. 117.

GOER, _s._ walker (on foot), I. ii. 1. 63.

GOINGE, _s._ departure, I. i. 10. 110.

GOLD, _s._ marigold, XXIV. 1437.

GOLD-BURNED, _pp._ burnished like gold, VIII. 34.

GOLDFINCH, _s._ XX. 89; XXIV. 1368.

GOLD-MASTLING, _s._ latten, II. 187. See note.

GONG, _s._ privy, II. 152.

GONNEN, _pt. pl._ began, VIII. 61; Gonne, VIII. 32.

GOODLIHEDE, _s._ excellence, IX. 244.

GOODLY, _adj._ courteous, XXI. 367.

GOODLY, _adj. as s._ goodness, I. iii. 2. 99, 104.

GOODLY, _adv._ well, justly, I. iii. 2. 106.

GOSPEL, _s._ gospel, truth, I. ii. 3. 38.

GOSPELL-BOOK, _s._ gospel, II. 595.

GOSTLY, _adj._ spiritual, II. 1118.

GOVERNAUNCE, _s._ guidance, VII. 139.

GOVERNAYL, _s._ steersman, II. 1078.

GOVERNED, _pp._ steered, I. i. 1. 36.

GOVERNERESSE, _s._ mistress, XXII. 71.

GRAFFEN, _pr. pl._ graft, I. ii. 3. 19; _pp._ I. ii. 3. 92; _gr. in_, become grafted into, I. i. _pr._ 6.

GRAME, _s._ anger, II. 961; XXIV. 320; harm, XI. 55.

GRAME, _v._ make angry, VI. 57.

GRAMERCY, _s._ great thanks, XX. 462.

GRANE, _s._ grain, minute particular, XVII. 433. See note.

GRAUNTETH, _pr. s._ admits (a thing), I. i. 7. 32.

GRAVE, _ger._ to engrave, V. 280; _pp._ buried, VII. 67; XVI. 171; engraved, I. iii. 8. 14.

GRAY, _adj._ gray (referring to the Franciscans), XXIV. 1096.

GREDE, _1 pr. s._ exclaim, cry out, XVIII. 135.

GREE, _s._ rank, grade, I. iii. 1. 116; favour, II. 334; XXIV. 28; _to take in gr._, to receive with favour, XVI. 842.

GREET-NAMED, _adj._ renowned, I. i. 8. 112.

GREISSIS, _s. pl._ grasses, XVII. 425.

GRETTE, _pt. s._ greeted, X. 100; XXIV. 772.

GREVAUNCE, _s._ grievance, harm, XX. 311.

GREVE, _v._ grieve, VI. 57; Greven, _error for_ Greve, _1 pr. s. subj._ grieve, XXIV. 928.

GREVES, _s. pl._ groves, XX. 367.

GREYNED, _pp._ formed like grain, I. ii. 2. 124.

GRIFFON, _s._ griffin, II. 86.

GRIPE, _s._ grip, grasp, I. ii. 11. 71.

GRITH, _s._ protection, II. 247.

GROBBED, _pp._ grubbed, dug round about, I. i. 5. 92.

GROME, _s._ groom, XXIV. 1433.

GROUF; _on gr._, in a grovelling posture, XVII. 362. See GRUFFE.

GROUNDE, _pp._ ground down, VIII. 225.

GROUNDED, _pp._, founded, I. ii. 5. 118.

GRUCCHEN, _v._ murmur, XXIV. 960; grumble, II. 1164; _pr. s. subj._ may grumble (at), II. 886; murmur at, XXI. 47.

GRUFFE, _adv._ grovelling, VIII. 167.

GRYPEN, _pr. pl._ grasp, II. 667.

GUBERNATIF, _adj._ governing, relating to government, political, I. i. 6. 120.

GUERDON, _s._ reward, I. i. 8. 136; VIII. 371; X. 6; XVI. 443.

GUERDONETH, _pr. s._ rewards, V. 97; _pp._ XXI. 591.

GUERDONING, _s._ reward, I. i. 8. 135.

GUERDONLES, _adj._ without reward, VIII. 399.

GUYSE, _s._ way, XXIV. 245.

GYDIT, _pt. s._ guided, XVII. 205.

GYE, _v._ guide, VIII. 177; XIII. 55; preserve, VII. 79; direct, XXIV. 1250.

GYLOUR, _s._ traitor, XII. 74.

GYSE, _s._ manner, XXI. 9.

GYTE, _s._ mantle, XVII. 164, 178, 260. See note, p. 522.

GYVES, _s. pl._ fetters, II. 651.

HABIRGEOUN, _s._ coat of mail, XVII. 186.

HABIT, _s._ friar's dress, III. 101; dress, I. ii. 11. 121.

HABOUNDE, _adj._ abundant, X. 126.

HABOUNDETH, _pr. s._ abounds, I. i. 1. 75; I. ii. 2. 140.

HABUNDAUNCE, _s._ abundance, VI. 63.

HACE, _adj._ hoarse, XVII. 338, 445.

HAILL, _adj._ whole, XVII. 73.

HAILSUM, _adj._ wholesome, XVII. 249.

HAIT, _adj._ hot, XVII. 29, 237.

HALE, _s._ the cry of 'haul,' II. 872.

HALETH, _pr. s._ draws, I. i. 10. 104.

HALFE, _s._ side, direction, I. ii. 3. 47; _a goddes h._, in God's name, I. ii. 4. 147.

HALKE, _s._ nook, I. i. 3. 32; II. 489.

HALOWE, _pr. pl._ consecrate, II. 277.

HALSE, _1 pr. s._ embrace, XXIV. 1289.

HALT, _pr. s._ holds, I. ii. 3. 12; VIII. 21; keeps, I. i. 1. 115.

HALTE, _adj._ halt, VI. 43.

HALVE, _s._ side, I. ii. 1. 7; part, I. iii. 7. 32; IV. 120; way, respect, I. ii. 12. 86.

HAN, _pr. pl._ have, possess, I. ii. 5. 42; II. 601.

HANCHE, _s._ haunch, hip, XVII. 187.

HANDLE, _ger._ to handle, feel, I. iii. 6. 52.

HANG, _pt. pl._ hung, XVII. 160.

HAP, _s._ chance, mere luck, I. i. 3. 121.

HAPPED, _pp._ chanced; _was happed_, had such fortune, XX. 16.

HAPPY, _adj._ due to chance, casual, I. i. 3. 157; fortunate, V. 393.

HAPPYOUS, _adj._ chance, casual, I. i. 10. 29.

HARBEROWED, _pp._ harboured, lodged, I. ii. 2. 19.

HARD, _pt. s._ heard, XVII. 143.

HARDILY, _adv._ certainly, XX. 234.

HARDYED, _pp._ emboldened, I. iii. 7. 30.

HARDYER, _adj._ more difficult, I. i. _pr._ 116.

HARLOTRY, _s._ evil conduct, II. 1100.

HARNEYS, _s._ defensive armour, I. i. 4. 45; XX. 242; Harnes, XVII. 186.

HARSE, _s._ _perhaps an error for_ harm, I. i. 3. 158.

HART, _s._ hart, I. ii. 11. 43.

HASEL, _s._ hazel-bush, I. iii. 6. 5.

HAT, _pr. s._ is called, II. 454.

HATE, _v._ hate; hence, put force upon, XVI. 729.

HATE, _1 pr. s._ command, bid, XXI. 689. (Better, _hote_.)

HAUNCE, _pr. pl._ enhance, advance, VIII. 430.

HAUTAYN, _adj._ haughty, I. iii. 6. 89.

HAVELESSE, _adj._ indigent, as one that possesses nothing, XVI. 605.

HAW, _adj._ wan, dull of colour, XVII. 257; livid, XVII. 340.

HAWE, _s._ haw, II. 304; _sette nat an h._, care not a haw, I. i. 7. 100.

HAYLES, _s. pl._ hailstorms, I. iii. 5. 22.

HAYNE, _s._ hatred, dislike, I. i. _pr._ 102; I. i. 7. 43.

HECHT, _1 pt. s._ promised, XVII. 23; _pt. s._ was named, XVII. 213.

HEDE-TAKING, _s._ taking heed, I. ii. 4. 67.

HEEP, _s._ crowd, VI. 43.

HEER, _s._ hair, I. ii. 4. 22 (see note); XIII. 84.

HEERDES, _s. pl._ herds, I. i. 3. 44.

HEGGE, _s._ hedge, XX. 54, 66.

HEIDIT, _pp._ headed, XVII. 168.

HEIL, _s._ health (E. _heit_) XVII. 334.

HEIRD, _prob. for_ Heir it, hear it, XVII. 415. Cf. Lowl. Sc. _dude_, do it (Jamieson).

HEKLIT, _pp._ drawn forward over, XVII. 244. Cf. Icel. _hekla_, _hökull_.

HELDE, _v._ hold, II. 704; Helden, _3 pr. s. subj._ might hold, XXIV. 347 (ungrammatical).

HELDED, _pp._ inclined, poured out, I. i. 4. 19.

HELE, _s._ health, XXIV. 193, 666; salvation, IV. 343; VII. 24.

HELEDEST, _pr. s._ didst conceal, I. i. 7. 117; _pp._ hidden, I. i. 8. 128 (obviously a false reading; read _deled_, distributed).

HELEN, _v._ (to) heal, I. ii. 11. 23; _pt. s._ healed; _h. with his hele_, healed his heel with, I. i. 5. 45.

HELES, _s. pl._ heels, IV. 113.

HELL-YATES, _s. pl._ hell-gates, II. 419.

HENNE, _adv._ hence, XVIII. 102.

HENS-FORWARD; _from h._, from henceforth, I. ii. 10. 144.

HENSHMEN, _s. pl._ henchmen, XX. 252.

HENTE, _v._ catch, I. i. _pr._ 12; seize, I. i. 1. 12; _pr. s._ catches, I. iii. 4. 115; _pt. pl._ caught, seized, V. 257; _pp._ caught, II. 555; seized, XXIV. 1144; gained, I. i. 3. 121.

HEPED, _pp._ heaped, i.e. great, V. 407.

HERAUD, _s._ herald, XVI. 258; _pl._ XX. 233.

HERBER, _s._ arbour, VIII. 125, 127; XVI. 191; XX. 48; XXI. 48.

HERBERGERE, _s._ harbinger, officer who provides apartments, XXI. 268, 389.

HERBEROWED, _pp._ lodged, I. ii. 2. 34.

HERBERWE, _s._ harbour, X. 35; Herbery, shelter, XVII. 403.

HERDES, _s. pl._ shepherds, II. 339.

HERE, _s._ hair, XX. 332.

HERE, _pron._ her, V. 70, 71; IX. 111.

HERE-TOFORN, _adv._ formerly, I. i. 8. 6.

HERNES, _s. pl._ corners, II. 489.

HERRE, _s._ hinge; _out of h._, off the hinge, IV. 185. A.S. _heorr_.

HERTED, _pp._ hardened, strengthened, I. iii. 7. 91.

HERTELY, _adj._ dear to my heart, XI. 23; Hertly, severe, VIII. 139.

HEST, _s._ promise, VIII. 319; Heste, VIII. 571; command, III. 106; _pl._ commands, II. 209; V. 354.

HETE, _s._ heat, XXIV. 1379.

HETE, _v._ be called (_probably an error for_ hote), I. ii. 6. 86. See HOTE.

HETH, _s._ heath, XXIV. 755.

HETHENESSE, _s._ pagan country, VI. 17.

HEVE, _s._ the cry of 'heave,' II. 872. See note.

HEVEN-KAY, _s._ the key of heaven, II. 865.

HEVYE, _ger._ to be sorrowful, I. i. 4. 4.

HEWE, _ger._ to hew, IX. 158.

HEWMOUND, _s._ helmet, XVII. 186.

HEY, _interj._ hey! II. 890.

HEYR, _s._ heir, successor, XVIII. 180 (see note); _pl._ III. 207.

HIGHNES, _s._ exaltation, II. 116.

HIGHT, _pr. s._ is named, XXI. 169; _2 pr. pl._ XXII. 23; _do h._, are called, XXIV. 145; _1 pt. s._ promised, XXIV. 1319; _pp._ promised, VIII. 319; IX. 97.

HILDETH, _pr. s._ pours out, I. ii. 1. 13.

HING, _pt. s._ hung, XXIV. 1201; Hingen, _pt. pl._ I. i. 4. 36; _pres. pt._ hanging, XXIV. 139. See HONG.

HIT, _pr. s._ hits, XVIII. 203.

HO, _s._ proclamation, XXIV. 270. See note.

HOGGES, _s. pl._ hogs, I. i. _pr._ 121.

HOIR, _adj._ lit. hoary, XVII. 163; old, feeble, XVII. 338, 445. See HORE.

HOLD, _s._ fortress, II. 475.

HOLDEN, _pp._ beholden, I. ii. 4. 122; compelled, I. iii. 7. 120; Holde, _pp._ bound, IV. 7.

HOLE, _adj._ whole, IV. 226; XVIII. 7; entire, XXIV. 302; trustworthy, XIII. 39.

HOLE, _adv._ wholly, II. 212; XXIV. 322.

HOLOWNESSE, _s._ hollow vault, concave, I. ii. 9. 109.

HOLPEN, _pp._ helped, I. ii. 12. 23.

HOLTES, _s. pl._ woods, copses, VIII. 119; IX. 47.

HONDE, _s._ hand, IV. 384.

HONG, _v._ hang, XX. 245; Hongen, _pr. pl._ IV. 263; Hong, _pt. s._ hung, II. 8; Honged, _pp._ hung on, II. 1042. See HING.

HONY, _s._ honey, I. i. 2. 46; I. ii. 9. 38; XXIV. 1040.

HONYED, _adj._ full of honey, I. ii. 14. 24.

HONY-SOUKELS, _s. pl._ honeysuckles, I. iii. 6. 6.

HOOKES, _s. pl._ hooks, I. i. 10. 105.

HOOL, _adj. as adv._ wholly, XVI. 234; in full, XXI. 628.

HOOLLY, _adv._ wholly, XXII. 14.

HOOLSOM, _adj._ wholesome, VIII. 14; X. 36; XX. 6.

HOOMLINESSE, _s._ plainness of speech, V. 132.

HOOT, _adj._ hot, VIII. 136.

HOPPEN, _pr. pl._ dance, II. 872.

HORE, _adj. pl._ hoary, old, hence bare (as trees in winter), VIII. 119; IX. 47. See HOIR.

HORISONS, _s. pl._ prayers, I. iii. 9. 92.

HORN, _s._ horn; _give us an horn_, scoff at us, XXIV. 1390.

HOROWE, _adj._ dirty, II. 1097.

HORS, _s. pl._ horses, XX. 201, 274.

HORS-HARNEYS, _s._ horse-trappings, XX. 218, 226, 237.

HOSPÍTALL, _s._ hospital, XVII. 382.

HOSTEL, _s._ lodging, I. i. 2. 57.

HOTE, _v._ be called, I. ii. 4. 139; Hoten, have a name, XVIII. 185; Hote, _pt. s._ was named, XXIV. 159; _pp._ called, XXIV. 741.

HOUGE, _adj._ huge, great, II. 1109.

HOURES, _s. pl._ services, as matins, &c., XVIII. 70. See note.

HOUSELIN, _ger._ to receive the eucharist, II. 1211.

HOUTEN, _pr. pl._ hoot, shout, II. 872.

HOW, _adv._ however, XXIV. 207.

HOW, _adj._ hollow, XVII. 157.

HOWSINGE, _s._ building of houses, III. 296.

HUDE, _s._ hood, XVII. 244.

HUISHT, _adj._ silent, I. ii. 7. 122. See below.

HUISSHT, _interj._ whist! peace! I. i. 5. 90.

HULFERE, _s._ holly, VIII. 129.

HY, _s._ haste; _in hy_, XVII. 361; XXIV. 268, 698.

HYE, _v. refl._ hasten, I. iii. 5. 71; IX. 33; _imp. pl. refl._ XXI. 244; _pr. s._ I. iii. 4. 98.

HYLY, _adv._ highly, IX. 185.

HYND, _s._ hind, I. ii. 11. 43.

HYNE, _s._ hind, farm-labourer, II. 26.

I-CLEPED, _pp._ called, II. 73.

IDEOT, _s._ idiot, I. i. 9. 87; _pl._ I. ii. 1. 94.

IDOLE, _s._ image, XVII. 507.

ILKE, _adj_. same, I. i. 3. 80; I. i. 9. 62.

IMPEDIMENTES, _s. pl._ hindrances, I. ii. 6. 96.

IMPERCIABLE, _adj._ impervious, not to be pierced, I. i. 4. 45.

IMPERFITE, _adj._ imperfect, III. 186, 199.

IMPORTÁBLE, _adj._ unbearable, I. i. 1. 108; V. 26.

IMPOSSIBLE, _s._ a thing impossible, I. ii. 4. 152; Impossible, VII. 12.

IMPRENTIT, _pp._ imprinted, XVII. 508.

IMPRESSION, _s._ impression, I. ii. 9. 32.

IN PRINCIPIO, first verse of St. John's gospel, III. 136.

INCHAUNGEABLE, _adj._ unchangeable, I. i. _pr._ 52.

INCLOSE, _pp._ included, I. iii. 4. 164.

INCOMMODITÈ, _s._ inconvenience, I. iii. 8. 141.

INCONVENIENCE, _s._ unfitness, I. iii. 4. 139; mistake, I. ii. 4. 153.

INCONVENIENT, _adj._ unfitting, I. iii. 9. 12.

IND, _adj._ blue, XXIV. 78; Inde, _pl._ VIII. 127.

INDIFFERENT, _adj._ impartial, I. i. 7. 34.

INDUCTATIFE, _adj._ capable of being reduced, I. ii. 13. 48.

INFAME, _s._ ill fame, disgrace, I. i. 8. 49; ill report, I. i. 6. 70.

INFECTED, _pp._ impaired, XXIV. 1053.

IN-FERE, _adv._ together, II. 1212; V. 458; XVIII. 78, 263, 273; XXI. 407; fully, XXI. 602.

INFLAT, _pp._ inflated, blown, XVII. 463.

INFORTUNE, _s._ misfortune, IV. 49.

INHAUNSING, _s._ enhancing, II. 112.

INKE, _s._ ink, I. i. _pr._ 15.

INLY, _adv._ inwardly, extremely, XX. 113; very, XXI. 515, 747.

IN-MIDDES, _prep._ amid, XXI. 55.

INNE, _s._ inn, lodging, II. 977.

INNE, _adv._ within, in, XVIII. 62.

INNOMINABLE, _adj._ unnameable, I. i. 9. 55; I. ii. 4. 53.

INOBEDIENCE, _s._ disobedience, XXIII. 12.

INPOSSESSION, _s._ an error for 'imposition,' i.e. the imposing of a name, I. ii. 4. 141. See the note.

INPUT, _pp._ placed in, implanted, I. ii. 2. 120.

INSEËR, _s._ investigator, looker into, I. iii. 1. 141; I. iii. 9. 91; reader, I. iii. 1. 25; _pl._ I. ii. 1. 103.

INSIGHT, _s._ perception, I. ii. 6. 96.

INSPIRACION, _s._ inspiration, I. ii. 1. 13.

INSUFFISANCE, _s._ insufficiency, I. i. 9. 13.

INSUFFYSAUNT, _adj._ insufficient, I. i. 4. 63.

INTENT, _pr. s._ means, XXIV. 1370.

INTERE, _adj._ entire, sincere, XIII. 31.

IN-TO, _prep._ in, XVII. 212.

INTRUCIOUN, _s._ intrusion, I. i. 1. 17.

INWIT, _s._ conscience, I. i. 4. 17.

I-PAYNTED, _pp._ painted, II. 135.

I-PERLED, _pp._ adorned with pearls, II. 158.

IPOCRYTE, _s._ hypocrite, XII. 65.

IRRECUPERABLE, _adj._ irrecoverable, I. ii. 1. 34.

IS, _pron._ them, II. 941.

ISSEWE, _s._ issue, flow, XVI. 52.

ITINERARIE, _s._ road-book, guide, X. 64.

IVORIE, _s._ ivory, XI. 3.

JANGELING, _adj._ prattling, vain, I. iii. 6. 89.

JANGLE, _ger._ to prattle, XVI. 744; _pr. s._ prates, II. 791; XVI. 333.

JANGLERS, _s. pl._ praters, I. i. 4. 64.

JANGLES, _s. pl._ idle words, I. ii. 9. 93.

JANGLINGE, _s._ discord, I. ii. 9. 52; gossip, I. i. 5. 19; _pl._ babblings, I. ii. 14. 10.

JAPE, _s._ jest, I. i. 10. 87; XXI. 348; _pl._ XXII. 53.

JAY, _s._ jay, I. i. _pr._ 30; II. 791.

JEUSE, _s._ juice, I. iii. 5. 115.

JOCOUNDE, _adj._ jocund, pleasant, V. 475.

JOLEYVINGE, _pres. pt._ cheering, I. i. 1. 126.

JOLIF, _adj._ happy, XXIV. 177; spruce, XXIV. 473.

JONESSE, _s._ Youth, XXII. 69.

JORNED, _1 pt. s._ journeyed, XXIV. 72.

JOURNEY, _s._ day's work, I. i. 5. 31.

JOWALL, _s._ jewel, XVII. 521.

JOYNT, _pp. as s._ a thing closed, II. 220.

JUMPERE, _v._ jumble together; _conne j._, know how to mix, I. i. _pr._ 30.

JUPARDYE, _s._ risk, peril, VIII. 475.

JUPARTING, _s._ jeoparding, risking, VIII. 419.

JURISDICCIOUN, _s._ jurisdiction, VIII. 271.

JUSTES, _s. pl._ jousts, tournaments, XX. 282.

JUSTIFICACION, _s._ justification, I. ii. 13. 88.

JUVENTÈ, _s._ youth, VII. 11.

JUYSE, _s._ penalty, XVI. 622.

KALENDS, _s._ the beginning, VII. 146.

KELE, _ger._ to cool, XXIV. 775.

KEMBE, _pr. pl._ comb, II. 306; Kemmit, _pp._ XVII. 222.

KEND, _pp._ known, XVII. 380.

KENDILLIS, _pr. s._ kindles, takes fire, XVII. 30.

KEPE, _s._ heed, XVIII. 207; _I take no kepe_, I take no heed, XVI. 267.

KEPEN, _1 pr. s._ (_for_ Kepe), take care, XXIV. 684.

KEPTEN, _pp._ (_false form, for_ Kept), kept, XXIV. 526.

KERVE, _v._ cut, XII. 121; _pr. pl._ V. 245.

KIDDE, _pt. s._ shewed, V. 314; Kid, _pp._ made known, I. iii. 5. 70.

KIND, _s._ nature, XIII. 80.

KINDE, _adj._ natural, XXII. 29.

KINGES OF ARMES, _s. pl._ kings-at-arms, XX. 220.

KINREDE, _s._ kindred, I. ii. 2. 113; V. 2; _pl._ III. 8.

KINREST, _s._ rest for the people, time of rest, I. i. 5. 103. See the note.

KIRK, _s._ church, XVII. 117.

KITE, _s._ kite, XXIV. 1416.

KITH, _s._ native country, I. i. _pr._ 123.

KNETTE, _v._ knit, weave, suggest, I. i. 7. 39; Knitten, _pr. pl._ accept, lit. knit together, I. ii. 5. 34; _imp. s._ knit, fasten, XI. 17; _pp._ knit, IX. 171; Knit, _pp._ chosen, I. ii. 8. 62.

KNITTING, _s._ choosing friends, I. ii. 8. 19.

KNOT, _s._ knot, a fanciful term for the bliss for which a man strives, the _summum bonum_, I. ii. 4. 140.

KNOWERS, _s. pl._ men who know (it), I. ii. 8. 28.

KNOWING, _s._ knowledge, I. ii. 9. 17.

KNOWLEGEDEN, _pt. pl._ acknowledged, I. i. 6. 157.

KNOWLEGINGE, _s._ knowledge, I. i. 8. 99; meaning, I. i. _pr._ 29.

KNYF, _s._ knife, II. 241.

KYME, _s._ wretch, II. 695. See note.

KYNDE, _adj._ kindred, I. i. 6. 49.

KYNDELY, _adj._ natural, I. i. _pr._ 36; I. ii. 3. 52.

KYTHEN, _v._ (to) manifest, V. 224; _imp. pl._ shew, VI. 42.

LABORIOUS, _adj._ full of endeavour, VII. 69.

LACCHE, _ger._ to seize, grasp, I. i. 3. 51.

LACE, _s._ tie, bond, XI. 17.

LACED, _pp._ bound, I. i. 3. 144.

LACHE, _2 pr. s. subj._ loosen (it), let go, _or perhaps_, turn coward, relax, I. ii. 14. 83. F. _lâcher_.

LACKE, _v._ fail, III. 222.

LACKED, _pp._ dispraised, I. i. 8. 104; I. i. 10. 83.

LACKING, _s._ blaming, I. ii. 8. 33; dispraise, I. iii. 2. 112.

LADDE, _2 pt. pl._ led, I. i. 3. 76; _pp._ IX. 219.

LADE, _pp._ laden, XX. 305.

LADELS, _s. pl._ cross-paths, by-paths, I. i. 3. 42. (See note, p. 456.)

LAFT, _pt. s._ remained, XX. 364.

LAK, _s._ reproof, blame, reproach, XVII. 276.

LAKE, _s._ linen cloth, X. 70.

LAKKEN, _pr. pl._ blame, V. 192.

LAMENTACIOUS, _adj._ mournful, I. i. 1. 128.

LANES, _s. pl._ pathways, tracks, I. i. 3. 41.

LANGORING, _adj._ full of langour, swooning, I. ii. 14. 59.

LAPWINGES, _s. pl._ lapwings, II. 1339.

LARDER, _s._ larder (i.e. slaughter), I. ii. 14. 13.

LARGE, _adj._ loose, too free, IX. 157; liberal, XVI. 455.

LARGE, _s._; _at hir l._, at freedom, free, VIII. 329; _at your l._, IX. 15.

LARGESSE, _s._ bounty, II. 511; XVIII. 157; XXI. 318.

LARSON, _s._ larceny, II. 323.

LAS, _adj. pl._ less, XXI. 439.

LASSE, _adj._ less, I. ii. 9. 77; IV. 109.

LASSHED, _pt. pl._ burst, ran forth, flowed, I. i. 6. 71.

LAST, _pt. pl._ lasted, XX. 288.

LAT, _adj._ late, behindhand, II. 457.

LATTIT, _pp._ hindered, XVII. 27.

LAUCH (_for_ Leuch?), _pt. s._ laughed, XVII. 231 (_or infin._ to laugh).

LAUDEST, _2 pr. s._ praisest, I. i. 10. 76.

LAUGHANDE, _pres. pt._ laughing, I. i. 1. 47.

LAUNDË, _s._ glade, VIII. 120; XVIII. 61.

LAUREAT, _adj._ made of laurel, X. 68.

LAURER, _s._ laurel, VIII. 65; IX. 238; XX. 158; -tree, XX. 109.

LAURIOLE, _s._ laurel crown, X. 73.

LAVEROK, _s._ lark, X. 82.

LAWDE, _s._ praise, XXIV. 1332.

LAWEST, _adj._ lowest, XVII. 298.

LAWFULLY, _adv._ in a low tone, XVII. 312.

LAWN, _s._ lawn covering, lawn kerchief, XVII. 423.

LAY, _s._ lea, XVIII. 285.

LAY, _s._ lay, song, I. iii. 7. 53.

LAY, _s._ law, faith, belief, V. 433.

LAY-FEE, _s._ fee belonging to laymen, II. 686, 741.

LAYSER, _s._ leisure, XI. 41.

LAZAROUS, _s._ leprous person, leper, XVII. 343, 531.

LECHE, _s._ physician, I. iii. 7. 79; X. 42.

LECHECRAFT, _s._ healing, I. iii. 9. 69.

LECTORN, _s._ lectern, XXIV. 1382.

LEED, _s._ lead, II. 160.

LEEF, _adj._ lief, dear, longed for, XXI. 694.

LEEFFUL, _adj._ permissible, VII. 75.

LEEFLY, _adj._ permissible, I. ii. 14. 8.

LEEL, _adj._ loyal, II. 755.

LEES, _s._ lie, V. 444.

LEET, _pt. s._ caused; _leet do crye_, caused to be cried or proclaimed, IV. 174.

LEFFER, _adj._ liefer, XXIV. 1130.

LEFFUL, ADJ. permissible, I. iii. 2. 51; Leful, I. i. 3. 129.

LEFTE, _1 pt. s._ remained, V. 443; XXI. 190; abandoned, IV. 342; Leften, _error for_ Left, _pp._ left, XXIV. 1166.

LEGE, _adj._ liege, III. 10.

LEGEAUNCE, _s._ allegiance, VIII. 551.

LEGENDE, Legend, V. 316. See note.

LEGGE, _v._ allege, XXIV. 1065; Legen, _pr. pl._ allege, I. i. 7. 73; Leged, _pp._ alleged (to be), I. ii. 2. 103.

LEGISTRES, _s. pl._ lawyers, I. ii. 2. 69.

LEID, _s._ lead, XVII. 155.

LEID, _s._ person, man, XVII. 449.

LEIF, _ger._ to live, XVII. 384.

LEIR, _ger._ to learn, XVII. 479.

LEMES, _s. pl._ rays, X. 116.

LEMMAN, _s._ leman, II. 883; _gen._ II. 338.

LENE, _pr. s. subj._ may lend, I. iii. 9. 78.

LENE, _adj._ lean, weak, V. 408.

LENETH, _pr. s._ leans, inclines, I. ii. 6. 53.

LENGER, _adv._ the longer, XVI. 678.

LENGEST, _adv._ longest, I. ii. 9. 86.

LENT, _s._ spring, XVII. 5.

LEPRE, _s._ leprosy, IV. 349.

LERE, _ger._ to learn, XX. 229; _pp._ learned, II. 754.

LERNE, _ger._ to learn, to be taught, XVI. 535; _2 pr. pl._ teach, I. i. 4. 41; _pp._ instructed, XVI. 635.

LESE, _ger._ to lose, II. 591; IV. 295; _2 pr. s._ I. i. 8. 131; _pr. s._ XVI. 388; _pr. pl._ XVI. 588; _imp. pl._ VII. 87.

LESERS, _s. pl._ losers, I. i. 10. 62.

LESING, _s._ losing, loss, I. ii. 7. 65; I. ii. 10. 120.

LESING, _s._ falsehood, lie, XVIII. 238; XXI. 263; XXIV. 422; _pl._ I. i. 6. 159; VIII. 421.

LESTE, _pt. s._ lasted (_or_, might last), I. i. 5. 32.

LET, _pr. s._ letteth, lets, VIII. 464.

LET, _pr. s._ hinders, I. i. 1. 119.

LET, _pr. s._ leads, I. iii. 9. 11.

LETE, _v._ let go, spare, let alone, XX. 215; Let, _v._ pretend, XVI. 583; Lete, _2 pr. pl._ allow to be, III. 362; Let commaunde, caused men to command, XXIV. 296.

LET-GAMES, _s. pl._ hinderers of sport, I. i. 3. 124; I. i. 4. 61.

LETHY, _adj._ weak, I. iii. 7. 101.

LETTE, _v._ hinder, III. 289; VIII. 251; _ger._ to prevent, II. 1189; _pp._ hindered, I. i. 8. 100.

LETTING, _s._ hindrance, I. i. 9. 114.

LETTOURS, _s. pl._ hinderers, I. i. 3. 126.

LETTRED, _pp._ learned, XXIV. 302.

LEUDE, _adj._ ignorant, I. i. _pr._ 16.

LEUDNESSE, _s._ ignorance, want of skill, I. i. _pr._ 19.

LEVE, _s._ belief, II. 1135.

LEVE, _adj. pl._ dear ones, IV. 354.

LEVE, _v._ leave, abandon, XVI. 534; _pr. s._ leaves off, ceases, I. ii. 5. 46; remains, I. ii. 4. 7; is left, XVI. 668; _pp._ left, I. i. 7. 22; neglected, I. ii. 9. 191.

LEVEN, _ger._ to believe, II. 895; V. 56; _v._ I. ii. 13. 130; _1 pr. s._ XVI. 710; _imp. s._ XVIII. 237; _pp._ I. i. 4. 69.

LEVER, _adv._ sooner, rather, I. ii. 10. 71; VIII. 535.

LEVES, _s. pl._ leaves, XXIV. 519.

LEWED, _adj._ ignorant, II. 146, 970; Lewde, unskilful, XIX. 1; ill-omened, XVIII. 50.

LEYSER, _s._ leisure, V. 129; XIX. 13; Leysar, I. i. 2. 43.

LICH, _adj._ like, similar, I. i. 5. 42; II. 303; XXIV. 696; Liche, _pl._ alike, I. i. 5. 46.

LICHE, _adv._ alike, XXI. 117.

LIERE, _s._ Liar, XXIV. 1242.

LIFT, _adj._ left, I. i. 1. 111; I. ii. 1. 6.

LIGE, _adj._ liege, VI. 9.

LIGEAUNCE, _s._ allegiance, I. i. 6. 165; VI. 37.

LIGGE, _ger._ to lie, I. ii. 6. 90; Lig, _v._ II. 4; _2 pr. pl._ lodge, III. 81; _pr. pl._ lie still, III. 181.

LIGGEN, _2 pr. pl._ lay, III. 46. (Incorrectly used.)

LIGHT, _adj._ easy, IV. 218; Lighter, _comp._ I. ii. 12. 202.

LIGHT, _s._ lightning, XIV. 37. See note. As 'lightning' is certainly meant, a better reading would be _leyt_.

LIGHTE, _pr. s. subj._ may alight, alight, X. 83; _pt. s._ I. i. 2. 5.

LIGHTINGE, _pres. pt._ shining; _suche lightinge_, giving such a kind of light, I. ii. 6. 101.

LIGHTLES, _adj._ deprived of light, I. i. 1. 20.

LIGHTLY, _adv._ easily, I. ii. 5. 121; XVI. 426.

LIGHTSOM, _adj._ light, XVI. 405; pleasant, X. 30.

LIGNES (?), I. ii. 3. 10; see note, p. 467.

LIMITACION, _s._ boundary, limit, III. 85.

LIMITORS, _s. pl._ friars begging within a fixed limit, III. 83.

LIMMES, _s. pl._ limbs, IV. 260; XXIV. 228.

LINET, _s._ linnet, XXIV. 1408.

LIPPER, _adj._ belonging to lepers, XVII. 438; leprous, XVII. 372.

LIPPER-LEID, _s._ leper-folk, XVII. 451.

LISSE, _s._ comfort, alleviation, I. ii. 14. 3.

LISSEN, _v._ ease, relieve, XVIII. 245; _pp._ I. iii. 6. 13.

LIST, _pr. s._ is pleased, I. i. 3. 35; XVI. 455; _pr. s._ prefers, likes, XVII. 256; List, _2 pr. pl._ are (you) pleased, XVI. 276; _pr. s. subj._ may please, IX. 63; _pt. s. subj._ (it) should please, IX. 255.

LISTED, _pp._ listened, IX. 29.

LISTIS, _s. pl._ borders, XVII. 179.

LIVING, _pres. pt._ living, existing, (_but perhaps an error for_ leming, i.e. shining), X. 24. See note.

LIVINGES, _s. pl._ modes of life (?), I. ii. 1. 119 (_perhaps an error for_ livinge).

LODEMANAGE, _s._ pilotage, steering, XIII. 61.

LODESTERRE, _s._ lode-star, guiding star, XVI. 257.

LOËNGE, _s._ praise, IV. 371.

LOGGE, _s._ lodge, VIII. 585.

LOGGED, _pp._ lodged, I. i. 2. 18.

LOGGING, _s._ lodging, abode, XVI. 82.

LOKE, _ger._ to look, I. iii. 6. 97; _pr. s. subj._ let (him) see, II. 834; Lokeden, _pt. pl._ looked, I. i. 7. 105.

LOKERS, _s. pl._ onlookers, I. i. 5. 71.

LOLLERS, _s._ Lollards, II. 73, 88.

LONDE, _s._ country, II. 1138.

LONDLEES, _adj._ landless, II. 73.

LOND-TILLERS, _s. pl._ farmers, I. i. 3. 32.

LONGETH, _pr. s._ belongs, I. ii. 9. 78; II. 965; XVI. 53; is suitable, XXIV. 408; _pt. s._ XXI. 518.

LOOS, _s._ praise, I. i. 7. 26; fame, VI. 8; _badde l._, ill fame, I. i. 6. 179.

LORDLYCH, _adj._ lordly, II. 1052.

LORE, _s._ teaching, I. i. 4. 48; IX. 220.

LORE, _pp._ lost, II. 731, 986.

LORELL, _s._ abandoned wretch, II. 374, 1138.

LORN, _pp._ lost, I. i. 4. 28; I. ii. 3. 77.

LOSE, _s._ praise; _out of lose_, to my dispraise, IX. 234.

LOSED, _pp._ praised, I. i. 8. 113, 126.

LOSEL, _s._ abandoned wretch, I. ii. 2. 49.

LOSENGEOUR, _s._ flatterer, I. ii. 2. 52.

LOSENGERY, _s._ flattery, II. 635; III. 202.

LOTHE, _adj._ hated, I. i. 3. 37; _pl._ hostile ones, IV. 354.

LOTHER, _adj._ more loath, XVIII. 160.

LOUGH, _pt. s._ laughed, XXI. 279.

LOUPE, _s._ a hard knot in a gem, X. 92, 93. See note.

LOUTE, _v._ bow down, II. 181; _pt. pl._ I. i. 10. 10.

LOUTINGES, _s._ salutations, respects, I. i. 5. 116.

LOVEDAY, _s._ day of reconciliation, I. i. 2. 95.

LOWE, _s._ blaze; _on a l._, in a blaze, V. 61.

LOWED, _pp._ set low, put down, I. iii. 6. 11.

LUCERNE, _s._ lantern, XIX. 23; XXIV. 632.

LUCIFER, the morning-star, IX. 115.

LUIFFERIS, _s. pl._ lovers, XVII. 140.

LUIFIS, _gen. sing._ love's, of love, XVII. 22.

LURE, _s._ lure, enticement, II. 88; XVI. 634.

LURKEN, _pr. pl._ lurk, I. i. 8. 80.

LUST, _s._ pleasure, I. i. _pr._ 74; XXIV. 272.

LUST, _pr. pl._ please, are pleased, XX. 590.

LUSTY, _adj._ pleasureable, I. iii. 1. 129. _adv._ jollily, II. 434.

LYART, _adv._ gray, XVII. 162.

LYBEL, _s._ bill (of divorce), I. iii. 2. 14; XVII. 74. (See note, p. 480.)

LYF, _s._ person, IV. 86.

LYFELICH, _adj._ lively, I. iii. 9. 107; life-giving, I. i. _pr._ 12.

LYKE, _v._ please, XXIV. 394; _pr. s. impers._ XVIII. 43.

LYKINGE, _adj._ pleasant, I. i. _pr._ 74; delicate, III. 297.

LYKLY, _adj._ similar, II. 1303.

LYNDE, _s. dat._ lime-tree, IX. 256.

LYNES, _s. pl._ lines, I. iii. 8. 7. See the note, p. 483.

LYNX, _s._ lynx, I. ii. 8. 104.

LYOUN, _s._ lion, II. 1317.

LYRE, _s._ complexion, hue, XVII. 339.

LYTE, _s._ little, XVIII. 42; XX. 205; _adv._ VIII. 413.

LYTHER, _adj._ vicious, XVIII. 14.

LYVELODE, _s._ livelihood, I. iii. 5. 104; Lyvelod, II. 34.

MACULAIT, _adj._ stained, XVII. 81.

MAD, _pp._ made, XIII. 12; written, I. iii. 9. 84.

MADDING, _s._ madness, V. 131.

MAIST, _adv._ most, XVII. 52.

MAISTRES, _s._ mistress, I. iii. 4. 227.

MAISTRYE, _s._ mastery, power, I. i. 3. 128; miracle, II. 900.

MAKE, _s._ companion, V. 57; IX. 56; XVIII. 183.

MAKERS, _s. pl._ poets, I. iii. 4. 258.

MAKING, _s._ composition of poetry, IX. 237; poem, II. 1066.

MALAPERT, _adj._ malapert, XXIV. 737.

MALE, _s._ bag, II. 145.

MALE-BOUCHE, _s._ Scandal, VIII. 260; IX. 84; XVI. 741; XX. 580.

MANACE, _s._ threat, II. 1370.

MANACE, _v._ menace, XVI. 615.

MANERLESSE, _adj._ devoid of good manners, rude, XVI. 714.

MANLICH, _adj._ manly, I. ii. 4. 46.

MANNA, _s._ manna, I. iii. 9. 98; II. 784.

MAPLE, _s._ maple-tree, XVIII. 283.

MARCHANDRY, _s._ trade, II. 800.

MARCIAL, _adj._ warlike, I. i. 5. 29.

MARGARETTES, _s. pl._ daisies, XXI. 57.

MARGARIT-PERLE, _s._ pearl, I. iii. 1. 35; _pl._ I. iii. 1. 37.

MARJOLAIN, _s._ marjoram, XXI. 56.

MARKET-BETERS, _s. pl._ haunters of the market, II. 871.

MARS, i.e. ordeal by combat, I. i. 7. 11.

MARTYR, _s._ martyr, I. i. 7. 115; _pl._ Martres, V. 316; XXIV. 1376.

MARTYRE, _ger._ to be martyred, IV. 341; Martred, _pp._ martyred, full of martyrdom, I. ii. 9. 108.

MASE, _s._ maze, XXI. 17, 32.

MASED, _pp._ amazed, confused, I. i. 3. 103; perplexed, XXI. 38.

MASONRY, masonry, _s._ XXI. 53.

MASSEDAY, _s._ day when mass is said, I. i. 5. 103.

MAST, _s._ mast (of a ship), XXIV. 88.

MASTE, _s._ mast fallen from trees, beech-mast, I. i. 3. 42.

MATE, _adj._ depressed, XVI. 35.

MATED, _pp._ overcome, I. i. 1. 120.

MATENS, _s. pl._ matins, XXIV. 1353.

MATER, _s._ matter, I. iii. 9. 85.

MAUGRÈ, _prep._ in spite of, II. 886; V. 232; _m. me_, in spite of myself, unwillingly, I. iii. 3. 114.

MAUGRÈ, _s._ ill will, XVI. 240; Maugree, dislike, V. 376; displeasure, I. ii. 6. 53.

MAUNDËMENTS, _s. pl._ commandments, II. 633.

MAVIS, _s._ thrush, XVII. 430; XXIV. 798.

MAY, _pr. s._ can (do a thing), I. ii. 7. 131.

MAYNTENAUNCE, _s._ abetting, II. 1256.

MAYNTEYNOURS, _s. pl._ maintainers, abettors, II. 302, 801.

MAYRE, _s._ mayor, I. ii. 6. 132.

MAYSTERFULLY, _adv._ tyrannously, II. 656.

MAYSTERS, _s. pl._ masters, II. 1115.

MAYSTRESHIP, _s._ sovereignty, I. ii. 3. 40; rank of a master, II. 1122.

MAYSTRESSE, _s._ mistress, I. i. 4. 18.

MAYSTRY, _s._ mastery, II. 1117; superior powers, I. ii. 2. 23. (_That wolden m. me have_, who wished me to have authority.)

ME, _indef. pron._ one, I. i. _pr._ 68; I. i. 1. 18; I. ii. 11. 10; I. iii. 8. 10; XXI. 22.

MEDE, _s._ reward, II. 944.

MEDED, _pp._ rewarded, I. ii. 9. 98; I. iii. 2. 11.

MEDEFULLY, _adv._ deservedly, I. iii. 2. 37.

MEDLEST, _pr. s._ takest part, interferest, I. i. 7. 111; _pp._ mingled, I. ii. 13. 76; I. iii. 7. 33; XVI. 657.

MEDLE-TREE, _s._ medlar, XX. 86, 442.

MEDLINGE, _pres. pt._ meddling, I. ii. 10. 51; mixture, I. ii. 1. 92; interference, I. i. 6. 77.

MEEDFUL, _adj._ meritorious, III. 178.

MEES, _s. pl._ dwellings, houses, V. 334. O.F. _mes_, _meis_, _meix_, 'ferme ... habitation, démeure'; Godefroy.

MEID, _s._ reward, recompense, XVII. 277.

MELANCOLIOUS, _adj._ melancholy, XX. 314.

MELDROP, _s._ hanging drop of mucus, XVII. 158.

MELES, _s. pl._ meals, II. 1036.

MELL, _v._ meddle, II. 857.

MEMORIAL, _s._ memory, XXIV. 876.

MEMOUR, _s._ memory, XVII. 465.

MENE, _adj._ intermediate, I. ii. 12. 56; middle, XXIV. 652.

MENE, _s._ mean, intermediate, III. 162; mean, I. iii. 5. 53; middle course, III. 170; mediator, I. ii. 2. 100; method, way, I. i. _pr._ 54; moderation (?), I. ii. 10. 43.

MENING, _s._ intention, XVI. 393; _pl._ I. i. 8. 30.

MERCHANDE, _s._ (_perhaps_) merchants' meeting, VII. (_title_).

MERCIABLE, _adj._ merciful, II. 96; XXII. 62; XXIV. 645.

MERCIABLY, _adv._ mercifully, I. iii. 9. 73.

MERLE, _s._ blackbird, XVII. 430.

MERVAYL, _s._ marvel, XXI. 648.

MERY, _adj._ pleasant, I. ii. 9. 131.

MES, _s._ dish, course of meats, XVI. 154.

MESCHAUNCË, _s._ misfortune, VII. 179.

MESCREAUNCE, _s._ unbelief, VI. 50.

MESURABELLY, _adv._ with moderation, XVI. 248.

MESURABLE, _adj._ moderate, V. 350.

MESURE, _imp. s._ moderate, X. 119.

METE-BORDE, _s._ dining-table, I. ii. 2. 61.

METELY, _adj._ moderate, i.e. of middle height, XXI. 79.

METRICIANS, _s. pl._ men skilled in metre, XXIV. 30.

MEVABLE, _adj._ moveable; i.e. (more) moveable, XIV. 36.

MEVE, _ger._ to move, I. i. 1. 109; _pr. s._ moves, V. 432; _2 pt. pl._ discussed, I. iii. 5. 158.

MEVINGES, _s. pl._ motions, I. ii. 9. 45.

MEWARD; _to m._, towards me, i. ii. 9. 123.

MEWE, _s._ mew, coop; _in mewe_, under restraint, XVI. 338.

MEWET, _adj._ mute; _in m._, in a tone unheard, to myself, XXIV. 148.

MEYNALL, _adj._ belonging to their household, domestic, II. 322. See note, p. 487.

MEYNT, _pp._ mingled, VIII. 229.

MEYNY, _s._ household, I. ii. 5. 52; crowd, I. i. 7. 104; followers, I. i. 6. 145.

MICHEL, _adv._ much, V. 142.

MIDDIS, _s._ midst, XVII. 5.

MIDLE-ERTH, _s._ the earth, I. iii. 1. 65.

MILK-WHYT, _adj._ milk-white, XXIV. 787.

MINDE, _s._ remembrance, XI. 42.

MING, _imp. s._ mix, XVII. 613; _pp._ 236.

MIROUR, _s._ mirror, V. 179.

MIRTHED, _pp._ cheered, I. ii. 3. 98.

MIS, _adj._ wrong, I. ii. 5. 111; II. 1197; VIII. 603; XXII. 61; _pl._ things that are wrong, I. ii. 9. 84.

MISCARY, _v._ go astray, fail, I. ii. 14. 98; _pp._ gone astray, I. ii. 4. 106.

MISCHAUNCE, _s._ a curse, ill luck, II. 1168; III. 423.

MISCHESE, _2 pr. pl._ choose amiss, VII. 187.

MISCHEVES, _s._ diseases, X. 54.

MISCLEPINGE, _s._ misnaming, I. i. 10. 46.

MISCORDEN, _pr. pl._ disagree, I. ii. 14. 27.

MISCREANTS, _s. pl._ unbelievers, IV. 268.

MISESE, _s._ lack of ease, misery, I. ii. 5. 21.

MISESY, _adj._ uneasy, I. i. 3. 150.

MISGLOSED, _pp._ misinterpreted, I. ii. 1. 59.

MISGO, _pp._ gone astray, II. 756.

MISGOING, _s._ error, I. ii. 8. 129.

MISHAPPED, _pp._ come to misfortune, V. 217.

MISPEND, _v._ misspend, II. 618.

MISPLESAUNCE, _s._ displeasure, grief, I. i. 3. 22.

MISQUEME, _pr. s. subj._ displease, II. 647.

MIS-SECHING, _s._ seeking amiss, I. ii. 11. 48.

MISSE-MENING, _adj._ ill-intentioned, I. ii. 9. 88.

MISTER, _s._ occupation, handicraft; _m. folk_, craftsmen, XXIV. 227.

MISTIHEDE, _s._ mistiness, darkness, XXII. 33.

MISTURNEN, _v._ overturn, change the fortunes of, I. i. 10. 31; _pp._ altered amiss, I. ii. 5. 88; misdirected, I. ii. 4. 11.

MISTY, _adj._ mystic, mysterious, X. 134.

MISUSING, _s._ misuse, VII. 95.

MISWENT, _pp._ gone astray, I. ii. 10. 143.

MO, _adv._ besides, X. 1; XVI. 713; _adj._ others, I. i. 5. 11; others besides, XVI. 329, 480; XXI. 60.

MOCHE-FOLDE, _adj._ manifold, I. i. 8. 43.

MOCHEL, _adj._ much, XVIII. 240.

MODER, _s._ mother, I. iii. 8. 86.

MODIFY, _ger._ to adjudge, appoint, specify, XVII. 299.

MOEBLE, _s._ (moveable) property, wealth, I. i. 3. 231; I. i. 4. 62; _pl._ I. i. 9. 15.

MOKEL, _adv._ much, I. ii. 6. 161.

MOKKEN, _ger._ to mock, XXIV. 1186.

MOLLES, _s. pl._ birds of the kite or buzzard family (see the context); II. 1338. (The exact sense is not known.)

MONE, _s._ moon, II. 2.

MONE, _s._ moan, lament, I. iii. 7. 23; X. 77; XI. 104.

MONED, _pp._ bemoaned, I. i. 2. 124.

MONETH, _s._ month, I. ii. 8. 113; XIII. 20.

MOO, _adj._ more numerous, III. 421.

MOON, _s._ moan, lament, XVI. 783.

MOOT, _pr. s._ must, V. 35.

MORE, _adj._ greater, I. i. 1. 69; I. ii. 9. 73; I. iii. 1. 63; Mores, _adj. gen._; _that mores_, of that greater thing, I. ii. 9. 74.

MORNING, _s._ mourning, XXIV. 250.

MOROW-DAY, _s._ morn, XXIV. 437.

MOROWNING, _s._ morning, VIII. 25.

MOTE, _pr. s. subj._ may, II. 60; V. 111.

MOTLË, _s._ motley, VIII. 72.

MOUCHE, _pr. pl._ sneak about, II. 947.

MOULE, _v._ go mouldy, be putrid, II. 1275; _pp._ gone mouldy, I. ii. 2. 29.

MOUN, _2 pr. pl._ can, are able to, I. i. 5. 22.

MOUNTENANCE, _s._ amount, period, I. i. 9. 49.

MOUSTRE, _s._ example, pattern, I. ii. 6. 86.

MOW, _pr. pl._ may, V. 381; Mowe, _2 pr. pl._ can, III. 94; _pr. pl._ I. ii. 6. 155.

MOWLIT, _adj._ mouldy, XVII. 441.

MUFE, _ger._ to move, provoke, XVII. 352.

MURTHED, _pt. s._ cheered, I. i. 1. 11.

MUSE, _v._ study, meditate, V. 238; _pt. s._ considered, II. 89.

MUSKLE, _s._ mussel (shell-fish), I. ii. 12. 32; _pl._ I. iii. 1. 45.

MYND, _s._ memory, II. 1076; remembrance, I. i. 1. 20.

MYRRE, _s._ myrrh, VIII. 66.

MYSTERE, _s._ ministry, II. 216.

MYSTRY, _s._ mystery, II. 1219.

MYTE, _s._ mite, I. ii. 3. 68.

NAD, _pt. s._ had not, V. 357.

NAKED, _pt. s._ deprived, V. 353.

NALE, _s._; _at the nale_ = _at then ale_, at the ale-house, II. 870.

NAME-CLEPING, _s._ naming, I. iii. 1. 42.

NAMELICHE, _adv._ especially, I. iii. 6. 100; Namely, I. i. 2. 27; III. 264; V. 322; VIII. 480.

NAMORE, no more, V. 357.

NAR, _adv._ nearer, XVII. 263.

NAT-FOR-THAN, _adv._ nevertheless, I. iii. 5. 52.

NAUGHT, _adj._ wicked, XVIII. 190; Naughty, I. ii. 5. 7.

NAY, _s._ denial, XVIII. 281; denying, XXI. 351, 521.

NAYED, _pp._ said no, I. i. 7. 7.

NEBULE, _s._ mist, X. 53.

NEDE, _s._ need, V. 77.

NEDES, _adv._ of necessity, I. iii. 2. 83.

NEDEST, _2 pr. s._ art needy, I. ii. 5. 16.

NEDY, _adj._ needy, II. 1086.

NEEDLY, _adv._ needs, XXIV. 644.

NEER, _adv._ nearer, XVI. 198, 201.

NEET, _s. pl._ neat cattle, I. ii. 2. 31.

NEIGHE, _v._ approach, I. i. 2. 32; _pr. s._ approaches, I. ii. 12. 14; I. iii. 4. 100; Neigh, _pr. s. imp._ may it come near to, I. iii. 3. 131.

NEIST, _adj._ nearest, XVII. 109.

NELD, _s._ needle, II. 780; XIII. 62.

NE-MOUBLIE-MIES, _s. pl._ forget-me-nots, XXI. 61. See note, p. 535.

NEMPNE, _v._ name, mention, I. i. 6. 172; I. iii. 8. 14; _2 pr. s._ I. iii. 5. 143; _2 pt. s._ didst name, I. ii. 4. 30; _pp._ I. i. 7. 48.

NER, _adv._ nearer, XXIV. 113; Nere, XXIV. 749, 1274; nearly (i.e. it touched her very nearly), XXI. 663.

NERE, _adv._ never, I. i. 6. 89; XXIV. 1197.

NERE, _for_ Ne were, were it not (for), XXII. 34; _n. it_, were it not, I. i. 3. 119.

NESSH, _adj._ soft, XXIV. 1092.

NETTIL, _s._ nettle, I. i. 2. 167.

NEVER-THE-LATTER (-LATER), nevertheless, I. i. 1. 19; I. i. 6. 137; I. ii. 1. 94.

NEWE, _adj._; _for the n._, in the new guise, II. 926.

NEWEFANGELNESSE, _s._ newfangledness, IX. 173; XIII. 54.

NEXT, _adj._ nearest, most intimate, I. i. 4. 17.

NEYGHED, _1 pt. s._ drew near, I. i. 3. 45.

NIGARD, _s._ niggard, XII. 47; Nigges, _pl._ II. 757.

NIGHTERTALE, _s._ night-time, XXIV. 999, 1355.

NIL, _pr. pl._ will not, I. i. 1. 102; II. 950; Nilt, wilt not, XI. 38.

NIST, _2 pr. s._ knowest not, II. 1172.

NOBLERER, _adj._ more noble, I. ii. 1. 106.

NOBLES, _s. pl._ coins so called, I. iii. 5. 120. A _noble_ was worth 6_s._ 8_d._

NOBLEY, _s._ nobility, I. iii. 1. 142; VII. 73; nobleness, I. i. 1. 62; XVI. 473; excellence, I. ii. 9. 62.

NOGHT, _adj._ evil, V. 321.

NO-KINS WYSE, lit. 'a way of no kind,' no kind of way, XVI. 384.

NOMBRE, _s._ number, proportion, I. i. 8. 119.

NOMBRED, _pp._ numbered, estimated, X. 100.

NOMPERE, _s._ umpire, I. i. 2. 96.

NON, none, i.e. not, I. i. 2. 62.

NON-CERTAYN, _s._ uncertainty, I. iii. 1. 61.

NONES; _for the n._, for the occasion, XX. 198.

NONNES, _s. pl._ nuns, XXIV. 1102.

NONPOWER, _s._ weakness, I. ii. 7. 36.

NOOT, _1 pr. s._ know not, XXIV. 909.

NORICE, _s._ nurse, VI. 58.

NORITURE, _s._ nutriment, I. i. 1. 34.

NORTURE, _s._ good breeding, XXII. 1.

NORY, _s._ pupil. I. i. 2. 37; _pl._ I. i. 2. 121.

NOT, _1 pr. s._ know not, I. i. 1. 119; I. iii. 1. 158; _pr. s._ knows not, XVIII. 203.

NOTHING, _adv._ not at all, in no respect, I. i. 2. 139; XVI. 132.

NOUGHTY, _adj._ needy, II. 1097.

NOVELLERIES, _s. pl._ novelties, I. ii. 14. 42.

NOW-A-DAYES, _adv._ now-a-days, VII. 134.

NOY, _2 pr. pl._ annoy, XVI. 795.

NUISAUNCE, _s._ annoyance, VI. 47.

NUNCUPACION, _s._ naming, I. i. 9. 119.

NUREIS, _s._ nurse, nourisher, XVII. 171, 199.

NUTTE, _s._ nut, I. i. 3. 32.

NYCE, _adj._ foolish, V. 148; VII. 14; XVIII. 13; Nyse, I. i. 4. 55.

NYCETÈ, _s._ folly, I. iii. 4. 257.

NYE-BORE, _s._ neighbour, I. ii. 9. 144.

O, _adj._ one and the same, XI. 44.

OBEDIENCER, _adj._ under obedience, I. iii. 1. 131.

OBEYSAUNCE, _s._ obedience, XXIV. 47.

OBEYSAUNT, _adj._ obedient, II. 182.

OBUMBRED, _pp._ overshadowed, X. 102. See note, p. 512.

OCCIAN, _s._ ocean, XIV. 45.

OCCUPACIOUN, _s._ occupation, employment, XX. 565.

OCCUPYER, _s._ owner, user, I. ii. 5. 75; I. ii. 6. 30.

OCHANE, _s._ och hone! cry of woe, XVII. 541.

OCY, _s._ French _oci_, an exclamation imitating the cry of a nightingale, XVIII. 124, 127, 135. See note.

OF, _prep._ for (with _biseche_), XIX. 26; during, XVIII. 42, 54; XX. 40.

OF-DROW, _pt. s._ drew off, II. 7.

OFFEND, _pp._ offended, II. 538.

OFFICE, _s._ duty, XVI. 468.

OFFREND, _s._ offering, II. 490.

OF-NEW, _adv._ anew, XX. 319.

OFTSISS, _adv._ oftentimes, XXVI. 6; -syis, XVII. 525.

OKES, _s. pl._ oaks, I. iii. 6. 6.

ON, _prep._ against, I. ii. 3. 101.

ONBELDE, _ger._ to build on, X. 111.

ON-BREDE, _adv._ abroad, VIII. 33.

ONBYDE, _ger._ to abide, I. iii. 5. 68; _v._ I. iii. 6. 147; remain, I. iii. 7. 161; _1 pr. s._ await, I. iii. 3. 128.

ONE, _pr. pl._ unite, I. iii. 4. 165; _pp._ joined together, I. ii. 8. 50.

ONHEED, _s._ unity, I. iii. 3. 9; Onhed, I. ii. 13. 21.

ON-LOFT, _adv._ aloft, upwards, XXIV. 1293.

ON-LYVE, _adv._ alive, II. 1223; IV. 71; VIII. 158; XIV. 22; XVIII. 141; XXIV. 780.

ONY, _pron._ any, III. 30; XVII. 118.

OO, one, V. 165, 258.

OO-FOLD, _adj._ simple, lit. one-fold, XIII. 90. Cf. Lat. _sim-plex_.

OOK, _s._ oak, VIII. 73.

OON, one, any one, XX. 74; Oon and oon, severally, XX. 144.

OONHED, _s._ unity, I. iii. 2. 34.

OPE, _adj._ open, XXIV. 262; Open, displayed, I. ii. 6. 79; _as s._ a thing open, II. 220.

OR, _conj._ ere, IV. 176; VII. 32; Or that, before, XVI. 802.

ORATURE, _s._ oratory, XVII. 8.

ORDENAUNCE, _s._ arrangement, XXI. 235. See ORDINAUNCE.

ORDERS, _s. pl._ orders (of friars), III. 28.

ORDINABLE, _adj._ adjustable, brought into relation with, I. ii. 13. 29.

ORDINAUNCE, _s._ order, XXI. 575; (apparently) self-control, decision, XVI. 153; warlike array, XVI. 818; orderly disposition, I. ii. 5. 43; a row, XXI. 57.

ORIENT, _adj._ (_as applied to gems_), of prime excellence, XX. 148 (see note); XXI. 528; XXIV. 788.

ORIZONT, _s._ horizon, VIII. 6.

ORNAT, _adj._ ornate, XXIV. 34.

OTHERWHILE, _adv._ sometimes, I. i. 7. 56; I. ii. 13. 96; V. 49.

OTHERWYSED, _pp._ changed, altered, I. ii. 1. 9.

OUCHES, _s._ settings for jewels, II. 904, 1006.

OURFRET, _pp._ covered over, XVII. 163.

OURQUHELMIT, _pt. pl._ overwhelmed, covered, XVII. 401.

OURSPRED, _pp._ overspread, marked all over, XVII. 339.

OUT-BRINGE, _v._ educe, I. ii. 6. 88.

OUTFORTH, _adv._ externally, I. ii. 5. 85; I. ii. 10. 145.

OUT-HELPES, _s. pl._ external aids, I. ii. 5. 46.

OUTHER, _conj._ either, V. 171.

OUTHERWHILE, _adv._ sometimes, I. iii. 3. 107.

OUTRAGE, _s._ violent act, IX. 213; extravagance of conduct, XV. _a._ 2.

OUTRAGE, _ger._ to banish, drive out, VII. 85.

OUTRAGIOUSNESSE, _s._ extravagance, II. 507.

OUTRANCE, _s._ excessive injury, defeat, VI. 36.

OUT-THROWE, _pp._ thrown out, I. ii. 5. 116.

OUTWAILL, _s._ outcast, XVII. 129. See note.

OUT-WAYE, out of the way, I. i. 8. 15. (But read _out-waye-going_ as one word, meaning deviation; see note to bk. iii. 1. 6; p. 479.)

OUT-WAYE-GOING, _s._ deviation, error, I. ii. 8. 126.

OUT-WRESTE, _v._ force out, VIII. 48.

OVER, _prep._ besides, I. i. _pr._ 88.

OVER-AL, _adv._ everywhere, I. i. 3. 136; XII. 18.

OVERCHARGE, _ger._ to overburden, III. 265.

OVERCHAUNGINGES, _s._ changes, I. iii. 2. 49.

OVERCOOM, _2 pt. s._ didst overcome, V. 425.

OVERLEDE, _pr. pl._ oppress, treat cruelly, V. 332; overwhelm, XXII. 32.

OVERLEYN, _pp._ covered, I. iii. 7. 39.

OVERLOKE, _ger._ to oversee, I. i. 3. 125.

OVERLOKERS, _s. pl._ overseers, I. i. 3. 128; I. i. 4. 62.

OVER-REDE, _adj._ too red, XXIV. 793.

OVERSEE, _pr. pl._ are overseers of, II. 1021.

OVERSHAKE, _v._ pass away, XVI. 726.

OVERSPRAD, _pp._ overspread, VIII. 51.

OVERTHROWE, _v._ tumble over, I. ii. 7. 70.

OVERTHWARTLY, _adv._ contrarily, adversely, I. i. 3. 56; perversely, I. iii. 7. 155.

OVERTOURNING, _pres. pt._ overwhelming, I. i. 9. 83.

OVER-WHELMED, _pt. s._ overturned, I. ii. 2. 13.

OVERWHELMINGES, _s. pl._ circuits overhead, I. iii. 4. 145.

OW, _pr. s._ ought, II. 545; Oweth, _pr. s._ I. iii. 5. 54; ought (to be), I. ii. 8. 64; Owe, _pr. pl._ I. iii. 4. 251; Owande, _pres. pt._ due, I. ii. 1. 104.

OYNTMENTES, _s. pl._ ointments, I. iii. 9. 78.

PAAS, _s._ pace, XVI. 29.

PACKE, _s._ pack, bundle of garments, I. ii. 3. 65; Pak, V. 110.

PADDE, _s._ frog, toad, I. iii. 5. 37.

PALASY-YUEL, _s._ paralysis, I. iii. 7. 40.

PALESTRE, _s._ wrestling match, struggle, X. 69.

PALEYS, _s._ palace, V. 473.

PALFRAY, _s._ horse (for a lady), XX. 425.

PALL, _s._ fine cloth, II. 106, 299.

PALLED, _pp._ rendered vapid, as stale liquor, X. 46; enfeebled, VII. 145.

PALME, _s._ palm-branch, XXIX. 4.

PAMFLET, _s._ pamphlet, I. iii. 9. 54.

PAMPIRED, _pp._ pampered, XXIV. 177.

PANE, _s._ pain, XVII. 291; Panis, _pl._ 277.

PANE, _s._ plot of ground, bed for flowers, XVII. 427; Pannes, _s. pl._ clothes, I. ii. 2. 29. See the note. (A better spelling is _panes_.)

PAPINJAY, _s._ parrot, used merely in scorn, XVIII. 222.

PARCEL, _s._ part, portion, I. i. 10. 32; _as adv._ in part, VIII. 224.

PARDÈ, pardieu, XX. 47; XXI. 753.

PARDURABLE, _adj._ everlasting, I. ii. 8. 87.

PARFYTË, _adj. fem._ perfect, IV. 316.

PARISHENS, _s. pl._ parishioners, II. 767; III. 114.

PARTABLE, _adj._ divisible, I. ii. 10. 76.

PARTED, _pt. s._ departed, XVI. 798.

PARTY, _s._ part, I. ii. 9. 95; XXIV. 1192; _pl._ _On some p._, in some respects, XVI. 746; Partie, _adv._ partly, XXIV. 1434.

PASSE, _ger._ to surpass, excel, I. ii. 2. 12; _v._ II. 972; XX. 63; Pas, _v._ pass beyond, XVI. 76; _pr. s._ IX. 114; _pr. pl._ III. 298; _pp._ past away, long ago dead, I. i. _pr._ 77.

PASSIF, _adj._ passive (man), I. i. 6. 122; (thing), I. ii. 9. 102.

PASSING, _adj._ surpassing, great, severe, I. i. _pr._ 118.

PASSINGE, _prep._ surpassing, beyond, I. i. _pr._ 90.

PASSINGLY, _adv._ surpassingly, XX. 352.

PASSIVE, _s._ subject, I. ii. 12. 6.

PASTOUR, _s._ shepherd, pastor, II. 582.

PATENS, _s. pl._ pattens, XXIV. 1087.

PATRON, _s._ patron, founder, III. 33.

PAUSACIOUN, _s._ waiting, repose, X. 61.

PAVILIOUN, _s._ tent, X. 60.

PAY, _s._ satisfaction; _her to pay_, for a satisfaction to her, VIII. 536.

PAYËN, _adj._ pagan, IV. 45; _s. pl._ IV. 183.

PAYNIMS, _pl. adj._ pagan, I. ii. 1. 49; _s. pl._ I. ii. 1. 46.

PAYNTURE, _s._ painting, I. ii. 13. 78.

PECOK, _s._ peacock, XXIV. 1408.

PEES, _s._ peace, IV. 62.

PEES, _s._ pea, I. i. 8. 118; Peese, I. ii. 9. 126.

PEIRRY, _s._ perry, XVII. 441.

PEISE, _ger._ to weigh, consider, XXIV. 689; _pp._ XIII. 91.

PEITREL, _s._ poitrel, breast-strap (of a horse), XX. 246.

PELE, _1 pr. s._ appeal, XVI. 783.

PELURE, _s._ fur, I. ii. 2. 30; II. 106.

PEND, _pp._ penned, II. 650.

PENNY, _s._ money, fee, II. 309.

PENSEES, _s. pl._ pansies, XXI. 62.

PENSIFHEED, _s._ pensiveness, VIII. 102.

PENSIVENES, _s._ sadness, XVII. 317.

PENURITIE, _s._ penury, XVII. 321.

PENY, _s._ money, III. 142.

PERAGALL, _s._ equal, II. 130.

PERAUNTER, _adv._ perhaps, I. ii. 13. 44.

PERCAS, _adv._ perchance, XXIV. 794.

PERCE, _v._ pierce, X. 3.

PERDONED, _pp._ pardoned, XXIV. 288.

PERDURABLE, _adj._ everlasting, I. ii. 9. 40; IV. 371.

PERE, _s._ peer, II. 219; _pl._ XVIII. 277.

PEREGAL, _adj._ fully equal, XII. 16.

PERELES, _adj._ peerless, VIII. 346.

PERFITER, _adj._ more perfect, III. 387.

PERFITEST, _adj._ most perfect, III. 29.

PERREY, _s._ jewellery, II. 159.

PERSAUNT, _adj._ piercing, VIII. 28, 358; XXIV. 849.

PERSE, _pr. pl._ pierce, XXIV. 940.

PERSÉVER, _v._ persevere, IX. 174.

PERSONAGE, _s._ dignity, title, II. 269, 723; titles, II. 953. See note to II. 723, p. 465.

PERSONER, _s._ a participant, I. ii. 2. 49. See the note.

PERTE, _adj._ open, evident, I. iii. 7. 70.

PERTINACIE, _s._ obstinacy, I. ii. 1. 46.

PERTURBAUNCE, _s._ distress, VIII. 214.

PESE, _s._ pea, II. 1163.

PEYNTURE, _s._ painting, description, I. i. 10. 42.

PEYRETH, _pr. s._ impairs, XVI. 228. (Short for _apeyreth_.)

PEYSE, _v._ weigh, ponder, IV. 143; _pr. pl._ I. ii. 9. 125.

PHANE, _s._ vane, weathercock, I. ii. 1. 23.

PHENIX, _s._ phoenix, II. 1343.

PHILBERT, _s._ filbert, VIII. 68.

PILER, _s._ pillar, VI. 13; _pl._ VIII. 358.

PILGRIMAGED, _1 pt. s._ made a pilgrimage, I. i. _pr._ 122.

PILL, _ger._ to pillage, rob, II. 355; III. 338; _pp._ III. 317.

PINCHE AT, _ger._ to find fault with, XIII. 68.

PISCYNE, _s._ fish-pool, X. 134.

PITOUS, _adj._ merciful, IV. 345; Pitousë, _fem._ piteous, V. 23.

PITTË, _s._ pit, well, VIII. 92.

PLAIN, _adj._ open, true, XIII. 39.

PLAT, _adv._ flatly, plainly, II. 12.

PLATE, _s._ coin, I. i. 7. 98.

PLAYING-FERE, _s._ playmate, II. 723.

PLAYN, _s._ plain, VIII. 44.

PLAYN, _adj._ flat, free from mountains, XVI. 750.

PLAYNE, _v._ complain, I. i. 3. 130; lament, IX. 71.

PLAYNING, _adj._ complaining, sad, XXI. 611.

PLAYNTE, _s._ complaint, VIII. 599.

PLAYTED, _adj._ pleated, involved, I. i. 8. 45.

PLEDOURS, _s._ pleaders, II. 802.

PLEE, _s._ plea, pleading, I. ii. 5. 22.

PLENTUOUSLY, _adv._ fully, I. iii. 5. 16.

PLESANDLY, _adv._ pleasantly, XVII. 427.

PLESAUNCE, _s._ pleasure, XVI. 382.

PLESYR, _s._ pleasure, XX. 113.

PLEYN, _1 pr. s. refl._ complain, XVI. 785; _pp._ XVIII. 73.

PLIGHT, _pp._ folded, XXIV. 1102.

PLITED, _pp._ folded, XXIV. 1440.

PLITES, _s. pl._ folds, I. iii. 9. 77.

PLOT, _s._ plot, bed (of flowers), XX. 499.

PLOW, _s._ plough, II. 1042.

PLUCKINGE, _s._ inducement, I. ii. 14. 78.

PLY, _s._ plight, XVII. 501. See note.

PLYTE, _s._ condition, state (lit. fold), I. ii. 1. 8; I. ii. 9. 103; IV. 318.

POESIES, _s. pl._ poems, songs, I. iii. 7. 57.

POESYE-MATER, _s._ composition, I. i. _pr._ 25.

POINTE; _in p. to_, ready to, I. i. 2. 70.

POKES, _s. pl._ pockets, II. 933.

POLEIST, _pp._ polished, XVII. 347.

POME, _s._ apple; _punical p._, Punic apple, i.e. pomegranate, X. 121.

POMELLES, _s. pl._ pommels, balls, XXI. 479.

POPINJAY, _s._ parrot, X. 81; XXIV. 1366.

PORT, _s._ demeanour, I. i. 5. 73; VIII. 409; XXI. 137.

PORTRED, _pp._ pourtrayed, II. 135.

POSSED, _pp._ pushed about, VIII. 236.

POST, _s._ support, XXIV. 1189.

POSTERIORITÈ, _s._ being behind, I. iii. 4. 166.

POTHECAIRIS, _s. pl._ apothecaries, XVII. 248.

POVERT, _s._ poverty, II. 430.

POVRE, _adj._ poor, VII. 89; XXI. 62.

POWDERING, _s._ sprinkling (with bright ornaments), XXI. 530.

POYNTE; _in p. to_, ready to, I. i. _pr._ 126; _pl._ (_perhaps_) stakes, XVI. 524. See note, p. 519.

PRAKTIK, _s._ practice, XVII. 269.

PRANG, _s._ pang, XXIV. 1150.

PRAUNCE, _v._ prance about, I. ii. 6. 84.

PRAY, _s._ prey, II. 355.

PRAYS, _ger._ to praise, to be worthy of praise, XVI. 631.

PRECELLING, _pres. pt._ excelling, XVII. 446.

PREEF, _s._ proof, I. ii. 13. 103; Prefe, XVI. 577.

PREES, _s._ press, throng, crowd, XX. 592; XXI. 429; _putten me in p._, force me, I. i. _pr._ 96.

PREGNANT, _adj._ pregnant, full, comprehensive, XVII. 270.

PREIF, _imp. pl._ prove, make trial, XVII. 565.

PREJUDYCE, _s._ harm, XVI. 229.

PRENE, _s._ brooch, XVII. 423.

PREROGATYF, _s._ prerogative, first claim, X. 74.

PREST, _adj._ ready, II. 745.

PRETENDE, _pr. pl._ tend to advance, I. i. 1. 110.

PRETERIT, _adj._ preterite, gone by, I. iii. 4. 56.

PRETILY, _adv._ prettily, XX. 89.

PRETY, _adj._ pretty, XXIV. 1088.

PREVAYL, _v._ benefit, be of service to, help, XVI. 519.

PREVE, _s._ proof, XVI. 751.

PREVEN, _ger._ to prove, to test, I. i. 5. 15; _v._ V. 55; _pr. s._ XVI. 350; _pp._ XVI. 586.

PREVY NOR APERT, i.e. in no respect, XVI. 174.

PRICKE, _s._ dot, point, I. i. 8. 95; moment, I. i. 8. 128.

PRIME FACE, first look; _at the p. f._, prim[=a] facie, I. i. 6. 57.

PRINCIPALITÈ, _s._ rule, I. i. 9. 47; -altè, dominion, I. ii. 3. 12.

PRINT, _s._ impression, XVI. 477.

PRINTED, _pp._ imprinted, I. ii. 12. 106.

PRISE, _s._ prize, I. i. 7. 22.

PRISONMENT, _s._ imprisonment, I. ii. 11. 54.

PROBATYK, _adj._ sheep-cleansing, X. 134. See note, p. 513.

PROCESSE, _s._ work, business, XVI. 15.

PROCURATOUR, _s._ proctor, II. 733.

PROCUREN, _pr. pl._ procure, suborn, V. 95. (Accented on the _o_.)

PROFESSE, _s._ the professed member of a religious order, I. iii. 1. 130.

PROFESSED, _pp._ professed as members, III. 70; devoted, VIII. 296.

PROPER, _adj._ own, I. i. 10. 112; Propre, peculiar, I. ii. 6. 135.

PROPER, _s._ personal property, III. 190.

PROPINQUITÈ, _s._ nearness of kin, I. ii. 2. 101.

PROPORCIONS, _s. pl._ suppositions, I. iii. 3. 19. (_Probably for_ propositions.)

PROPYNE, _imp. s._ give to drink, afford, X. 52.

PROTECTRICE, _s._ protectrix, X. 57.

PROVE, _s._ proof, I. iii. 4. 73.

PROVED, _pp._ approved, VIII. 161.

PROVENDRE, _s._ prebend, I. ii. 2. 50.

PROYNED, _pt. pl._ preened, trimmed, XVIII. 76.

PRUNITH, _pr. s. refl._ preens himself, trims himself, XXIV. 607.

PRYDED, _pp._ made proud, IV. 257.

PRYEN, _v._ pry (about), XX. 68.

PRYMEROSE, _s._ primrose, XXIV. 1437.

PRYSE, _s._ value, X. 11; Prys, glory, V. 308.

PSAUTER, _s._ psalter, I. ii. 14. 85.

PUCELLE, _s._ maiden, X. 54.

PUISSANCE, _s._ power, XII. 3.

PULCRITUDE, _s._ beauty, XXIV. 613.

PULL, _ger._ to pluck, tear, II. 1329.

PUNGITIVE, _adj._ pungent, i.e. ready to sting, XVII. 229.

PUNICAL, _adj._ Punic, X. 121. See Pome.

PUNISSHËMENT, _s._ punishment, V. 467; _pl._ II. 520.

PURCHACE, _s._ earning (it), obtaining (it), XVI. 322; Purchas, bargain, XVI. 74; purchase, XXVIII. 3.

PURCHACE, _imp. s._ purchase, procure, obtain, IV. 124; _1 pr. s. subj._ XVI. 371.

PURFELING, _s._ edging, ornamenting an edge, XXI. 527.

PURFYL, _s._ edge (of her sleeve), XXI. 87, 524; _pl._ XX. 146.

PURFYLED, _pp._ ornamented at the edge, XX. 328.

PURGACIOUN, _s._ purgation, a clearing of a false charge, II. 342.

PURPOSE, _pr. s. subj._ intend, V. 372.

PURSE, _ger._ to put in their purse, II. 178.

PURSEVAUNTES, _s. pl._ pursuivants, XX. 232.

PURTREYTURE, _s._ drawing, I. i. _pr._ 17; _pl._ I. ii. 13. 76.

PURVEY, _ger._ to provide, XX. 429; _v._ XXIV. 1396; _pp._ I. ii. 14. 9; XVI. 219; destined, I. i. 1. 46.

PURVEYAUNCE, _s._ providence, disposal, I. i. 3. 130; IV. 21; VIII. 303; IX. 68; provision, XVI. 165.

PURVEYOUR, _s._ purveyor, XXI. 266.

PUTRYE, _s._ whoredom, II. 287.

PUTTOCKES, _s. pl._ kites, II. 1338. (Lit. poult(ry)-hawks.)

PYE, _s._ magpie, II. 1334; XXIV. 1421.

PYKES, _s. pl._ peaks, II. 930.

PYLES, _s. pl._ piles, strong stakes, I. ii. 5. 116.

PYMENT, _s._ piment, wine mixed with honey and spices, II. 432.

PYNANDE, _pres. pt._ wearisome, I. i. 6. 77; Pynd, _pp._ pined, tortured, II. 481.

PYNE, _s._ pain, XVIII. 245; punishment, V. 399.

PYNE, _s._ pine, VIII. 65; -tree, X. 44.

PYPE, _v._ pipe, whistle, I. iii. 7. 50.

QUAIR, _s._ book (lit. quire), XVII. 40; Quayre, VIII. 674.

QUAKE, _v._ quake, VIII. 181.

QUARELE, _s._ complaint, IV. 242.

QUARTERS, _s. pl._ quarters (measures so called), I. iii. 5. 120.

QUAYNTLY, _adv._ curiously, II. 186.

QUEME, _s._; _to qu._, to your pleasure, VII. 30.

QUEME, _v._ please, V. 39.

QUERE, _s._ choir, XXIV. 1417.

QUEYNT, _pp._ quenched, I. ii. 2. 33; II. 40; Queint, XXIV. 457.

QUEYNTE, _adj._ curious, XVIII. 182; particular, II. 1013; Queinte, pretty, XIII. 8.

QUEYNTYSE, _s._ finery, ornaments, II. 627; Queyntyses, contrivances, I. i. 7. 40.

QUHAIR, _adv._ where, XVII. 34.

QUHAIS, _pron._ whose, of which, XVII. 146.

QUHEN, _adv._ when, XVII. 5.

QUHETTING, _pres. pt._ whetting, XVII. 193.

QUHILK, _pron._ which, XVII. 33.

QUHILL, _adv._ until, XVII. 48, 482.

QUHISLING, _pres. pt._ whistling, XVII. 20.

QUHYL, _adv._ sometimes, XVII. 49.

QUHYTLY, _adj._ whitish, XVII. 214.

QUIK, _adj._ alive, IX. 256; Quicke, living, III. 71.

QUYTE, _v._ requite, VIII. 401; repay, IV. 279; _ger._ to requite, XV. _c._ 3; to redeem, IX. 230; Quitte, _pt. s._ requited, V. 304; _pt. pl._ V. 263.

QUYTINGE, _s._ requital, I. iii. 7. 125, 142.

RACE, _pr. s. subj._ pluck, XXIV. 868.

RADDEST, _2 pt. s._ readest, hast thou read, I. i. 5. 6; Rad, _pp._ read, I. i. 2. 91; I. ii. 1. 101; XXI. 473.

RAGE, _adj._ raging, VII. 143.

RAKET, _s._ the game of rackets, I. i. 2. 166.

RAMAGE, _adj._ wild, I. i. 3. 49.

RANCOUR, _s._ hatred, I. ii. 1. 63; _pl._ heartburnings, I. ii. 6. 32.

RANK, _adj._ rank, overgrown, II. 407.

RASOURS, _s. pl._ razors, XIV. 24.

RATHE, _adv._ soon, I. ii. 8. 9; _to r._, too soon, I. ii. 3. 50; Rather, _comp._ XVIII. 104; Rathest, _superl._ I. i. 5. 30.

RAUGHTE, _1 pt. s._ reached down, VIII. 111.

RAUNSOUN, _s._ ransom, XX. 255.

RAVE, _ger._ to rave, be mad, XVI. 283.

RAVEYNOUS, _adj._ ravenous, I. ii. 2. 90.

RAVINOUR, _s._ gluttonous destroyer, II. 735; Ravinere, spoiler, II. 1318.

RAVINS, _s. pl._ ravens, II. 1334.

RAVISSHED, _pp._ torn away, I. ii. 7. 4.

RAWK, _adj._ hoarse, XVII. 445. Lat. _raucus_.

RAYED, _pp._ arrayed, XXIV. 819.

RAYLE, _s._ rail, bar, XXI. 42. See note.

RËALMES, _s. pl._ kingdoms, I. ii. 7. 23, 33.

REBÉL, _adj._ rebellious, XVI. 656.

RECCHE, _v._ reck, care, I. iii. 2. 68; III. 332; _pr. s. subj._ I. ii. 7. 63; _pr. s._ I. iii. 6. 118.

RECEYT, _s._ receipt, receiving, XVI. 553.

RECHACE, _s._ ransom, XVI. 324. (An erroneous form, meant to answer to F. _rachat_; see note.)

RECHELESS, _adj._ reckless, V. 149.

RECLAYMED, _pp._ reclaimed (as a hawk), XVI. 634.

RECOMFORTE, _ger._ to comfort anew, VIII. 8.

RECORDE, _s._ example, VIII. 330.

RECOVER, _s._ recovery, I. i. 1. 45; Recour, I. i. 4. 14; Recure, XVII. 335; remedy, VIII. 681.

RECURED, _pp._ recovered, VIII. 651.

REDBREST, _s._ redbreast, IX. 58.

REDE, _s._ advice, II. 739.

REDE, _1 pr. s._ advise, VII. 77; XXI. 215; Red, _pp._ read, II. 400.

REDRESSE, _s._ redresser, XXIV. 591.

REED, _adj._ red, I. i. 4. 31.

REFRAYNE, _v._ restrain, XVI. 219; hold back, VIII. 341.

REFRESSHMENTS, _s. pl._ aids, I. iii. 7. 31.

REFRETE, _s._ burden (of a song), I. iii. 1. 156. See Halliwell.

REFUSE, _s._ denial, rejection, XVI. 506, 755; Refus, Denial, XVI. 817.

REFUT, _s._ refuge, XI. 89; shelter, XVI. 845; XXIV. 884.

REGALL, _adj. as s._ chief, II. 202.

REGALYE, _s._ sovereignty, royalty, IX. 121; royal rank, IV. 9.

REGESTER, _imp. s._ register, note, XXIV. 464.

REGNES, _s. pl._ kingdoms, IV. 261.

REGRAIT, _s._ complaint, XVII. 397.

REGULER, _s._ full member of a religious order, I. iii. 1. 131.

REHERSAYLE, _s._ rehearsal, I. iii. 6. 160.

REID, _adj._ red, XVII. 211.

REID, _s._ redness, XVII. 464.

REIGNATIF, _adj._ governing, I. ii. 2. 83. A coined word.

REJOICE, _ger._ to enjoy, XVI. 680; _pp._ gained, XVI. 794.

REJOYSE, _s._ joy, enjoyment, XXIV. 666.

REKES, _s. pl._ ricks, I. i. _pr._ 100.

RELEES, _s._ release, VIII. 332; Réles, VIII. 20.

RELESSE, _v._ relax, XXIV. 1014.

RELIEF, _s._ remnant, remnants, orts, I. i. _pr._ 109. F. _relief_.

RELIGIOSITEE, _s._ religiousness, piety, XXIV. 686.

RELIGIOUN, _s._ a life as of one of a religious order, II. 1041; XXIV. 1101.

RELYED, _pt. s._ united, I. ii. 6. 39.

REMEDYE, _s._ Remedy (of Love), V. 204.

REMEID, _s._ remedy, XVII. 33.

REMEID, _v._ remedy, cure, XVII. 473.

REMËNANT, _s._ rest, V. 163.

REMES, _s. pl._ realms, V. 333; X. 117.

REMEWE, _v._ move away, change, XVI. 641; _ger._ to remove, XII. 122; Remuf, XVII. 21.

REMISSAILES, _s. pl._ left fragments, scraps, leavings, I. i. _pr._ 108.

RENEGATES, _s. pl._ recreants, renegades, I. ii. 3. 101.

RENEY, _ger._ to deny, renounce, XXIV. 874.

RENNE, _ger._ to run, I. i. 1. 107; _pr. pl._ X. 64; _pres. pt._ running, variable, VIII. 458.

RENOMÈ, _s._ renown, fame, I. ii. 4. 21; XI. 93.

RENOMMED, _pp._ renowned, XVI. 756.

RENOVEL, _ger._ to spring anew, I. ii. 9. 133.

RENT, _s._ income, II. 281.

RENTER, _s._ landlord, I. i. 7. 110.

RENTEST, _2 pt. s._ didst rend, I. i. 8. 40.

RENYANT, _s._ renegade, I. i. 3. 118.

REPARATRYCE, _s._ restorer, V. 403.

REPELE, _v._ recall, repeal, XVI. 649.

REPENT, _s._ repentance, XXIV. 667.

REPENTAUNT, _adj._ repentant, I. ii. 10. 49.

REPLY, _ger._ to turn back, recall, unsay, I. i. 6. 181.

REPREEF, _s._ reproof, V. 71; XVIII. 174.

REPRENDE, _v._ reprehend, II. 610.

REPRESENTATIVE, _adj._ capable of representing, I. ii. 13. 40.

REPREVABLE, _adj._ reprehensible, V. 319; XVI. 512.

REPUDY, _s._ divorce, XVII. 74.

REPUGNAUNCE, _s._ opposition, contrariety, I. iii. 3. 49.

REPUGNAUNT, _adj._ opposite, contrary, I. iii. 3. 32.

REPUGNETH, _pr. s._ opposes, I. iii. 2 158.

REQUESTË, _s._ request (trisyllabic), IV. 27 (not _request_, as in the text); _withoute r._, unintentionally, XVI. 122.

RESCEYT, _s._ receptacle, VIII. 226.

RESCOWE, _ger._ to rescue, XVIII. 228; _v._ XVI. 91; _pp._ I. i. 3. 55.

RESONABLES, _s. pl._ reasonable beings, I. ii. 10. 12.

RESONABLICH, _adj._ reasonable, I. ii. 10. 25.

RESONFULLY, _adv._ reasonably, I. iii. 1. 136.

RESORT, _s._ place of resort, XXII. 29.

RESOWNING, _pres. pt._ resounding, sounding, IX. 167.

RESPIRETH, _pr. s._ breathes again, comes up to breathe, I. i. 5. 35.

RESPONSAILL, _s._ response, XVII. 127.

RESPYTE, _ger._ to respite, pardon, VIII. 403.

RESSOUN, _s._ reason; hence, sentence, declaration, XVII. 606.

RESTINGE-WHYLES, _s. pl._ times of rest, I. i. 9. 24.

RETHORICIEN, _s._ rhetorician, XXIX. 2.

RETHORIKE, _s._ rhetoric, I. i. 2. 133; I. iii. 1. 180; _r. wise_, manner of rhetoric, I. ii. 2. 3.

RETHORY, _s._ rhetoric, XVII. 240.

RETOUR, _s._ return, X. 58; XVII. 51.

RETOUR, _v._ return, XVII. 464; Returnith, _pr. s._ sends back, XXIV. 1213.

REULE, _s._ rule, order, IV. 259; Reull, XVII. 233.

REVE, _v._ tear away, remove, I. ii. 4. 102; _2 pr. s._ XXIV. 1134.

REVERS, _adj._ reverse, XXIV. 96; opposite, I. iii. 4. 83, 84.

REVERS, _s._ reverse, opposite, contrary, XII. 132; XXIV. 1190.

REVERSEST, _pr. s._ goest in the opposite direction, I. iii. 4. 86.

REVERSINGE, _s._ retrogradation, I. iii. 4. 90.

REVOLVEN, _v._ turn round, exercise, I. i. 7. 72.

REVOLVING, _s._ revolution, I. ii. 9. 158.

REWARDE, _v._ reward, III. 151.

REWETH, _imp. pl._ have mercy, XI. 62.

REYNE, _s._ reign, VIII. 510.

REYNINGE, _pres. pt._ raining, I. i. 2. 46.

REYVE, _v._ reave, take away, XXIV. 193; bereave, XXIV. 331; _ger._ to rob, XXIV. 543.

RIBAUD, _adj._ ribald, XXIV. 479.

RICHEN, _v._ enrich, II. 738.

RIGHT, _s._ justice, XVI. 483.

RIGHTFUL, _adj._ just, I. iii. 3. 66.

RIGHTWYSE, _adj._ righteous, II. 361.

RIGHTWYSED, _pp._ justified, I. i. 8. 35.

RIGHTWYSENESSE, _s._ righteous dealing, I. iii. 2. 28.

RIGHTWYSLY, _adv._ justly, XVI. 371.

RIN, _v._ run; _can rin_, ran, did run, XVII. 158.

RINDE, _s._ bark, VIII. 64.

RINGAND, _pres. pt._ ringing, XVII. 144.

RINKIS, _s. pl._ men, people, XVII. 432.

RINNING, _pres. pt. as adj._ running, talkative, XXIV. 737.

ROBBERYE, _s._ robbery, II. 190.

ROBIN REDEBREST, XXIV. 1380.

RODE, _s._ road, common use, V. 102.

RODE, _s._ rood, cross, II. 256, 1294.

RODY, _adj._ ruddy, X. 50; XXIV. 1203.

ROIS, _s._ rose, XVII. 211.

ROISING, _pres. pt._ growing rosy, roseate, XVII. 464.

ROKES, _s. pl._ rooks, II. 1334.

ROKKETH, _pr. s._ rocks; _but prob. an error for_ Rouketh, i.e. cowers, XXIV. 1255.

ROMEN, _v._ roam, XXIV. 651.

RON, _pt. s._ ran, XVIII. 82; Ronne, _pp._ run, I. i. 6. 70; run (its full course), IV. 296.

RONG, _pt. s._ rang, VIII. 45; XX. 100.

RORE, _s._ tumult, I. i. 6. 150.

ROSË-FLOUR, _s._ rose, II. 752.

ROSEN, _adj._ rosy, VIII. 656.

ROSETH, _pr. s._ grows rosy, grows red, revives, XXII. 59. See note.

ROSIER, _s._ rose-bush, X. 50.

ROTE, _s._ rote, XVIII. 71. See note.

ROUGHT, _pt. s. refl._ recked, I. i. 5. 61.

ROUM, _s._ room, space, XXI. 552.

ROUNDE, _ger._ to cut all round, XIII. 84.

ROUNDEL, _s._ roundel, XI. 40; XX. 176.

ROUSTY, _adj._ rusty, XVII. 187.

ROUT, _s._ great company, XX. 196.

ROWE BY ROWE, in rows, I. i. 9. 70.

ROWES, _s. pl._ beams, VIII. 596.

ROWNE, _ger._ to whisper, XIII. 67.

ROWNING, _s._ whispering, I. i. 5. 89.

ROWTE, _s._ company, XXIV. 70.

RUBIFYED, _pp._ reddened, X. 85.

RUIK, _s._ rook (bird), XVII. 445.

RUSE, _v._ praise, XVII. 573.

RUSSET, _adj._ russet-brown, XXIV. 255.

RYALL, _adj._ royal, XXIV. 306.

RYALLY, _adv._ royally, XXIV. 71, 1350.

RYALTEE, _s._ royalty, XXIV. 126.

RYATOURS, _s. pl._ rioters, riotous persons, II. 281.

RYDER, _s._ rider (on horseback), I. ii. 1. 62.

RYME, _v._ rime, I. ii. 2. 74 (see the note, p. 466); write verses, IX. 101.

RYPING, _adj._ ripening, VII. 153.

RYVE, _v._ be rent, VIII. 576.

RYVE, _ger._ to arrive (at), X. 27.

SA, _adv._ so, XVII. 3.

SACRAMENT, _s._ oath, I. i. 6. 165.

SAD, _adj._ settled, constant, steadfast, firm, XI. 107; XVII. 567; XXIV. 45.

SADLY, _adv._ staidly, in a staid manner, XX. 159; firmly, I. i. 1. 79; permanently, XXIV. 877.

SAFE-CONDUCTE, _s._ safe conduct, I. iii. 1. 122.

SAIPHERON, _adj._ made with saffron, XVII. 421.

SAIT, _s._ seat, XVII. 331.

SALS, _s._ sauce, XVII. 421.

SALUED, _1 pt. s._ saluted, I. i. 2. 25; XX. 460; _1 pt. pl._ XXI. 442.

SALVE, _s._ salve, healing, medicament, IV. 122.

SAMIN, _adv._ same, XVII. 58, 484.

_Sans ose ieo dyre_, without saying 'may I dare to mention it,' II. 955.

SAPHYRE, _s._ sapphire, X. 92; XX. 224; _pl._ XXI. 480.

SAPIENCE, _s._ wisdom, VII. 50; XIX. 19; XXII. 66; XXIII. 1.

SARAZINS, _s. pl._ Saracens, I. ii. 3. 100; IV. 250.

SAT, _pt. s._ affected, pressed upon, XXI. 663.

SAUF, _prep._ save, except, XXI. 507.

SAUF, _adj._ safe, IV. 158; Save, _pl._ IV. 291.

SAUNZ, _prep._ without, XXIV. 117.

SAUTES, _s. pl._ assaults, VIII. 418.

SAUTRY, _s._ psaltery, XX. 337.

SAVOUR, _s._ understanding, I. iii. 4. 79.

SAWE, _s._ saying, command, II. 359; teaching, II. 641; sayings, XXVIII. 1.

SAWIN, _pp._ sown, XVII. 137.

SCAPLERYE, _s._ scapulary, III. 50.

SCHREWIS, _s. pl._ wicked persons, XXVI. 8.

SCLAUNDER, _pr. pl._ slander, III. 198; _2 pr. s._ III. 153.

SCOCHONES, _s. pl._ escutcheons, XX. 216, 223, 237.

SCOLE-MAISTER, _s._ schoolmaster, oddly used to mean mistress, XVI. 137.

SCOLERS, _s. pl._ scholars, schoolboys, V. 211.

SCOLES, _s. pl._ schools, XVI. 329.

SCORGES, _s. pl._ scourges, I. iii. 9. 69.

SCOURGE, _ger._ to scourge, I. ii. 11. 94; Scorged, _pp._ I. iii. 9. 74.

SCRIBABLE, _adj._ fit to write on, XIV. 44.

SCRIPPE, _s._ scrip, II. 13.

SCRIPTURE, _s._ writing, I. i. 6. 195.

SCRIVEYN, _s._ scrivener, scribe, XIV. 47.

SECHERS, _s. pl._ seekers, I. i. _pr._ 117.

SECHETH, _imp. pl._ seek, XVI. 518.

SECREE, _adj._ secret, IX. 195.

SECTE, _s._ order, III. 38, 58, 106; sex, I. ii. 2. 139.

SEE, _s._ seat, II. 113.

SEEMELY, _adj._ handsome, XX. 240.

SEEMLIHEED, _s._ seemly behaviour, XVIII. 157.

SEER, _adj._ sere, withered, I. ii. 11. 105; I. iii. 7. 22.

SEE-SYDES, _s. pl._ coasts, I. iii. 1. 45.

SEET, _pt. s._ sat, II. 464.

SEETH, _imp. pl._ see, VII. 158.

SEE-WARD, sea-ward, I. iii. 5. 78.

SEID, _s._ seed, XVII. 137, 139.

SEINT, _s._ girdle, XXIV. 817.

SEKE, _adj. pl._ sick, XVI. 53; XVIII. 7; XXIV. 948.

SEKE, _ger._ to seek, to learn, XX. 234 (cf. 229).

SEKER, _adv._ surely, II. 625.

SELE, _s._ seal, III. 260; _pl._ II. 328.

SELF, _adj._ same, XVII. 552.

SELINESS, _s._ happiness, I. i. 10. 79; I. ii. 4. 6.

SELY, _adj._ happy, I. ii. 10. 108; simple, IX. 57; innocent, II. 695, 1312.

SEMBLABLE, _adj._ like, I. i. 9. 37; similar, V. 390.

SEMBLAUNT, _s._ notice, appearance of taking notice, XVI. 107; glance, I. ii. 12. 3; mien, XVI. 293; method, I. i. 4. 13.

SEMELICH, _adj._ seemly, pleasing, I. i. _pr._ 11.

SEMES, _s. pl._ seams, XX. 142.

SEN, _conj._ since, XVII. 288.

SEND, _pp._ sent, II. 546.

SENE, _adj._ visible, VIII. 437; XVII. 353; XVIII. 65; obvious, I. ii. 6. 156.

SENE, _ger._ to behold, XX. 157.

SENGED, _pp._ singed, II. 19.

SENGLE, _adj._ single, XIII. 89.

SENTEMENT, _s._ feeling, VIII. 197.

SENTENCE, _s._ meaning, I. i. _pr._ 9, 12.

SEPULTURE, _s._ sepulchre, XXIV. 699.

SEQUELE, _s._ following, X. 59.

SERE, _adj._ sear, withered, dead (?), I. i. 4. 23. Cf. '_derke_ opinions.' Or _sere_ may mean 'several, particular.'

SERMENT, _s._ oath, I. i. 7. 52.

SERPENTYNES, _adj. pl._ winding, tortuous, I. i. 7. 40.

SERVAUNT, _s._ lover, XVI. 321.

SERVEN, _error for_ Serve, _2 pr. s. subj._ serve, XXIV. 290.

SESSOUN, _s._ seasoning, XVII. 421.

SET BY, _pp._ esteemed, XVI. 420.

SETE, _s._ seat, I. ii. 10. 126.

SETE, _pp._ sat, XX. 436.

SETLING, _s._ sapling, shoot, I. iii. 5. 23; I. iii. 6. 12.

SETTE, _v._ (_perhaps_) lay down (a stake), XVI. 524 (see note); _1 pr. s._ suppose, I. i. 9. 64; _pr. pl._ lay stakes (upon), run risk (upon), XIII. 77.

SEW, SEWE, _ger._ to follow up, pursue, XXI. 117; to sue, XXI. 420; _v._ sue, XXI. 594; pursue, XVI. 541; _1 pr. s._ follow, pursue, XVI. 227; _pr. pl._ follow, II. 608, 776; go, II. 928; sue, XXIV. 265; _imp. s._ sue, XXI. 332.

SEWE, _pp._ sown, II. 55.

SEWE, _error for_ Shewe, _ger._ to shew, II. 929.

SEY, _s._ sea, XVII. 217.

SEY, _1 pt. s._ saw, XXIV. 693; Seye, _pp._ seen, I. ii. 12. 13.

SHAD, _pp._ shed, IV. 105.

SHADDOW, _s._ reflexion, image, XVII. 347.

SHADOWE, _v._ shelter, II. 587.

SHAKE, _ger._ to be shaken down, VIII. 63.

SHALL, _1 pr. s._ owe, XXIV. 131.

SHAPEN, _pp._ shaped, XX. 64; Shape, II. 926; _imp. pl._ endeavour, VII. 40.

SHARE, _s._ plough-share, II. 7.

SHEDE, _v._ part, II. 275.

SHEDE, _ger._ to shed, VIII. 3; _v._ part, II. 275; _pp._ dispersed, XVII. 18; poured out, I. ii. 2. 27.

SHEDINGE, _s._ that which is shed or dropped, I. i. _pr._ 112.

SHEEF, _s._ sheaf, XXI. 3.

SHEL, _s._ shell, I. i. 3. 78.

SHENDE, _ger._ to disgrace, I. i. 2. 122; I. iii. 9. 56; to harm, I. ii. 9. 57; to reprove, II. 485; _v._ disgrace, IX. 90; destroy, I. ii. 1. 19; _pr. s._ disgraces, I. ii. 2. 47; _pr. s. subj._ spoil, V. 132; _pr. pl. subj._ may (they) disgrace, XVI. 370; Shent, _pp._ reproached, II. 24; scolded, XVI. 766; exhausted, XX. 360; ill-treated, II. 259; disgraced, I. ii. 3. 77.

SHENE, _adj._ showy, fair, XVII. 419; bright, VIII. 3; XX. 34.

SHENE, _ger._ to shine, XXIV. 81. Misused for _shine_.

SHEPY, _adj._ sheepish, I. i. 6. 161.

SHERES, _s. pl._ shears, XIII. 84; XIV. 24.

SHERTE, _s._ shirt, VIII. 489.

SHETETH, _pr. s._ shoots, VIII. 462.

SHETH, _s._ sheath, II. 571.

SHETINGE, _s._ shooting, VIII. 466.

SHEW, _1 pr. s._ shew, XVII. 287.

SHILDE, _pr. s. subj._ shield, XVIII. 259.

SHILL, _adv._ shrilly, XVII. 20.

SHIPCRAFT, _s._ use of a ship, I. i. 3. 46.

SHIR, _s._ sir, XVII. 296.

SHIT, _pp._ shut, XVI. 671; XXIV. 792.

SHIVER, _v._ break, be shattered, VIII. 46.

SHO, _pron._ she, XVII. 142.

SHOCKES, _s. pl._ shocks of corn, I. i. _pr._ 105.

SHON, _ger._ to shun, XXIV. 381; _pp._ avoided, I. iii. 4. 38.

SHOON, _s. pl._ shoes, II. 930.

SHOOP, _pt. s._ endeavoured, I. i. 6. 148; Shopen, _pt. pl._ appointed, made, I. i. 6. 77; decreed, VIII. 489.

SHORERS, _s._ posts to shore a thing up, props, I. ii. 7. 87.

SHOT, _s._ glance, XVI. 145. (F. _trait_.)

SHOVE, _imp. pl._ push, VI. 36.

SHREUDNES, _s._ wickedness, I. ii. 6. 14.

SHREWE, 1 PR. S. curse, XVIII. 250.

SHRIFTE-FATHERS, _s. pl._ confessors, III. 118.

SHROUDE, _v. refl._ (to) shelter themselves, XIII. 72; _ger._ to cover, hide, VIII. 147.

SHRYFT-SILVER, _s._ money for shriving, II. 941.

SHRYKED, _pt. s._ shrieked, XXIV. 1149.

SHYNANDE, _pres. pt._ shining, I. ii. 2. 15; Shynende, I. i. 10. 39.

SHYRE, _s._ shire, II. 952.

SICAMOUR, _s._ sycamore, XX. 56

SIGHTFUL, _adj._ visible, I. iii. 9. 98.

SIKER, _adj._ secure, I. iii. 6. 3; sure, I. ii. 6. 62; IV. 319; XIX. 5.

SIKER, _adv._ certainly, II. 1268.

SIKERNESSE, _s._ security, VIII. 459; XIII. 6; XVI. 470.

SILDE, _adv._ seldom, I. ii. 10. 77.

SIMPLELY, _adv._ simply, XXI. 741.

SIMPLESSE, _s._ simplicity, XVI. 651.

SINGULER, _adj._ single, I. i. 8. 103.

SIT, _pr. s. impers._ suits, IV. 166; V. 339; befits, IV. 52; becomes, VIII. 552. See SITTETH.

SITH, _s. pl._ times, XXIV. 621, 1127.

SITH, _conj._ since, III. 59; VII. 101; XIX. 2; Sithe, VIII. 323; Sithen, I. i. 2. 13; XVIII. 278.

SITHEN, _adv._ since, ago, I. ii. 13. 34.

SITTETH, _pr. s._ suits, XVI. 706; _impers._ (it) oppresses, I. iii. 5. 81; _pres. pt._ fitting, VIII. 169; XX. 141.

SKALL, _s._ sore place, scab, II. 282.

SKERE, _adj._ sheer, clean, pure, II. 987.

SKIL, _s._ reason, I. ii. 6. 121; Skille, VIII. 378; _pl._ I. i. 4. 7; I. i. 9. 5.

SKILFULLY, _adv._ reasonably, III. 27.

SKIPPEN, _v._ skip, XXIV. 1372.

SKLAUNDRINGE, _pres. pt._ slandering, I. i. 7. 70.

SKLEREN, _pr. pl._ veil, I. ii. 14. 25.

SKOFFES, _s. pl._ scoffs, XXIV. 1185.

SKRIVENERE, _s._ scrivener, VIII. 194.

SLAKE, _adj._ slack, ended, XVI. 41.

SLAKE, _v._ pay slight heed to, XVI. 507; become slack, get loose, IV. 220.

SLEE, _v._ (to) slay, II. 567; XI. 21; _pr. s._ VIII. 385; Slawe, _pp._ slain, I. ii. 9. 196; II. 305; VIII. 259.

SLEIGH, _adj._ cunning, I. iii. 1. 141.

SLEIGHT, _s._ subtlety, V. 394; trick, XIV. 33.

SLEIGHTLY, _adj._ sly, VIII. 255.

SLENDRE, _adj._ thin, slim, V. 171.

SLEVELESSE, _adj._ sleeveless, vain, I. ii. 8. 77.

SLEVES, _s. pl._ sleeves, XX. 147; XXI. 119, 523.

SLIDDEN, _pp._ slid, slipped, I. i. 8. 114.

SLIPER, _adj._ slippery, XIII. 51; XVI. 262.

SLO, _v._ slay, XI. 36.

SLOGARD, _s._ sluggard, XII. 19.

SLOGARDRYE, _s._ sluggishness, VII. 76, 161.

SLOUTHE, _s._ sloth, VIII. 380.

SLOWE, _pt. s. subj._ should slay, IV. 132.

SLUTTE, _s._ slut, V. 237.

SLUTTISHNESS, _s._ slovenliness, XXIV. 472.

SLYE, _adj._ cunning, I. ii. 8. 7.

SMAL, _adj._ high, treble, XX. 180. See note, p. 532.

SMARAGDE, _s._ emerald, XXIV. 789.

SMERE, _pr. pl._ smear, II. 282; _pr. pl. (or v.)_, smear, II. 707.

SMERTETH, _pr. s._ causes to smart, XVI. 454; Smertande, _pres. pt._ smarting, I. ii. 3. 115; painful, I. ii. 10. 29.

SMYTETH, _pr. s._ defiles, I. ii. 6. 128.

SNAK, _s._ snack, share, V. 109.

SOBBINGES, _s. pl._ sobs, I. iii. 1. 156.

SOCOURES, _s. pl._ assistance, XVI. 847.

SODAINLY, _adv._ suddenly, XI. 21; XX. 79.

SODAYN, _adj._ sudden, I. iii. 5. 142.

SOFTE, _adj._ easy, III. 412.

SOGET, _s._ subject, XXIV. 1131; _adj._ XXIV. 93.

SOILL, _v._ absolve, III. 427.

SOJORN, _pr. s. subj._ dwell, XXIV. 499.

SOJOUR, _s._ abode, XXIV. 105.

SOJOURE, _v._ sojourn, XXIV. 1253.

SOJOURNANT, _s._ visitor, guest, II. 772.

SOJOURNE, _s._ residence, rest, XVI. 100.

SOLE, _adj._ alone, XX. 165.

SOLEYN, _adj._ sole, unsupported, I. iii. 1. 90.

SOMER-SONNE, _s._ summer-sun, IX. 113.

SOMER-WYSE, _adj._ suitable for summer, XXIV. 815.

SOMME, _s._ sum, II. 418.

SOMPNING, _s._ summoning, II. 880.

SOMPNOUR, _s._ summoner, II. 325.

SONDE, _s._ sending, ordinance, IV. 84.

SONË, _s._ son, V. 5.

SONGE, _pp._ sung, III. 95.

SONGEDEST, _2 pt. s._ didst dream, I. ii. 4. 100. F. _songer_.

SOOT, _s._ soot, I. ii. 9. 38.

SOOTE, _adj._ sweet, XXIV. 8.

SOP, _s._ sup, XVII. 407.

SORT, _s._ kind, set, XXI. 533; company, XXIV. 1157; multitude, XXII. 31; _after a s._, after one pattern, XXI. 526.

SOT, _s._ foolish person, XX. 101.

SOTE, _s._ soot, I. ii. 14. 60.

SOTE, _adj._ sweet, I. ii. 14. 57; XX. 84.

SOTELL-PERSING, _adj._ subtly piercing, XXIV. 768.

SOTELTÈ, _s._ subtlety, XVI. 619.

SOTH, _s._ truth, II. 171.

SOTHED, _pp._ verified, I. i. 5. 110.

SOTILLY, _adv._ subtly, V. 255.

SOTILTEE, _s._ subtilty, V. 78.

SOTTED, _pp._ besotted, I. i. 10. 18; XVI. 326.

SOTTES, _s. pl._ dolts, I. iii. 7. 89.

SOUDED, _pp._ fixed, I. i. 1. 80.

SOUKE, _v._ suck, I. ii. 14. 53; I. iii. 1. 141.

SOUKINGES, _s. pl._ food for infants, I. i. 4. 27.

SOULED, _pp._ conferred on the soul, I. iii. 1. 15.

SOULË-HELE, _s._ health of the soul, salvation, II. 1193.

SOUN, _s._ sound, VIII. 200.

SOUNDE, _s._ swoon, XXIV. 995.

SOUNDE, _ger._ to heal, VIII. 292.

SOUPË, _v._ sup, II. 1096; _ger._ XX. 417.

SOUPLE, _adj._ supple, weak, II. 58.

SOUVERAIN, _s._ mistress, XXIV. 1288.

SOVENEZ, _s. pl._ remember-me's, plants of germander, XXI. 61, 86. See note, p. 536.

SOVERAINNESSE, _s._ sovereignty, I. ii. 2. 85.

SOVERAYNE, _adj._ supreme, IX. 217.

SOVERAYNTEE, s. supremacy, I. ii. 6. 47; IX. 219.

SOWE, _pp._ sown, I. iii. 5. 32; V. 10.

SOWE, _ger._ to sew together, I. i. 8. 41.

SOWN, _v._ sound, be heard, XXIV. 312; _pr. pl._ tend, XXIV. 527; _pres. pt._ tending, XVI. 530.

SOWNE, _s._ sound, voice, I. i. 1. 127; XVI. 123; _pl._ XX. 275.

SOWPIT, _pp._ drenched, XVII. 450. See note.

SOYLE, _ger._ to absolve, II. 986.

SOYR, _adj._ sorrel (in colour), reddish brown, XVII. 211.

SPAN, _s._ span (in length), XXIV. 182.

SPECES, _s. pl._ kinds, sorts, I. iii. 1. 52.

SPEDE, _v._ prosper, XXI. 226; expedite, II. 395; _pr. pl._ succeed, XXIV. 945; Sped, _pp._ provided with a mate, XXIV. 560.

SPEID, _s._ speed; _good sp._, quickly, eagerly, XVII. 492.

SPEIR, _s._ spear, XVII. 161.

SPEIRIS, _pr. s._ asks, XVII. 272.

SPERD, _pp._ fastened, shut up, XVI. 66.

SPERE, _s._ sphere, VIII. 34; X. 53.

SPERKELANDE, _pres. pt._ wandering in different directions, I. i. 2. 75.

SPILLE, _ger._ to destroy, I. i. _pr._ 127; I. ii. 14. 43; to perish, to pine, I. i. 1. 7; _v._ perish, XVIII. 200; _pr. s._ spoils, XXIV. 385; Spilte, _pp._ destroyed, I. i. 2. 86.

SPINNE, _ger._ to spin, XIV. 31.

SPIRE, _s._ blade, young shoot, I. iii. 5. 4, 9.

SPITTAIL-HOUS, _s._ hospital, XVII. 391.

SPLAYE, _ger._ to display, VIII. 33.

SPLENE, _s._ spleen, ill temper, XVI. 327.

SPONNE, _pp._ spun, IV. 299; VIII. 487.

SPONTANYE, _adj._ spontaneous, I. iii. 4. 33.

SPOUSAYLE, _s._ espousal, I. i. 9. 96; I. ii. 12. 27.

SPRAD, _pp._ spread, I. i. _pr._ 1; I. i. 3. 55.

SPREIT, _s._ spirit, XVII. 587; _pl._ XVII. 37.

SPRINGEN, _pr. s. subj._ (_for_ Springe), may spring, should spring (abroad), XXIV. 725.

SPRINGES, _s. pl._ growths, growing things, shoots, I. iii. 6. 4; sources, I. ii. 13. 59.

SPRINGING, _s._ dawning, XX. 25; XXI. 218.

SPRONGE, _pp._ sprinkled, I. i. 1. 100. (The right form is _spreyned_.)

SPRYT, _s._ spirit, II. 1182.

SPURNIS, _2 pr. s._ kickest, XVII. 475.

SPYCES, _s. pl._ species, sorts of people, I. ii. 3. 86.

SPYNE, _s._ thorn, X. 50.

SQUARE, _v._ to square, make square by cutting, XX. 404.

SQUEYMOUS, _adj._ squeamish, XXIV. 332.

STABELNESSE, _s._ stability, XIII. 38.

STABLISSHMENT, _s._ establishment, I. iii. 1. 132.

STAD, _pp._ bestead, beset, XI. 109; XVII. 542.

STAL, _pt. s._ stole, II. 618.

STALE, _adj._ late, II. 873.

STALKING, _pres. pt._ going stealthily, XXIV. 1030.

STALLE, _s._ stall, papal chair, IV. 483.

STALLE, _v._ install, VI. 32.

STAMPED, _pp._ stamped, pressed, I. iii. 5. 114.

STANCHE, _ger._ to quench, I. iii. 1. 152.

STANT, _pr. s._ stands, I. iii. 4. 15; IV. 6; is, XVI. 364.

STARKLY, _adv._ strongly, severely, XVII. 280.

STARNIS, _s. pl._ stars, XVII. 170.

STATLY, _adj._ stately, costly, XX. 153.

STATUT, _s._ statute, XXIV. 304.

STAUNCHING, _s._ staying, I. iii. 1. 50.

STAYRES, _s. pl._ stairs, XXI. 54.

STEDFASTNESSE, _s._ assurance, VIII. 425.

STEDSHIP, _s._ security, safety (?), I. i. 4. 40. A coined word.

STEERING, _s._ guidance, I. ii. 1. 9.

STEIR, _ger._ to govern, XVII. 149.

STEIR, _ger._ to stir, XVII. 352.

STELE, _s._ handle, V. 50.

STELTHE, _s._ stealth, subtle trick, V. 362.

STENT, _s._ rate; _at oo s._, at one rate, valued equally, XVI. 769.

STEPMODER, _s._ stepmother, I. iii. 9. 86.

STERE, _s._ rudder, IV. 230; VII. 138.

STERE, _ger._ to stir, move men to, IV. 71; I. i. 8. 1; _pp._ I. ii. 1. 111; displaced, I. i. 9. 10; _pres. pt._ moving, XX. 199; active, I. ii. 11. 1.

STERING, _pres. pt._ guiding, XXIV. 603.

STERING, _s._ stirring, I. i. 4. 67; movement, I. i. _pr._ 82; provocation, XVIII. 23.

STERINGE, _s._ management, I. ii. 3. 107.

STERNE, _s._ rudder, I. i. 1. 35.

STERRE, _s._ star, X. 22, 23, 68; (of Bethlehem), I. ii. 1. 50.

STERRY, _adj._ starry, XX. 2.

STERTE, _pt. s._ started, leapt, I. iii. 7. 160; darted, XVII. 537; _1 pt. s._ started, XVIII. 216.

STERVE, _ger._ to die, XVIII. 134; _v._ I. i. 3. 120; _1 pr. s._ IX. 97.

STEVIN, _s._ voice, XVII. 491.

STEYE, _ger._ to climb, I. i. 1. 45.

STEYERS, _s. pl._ stairs, I. i. 1. 44.

STIGH, _pt. s._ ascended, IV. 177.

STIK, _v._ stick, remain, XXIV. 675.

STINTE, _v._ leave off, I. i. 3. 88; _pr. s._ ceases, I. iii. 5. 74; Stinten, _pr. pl._ (_error for_ Stinteth, _pr. s._ ceases), I. ii. 9. 172; _pt. s._ ceased, I. ii. 3. 1; _pt. s. subj._ were to leave off, I. iii. 7. 104; _pp._ stopped, VIII. 256.

STIRPE, _s._ stock, race, XXIV. 16.

STOCKE, _s._ trunk, stem, I. iii. 7. 12; idol, II. 893; _pl._ the stocks, I. i. 3. 144.

STONDMELE, _adv._ at various times, I. ii. 9. 156.

STOON, _s._ stone (but here used with reference to the magnet), XIII. 62.

STORIED, _pp._ full of stories, representing various stories, I. ii. 13. 76.

STORIERS, _s. pl. gen._ of story-tellers, I. iii. 4. 257. (Th. _starieres_.)

STORIES, _s. pl._ histories, XIII. 87.

STOUNDE, _s._ time, IX. 64; XVIII. 6; meanwhile, XXIV. 769; sudden pain, XVII. 537; _pl._ times, hours, I. i. 1. 2; _pl._ acute pains, XVII. 542.

STOUNDEMELE, _adv._ sometimes, now and then, I. ii. 13. 105; I. iii. 3. 108.

STOUT, _adj._ proud, II. 699.

STRAIT, _adj._ strict, XVI. 28; narrow, XXI. 47.

STRAUNGE, _adj._ distant in manner, XXIV. 834; _as s._ a stranger, I. i. 1. 17.

STRAYNE, _v._ constrain, I. ii. 14. 72.

STRAYT, _adj._ strict, XVI. 550; close, XVI. 563; vexatious, I. ii. 5. 48.

STRECCHEN, _v._ extend, last, suffice, I. ii. 5. 22.

STREMES, _s. pl._ glances, beams, XXIV. 768; glances, XXIV. 849; rays, VIII. 3, 592; X. 22; XXII. 30.

STREMING, _pres. pt._ beaming, X. 68.

STRENE, _s._ race, kindred, strain, stock, XXIV. 370.

STRENGTHETH, _pr. s._ strengthens, I. iii. 8. 64.

STRENGTHINGE, _s._ strengthening, I. ii. 4. 145.

STREYGHT, _pt. s._ stretched, I. ii. 14. 99.

STRO, _s._ straw, XVII. 439.

STROY, _ger._ to destroy, XVI. 304.

STUDIENT, _adj._ studious, I. iii. 6. 137.

STULTY, _adj._ foolish, I. ii. 3. 106.

STURDILY, _adv._ strongly, XX. 362.

STURTE, _pr. pl._ start up, II. 868.

STYLE, _s._ style, VIII. 177.

STYRED, _1 pt. s._ stirred, I. ii. 14. 79.

STYROPPES, _s._ stirrups, II. 187.

SUBGET, _s._ subject, II. 1222.

SUBMIT, _pp._ submitted, XVI. 234.

SUBSTANCIAL, _adj._ that which is substance, I. ii. 7. 144.

SUERLY, _adv._ surely, verily, XXI. 318.

SUFFISAUNCE, _s._ sufficiency, XI. 23; what suffices (me), XXII. 13.

SUFFRAUNCE, sufferance, XVI. 545; patience, II. 518.

SUGER-DROPES, _s. pl._ sweet drops, XXIV. 22.

SUGETS, _s. pl._ subjects, V. 7.

SUGRE, _s._ sugar, XXIV. 542.

SUGRED, _adj._ sugared, sweet, I. i. 4. 34; XII. 100; XIV. 26.

SULD, _pt. s._ should, XXVII. 3.

SUPERSCRIPTIOUN, _s._ title, description, XVII. 604.

SUPPLE-WERCHINGE, _adj._ pliant, I. iii. 7. 103.

SUPPORTACIOUN, _s._ support, XVI. 841.

SUPPOSAILE, _s._ expectation, I. iii. 3. 129.

SUPPRYSE, _v._ undertake, IX. 232.

SURCOTES, _s. pl._ surcoats, XX. 141, 327.

SURFETTES, _s. pl._ surfeits, I. ii. 14. 58.

SURPLICE, _s._ surplice, I. ii. 2. 65.

SURQUEDRY, _s._ arrogance, I. iii. 2. 60; VIII. 430.

SURSANURE, _s._ a wound that only heals outwardly, IX. 75.

SUSPENT, _pp._ suspended, II. 283.

SUSPIRIES, _s. pl._ sighs, XIX. 25.

SUSTENE, _v._ sustain, endure, bear up, XX. 291; _pr. s._ maintains, V. 161.

SUSTENOUR, _s._ sustainer, VI. 12.

SUSTERN, _s. pl._ sisters, I. iii. 1. 93; Sustren, VIII. 488; Susters, XXIV. 1171.

SUTE, _s._ suit, XVI. 538; livery, XX. 227, 238, 335; set, row, VIII. 82.

SWAK, _v._ throw; _can swak_, _v._ threw, cast quickly, XVII. 522.

SWAYE, _s._ sway, I. iii. 7. 160.

SWEIT, _s._ sweat, XVII. 514.

SWELT, _pt. pl._ fainted, XVII. 599; XX. 360; died, XVII. 591.

SWETE, _s._ sweat, I. i. 1. 40.

SWETE, _1 pr. s._ sweat, VIII. 231; Swetande, _pres. pt._ sweating, laborious, I. i. _pr._ 72.

SWINK, _s._ toil, I. i. 1. 13; I. i. 2. 93 (see note, p. 454).

SWINKE, _ger._ to toil, II. 29.

SWOTE, _adv._ sweetly, VIII. 72.

SWOUGH, _s._ swoon, VIII. 154.

SWOUN, _s._ swoon, XVII. 599; Swow, XVIII. 87.

SWOWNING, _s._ trance, XVIII. 107.

SWYRE, _s._ neck, II. 1236.

SY, _1 pt. s._ saw, XX. 60.

SYCHING, _pres. pt._ sighing, XVII. 601; _s._ XVII. 540.

SYDER, _s._ cider, XVII. 441.

SYE, _pt. pl._ saw, II. 765.

SYKE, _v._ sigh, VIII. 575; _pr. s._ XVIII. 19.

SYLIT, _pp._ lit. ceiled; hence, covered, XVII. 10.

SYNE, _adv._ afterwards, XVII. 593.

SYPHER, _s._ cipher, I. ii. 7. 82.

SYROPIS, _s. pl._ syrups, XVII. 247.

SYS AND CINQ, six and five, XIII. 75. See note.

SYTE, _s._ sorrow, XVII. 450.

SYTHES, _s. pl._ scythes, I. i. _pr._ 99.

TABARD, _s._ ploughman's coat, II. 9.

TABARD-WYSE, (in) a way like a tabard, or herald's coat, XXI. 523.

TABLES, _s. pl._ writing-tablets, III. 149.

T'ABYDE, _ger._ to abide, II. 777.

TACHE, _s._ defect, blame, XIII. 48; _pl._ XVIII. 192.

TAIDIS, _s. pl._ toads, XVII. 578.

TAIKNING, _s._ token, XVII. 232.

TAISTIS, _pr. s._ tastes, tries, XXVII. 4.

TAKE, _v._ be set, VIII. 62.

TALENT, _s._ pleasure, XXIV. 718.

T'APERE, to appear, XXIV. 55.

TAPET, _s._ piece of tapestry, XXI. 499, 579; Tapites, _pl._ tapestry, I. ii. 2. 64; carpets, VIII. 51.

TARTARIUM, _s._ Tartary cloth, XX. 212.

T'ASSURE, _ger._ to secure, protect, XIII. 103.

TAYLAGES, _s. pl._ taxes, I. ii. 2. 40.

TELLE, _v._ recount, I. ii. 3. 66; _pr. pl._ count, II. 488.

TELLINGE, _s._ counting, I. ii. 1. 114; I. iii. 1. 2.

TENAUNTES, _s. pl._ tenants, III. 339.

TEND, _pr. pl._ attend, II. 506.

TENDER, _v._ affect, cherish, XXIV. 881.

T'ENDURE, to endure, XXIV. 1176.

T'ENDYTE, _ger._ to indite, IX. 179.

TENE, _s._ vexation, I. ii. 10. 89; XVIII. 209; XX. 389; sorrow, I. i. 1. 3; V. 242; harm, VII. 157; anger, XVII. 194.

TENEFUL, _adj._ distressful, I. ii. 11. 132; miserable, I. ii. 5. 49.

TENETH, _pr. s._ grieves, vexes, I. i. 2. 66.

TENETZ, _s._ tennis, IV. 295. See note.

T'ENPRINTË, to imprint, VII. 131.

TERME, _s._ term, appointed age, I. iii. 4. 112; _t. of my lyf_, for all my lifetime, XVIII. 289.

TERRESTRE, _adj._ terrestrial, I. ii. 9. 33.

TEWNE, _s._ tune, XXIV. 1404.

T'EXCUSE, to excuse, VIII. 282.

TEYED, _pp._ tied, bound, I. iii. 2. 144.

THAN, _adv._ then; _or than_, ere then, before, XX. 125.

THANK, _s._ thanks, VIII. 249.

THANKFULLY, _adv._ by way of thanks, XVI. 443.

THANK-WORTHY, _adj._ worthy of thanks. I. i. _pr._ 39.

TH'AYR, the air, V. 472.

THEE, _v._ prosper, succeed, II. 339.

THEE-WARDES, to, towards thee, I. i. 10. 121.

TH'EFFECT, the effect, V. 14; the tenour, VIII. 217.

THENKEN, _ger._ to think, VIII. 432; _pr. s._ XXIV. 1062.

TH'ENTENT, the intent, I. i. 1. 93.

THERAFTER, _adv._ accordingly, I. i. 6. 20; III. 32.

THER-AS, _adv._ where that, I. i. _pr._ 91; XVI. 645.

THER-AYEINES, _adv._ there-against, VIII. 533; Ther-ayenst, on the contrary, VII. 158.

THERETO, _adv._ moreover, XX. 122.

THERE-WITHOUT, _adv._ outside, XX. 71.

THER-INNE, _adv._ therein, V. 469.

THERTHOROUGH, _adv._ thereby, I. iii. 8. 89; There-thorow, I. i. 9. 10.

TH'ESCHAUNGE, _s._ the exchange, I. iii. 6. 36.

THEWES, _s. pl._ customs, manner, V. 339; XXVI. 6.

THILKE, _adj._ that (person), I. i. _pr._ 85; that same, I. iii. 4. 15; _pron._ those, IV. 115.

THINKES ME, _pr. s. impers._ it seems to me, I intend, XXIV. 874.

THIR, _pron._ those, XVII. 264.

THIRLITH, _pr. s._ pierces, XXIV. 294.

THO, _adv._ then, I. i. 6. 175; XVII. 106.

THOILLIT, _pt. s._ suffered, XVII. 70.

THOO, _pron._ those, XXIV. 254.

THOROUGH, _prep._ through, by, XIX. 10.

THOROUGH-SOUGHT, _pp._ (that has) penetrated (me), I. i. 1. 120.

THOUGHTFUL, _adj._ anxious, I. ii. 9. 185.

THRALL, _adj._ subject, II. 178. (Doubtful; perhaps _wol come thrall_ = will consent to become servants.)

THRALLE, _v._ enthral, VI. 22; _pp._ made subject, I. ii. 3. 40; I. iii. 8. 168.

THRALLES, _s. pl._ thralls, II. 41.

THREED, _s._ thread, XX. 370.

THRESHING, _pres. pt._ thrashing, II. 1043.

THRESTEN, _pr. pl._ endeavour (lit. thrust), I. i. 2. 153.

THRIDDE, _adj._ third, XVIII. 55; XX. 257.

THRIST, _1 pr. s._ thirst, I. i. 3. 160.

THRONGE, _pp._ thrust, I. i. 3. 98.

THROUGH-GIRT, _pp._ pierced through, VIII. 291.

THROW, _s._ time, XX. 190; moment, short time, XIV. 37; XXIV. 538; space of time, XX. 318.

THROW-OUT, _as adj._ thorough, I. ii. 5. 105; I. ii. 6. 69.

THRUST, _s._ thirst, VIII. 107.

THRUSTELL-COK, _s._ thrush, XXIV. 1401.

THURSTING, _pres. pt._ thirsting, I. iii. 3. 126.

TIFFELERS, _s. pl._ triflers, II. 195. See _Tiffle_ in Halliwell.

TILLOUR, _s._ tiller, II. 453; _pl._ II. 868.

TILTHE, _s._ tillage, I. iii. 5. 107.

TITMOSE, _s._ titmouse, IX. 57.

TO, _adv._ too, XVII. 324.

TO, _prep._ up to; _to thy might_, as far you can, XXIV. 289.

TO-BENTE, _pp. as adj._ bowed down, subject, rendered obedient, IX. 260.

TO-BRAST, _pt. s._ burst asunder, XVI. 799.

TO-BREKE, _v._ break in two, XVIII. 211.

TO-BRENT, _pp._ (were) much burnt, XX. 358.

TO-BREST, _pt. s._ burst in twain, XVI. 207.

TO-BROKE, _pp._ utterly broken, IV. 221.

TODER; _the toder_ = _that oder_, the other, XXIV. 1049, 1218.

TO-DRAWE, _pp._ drawn, II. 1237; drawn asunder, XVIII. 137.

TOFORE, _adj._ before, IX. 264.

TOFOR(E)GOING, _adj._ foregoing, antecedent, I. iii. 3. 180.

TOFORE-NEMPNED, _pp._ aforenamed, I. ii. 3. 122.

TOFORN, _prep._ before, I. i. _pr._ 98; _conj._ before that, I. ii. 2. 35.

TOFORN-GOING, _adj._ antecedent, I. iii. 8. 30.

TO-FORN-HAND, _adv._ beforehand, I. i. 6. 154.

TO-FORN-SAYD, _pp._ aforesaid, I. ii. 2. 73; I. iii. 4. 261.

TO-HEMWARD, towards them, I. ii. 5. 114.

TO-HIM-WARDES, towards him, I. iii. 8. 148.

TOLE, _s._ tool, instrument, II. 375, 575; _pl._ II. 919.

TOMBESTERE, _s._ female dancer, I. ii. 2. 117.

TO-MORNE, to-morrow, I. iii. 4. 214.

TONE; _the tone_ = _thet one_, the one, XXIV. 1049, 1316.

TO-PULL, _pr. pl._ pull to pieces, II. 179.

TO-RACE, _v._ tear to pieces, II. 1274.

TORCENCIOUS, _adj._ exacting, I. i. 9. 131. Apparently a false form; it should rather be _torcenous_, from O.F. _torconos_, _torcenous_, exacting; see Godefroy.

TORCIOUS, _adj._ exacting, I. ii. 2. 73. Probably for _torcenous_ (see above).

TORE, _pp._ torn, VIII. 220.

TO-RENT, _pp._ with garments much rent, XII. 17; much torn, II. 20.

TORNED, _pp._ turned, XIV. 46.

TORT, _s._ wrong, I. ii. 2. 71.

TO-TERE, _v._ rend in pieces, II. 255; XX. 488; _pt. s._ tore to pieces, VII. 178.

TOTETH, _pr. s._ looks, II. 74, 418.

TOTHER; _the tother_ = _thet other_, that other, XX. 394.

TO-TORN, _pp._ with garments much torn, XII. 17.

TOUR, _s._ tower, I. i. 5. 8.

TOWAYLE, _s._ towel, I. ii. 2. 60; Towelles, _pl._ I. ii. 2. 62.

TOWN, _s._ farm, II. 1043.

TO-YERE, _adv._ this year, XVIII. 79. Cf. _to-day_.

TRACE, _s._ a round (in a dance), XVI. 190.

TRAINES, _s. pl._ trains (of dresses), XX. 147.

TRAISTIT, _1 pt. s._ trusted, hoped, XVII. 22.

TRAITORY, _s._ treachery, III. 234; XIV. 48.

TRANSITORIE, _adj._ transitory, I. iii. 1. 11; I. iii. 4. 148.

TRANSMEW, _ger._ to move across, change, XIII. 44.

TRANSVERSE, _v._ gainsay, I. i. 2. 195.

TRAPPED, _pp._ adorned with trappings, XX. 262.

TRAPPURES, _s. pl._ trappings, XX. 244.

TRAUNCE, _s._ trance, dream, XVI. 407.

TRAVAYLE, _s._ toil, XVI. 471.

TRAVEYLED, _pp._ worked for, I. iii. 5. 112; Travall, _pr. pl._ labour, II. 426.

TRAY, _ger._ to betray, II. 808; _v._ II. 621.

TRAYLE, _s._ trellis, XVI. 184, 195. (F. text, _treille_.)

TRAYNES, _s. pl._ snares, IX. 90.

TRENCHOURS, _s. pl._ trenchers, i.e. pieces of bread used as plates, I. i. _pr._ 109.

TRENTALL, _s._ trental, mass repeated for thirty days, III. 95.

TRESORY, _s._ treasury, III. 302; XX. 202.

TRETED, _pp._ treated, IV. 312.

TRETIS, _s._ treatise, I. iii. 4. 253; Tretesse, XXIV. 28.

TREW-LOVE, _s._ true-lover's knot, bow of ribbon, XXIV. 1440. See note.

TRISTESSE, _s._ sadness, XI. 55.

TRONCHEOUN, _s._ thick and short staff (properly, a broken piece of a spear), XX. 253.

TRONE, _s._ throne, IV. 378.

TRONED, _pp._ enthroned, I. i. 2. 94.

TROUBLOUS, _adj._ troublesome, XX. 389.

TRUMPE, _s._ trumpet, XX. 211; _pl._ XX. 192.

TRUMPET, _s._ trumpeter, XX. 213; _pl._ XX. 210.

TRUSSE, _pr. pl._ pack up, II. 750.

TUCKE, _s._ fold, I. i. 5. 132.

TUILYOUR, _s._ quarreller; _t.-lyk_, quarrelsome, XVII. 194.

TURKEIS (lit. Turkish), an epithet of Baleis, XXIV. 80.

TURTILL-DOVE, _s._ turtle-dove, XXIV. 234, 1387.

TURTLE, _s._ turtle-dove, X. 78.

TURVED, _pp._ turfed, XX. 51.

TURVES, _s. pl._ pieces of turf, XX. 50.

TUTELE, _s._ guardian, X. 57.

TWEY, _num._ two, I. iii. 1. 99; XXIV. 1313; Twa, XVII. 301.

TWINKLING, _s._ small point, least matter, I. i. 1. 28. (Lit. glimmer, glimpse.)

TWINNE, _1 pr. s. subj._ may depart, IX. 256; _2 pr. s._ V. 104.

TYTHEN, _ger._ to pay tithes, II. 1209.

TYTHING, _s._ tithe, II. 317, 861; _pl._ II. 1159.

TYTLED, _pp._ entitled, I. ii. 1. 99.

UMPLE, fine stuff in a single fold, fine gauze or lawn, XXI. 471.

UNABLE, _adj._ weak, I. iii. 1. 171.

UNBODYE, _ger._ to quit the body, I. i. 1. 88.

UNBRENT, _pp._ unburnt, X. 129.

UNCONNING, _adj._ unskilful, I. i. 3. 164.

UNCONNING, _s._ ignorance, I. iii. 4. 224; VII. 7; Uncunning, III. 391.

UNCOUTH, _adj._ strange, unusual, XXIV. 451; unknown, I. ii. 11. 45.

UNDEFOULED, _pp._ undefiled, X. 132.

UNDERFONGEN, _pp._ undertaken, IV. 264.

UNDERNEMINGE, _s._ reproof, III. 110.

UNDERNIME, _2 pr. pl._ reprove, III. 109.

UNDERPUT, _pp._ shored up, supported, I. ii. 7. 72; subjected, I. i. 9. 38; subject, I. i. 9. 52.

UNDERSTONDE, _pp._ understood, I. iii. 3. 77; II. 683; Understande, I. iii. 6. 65; Understont, _pr. s._ II. 792; Understondeth, _imp. pl._ V. 428.

UNDERSTONDING, _adj._ intelligible, I. i. _pr._ 56.

UNDER-THROWEN, _pp._ made subject, I. iii. 8. 151.

UNFAIR, _adv._ horribly, XVII. 163.

UNFOLD, _pp._ unfolded, XX. 595.

UNGENTIL, _adj._ not of gentle birth, I. ii. 2. 129.

UNGOODLY, _adj._ unkind, II. 387.

UNGOODLY, _adv._ evilly, unfairly, VIII. 385.

UNHOLD, _adj._ faithless, II. 473.

UNIVERSAL, _s._ the whole, I. ii. 13. 70.

UNIVERSITEE, _s._ the universe, I. i. 9. 46.

UNKINDLY, _adj._ unnatural, XX. 413.

UNKNIT, _pp._ rejected, I. ii. 8. 36.

UNKNOWE, _pp._ unknown, I. ii. 10. 71.

UNKYNDELY, _adv._ unusually, I. i. _pr._ 126.

UNLEFFUL, _adj._ not permissible, forbidden, I. ii. 14. 23.

UNLOK, _v._ unlock, XXIV. 1403.

UNLUST, _s._ listlessness, V. 227.

UNMETE, _adj._ unsuitable, XX. 17.

UNMIGHTY, _adj._ weak, feeble, I. ii. 7. 39; III. 394.

UNNETH, _adv._ scarcely, I. i. _pr._ 28; II. 789; IV. 196; XX. 46; with difficulty, I. iii. 9. 76.

UNNETHES, _adv._ scarcely, II. 311; V. 380.

UNPEES, _s._ war, I. ii. 13. 86.

UNPERFIT, _adj._ imperfect, III. 66.

UNPOWER, _s._ weakness, III. 391.

UNPURVEYED, _pp._ unprovided, XXI. 382; XXIV. 561.

UNRESON, _s._ lack of reason, I. iii. 6. 133.

UNRESTY, _adj._ restless, X. 62.

UNRICHT, _adv._ wrongly, amiss, XVII. 205.

UNRIGHT, _s._ injustice, II. 1071; VIII. 334.

UNRIGHTFUL, _adj._ unjust, I. iii. 3. 68.

UNSELY, _adj._ unhappy, I. i. 10. 80.

UNSENE, _adj._ invisible, I. i. _pr._ 57.

UNSHITTE, _v._ open, unfasten, I. iii. 1. 160; Unshit, disclose, XXIV. 1245; Unshet, _2 pr. pl._ I. i. 4. 41; _pp._ opened, XVI. 65.

UNSHRIVE, _pp._ unshriven, II. 751.

UNTALL, _adj._ not tall, weak, II. 74.

UNTHRIFTY, _adj._ unprofitable, I. i. 4. 55.

UNTHRYVE, _v._ prosper ill, have ill luck, XVIII. 142. See note.

UNTREND, _pp._ not rolled up, II. 594. See note.

UNWAR, _adv._ at unawares, XXIV. 848.

UNWELDY, _adj._ unwieldy, hence, infirm, XV. _a._ 4; XV. _b._ 2; weak, VII. 145.

UNWETINGE, _pres. pt._ unwitting, I. i. 7. 110; _but an error for_ unwist, i.e. unknown.

UNWORSHIP, _s._ discredit, I. i. 5. 24.

UNWORSHIPPED, _pp._ treated with disrespect, I. ii. 6. 125.

UNWYSE, _adj._ not wise, III. 155.

UPHAP, _adv._ perhaps, I. i. 8. 132.

UPLANDE, i.e. living in the country, countryman, III. 1.

UPPEREST, _adj._ highest, I. i. 10. 32.

UPRAIS, _pt. s._ rose, XVII. 12.

URE, _s._ fortune, destiny, VIII. 151, 302, 482; XXIV. 634, 862; XXV. 11.

US(E), _s._ use, I. iii. 6. 104; Use, 110.

USSHER, _s._ usher, XXI. 102.

VAILABLE, _adj._ useful, IV. 142.

VAILE, _s._ veil, XXIV. 1102.

VAILING, _pres. pt._ lowering, XVII. 271.

VALE, _s._ valley, VIII. 44.

VALEWE, _s._ value, I. i. 7. 97.

VALEY, _s._ valley, XVI. 24.

VALIS, _pr. s._ avails, XXVII. 5. (Sing. after _what_.)

VARYAUNT, _adj._ changeable, I. ii. 1. 24; variable, I. ii. 6. 148.

VASSALAGE, _s._ prowess, VII. 148.

VAYLANCE, _s._ benefit, profit, I. ii. 5. 85.

VAYLETH, _pr. s._ availeth (it), XVI. 720; _pp._ I. i. 2. 163.

VELUËT, _s._ velvet, VIII. 80; XX. 233; Veluet, XX. 141, 261.

VENGEABLE, _adj._ revengeful, I. ii. 11. 92; II. 805.

VENT, _s._ slit of a gown at the neck, XXI. 526. F. _fente_.

VENYM, _s._ venom, V. 258.

VERAMENT, _adv._ truly, II. 1224.

VERE, _s._ spring-time, I. ii. 9. 133.

VERMAYLE, _adj._ crimson, X. 45.

VERMELET, _adj._ red, XXIV. 142.

VERTULES, _adj._ without virtue, VII. 133, 157.

VERTUOUS, _adj._ endowed with virtue or power, I. iii. 1. 45.

VERY, _adv._ extremely, XX. 10, 35; very, XX. 409; XXI. 479.

VESTËMENT, _s._ vestment, II. 278, 934.

VIAGE, _s._ voyage, journey, I. i. 5. 84; IV. 57; XXI. 46.

VIBRAT, _pp._ vibrated, X. 115.

VICAIRE, _s._ vicar, II. 830; _pl._ III. 279.

VINOLENT, _adj._ drunken, XII. 45.

VIOLET, _s._ violet, II. 96; XXIV. 1437.

VIRELAY, _s._ lay with recurring rimes, XI. 40. (Such as _aabaab . bbabba_.)

VIRGINAL, _adj._ virgin-like, XII. 110.

VOCACIOUN, _s._ calling of an assembly together, XVII. 272.

VOIDEN, _v._ (to) take away, XXIV. 628; escape, XIII. 52; _pr. s._ retreats, I. i. 5. 34.

VOLUNTARIOUS, _adj._ voluntary, free, I. ii. 8. 116.

VOLUNTÈ, _s._ free will, VIII. 299.

VOLUPTUOUSLY, _adv._ luxuriously, I. ii. 10. 18.

VOUCHE, _pr. pl._ avouch, II. 945.

VOYDE, _ger._ to banish, IX. 116; _v._ escape, I. i. 3. 140; set aside, I. iii. 6. 15; _pr. s._ dispels, I. ii. 10. 34; departs, I. i. 10. 95.

VYNTRE, Vintry, VII. (_title_).

VYOLE, _s._ vial, X. 113.

VYSE, _s._ advice, intention, I. i. 2. 60.

VYTRE, _s._ glass, X. 113.

WA, _adj._ sad, XVII. 350.

WAGEOURS, _s. pl._ wagers, XXI. 383.

WAGGE, _v._ move, stir, I. i. _pr._ 90; _ger._ XVII. 196.

WAILLIT, _pp._ chosen, choice, XVII. 440.

WAIT, _pr. s._ knows, XVII. 64.

WAITED, _1 pt. s._ watched, XX. 106.

WAKE, _s._ fair, II. 869.

WAKE, _v._ keep a revel, I. ii. 2. 54.

WALD, _pt. s._ would (have), desired, XVII. 102.

WALET, _s._ wallet, bag, I. i. _pr._ 106.

WALL,_ s._ well, II. 298. See note.

WALLED, _pp._ walled, VIII. 42.

WALOWE, _ger._ to toss about, XXIV. 334; _1 pr. s._ I. i. 3. 102.

WAN, _adj._ pale, dim of colour, XIV. 43.

WAN, _pt. pl._ won, XX. 480. (A guess; the old ed. has _manly_!)

WANDRED, _pp._ men who have wandered, X. 60.

WANE, _s._ weening, thought, XVII. 543. See WILL.

WANG-TOOTH, _s._ molar tooth, II. 16.

WANHOPE, _s._ despair, I. i. 1. 112; I. i. 4. 54; XVII. 47.

WANT, _1 pr. s._ lack, do not possess, do not know, XX. 150; _pr. s._ is lacking, XVI. 449.

WANTINGE, _s._ lacking, I. i. _pr._ 83.

WANTRUST, _s._ distrust, I. i. 8. 19; I. ii. 9. 50.

WAR, _adj._ aware, I. i. 3. 76; _be w._, beware, VII. 180.

WAR, _adj._ worse, XVII. 460.

WARANTYSE, _s._ surety; _on w._, on my surety, XXI. 406.

WARDEROBE, _s._ wardrobe, I. ii. 9. 140.

WAREN, _pt. pl._ wore, XX. 267.

WARIED, _pp._ cursed, XXIV. 1171.

WARLDLY, _adj._ worldly, XXVII. 1.

WARNE, _v._ refuse, I. ii. 3. 31.

WARNISSHE, _s._ protection, I. ii. 7. 78.

WARNISSHED, _pp._ defended, I. ii. 7. 78.

WASTOUR, _s._ waster, XII. 72.

WAVED, _pp._ wavered, I. i. 2. 167.

WAWES, _s. pl._ waves, I. i. _pr._ 125; I. i. 3. 57; VII. 80; XIII. 33.

WAXE, _v._ grow to be, II. 128; _pp._ become, II. 371.

WAYTED, _pp._ watched, IV. 204.

WAYTERS, _s. pl._ spies, I. iii. 6. 88; guards, sentinels, I. i. 3. 124.

WAYTINGE, _s._ watching, lying in wait, I. ii. 9. 59.

WEBBES, _s. pl._ dimness of vision, I. i. 2. 180. See note, p. 455.

WEDE, _s._ covering, XIV. 26.

WEDEN, _pr. pl._ weed, III. 11.

WEDER, _s._ weather, I. i. _pr._ 123; Wedder, XVII. 4; _pl._ storms, I. i. 3. 63; I. ii. 9. 130; I. iii. 5. 25.

WEDES, _s. pl._ weeds, X. 36.

WEDRING, _s._ tempest, I. iii. 7. 74.

WEED, _s. (as pl.)_ garments, apparel, XX. 371; Weid, XVII. 165.

WEGHT, _s._ weight, XIII. 92.

WEIP, _pt. s._ wept, XVII. 231 (or _infin._ to weep).

WEIR, _s._ war, XVII. 196, 486.

WEIR, _ger._ to guard, ward off, XVII. 182.

WEIRD, _s._ destiny, XVII. 384, 412.

WEIRIS, _pr. s._ wears, wastes away, XVII. 467.

WEKED, _pp._ rendered weak (but read _wikked_), I. i. 6. 25.

WEL-CONDICIONED, _adj._ of good condition, XX. 581.

WELDE, _v._ possess, II. 118, 416, 702; manage, XXIV. 227; _1 pr. s._ I. ii. 12. 91.

WELDOING, _s._ well-doing, I. ii. 10. 120.

WELE, _s._ wealth, II. 812; VII. 165.

WELFULNESSE, _s._ wealth, I. i. 6. 24.

WELKE, _1 pr. s._ wither, I. ii. 11. 105; Welked, _pp._ withered, old, I. iii. 5. 33; withered, wrinkled, I. iii. 5. 37.

WELKEN, _s._ sky, I. i. 3. 57.

WELKENETH, _pr. s._ withers, fades, XXII. 59.

WELLE, _s._ well, source, IX. 139; _pl._ streams, rills, XVII. 588.

WELLEN, _pr. pl._ rise up, have their source, I. i. 2. 151; _pres. pt._ flowing, I. i. 1. 86.

WEL-MENINGE, _adj._ well-intentioned, I. ii. 5. 117.

WELTERIT, _pp._ overturned, XVII. 436.

WELTH, _s._ happiness, I. i. 1. 39.

WELWILLY, _adj._ benignant, favourable, VIII. 627.

WEM, _s._ stain, I. i. 1. 74.

WEMLEES, _adj._ spotless, X. 104.

WENDE, _v._ go, XVIII. 252; _pt. s._ went, XVII. 474; _pp._ gone, II. 498.

WENE, _s._ _withoute w._, without doubt, IX. 237; XIII. 12.

WENEN, _pr. pl._ imagine, I. ii. 3. 38; _1 pt. s._ expected, I. i. 3. 65; _2 pt. s._ didst expect, I. ii. 14. 80; Wenden, _pt. pl._ imagined, I. ii. 11. 9; Wend (_old text_, went), imagined, XXI. 34; Went, _pr. s._ weens, imagines, guesses, VIII. 462. See note.

WENING, _s._ fancy, XVI. 286.

WENT, _pp._ gone, departed, I. ii. 1. 34.

WEPEN, _s._ weapon, II. 1092.

WERBLES, _s. pl._ warblings, notes, I. ii. 2. 6; I. iii. 1. 157.

WERCHE, _pr. s. subj._ operate, I. ii. 13. 127; _pres. pt._ working, active, I. ii. 5. 43.

WERCHER, _s._ agent, I. iii. 2. 63.

WERCHINGE, _s._ operation, I. ii. 13. 118.

WERDES, _s. pl._ fates, XXIV. 1173.

WERE, _s._ doubt, IX. 223; X. 5.

WERE, _pt. pl. subj._ should be, XI. 64; Wern, _pt. pl._ were, I. iii. 8. 91.

WERETH, _pr. s._ wears away, III. 45; _pr. pl._ wear, XXIV. 247.

WERIEN, _v._ grow weary, II. 1068.

WERNE, _2 pr. pl._ refuse, I. i. 4. 47; _pp._ IV. 26.

WERNINGES, _s. pl._ refusals, I. i. 2. 58.

WERRE, _s._ war, VIII. 256.

WERREY, _1 pr. s._ war, V. 431; _pp._ warred against, VIII. 665.

WERREYOUR, _s._ warrior, IV. 130; VI. 13.

WESTRETH, _pr. s._ sets in the west, XXII. 24.

WETE, _adj._ wet, I. iii. 3. 126; XX. 406.

WETE, _ger._ to know, I. i. 3. 18; Weten, _2 pr. pl._ I. i. 8. 80; II. 1206; _pr. pl._ I. iii. 8. 128.

WETHERCOCKE, _s._ weathercock, I. i. 2. 167.

WETING, _s._ knowledge, I. iii. 4. 62, 243.

WEXETH, _pr. s._ grows, XX. 14; _pres. pt._ I. iii. 1. 30; Wexte, _pt. s._ became, I. i. 2. 24.

WEXING, _s._ growth, I. i. 9. 42.

WEYE, _ger._ to weigh, IV. 91; _pp._ 320.

WEYMENTING, _s._ lamenting, XXIV. 233.

WEYVE, _ger._ to put away, I. ii. 10. 40; _v._ put aside, I. ii. 7. 100; _pr. s. subj._ I. iii. 1. 136; _2 pr. s._ rejectest, I. iii. 6. 154; _pr. s._ rejects, I. ii. 13. 95; _pp._ I. i. 1. 63; I. ii. 14. 36; I. iii. 8. 154.

WHEDER, _conj._ whether (or no), I. iii. 3. 30; XVI. 401.

WHEEL, _s._ _turning wheel_, winding staircase, XXI. 55 (see note); orbit, I. ii. 1. 124.

WHEROF, _adv._ to what purpose, XVI. 431.

WHERTHROUGH, _adv._ whereby, I. i. 4. 53; X. 103; wherefore, I. ii. 13. 109.

WHERTO, _adv._ why? I. i. 3. 87.

WHICCHE, _s._ hutch, chest, I. ii. 2. 29.

WHIRLED, _pp._ whirled, driven, XX. 2.

WHISTEL, _s._ whistle, I. ii. 3. 55.

WHYLE, _s._ time, VIII. 244.

WHYT, _adj._ white, II. 1338; plausible, XXIV. 1042.

WICCHE, _s._ witch, II. 891.

WICHT, _s._ wight, man, XXVII. 2.

WIDDERCOCK, _s._ weathercock, XVII. 567.

WIDDERIT, _pp._ withered, XVII. 238; soiled by weather, XVII. 165.

WIGHT, _s._ person, XX. 38, 46.

WIKKE, _adj._ noxious, X. 36.

WIKKIT, _adj._ evil, XVII. 412.

WILDE, _adj._ wild (i.e. unquenchable), I. ii. 6. 29.

WILDE, _ger._ to become wild, I. i. 3. 45.

WILL OF WANE, lit. wild of weening, at a loss as to what to do, XVII. 543.

WILLERS, _s. pl._ wishers, II. 228; _gen._ _such w._, of men who so desire, II. 780.

WILLINGLY, _adv._ wilfully, V. 391.

WILNE, _ger._ to desire, I. i. 6. 101; _v._ I. iii. 4. 11; _2 pr. pl._ II. 1250; _pr. pl._ II. 118; _pp._ I. iii. 6. 111.

WIMPELN, _pr. pl._ cover as with a wimple, I. ii. 14. 25; _pp._ covered up, I. iii. 9. 76.

WIMPLE, _s._ chin-cloth, XXIV. 1102.

WINNE, _v._ make a gain, II. 979.

WISSE, _pr. s. subj._ may (He) guide, keep away, II. 235.

WITE, _v._ know, XXI. 749; Witen, _2 pr. pl._ know, XVIII. 266; Wistest, _2 pt. s._ I. i. 8. 31; Wist, _pp._ known, II. 1092.

WITHDRAWE, _ger._ to draw back, hold in, I. ii. 6. 84; _pr. s._ draws away, I. ii. 5. 129.

WITH-HOLDE, _pp._ retained, I. ii. 8. 121; XVIII. 289; kept back, I. iii. 3. 114.

WITHIES, _s. pl._ withies, twigs of willow, XVI. 186. (F. text, Entrelacee de _saulx vers_.)

WITHIN-BORDE, on board, I. i. 3. 54.

WITHOUT, _conj._ unless, XXI. 299.

WITHSAYE, _ger._ to contradict, I. i. 2. 184; I. i. 8. 65; _v._ gainsay, II. 599.

WITHSETTEN, _pp._ opposed, I. iii. 1. 133; Withset, I. ii. 7. 66.

WITHSITTE, _v._ resist, I. ii. 7. 133; _ger._ I. iii. 8. 64.

WITHSITTINGE, _s._ opposition, I. ii. 7. 142.

WITLES, _adj._ ignorant, II. 528.

WITTES, _s. pl._ wits, senses, I. iii. 5. 51.

WIVERS, _s. pl._ vipers, serpents, snakes, I. iii. 5. 34.

WLATE, _v._ loathe, II. 1098.

WO-BESTAD, _pp._ beset with woe, XXIV. 845.

WODE, _adj._ mad, I. iii. 7. 53.

WODEBINDE, _s._ woodbine, VIII. 129; IX. 261.

WOIR, _pt. s._ carried, wafted away, XVII. 165. (It seems to be merely a peculiar use of E. _wore_, pt. t. of _wear_; cf. _boir_, bore, in l. 166.)

WOL, _s._ wool, XX. 53. See WOLLE.

WOLDE, _pt. s. subj._ would wish, XVI. 272; Wold, _pp._ desired, V. 305.

WOLLE, _s._ wool, I. ii. 2. 28 (see the note, p. 465); IV. 299; Woll, II. 177, 594.

WOMANLY, _adj._ woman-like, I. ii. 12. 114.

WON, _pr. s. subj._ dwell, XXIV. 500.

WONDER, _adj._ wonderful, III. 7; XX. 434.

WONDERLY, _adv._ wondrously, XXIV. 100, 697.

WONDERS, _adv._ wondrously, I. ii. 3. 45.

WONE, _s._ custom, XXI. 5.

WONES, _s. pl._ dwellings, XX. 201.

WONETH, _pr. s._ dwells, XXIV. 143; Wonneth, II. 1140.

WONNE, _pp._ won, XVI. 356.

WONNING, _s._ abode, VII. 86.

WOOD, _adj._ mad, II. 299, 764, 1075, 1269; XVIII. 188.

WOODBIND, _s._ woodbine, XX. 159.

WOODE, _s._ _an error for_ Weede, weed, III. 11. See note.

WOODNESSE, _s._ madness, VI. 50; XVIII. 175.

WOOK, _1 pt. s._ awoke, XXI. 737.

WORCH, _pr. pl._ work, II. 411.

WORD, _s._ motto, XXI. 87, 310, 312; Wordes, _pl._ XXI. 119.

WORLD, _s._ great quantity, XX. 137; a thing worth the world, XXI. 539.

WORSHIP, _s._ honour, XIV. 382.

WORSTED, _s._ worsted, II. 1002.

WORTHYED, _pp._ honoured, I. i. 2. 109.

WOST, _2 pr. s._ knowest, XVIII. 126; Wottest, I. i. 2. 74.

WOWE, _v._ woo, XXIV. 1222.

WOWETH, _pr. pl._ move, I. ii. 1. 21. _Put for_ waweth; and properly singular.

WOX, _1 pt. s._ became, I. i. 4. 30; grew, XVII. 102; Woxen, _pp._ I. iii. 5. 24.

WRAIKFUL, _adj._ vengeful, XVII. 329.

WRAIT, _pt. s._ wrote, XVII. 64.

WRAITH, _s._ wroth, XVII. 182.

WRAK, _s._ vengeance, XVII. 370.

WRALL, _pr. pl._ pervert, II. 370. Cf. M.E. _wrawe_, perverse.

WRANGLEN, _pr. pl._ wrangle, II. 426.

WRAPPED, _pp._ involved; _in be w._, been mixed up with, V. 216.

WRECHE, _s._ misery, I. i. 1. 60; vengeance, VIII. 471.

WREKE, _v._ avenge, XXIV. 702; _pp._ VIII. 284; Wreche, _pr. pl. subj._ X. 41.

WRENNE, _s._ wren, IX. 57; Wren, XXIV. 1372.

WRETHE, _s._ a wreath, garland, I. iii. 6. 158.

WRINGING, _pres. pt._ wringing (wringing wet), XX. 406.

WRITHEN, _pp._ wreathed, twined, XX. 57.

WRO, _s._ corner, II. 81. Icel. _r[=a]_.

WROCHT, _pp._ wrought, made, XVII. 203.

WRY, _adj._ deformed, XXIV. 1062.

WRYE, _v._ turn aside, XVI. 331.

WRYETH, _pr. s._ disguises, I. ii. 5. 102.

WRYTHING, _s._ twisting, turning aside, error, rebellion, X. 96.

WYDE-WHERE, _adv._ far and wide, I. ii. 11. 107.

WYNDE, _s._ breath, XVI. 795.

WYNDE, _1 pr. s. subj._ wind, go, IX. 263.

WYNDING,_ s._ envelopment (in snow) (?), I. i. 3. 39.

WYR, _s._ wire, I. iii. 7. 103.

WYR-DRAWER, _s._ wire-drawer, I. iii. 7. 103.

WYTE, _s._ blame, VIII. 603; IX. 103.

WYTE, _ger._ to blame, I. iii. 7. 145; II. 577; XVII. 134; _1 pr. s._ blame (for it), VIII. 460; _imp. s._ blame (for), I. iii. 1. 170; _imp. pl._ II. 1373; V. 376.

Y, _s._ eye, XVI. 263; XX. 85; XXIV. 229, 1139; _at y_, in appearance, XIV. 6.

YAF, _pt. s._ gave, IX. 248.

YALL, _v._ yell, II. 386, 1355.

YATE, _s._ gate, XXI. 274; _pl._ II. 65.

Y-BE, _pp._ been, XVIII. 190; XX. 375.

Y-BORE, _pp._ born, XVI. 462.

Y-BRENT, _pp._ burnt, II. 18; Y-brend, II. 634.

Y-BUILDE, _v._ build (_or pp._ build), II. 120.

Y-CALLED, _pp._ named, VIII. 70.

Y-CHASED, _pp._ chased, XVI. 287.

Y-CLEPED, _pp._ called, I. iii. 1. 12.

Y-DAMPNED, _pp._ damned, II. 1243.

YDEL; _in y._, in vain, I. i. 1. 70; I. ii. 11. 109.

Y-DIGHT, _pp._ dressed, II. 1002.

Y-DON, _pp._ made, XX. 61.

YE, yea, I. i. 7. 34.

YË, _s._ eye, IX. 124.

YEDE, _1 pt. s._ went, VIII. 120; _pt. s._ I. i. 10. 111; XX. 54; _pt. pl._ XX. 295, 301.

YEF, _pr. pl._ give, II. 957.

YEFTES, _s. pl._ gifts, bribes, I. i. 10. 41.

YELDE, _ger._ to pay, X. 112; _v._ yield, render, II. 778; _pr. s. subj._ may (He) repay, XXI. 360; _pr. pl. subj._ may yield, I. iii. 9. 93.

YELDINGE, _s._ yielding, giving, I. iii. 1. 13.

YELKE, _s._ yolk, hence centre, nucleus, I. iii. 4. 198.

YEN, _s. pl._ eyes, XXIV. 135, 154.

YERDE, _s._ rod, I. ii. 11. 136; X. 133; correction, XXIV. 363.

YERN, _ger._ to earn, XXIV. 367.

YERNE, _adv._ quickly; _as y._, very quickly, I. ii. 8. 41; Yern, eagerly, XXIV. 1299.

YET, _s._ gate, XVII. 388.

YEVE, _1 pr. s._ give, XI. 80; _2 pr. pl._ III. 208; _pr. pl._ I. i. _pr._ 18; _pp._ XVIII. 279; XXIV. 278.

YEVER, _s._ giver, I. iii. 7. 134, 138; III. 176.

YEXINGE, _s._ sobbing, outburst (of grief), I. i. 1. 6.

Y-FED, _pp._ fed, XXIV. 975.

Y-FERE, _adv._ together, in company, IX. 59, 224; XI. 64.

Y-FEYNED, _pp._ feigned, XVIII. 74.

Y-FURTHERED, _pp._ advanced, VIII. 327.

Y-FYNED, _pp._ refined, XIII. 99.

Y-GRAVE, _pp._ buried, XVI. 60.

Y-GROUNDED, _pp._ rooted, I. ii. 9. 19.

Y-GURD, _pp._ girt, i.e. ready, II. 1336.

Y-HANDLED, _pp._ handled, treated of, I. ii. 11. 101.

Y-HERD, _pp._ heard, XVIII. 85.

Y-HERIED, _pp._ praised, XXIV. 592.

Y-KEND, _pp._ taught, II. 482; known, II. 530.

YLE, _s._ isle, I. i. 3. 64; V. 15; VI. 17.

Y-LOST, _pp._ lost, VII. 36.

Y-LYKE, _adv._ alike, equally, XVIII. 64.

Y-MAD, _pp._ made, VIII. 163.

Y-MEYNT, _pp._ mingled, VIII. 457.

YNDE, _adj. pl._ blue, IX. 257.

Y-NEMPNED, _pp._ named, I. i. 1. 5.

Y-NOMEN, _pp._ taken up, II. 1031.

Y-NOW, _adj._ enough, II. 3, 1044; _pl._ (men) enough, I. i. 3. 51.

YOK, _s._ yoke, XVIII. 140.

YOKKIT, _pp._ yoked, XVII. 209.

YOLDEN, _pp._ yielded, I. i. 7. 30; returned, I. i. 3. 107; repaid, I. iii. 5. 140.

YON, _adj._ yonder, yon, that, XVII. 533.

YOUTHHEID, _s._ time of youth, XVII. 30.

YOVE, _1 pt. s._ gave, XXIV. 688.

Y-PASSED, _pp._ past, VIII. 591.

Y-PENT, _pp._ pent, II. 22; fastened, II. 939.

Y-POUDRED, _pp._ besprinkled, XVIII. 63.

Y-RENT, _pp._ torn, II. 256.

YS, _s._ ice, VIII. 234; Yse, XVII. 168.

YSE-SHOKLIS, _s. pl._ icicles, XVII. 160.

Y-SET, _pp._ appointed, XVI. 613.

Y-SHONED, _pp._ shunned, I. ii. 11. 10.

Y-SLAYN, _pp._ slain, VIII. 88.

Y-SOGHT, _pp._ importuned, V. 128.

Y-SPED, _pp._ granted, XXIV. 977.

Y-STOCKED, _pp._ fastened as in the stocks, I. i. 1. 41.

Y-STOPE, _pp._ advanced, XXIV. 281.

Y-TAKE, _pp._ taken, II. 1281.

Y-THEE, _v._ prosper, XVIII. 187.

Y-TOURNED, _pp._ turned, I. i. 7. 51.

Y-TYED, _pp._ tied, V. 226.

YVÈ-LEFE, _s._ ivy-leaf, I. iii. 7. 50.

YUEL-SPEKERS, _s. pl._ evil-speakers, I. i. 9. 6.

Y-WHET, _pp._ whetted, V. 243.

Y-WIS, _adv._ verily, I. i. 2. 116.

Y-WONED, _pp._ dwelt, XXIV. 241.

Y-WONNE, _pp._ won, V. 49.

Y-WOUNDED, _pp._ wounded, VIII. 361.

Y-WROUGHT, _pp._ made, XX. 48.

* * * * *

INDEX OF NAMES.

AARON, X. 133.

ABRAHAM, I. i. 8. 59.

ACHILLES, VIII. 367.

ACRISIUS, I. i. 5. 8.

ACTEON, Actaeon, VIII. 97.

ADAM, I. i. 1. 39; I. i. 8. 73; I. iii. 8. 104; V. 199, 366.

ADMETE, Admetus, XXIV. 107.

ADON, Adonis, VIII. 386; Adoun, VIII. 644.

ALBION, V. 16; XXVIII. 5.

ALCESTE, Alcestis, IX. 198; XII. 117; XXIV. 105.

ALCMENIA, Alcmene, XXIV. 821.

ALEXANDER, I. iii. 2. 26; II. 335; Alisaundre, I. ii. 2. 114; IV. 36; Alisander, I. i. _pr._ 89; IV. 281; _gen._ XII. 96.

ALEYN, Alain Chartier, XVI. 11.

ANNELIDA, XXI. 465; Anelida, XXIV. 234.

ANTICHRIST, II. 191, 493; III. 2; _gen._ II. 956.

ANTIGONE, IX. 196.

ANTIOCHUS, VII. 177.

ANTIOPA, XXIV. 824.

ANTONIUS, VIII. 367; Antony, XXI. 462; XXIV. 873.

ARCITE, VIII. 368, 379; XXI. 466; XXIV. 235.

ARIADNE, IX. 200.

ARISTOTEL, I. iii. 2. 87; I. iii. 7. 59; Aristotle, I. i. _pr._ 64, 117; I. ii. 1. 105; I. ii. 5. 5.

ARTEYS, Artois, XXIV. 1227.

ARTOUR, Arthur, I. ii. 2. 116; Arthus, IV. 283; _gen._ XII. 103.

ATHALANS, Atalanta, VIII. 396.

ATHENES, Athens, I. i. 9. 114.

AURORA, IX. 38; X. 135.

AUSTEN, St. Augustine, I. ii. 13. 43; _gen._ III. 112.

BALTHASAR, Belshazzar, VII. 175.

BEDFORD, duke of, VII. (_title_).

BELIAL, II. 234.

BENET, St. Benedict, II. 993, 1011.

BOECE, Boethius, I. i. _pr._ 110; I. ii. 13. 49; VII. 150.

BOREAS, north wind, I. i. _pr._ 124; IX. 96.

BRETAYNE, Britain, VII. 126; XXIV. 1226; XXIX. 2; Britayne, I. iii. 1. 45.

BURGOYNE, _s._ Burgundy, XXIV. 1228.

BUSERUS, Busiris, I. ii. 7. 117.

CALCHAS, XVII. 97.

CALIOPE, Calliope, IX. 242; XXIV. 19.

CALIXTO, Callisto, XXIV. 821.

CAMBRIGE, Cambridge, XXIV. 913.

CANACEE, IX. 206.

CARTÁGË, Carthage, V. 311; XXIV. 231.

CASSODORE, Cassiodorus, IV. 330.

CATOUN, Cato, XII. 102; Dionysius Cato, XII. 130; _gen._ I. iii. 2. 24.

CAYNES, Cain's, I. ii. 2. 107.

CESAR, Julius Caesar, XII. 95.

CHARLES, Charlemagne, XII. 103; Charlemayne, IV. 283.

CHAUCER, VII. 65, 98; IX. 236; XVII. 41; XXIX. 1.

CIPRYDE, Venus, IX. 20. (_Venus and Cipryde_, Venus and the Cyprian goddess, really one and the same.)

CITHAREA, Venus, XXIV. 50, 556; Cithera, V. 5; Citherè, XXIV. 1178.

CITHAREE, Cythera, _but an error for_ Cithaeron, XXIV. 49. See note.

CITHERON, Cithaeron, XXIV. 69. (See l. 49.)

CLARENCE, DUKE OF, VII. (_title_).

CLEO, Clio, X. 13; Clio, IX. 242.

CLEOPATRE, Cleopatra, IX. 195; XXIV. 873; Cleopatras, XXI. 462; _gen._ XIII. 86.

COLKOS, Colchis, VIII. 373.

COLLO, I. ii. 7. 119.

CONSTANTYN, Constantine, IV. 339; VI. 10.

CRESSEID, XVII. 42.

CUPIDO, Cupid, V. 1; Cupyde, VIII. 88; _gen._ VIII. 361.

CYNTHIA, the Moon, XVII. 253.

DALIDA, Delilah, XIII. 83; XXIV. 538.

DANE, Danaë, I. i. 5. 8; XXIV. 824.

DAPHNE, VIII. 64.

DAVID, I. i. 5. 126; I. i. 8. 73; &c.

DEMOPHOON, Demophon, XXI. 458; _spelt_ Demophon, VIII. 380; Demophoun, VIII. 70.

DIANE, Diana, XVII. 587; XX. 472; XXIV. 682; Dyane, VIII. 95.

DIDO, V. 311; XXIV. 232; Dydo, IX. 211.

DIOMEID, Diomede, XVII. 43.

DIVES, II. 533.

DOMINIKS, _gen._ St. Dominic's, III. 406.

DORIGENE, Dorigen, IX. 192.

EDWARD, Edward III, I. i. _pr._ 91.

EGYPTE, Egypt, I. i. 9. 100.

ELEYNES, Helen's, XII. 115.

ELICON, Helicon, XXIV. 22.

ENEAS, Aeneas, I. i. 5. 129; V. 309; XXIV. 233; Enee, VIII. 375; IX. 212.

ENGLISSH, English, I. iii. 4. 249.

ENGLOND, England, XXIV. 1226; Engëlond, IV. 358.

EOY, Eous, XVII. 212.

ESDRAM, Ezra, I. ii. 3. 8.

ETHIOS, Aethon, XVII. 213.

EUROPA, XXIV. 823; _gen._ I. i. 5. 127.

EVE, I. i. 1. 39; I. iii. 8. 104; V. 361, 365.

FEVRIER, February, IX. 1.

FLORA, goddess of flowers, VIII. 1; XVII. 426; XX. 534.

FRAUNCE, France, I. i. _pr._ 91; XXIV. 1227.

FRAUNCES, St. Francis, III. 356; _gen._ III. 215.

GABRIEL, X. 99.

GADES, Cadiz, in Spain (see note), I. i. _pr._ 88; VIII. 349.

GALFRID, Geoffrey de Vinsauf, XXIV. 11. See note.

GARTER, _s._ the Garter, VI. 5; (Knights of the), XX. 519.

GEDEON, Gideon, X. 132.

GEORGES, St. George's, VI. 54.

GLOUCESTRE, DUKE OF, VII. (_title_).

GODFRAY, Godfray of Bouillon, IV. 283.

GOWER, IV. 374.

GRECE, Greece, I. i. 5. 29; I. ii. 2. 116; XXIV. 1229.

GREGORY, ST., III. 49.

GRISILDE, Griselda, IX. 119; Griseldes, XII. 108. _See_ The Clerkes Tale.

HANIBAL, Hannibal, I. i. 6. 49.

HAWES, Havise (?), XXI. 463.

HECTOR, I. i. 8. 61; I. ii. 2. 115; IV. 281; XII. 93.

HELAYNE, Helen, IX. 191; Heleyne, I. i. 5. 7.

HELISEE, Elysium, XXIV. 119.

HENRY CURTMANTIL, Henry II. (see the note), I. ii. 7. 17; Henry (IV.), IV. 358; _gen._ IV. 272.

HERCULES, I. ii. 7. 118; VIII. 344; _gen._ I. i. _pr._ 87.

HERODES, Herod, I. i. 7. 54; I. ii. 6. 80.

HESTER, Esther, IX. 197; Hestre, XII. 107.

HIPSIPHILEE, Hypsipyle, IX. 204.

HOLAND, Holland, XXIV. 1227.

HUGEST, _for_ Hengist (?), I. ii. 7. 118. See note.

INDE, India, VIII. 351; XXI. 482.

IPOMENES, Hippomanes, VIII. 393.

ISAIE, Isaiah, X. 109; _gen._ X. 118.

ITALY, XXIV. 1228.

JACOBES, _s._ Jacob's, I. i. 8. 32.

JAMES, St. James, III. 389; XXI. 689.

JAPHETES, Japhet's, I. ii. 2. 105.

JASON, I. i. 2. 92; VIII. 372; IX. 214; Jasoun, V. 302.

JEWES, _pl._ Jews, I. ii. 1. 43.

JOHAN, St. John, VIII. 12; John, II. 226; _gen._ II. 193; king John, I. ii. 6. 81.

JOHN DE MEUN, V. 281.

JOSEPH, X. 138.

JOSUË, Joshua, IV. 282; XII. 88.

JOVE, Jupiter, XXIV. 94, 820; Jovis, I. ii. 9. 167.

JUDAS, II. 615; III. 147.

JUDAS MACHABEE, Judas Maccabeus, XII. 88.

JUDITH, IX. 197; XII. 109.

JULIAN, SAINT, XXI. 224. See note.

JULIUS CESAR, I. i. 5. 128; I. iii. 2. 23; Julius, IV. 281; VII. 168.

JUPITER, I. i. 5. 10, 127; I. ii. 9. 108; Juppiter, XVII. 169; _gen._ I. i. 9. 68.

JUSTINIANS, Justinian's, VI. 3.

LABAN, I. i. 5. 94.

LACHASES, Lachesis, I. i. 6. 78.

LAMUALL, Lamuel, II. 434.

LONDENOYS, Londoner, I. i. 8. 103.

LONDON, I. i. 6. 98; I. i. 8. 103.

LOTHE, _s._ Lot, I. i. 8. 58; _gen._ I. i. 8. 17.

LUCIFER, II. 119, 380, 833, 937; VIII. 5.

LUCRECE, Lucretia, IX. 201.

LYA, Leah, I. i. 5. 95.

MACHABEUS, IV. 282.

MARCES, _gen._ of Mars, I. ii. 4. 116.

MARCIA CATOUN, Marcia, daughter of Cato, IX. 198; XII. 116.

MARGARIT, Margaret, I. i. 1. 19, &c.; Margarete, V. 421; X. 119.

MARS, I. i. 2. 192; XVII. 183.

MAXIMIAN, the poet, XXIV. 798.

MAXIMIEN, Maximianus, II. 293.

MEDEA, V. 302; Medee, VIII. 373; IX. 214; XII. 115.

MELPOMENE, the muse, XXIV. 24.

MERCURIUS, Mercury, XVII. 239; _gen._ I. ii. 14. 46; Mercury, I. ii. 13. 92; XXIV. 56.

METAMORPHOSOSE, Ovid's Metamorphoses, XXIV. 1259. See note.

MINERVA, XXIV. 20.

MIRRE, Myrrha, VIII. 180.

NAPLES, XXIV. 1228.

NARCISUS, Narcissus, VIII. 87.

NAVERNE, Navarre, XXIV. 1229.

NERO, I. ii. 3. 110; I. ii. 6. 78; I. ii. 7. 8; II. 294, 1250; VII. 174.

NIOBE, VIII. 178.

NOE, Noah, I. i. 8. 56; Noës, _gen._ I. i. 7. 83; I. ii. 2. 108.

NORMANDES, _s. pl._ Normans', I. ii. 7. 19.

NOVEMBRE, November, I. i. 3. 30.

OCTOBRE, October, I. i. 3. 30.

OVYDE, Ovid, V. 204, 246; XXIV. 1259.

PALAMIDES, Palamedes, VIII. 330.

PALEMOUN, VIII. 368.

PALLAS, I. ii. 13. 92.

PARCAS, _s. pl._ the Fates, VIII. 483.

PARIS, I. i. 2. 92; I. i. 5. 6; I. i. 8. 63.

PAULYN, Paulinus, I. iii. 2. 19, 21. See note.

PEGACÈ, _s._ Pegasus, VIII. 92.

PENELOPE, IX. 203; XII. 113.

PERDICAS, Perdiccas, I. ii. 2. 116; I. iii. 2. 25.

PERNASO, _s._ Parnassus, VIII. 93.

PEROS, Pyroëis, XVII. 215.

PETER, II. 365, 443; _gen._ II. 66.

PHAETON, Phaethon, XVII. 205.

PHARISEES, _pl._ III. 351.

PHEBUS, Phoebus, VIII. 3, 358; XVII. 197; the sun, XVII. 14; XX. 1; XXII. 30; (an emblem of the Holy Ghost), X. 83; _gen._ VIII. 55, 597; XXIV. 88.

PHILEGONEY, Phlegon, XVII. 216.

PHILOBONE, XXIV. 160, 912, 1028.

PHILOGENET, XXIV. 912, 1029.

PHYLLIS, IX. 204; XXI. 457.

PIRAMUS, Pyramus, VIII. 365.

PLATO, I. ii. 11. 93.

PLUTO, XXIV. 94.

POLICENE, Polyxena, IX. 190; _gen._ XII. 110.

POMPEUS, Pompey, I. iii. 2. 20.

PORRUS, Porus, I. iii. 2. 27.

POULE, Paul, I. iii. 4. 120.

PRESTER JOHN, XX. 202.

PRIAMUS, _gen._ of Priam, I. i. 2. 92.

PYCARDIE, Picardy, XXIV. 1226.

RACHEL, I. i. 9. 95.

ROMANCE OF THE ROSE, V. 283.

ROMAYNE, Roman, I. i. 6. 48; I. ii. 1. 14.

ROME, I. i. 5. 130.

ROSAMOUNDE, XI. 77; XIII. 85.

ROSIALL, XXIV. 741, 767, 1019, 1327.

SALAMOUN, Solomon, I. i. 8. 74; IV. 29; V. 199; XIII. 63; XIV. 4.

SAMPSOUN, Samson, V. 199; XIII. 81; XIV. 4.

SARAZINS, _s. pl._ Saracens, IV. 250.

SATAN, II. 1208.

SATURN, XVII. 151; _gen._ I. ii. 2. 24.

SCOGAN, HENRY, VII. (_title_).

SELANDE, _s._ Zealand, I. i. 7. 108. See note, p. 460.

SENEK, Seneca, XII. 101.

SEPTEMBRE, September, XXI. 1.

SILOË, Siloam, I. ii. 14. 40.

SILVESTER, pope, IV. 346.

SION, X. 120.

SONDAY, Sunday, I. ii. 9. 162.

SPAIN, XXIV. 1226.

STYX, considered as 'the pit of hell,' I. i. _pr._ 80.

SUNAMYTE, Shunammite, X. 118. See 2 Kings, iv. 12.

THEBES, VIII. 379.

THESEUS, VIII. 374.

THOMAS, St. Thomas, II. 11.

TISBEE, Thisbe, XXI. 459.

TITUS LIVIUS, Livy, XX. 532.

TRISTRAM, VIII. 366.

TROILUS, I. iii. 4. 254; XII. 94; XVII. 42; XXIV. 872.

TROY, I. i. 2. 92; I. i. 5. 6; V. 81.

TUBALL, Tubal, XXIV. 1402.

TULLIUS, Cicero, XII. 100; XXIV. 8.

TULLIUS HOSTILIUS, VII. 166.

TYTAN, _s._ the sun, VIII. 28; IX. 265; XVII. 9; (as an emblem of Jesus), X. 114.

URYE, Uriah, I. i. 8. 60; _gen._ I. i. 8. 74.

VALENTYNE, SAINT, IX. 4, 252.

VENERIENS, _s. pl._ servants of Venus, I. ii. 14. 47.

VENUS, XVII. 218; (the planet), VIII. 614; _gen._ VIII. 360.

VIRGIL, XXIV. 10.

VULCANUS, Vulcan, VIII. 389.

WODESTOK, Woodstock, XVIII. 285.

ZEDEOREYS (see note), I. i. 6. 48.

ZEPHERUS, Zephyr, VIII. 57.

* * * * *

INDEX

TO SOME

SUBJECTS EXPLAINED IN THE NOTES.

A large number of the Notes refer to explanations of peculiar words and to proper names; the references to these will be found in the Glossarial Index and in the Index of Names. A few other subjects of more general interest are also discussed; the chief of these are indexed below. The references are to the pages.

Arbours described, 535.

Bell, Book, and Candle, cursing by, 485. Birds singing the 'hours,' 552. _burly_, etymology of, 524. Burning of heretics, 489, 490, 494.

Cardinal Virtues, 479. Chaucer's death alluded to, 510. Chaucer's Boëthius, alluded to, 451, 453-4, 457-8, 461-3, 466-76, 481-3. -- Anelida, 537, 543. -- Book of the Duchess, 473, 530. -- Canterbury Tales, 456, 503, &c. -- Compleynt of Venus, 548-9. -- House of Fame, imitated, 467-8. -- Legend of Good Women, 452, 467, 483, 500-1, 537, 542-3, 547. -- Merciless Beautè, 513. -- Rom. of the Rose, 456-7, 504-6, 545, 549, 551. -- Troilus, 452, 455, 457, 459, 472, 481-3, 521-3, 525, 551. Christine de Pisan, 499. Creeping to the cross, 490. Cupid's arrows, 531-2.

_determission_ (a false form), 476.

Elements, the four, 462, 472.

Final cause, 464. Forget-me-not, 536. Friars, the, 493-6.

Geoffrey de Vinsauf, 540. Gower's blindness, 498. Griffin, the, 485.

Hengist, perhaps alluded to, 471. Hercules, pillars of, 507. 'Hours,' Canonical, 552-3.

Knot, the, defined, 468.

Lent, three divisions of, 521. Lepers, 523, 525. Lollards, the, 464, 485, 489. London, election of the mayor, 459. Lydgate's Temple of Glass, imitated, 540, &c.

Margaret, meaning of, 475-6, 484; derivation of, 479. Maze described, 535. _me_, for _men_ = _man_, 452. Mottoes worn on sleeves, 536.

Pearl, virtues of the, 453, 475. Pelican, the, 485. Piers Plowman, imitated, 456-8, 464-6, 477, 482-4. Popes, schism of the, 487. Prester John, 532. Proverbs, Book of (quoted), 477-8. Proverbs:--a cipher in augrim, 470; against the hair, 468; all day fails the fool's thought, 472; he that hews above his head, the chips fall in his eye, 462, 509; it may rime, but it accords not, 466; silence gives consent, 461; the habit makes not the monk, 475; when bale is highest, boot is nighest, 473; _fallere, flere_, &c., 516, 546; _vento quid levius_, &c., 516.

Remember-me, 536. Romance of the Rose, 456-7, 504-6, 545, 549, 551.

St. Julian's paternoster, 536-7. Sun, four horses of the, 523; greater than the earth, 479.

Virgin, five joys of the, 511.

_web and pin_, 455. Week, names of the days of the, 473-4. Worthies, the nine, 497, 514, 532.

Zealand, 460.

THE END.

* * * * *

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_LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS._

ADAM, P., Esq., Kidderminster. ADAMS, SAMUEL, Esq., New Barnet. AINGER, Rev. Canon, Hampstead, London, N.W. ALDENHAM, The Right Hon. LORD. ALDERSON, Mrs., Worksop. ALLBUTT, Prof. Dr. T. CLIFFORD, Cambridge. ALLEN, Rev. Canon, Shrewsbury. ALLEN, E. G., Bookseller, London, W.C. ALSOP, J. W., Esq., Birkenhead. ANDERSON, A., Esq., M.D., Mirfield. ANDERSON, J. R., Esq., Keswick. ANGUS & ROBERTSON, Booksellers, Sydney, N.S.W. (_two copies_). ARCHER-HIND, R. D., Esq., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. ARMOUR, G. A., Esq., Chicago, U.S.A. ARMOURS, F. J., Esq., Glasgow. ARMY & NAVY CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY, London, S.W. (_four copies_). ASHER & CO., Booksellers, Berlin (_eight copies_). ATHENAEUM CLUB, (THE), London, S.W. ATHENAEUM LIBRARY, (THE), Liverpool. AUDDY, SUMBHOO CHUNDER, Esq., Calcutta.

BABCOCK, L. H., Esq., New York City, U.S.A. BACCHUS, Rev. F., Edgbaston. BACON, His Honor Judge, London, W. BAILEY, Rev. J. G., M.A., LL.D., F.S.A., Rochester. BAILLIE, A. W. M., Esq., London, W.C. BAILLIE'S INSTITUTION FREE LIBRARY, Glasgow. BAIN, JAMES, Bookseller, London, S.W. (_seven copies_). BAIRD, J. G. A., Esq., M.P., London, S.W. BAKER, J., & SON, Booksellers, Clifton (_two copies_). BALCARRES, LORD, M.P., Wigan. BARBEAU, A., Esq. BARRY, WILLIAM, Esq., B.C.S., (retired) Strathavon, N.B. BARTLEET, Rev. S. E., M.A., F.S.A., Gloucester. BARTLETT, W. H., & CO., Booksellers, London, E.C. BARWELL, Rev. A. H. SANXAY, Worthing. BEAUCHAMP, The Right Hon. EARL, Malvern Link. BELJAME, Prof. ALEXANDRE, University of Paris. BELL, H. J., Esq., London, S.W. BELL, Sheriff RUSSELL, Campbeltown, N.B. BELLARS, W. B., Esq., Limpsfield, Surrey. BEMROSE, Sir H. H., M.P., Derby. BENNETT, R. A., Esq., Edgbaston. BENTINCK-SMITH, W. F., Esq., Christ's College, Cambridge. BERNAYS, ALBERT E., Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge. BESANT, SIR WALTER, Hampstead, London, N.W. BEVAN, G. L., Esq., London, W. BIBLIOTHEEK VAN DE RIJKS-UNIVERSITEIT TE GRONINGEN. BIBLIOTHÈQUE ALBERT-DUMONT, Paris. BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L'ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE. BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX. BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS. BIBLIOTHÈQUE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE POITIERS. BIBLIOTHÈQUE NATIONALE, Paris. BICKERS & SON, Booksellers, London, W.C. (_thirty copies_). BILLSON, C. J., Esq., M.A., Leicester. BILSLAND, WILLIAM, Esq., Glasgow. BINNEY, Rev. M. F., Sutton, Lancashire. BIRMINGHAM FREE LIBRARIES; Reference Department. BIRMINGHAM LIBRARY. BLACK, Rev. C. M., Edinburgh. BLACKBURN, Prof., Fort William, N.B. BLACKWELL, B. H., Bookseller, Oxford (_six copies_). BOARDMAN, A., Bookseller, Bishop's Stortford. BOIS, H. G., Esq., Colombo, Ceylon. BOLTON, T. H., Esq., Manchester. BOLTON SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY. BOND, E., Esq., M.P., London, N.W. BOOTLE FREE LIBRARY. BORLAND, WILLIAM, Esq., Glasgow. BOSTON ATHENAEUM, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. BOULTER, H. B., Esq., F.R.C.S., Richmond, Surrey. BRADLEY, Prof., University, Glasgow. BRASENOSE COLLEGE LIBRARY, Oxford. BREAR, THOMAS, & CO., LTD., Booksellers, Bradford. BRETT, CHARLES H., Esq., Belfast. BRIERLEY, H., Esq., Bury. BRIGHTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. BRISTOL MUSEUM REFERENCE LIBRARY. BROCKHAUS, F. A., Bookseller, Leipzig (_three copies_). BROCKHAUS, F. A., Bookseller, London, E.C. BROCKLEBANK, THOMAS, Esq., Irton Hall, Cumberland. BROKE, P. V., Esq., Eton College. BROOKE, HERBERT OTTO WILDMAN GOODWYN, Esq., I.C.S. BROOKE, Miss MAUD, St. John's Wood, London, N.W. BROOKE, Rev. STOPFORD A., M.A., London, W. BROOKE, THOMAS, Esq., F.S.A., Huddersfield. BROPHY, M. M., Esq., Bloomsbury, London, W.C. BROWN, JOHN TAYLOR, Esq., LL.D., Edinburgh. BROWN, J. T. T., Esq., Glasgow. BROWN, WILLIAM, Bookseller, Edinburgh (_seven copies_). BROWN, Rev. Canon WILLIAM HAIG, LL.D., Charterhouse, Godalming. BROWNING, OSCAR, Esq., King's College, Cambridge. BRUER, R. T. HAMILTON, Esq., Dornoch, N.B. BRUSHFIELD, T. N., Esq., M.D., Budleigh Salterton. BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. BUCKLEY, Mrs. ABEL, Andenshaw, near Manchester. BUCKLEY, R. J., Esq., Heaton Chapel, near Manchester. BUFFALO LIBRARY, Buffalo, U.S.A. BULLER, G. C., Esq., London, E.C. BUMBY, FRED. E., Esq., University College, Nottingham. BUMPUS, J. & E., LTD., Booksellers, London, W. (_six copies_). BUNCE, J. THACKRAY, Esq., Edgbaston. BURNE-JONES, Sir EDWARD, Bart., West Kensington, London, W. BURNSIDE, H., Bookseller, Blackheath, London, S.E. BURROWS, Dr., Hampstead, London, N.W. BUTLER, A. J., Esq., Weybridge, Surrey. BUTTERWORTH & CO., Booksellers, London, E.C. BYRNE, The Right Hon. Mr. JUSTICE.

CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY, Sacramento, Cal., U.S.A. CAREY, F. S., Esq., Liverpool. CARLINGFORD, The Right Hon. LORD, Bath. CARLISLE, The Right Hon. the EARL OF, York. CARSLAKE, L. B., Esq., London, E.C. CARSWELL, ROBERT, Esq., C.A., Glasgow. CARTE, LUCAS D'OYLY, Esq., London, W.C. CARTER, J. M., Esq., Eton College. CARTER, T. A., Esq., Stratford-on-Avon. CASE, ROBERT H., Esq., B.A., Liverpool. CAUDWELL, JOB, Esq., F.R.S.L., Wandsworth, London, S.W. CECIL, HENRY, Esq., Bournemouth. CHADWICK, S. J., Esq., Dewsbury. CHAMPNEYS, A. C., Esq., Marlborough College. CHANCE, F., Esq., London, S.E. CHAPMAN, J. J., Esq., Whitby. CHAPPLE, E., Bookseller, Plymouth. CHENEY, G., Esq., F.S.A., London, S.W. CHESTER FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY; T. M. WILCOCK, Esq., Librarian. CHEYNE, ERNEST, Esq., West Norwood, London, S.E. CHRIST CHURCH LIBRARY, Oxford. CHURCHILL, J., Esq., Shortlands, Kent. CINCINNATI PUBLIC LIBRARY. CLAPHAM, JOHN, Esq., J.P., Manchester. CLARE COLLEGE LIBRARY, Cambridge. CLARK, Prof. E. C., Cambridge. CLARK, OSCAR W., Esq., M.B. Oxon., Gloucester. CLARK, W., Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Trinity College, Toronto. CLARKE, W. H. D., Esq., London, E.C. CLAYE, Capt. H. SANDFORD, Macclesfield. COATS, Prof. JOSEPH, Glasgow. COBBOLD, FELIX T., Esq., Felixstowe, Suffolk. COCK, ALFRED, Esq., Q.C., London, W. COHEN, F., Bookseller, Bonn. COLQUHOUN, E., Esq., London, W. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, New York. COLVILLE, H. KER, Esq., Market Drayton. COOKE, JOHN, Esq., M.A., Dublin. COOPER, Miss A., London, W. CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. CORNER, SAMUEL, Esq., B.A., B.Sc., West Nottingham (_two copies_). CORNISH BROS., Booksellers, Birmingham. CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE LIBRARY, Cambridge. CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE LIBRARY, Oxford. CRABBIE OF DUNCOW, J. M., Esq., Dumfries. CRACROFT, R. W., Esq., Temple, London, E.C. CRAMPTON, W. T., Esq., Leeds. CRAWFORD, ROBERT, Esq., M.D., Glasgow. CREWE, The Right Hon. EARL. CROSS, J. H., Esq., Hammersmith, London, W. CROWTHER, ALFRED, Esq., Huddersfield. CRUICKSHANK, J. W., Esq., Haslemere. CUMMINGS, WILLIAM H., Esq., F.S.A., West Dulwich, London, S.E. CUNLIFF, R. J., Esq., M.A., LL.B., Glasgow. CURRIE, JOHN, Esq., Glasgow.

DA COSTA, J. M., Esq., Philadelphia, U.S.A. DALE, Sir DAVID. DALE, J., & CO., Booksellers, Bradford. DALTON, Rev. JOHN NEALE, M.A., F.S.A., Canon of St. George's, Windsor. DARWIN, W. E., Esq., Southampton. DAVEY, Right Hon. LORD JUSTICE. DAVIDSON, R., Esq., Port Elizabeth, South Africa. DAVIDSON, THOMAS, Esq., Edinburgh. DAVIES, J. M., Esq., F.S.S., Glasgow. DAVIES, W. R., Esq. DAVIS, J., Esq., Holloway, London, N. DEIGHTON, BELL & CO., Booksellers, Cambridge (_nine copies_). DENNY, A. & F., Booksellers, London, W.C. (_seven copies_). DICK, JAMES C., Esq., Newcastle-on-Tyne. DICK, WILLIAM, Esq., Edinburgh. DICKINSON, R., Esq., Dudley. DILLON, JOHN, Esq., M.P., Dublin. DIXON, JOSEPH, Esq., London, E.C. DOAK, Rev. ANDREW, M.A., Aberdeen. DOBBIE, Prof. J. J., M.A., University College, Bangor. DOGGETT, HUGH G., Esq., Clifton. DONCASTER, J. H., Esq., B.A., Sheffield. DOREY, M., Esq., Dublin. DOUGLAS & FOULIS, Booksellers, Edinburgh (_six copies_). DOWNING, WILLIAM, Esq., Chaucer Head Library, Birmingham. DRAKE, R. I., Bookseller, Eton (_four copies_). DRESDEN PUBLIC LIBRARY. DREXEL INSTITUTE, Philadelphia, U.S.A. DUFF, Prof. J. WIGHT, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne. DULAU & CO., Booksellers, London, W. (_two copies_). DUNCAN, Hon. GEORGE. DUNCAN, W. A., Esq., Woolton, Liverpool. DUNN, Mrs. COLMORE, London, W. DUNN, Miss SARA R., Thirsk. DURHAM, The Right Rev. LORD BISHOP OF.

EARLE, Miss, Newnham College, Cambridge. ECCLES, Miss JANE HELEN, London, S.W. EDINBURGH FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. EDWARDS, FRANCIS, Bookseller, Marylebone, London, W. (_two copies_). EDWARDS, JOHN, Esq., Glasgow. ELLERSHAW, Rev. H., M.A., Durham. ELLIOT, ANDREW, Bookseller, Edinburgh. ELLIS, F. S., Esq., Torquay. ENGLISCHES SEMINAR DER UNIVERSITÄT, Grätz, Austria. ENGLISCHES SEMINAR DER UNIVERSITÄT, Strassburg. EVANS, H. A., Esq., Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester. EVERARD, C. H., Esq., East Grinstead. EXETER COLLEGE, Oxford, The Rev. the RECTOR OF. EXETER COLLEGE LIBRARY, Oxford.

FABER, REGINALD S., Esq., London, N.W. FACULTY OF PROCURATORS (THE), Glasgow. FAIRBAIRN, Rev. A. M., M.A., D.D., LL.D., Principal of Mansfield College, Oxford. FANE, W. D., Esq., Grantham. FANSHAWE, H. C., Esq., Lahore, India. FARWELL, GEORGE, Esq., Q.C., London, W. FAUNTHORPE, Rev. J. P., Whitelands College, Chelsea, London, S.W. FAWN, J., & SON, Booksellers, Bristol. FINLAY, Sir ROBERT B., Q.C., London, W. FIRTH COLLEGE, Sheffield. FISHER, W. E. GARRATT, Esq., Richmond, Surrey. FLECKER, Rev. W. H., D.C.L., Cheltenham. FLEMING, GEORGE, Esq., C.B., LL.D., F.R.C.V.S., Combe Martin, N. Devon. FLETCHER, CHARLES E., Esq., Maidstone. FLOWER, WICKHAM, Esq., London, S.W. FORD, Hon. W. C., Washington, D.C., U.S.A. FÖRSTER, Prof. Dr. MAX, University, Bonn. FOSTER, Prof. GREGORY, London, W. FOWLER, H. W., Esq., Sedbergh. FOX, Mrs. HAMILTON, Keston, Kent. FOX, F. F., Esq., Gloucester. FOX, J. R., Esq., London, E.C. FRAPNELL, ALFRED, Esq., Clifton. FRASER, JOHN, Esq., Liverpool. FRAZER, J. G., Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge. FREEMAN, Rev. J., Wakefield. FRESHFIELD, W. D., Esq., London, W. FRY, Miss, Clifton. FULLER-MAITLAND, J. A., Esq., London, W.

GARDNER, Dr., Royton, near Manchester. GAYE, ARTHUR, Esq., Ealing, London, W. GEBHARDT, Prof. VON, Leipzig. GENEVA PUBLIC LIBRARY. GEORGE'S SONS, Booksellers, Bristol. GERICH, F. E., Esq., Beckenham. GEROLD & CO., Booksellers, Vienna. GILBERT & FIELD, Booksellers, London, E.C. (_five copies_). GILLFORD, GEORGE, Esq., Redland, Bristol. GILMOUR, T. L., Esq., West Hampstead, London, N.W. GILRAY, Prof. THOMAS, M.A., University of Otago, Dunedin, N.Z. GINN, S. R., Esq., Cambridge. GOLDSMITH, G. P., Esq., M.D., Bedford. GOLLANCZ, I., Esq., Christ's College, Cambridge. GORDON, Rev. J. M., Redhill, Surrey. GOULDEN, W. E., Bookseller, Canterbury. GOVER, W. S., Esq., London, E.C. GOWANS, ADAM L., Esq., Glasgow. GREENFIELD, T. C., Esq., Enfield. GREENWOOD, Mrs., Withington, Manchester. GREG, W. W., Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge. GREGORY, H. E., Esq., Hurst Green, Sussex. GRIERSON, Prof. H. J. C., M.A., Aberdeen. GRIFFITH, G., Esq., Harrow. GROSSHERZOGLICHE BIBLIOTHEK, Weimar. GROVE, Rev. W. H., Rochester. GUILDHALL LIBRARY, London, E.C. GULLY, the Right Hon. W. C., Speaker of the House of Commons. GUNN, THOMAS BUTLER, Esq., Banbury. GUNN, W., Esq., Edinburgh. GUTCH, Mrs., York. GUY, ROBERT, Esq., Glasgow.

HAIGH, F., Esq., Leeds. HAINES, GREGORY, Esq., Putney, London, S.W. HALES, Rev. C. T., Newton-le-Willows, Yorks. HALEWOOD, A., Bookseller, Preston. HALL, F. J., Esq., Wavertree. HALL, JOSEPH, Esq., M.A., Manchester. HALLWORTH, ARTHUR, Esq., Manchester. HAMILTON, W., Esq., Liverpool. HANNEN, H. A., Esq., Ashburton. HARBEN, H. A., Esq., London, W. HARRASSOWITZ, OTTO, Bookseller, Leipzig (_three copies_). HARRINGTON, Dr., Birkenhead. HARRIS, WILLIAM, Esq., J.P., Edgbaston. HARRISON, Miss, York. HARTLAND, E. SIDNEY, Esq., Gloucester. HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY, Mass., U.S.A. HARVEY, H. C., Esq., Ryton-on-Tyne. HARVEY, Rev. RALPH, M.A., Cork. HATCHARDS, Booksellers, Piccadilly, London (_twelve copies_). HAUPT, Prof. Dr., Giessen. HAWTHORN, J., Bookseller, Uppingham. HEATH, Prof. HELME, Rev. ROBERT, Hassocks. HEYWOOD, JOHN, Bookseller, Manchester (_two copies_). HIGGINS, A. P., Esq., Downing College, Cambridge. HILL, GEORGE W., Esq., Glasgow. HILL, Mrs. JAMES S., W. Hampstead, London, N.W. HIRSCHFELD BROS., Booksellers, London, E.C. HITCHMAN, JOHN, Bookseller, Birmingham. HODGSON, T. T., Esq. HÖLDER, A., Esq., Vienna. HOLLINGWORTH, Miss, London, W. HOLLINS, F., Esq., Eastbourne. HOLMES, TIMOTHY, Esq., London, W. HORE, J. C., Esq., Highbury Hill, London, N. HORNE, A. B., Esq., Temple, London, E.C. HORNELL, R., Esq., London, E.C. HORSFALL, T. C., Esq., J.P., Macclesfield. HOW, WALTER W., Esq., M.A., Merton College, Oxford. HUBBART, H. E., Esq., Nottingham. HUDSON, Rev. C. H. BICKERTON, M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford. HUGHES, W. R., Esq., F.L.S., Birmingham. HUGHES, Dr., Plymouth. HULL SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY. HUNTER, R. W., Bookseller, Edinburgh. HURST, G. H. J., Esq., Eton College. HUTCHISON, Rev. JOHN, D.D., Edinburgh.

INNER TEMPLE LIBRARY, London. IRVING, C. S., Esq., Tiverton.

JACKS, WILLIAM, Esq., M.P., Glasgow. JACKSON, C. H., Esq., London, E.C. JACKSON, Rev. J., Bampton, Oxon. JACOBS, JOSEPH, Esq., West Hampstead, London, N.W. JAMES, Mrs. C. H., Merthyr Tydvil. JAMESON, T., Esq., London, W.C. JEKYLL, COLONEL, London, W. JENKINS, Mrs., Chalfont St. Peter's, Bucks. JENKINS, Sir JAMES, K.C.B., Plymouth. JESUS COLLEGE LIBRARY, Cambridge. JOACHIM, H. H., Esq., M.A., Oxford. JOHN, E. T., Esq., Middlesbrough. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Baltimore, U.S.A. JOHNSON, C. P., Esq., London, W. JOHNSON, E., Bookseller, Cambridge. JOHNSON, H., Esq., Bath. JOHNSON, WILFRID R., Esq., Rochester. JOHNSTON, G. P., Bookseller, Edinburgh. JOHNSTONE, P. DE LACY, Esq., M.A., Edinburgh. JONAS, EDWARD A., Esq., Henderson, Ky., U.S.A. JONES, H. R., Esq., Richmond, Surrey. JONES, R. M., Esq., M.A., Belfast. JONES, W. LEWIS, Esq., M.A., University College, Bangor. JONES, WILLIAM, Bookseller, 6 Duke St., Cardiff. JOY, A., Esq., London, S.W.

KARKECK, PAUL Q., Esq., Torquay. KENRICK, ARCHIBALD, Esq., Edgbaston. KENYON, GEORGE, Esq., London, S.W. KER, W. P., Esq., London, W.C. KERSHAW, A. H., Esq., Bristol. KEYS, H. W., Esq., Forest Officer, Dhulia, W. Khandesh, India. KING'S COLLEGE, Cambridge. KING'S INNS LIBRARY, Dublin. KIRBERGER & KESPER, Booksellers, Amsterdam (_two copies_). KIRKCUDBRIGHT INSTITUTE LIBRARY. KITCHEN, T. M., Esq., Farnham. KITCHIN, GEORGE, Esq., Bromley, Kent. KOEHLER'S (K. F.) Antiquarium, Leipzig. KOEPPEL, Prof. Dr., Strassburg.

LAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, U.S.A. LANCASHIRE INDEPENDENT COLLEGE, Manchester. LANDOR, R. HENRY, Esq., B.A., LL.M., Rugeley. LANGE, R., Esq., St. Petersburg. LARMUTH, Dr., Manchester. LAURIE, Prof. S. S., LL.D., Edinburgh. LAWLEY, Hon. & Rev. S., Exminster. LAWRENCE, A. J., Bookseller, Rugby. LAYTON, Rev. W. E., M.A., F.S.A., Worcester Park, Surrey. LEEDS LIBRARY. LEGISLATIVE LIBRARY, Toronto. LEIGH, W. B., Esq., Heaton Mersey. LE SOUDIER, H., Bookseller, Paris. LIBRARY COMPANY, Philadelphia, U.S.A. LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT, Ottawa. LINGING, EDWARD W., Esq., London, E.C. LINTON, FREDERICK T. C., Esq., Edinburgh. LITTLEBOY, Miss ANNA L., London, W.C. LIVEING, Prof. G. D., St. John's College, Cambridge. LIVERPOOL FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. LOCKE, CYRIL L. C., Esq., Winchfield. LOWE, J. W., Esq., Temple, London, E.C. LYSTER, T. W., Esq., Dublin.

MACANDREW, J., Esq., London, N.W. MACANDREW, WILLIAM, Esq., Colchester. MAC BRAYNE, D., Esq., Jun., Glasgow. MC GEE, W., Bookseller, Dublin. MC GILL, H. J., Esq., Elstree. MC ILWRAITH, WILLIAM, Esq., Wolverhampton. MACK, Rev. A. W. BRADSHAW, Swords. MACKAY, Rev. G. S., Doune, N.B. MCKELVIE, Miss, Lamlash, Arran. MCKERROW, R. B., Esq., London, S.W. MACKEY, A. J., Esq., Twyford, Berks. MACKINLAY, J. T. C., Esq., Pollokshields, Glasgow. MACLEAN, Rev. M., B.D., Brodick, Arran. MCLINTOCK, ROBERT, Esq., Liverpool. MACMILLAN & BOWES, Booksellers, Cambridge (_twenty-four copies_). MCNICOL, R. S., Esq., Glasgow. MACNIVEN & WALLACE, Booksellers, Edinburgh. MACRORY, EDMUND, Esq., Q.C., Temple, London, E.C. MADHOWLAL, CHINOOBHAI, Esq., Ahmedabad, India. MADRAS CHRISTIAN COLLEGE LIBRARY. MAGDALEN COLLEGE, The President of, Oxford. MAGDALEN COLLEGE LIBRARY, Oxford. MALCOLM, R., Esq., Dollar. MALDEN, H. E., Esq., Holmwood, Surrey. MANCHESTER FREE LIBRARY. MANCHESTER GRAMMAR SCHOOL. MANFIELD, Sir PHILIP, Northampton. MANLEY, F. E., Esq., London, N. MANN, JAMES, Esq., Glasgow. MARKS, GEOFFREY, Esq., London, W. MARRIOTT, W. K., Esq., Barking. MARSHALL, J. W., Esq., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming. MARTEL, L. O., Esq., Paris. MARTIN, Sir THEODORE, K.C.B., London, S.W. MARWICK, Sir JAMES D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., Glasgow. MASKELYNE, N. STORY, Esq., Swindon. MASON SCIENCE COLLEGE LIBRARY, Birmingham. MATHIESON, F. C., Esq., Hampstead, London, N.W. MATTHEWS & BROOKE, Booksellers, Bradford. MATVEIEFF, B., Esq., London, W. MELBOURNE PUBLIC LIBRARY. MELVEN BROS., Booksellers, Nairn. MELVILLE, Right Hon. VISCOUNT, Lasswade, N.B. MELVILLE, MULLEN & SLADE, Booksellers, Melbourne (_two copies_). MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL LIBRARY, London, E.C. MERTON COLLEGE LIBRARY, Oxford. METCALFE, REGINALD, Esq., Penrith. MICHELL, WILLIAM, Esq., Redruth, Cornwall. MIDDLEMORE, THOMAS, Esq., J.P., London, W. MIDDLESBROUGH FREE LIBRARY. MILL, Miss, Liverpool. MILLER, Rev. W., LL.D., C.I.E., Principal, Christian College, Madras. MILLSON, Rev. F. E., Halifax. MINSHULL & MEESON, Booksellers, Chester. MITCHELL LIBRARY (THE), Glasgow. MOBERLY LIBRARY, Winchester. MOIR, JAMES, Esq., LL.D., Aberdeen. MONTEFIORE, CLAUDE G., Esq., London, W. (_two copies_). MONTGOMERY, JAMES, Bookseller, Londonderry. MORGAN, JOHN W., Esq., Glasgow. MORISON, A. J., Esq., West Dulwich, London, S.E. MORISON, JOHN, Esq., Glasgow. MORRIS, Prof., Melbourne. MUNRO, THOMAS, Esq., Hamilton, N.B. MURDOCH, Rev. ALEXANDER GUTHRIE, M.A., B.D., Wallacetown, Ayr. MURISON, WILLIAM, Esq., M.A., Aberdeen.

NASH, EDMUND, Esq., M.D., Notting Hill, London, W. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF IRELAND, Dublin. NESBITT, A., Esq., Barnes. NETTLEFORD, F., Esq., London, W.C. NEW, G., Bookseller, Eton. NEW HAVEN FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY, New Haven, U.S.A. NEW UNIVERSITY CLUB, London. NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY. NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY. NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE PUBLIC LIBRARY. NICHOLSON, Prof. J., Aberdeen. NICHOLSON, Prof. J. SHIELD, Edinburgh. NOBLE, WILLIAM, Esq., Liverpool. NOCK, LAWRENCE FREDERICK, Esq., Birmingham. NORMAL SEMINARY (THE), Glasgow. NORWICH FREE LIBRARY. NOTCUTT, H. CLEMENT, Esq., South African College, Cape Town. NOTTINGHAM CENTRAL FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. NUTT, DAVID, Bookseller, London, W.C. (_five copies_).

OGILVIE, JOSEPH, Esq., LL.D., Aberdeen. O'GRADY, STANDISH HAYES, Esq., Hon. Litt. D. Cantab., London, W. OLDHAM FREE LIBRARY. OLIPHANT, T. L. KINGTON, Esq., Auchterarder, N.B. ORIEL COLLEGE LIBRARY, Oxford. ORMEROD, WILLIAM, Esq., J.P., Todmorden, Lancashire. ORR, JOHN F., Esq., Glasgow. OWENS COLLEGE, Manchester. OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE CLUB, London, S.W. OXFORD UNION SOCIETY, Oxford.

PARKER, J., & CO., Booksellers, Oxford (_two copies_). PARKINSON, JOHN WILSON, Esq., Tottenham. PARRY, C. HUBERT, Esq., Rustington, Sussex. PARSONS, J. R., Esq., Yokohama, Japan. PASSAUVERT, Mons. A., St. Petersburg. PATERSON, DOUGLAS, Esq., M.A., Melbourne. PATERSON, MAURICE, Esq., LL.D., Free Church Training College, Edinburgh. PATERSON, WILLIAM ROMAINE, Esq., Glasgow. PATTERSON, ARTHUR J., Esq., Buda-Pesth. PATTIN, Dr. H. COOPER, M.A., D.P.H., Norwich. PAYNE, F. J., Esq., London, E.C. PEABODY INSTITUTE, Baltimore, U.S.A. PEARCE, W. R., Esq., Glasgow. PEARSE, H., Bookseller, Rochdale. PEMBROKE COLLEGE LIBRARY, Cambridge. PENSON, G. W., Esq., London, W. PEORIA PUBLIC LIBRARY, Ill., U.S.A. PERKINS, Mrs. G. C., Hartford, Conn., U.S.A. PERKINS, O. T., Esq., Wellington College. PERMANENT LIBRARY (THE), Leicester. PHINN, Rev. C. P., Watford. PINSENT, HUME C., Esq., Harborne, Birmingham. PITMAN, Rev. A. A. PITTAR, P. M., Esq., London, S.W. PLATT, J. A., Esq., M.A., London, W. POLLOCK, Sir FREDERICK, Bart., M.A., Corpus Christi College, Oxford. PONSONBY, E., Bookseller, Dublin. POOLER, Rev. CHARLES KNOX, M.A., Belfast. PORT ELIZABETH PUBLIC LIBRARY, South Africa. PORTER, R. T., Esq. PORTICO LIBRARY, Manchester. POULTER, R. C., Bookseller, London, W.C. (_two copies_). POWER, H., Esq., London, W. PRATT INSTITUTE, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. PRICE, F. G. HILTON, Esq., F.S.A., London, S.W. PROCTOR, R., Esq.

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* * * * *

FOOTNOTES.

[1] In this connection, we must not forget the curious story told in Francis Thynne's _Animadversions_ on Speght's edition of 1598, to the effect that his father (William Thynne) had some thoughts of inserting in the volume a piece called _The Pilgrim's Tale_, but was advised by the king to let it alone; and this, _not_ on the ground that the Tale was written after 1536, and contained an allusion to _Perkin Warbeck_, but solely in deference to the king's remark--'William Thynne, I doubt this will not be allowed, for I suspect the bishops will call thee in question for it.' See F. Thynne, _Animadversions_, &c., ed. Furnivall (Ch. Soc.), pp. 9, 89.

[2] These names are given, in the margin, in MS. Addit. 34360 only.

[3] Morris printed _sleepe_, giving no sense; MS. 10303 has _slepye_.

[4] The way in which the spelling was gradually altered can be seen even from the following example, in which the eighth line of the Plowman's Tale is represented:--

Ed. 1542. And honge his harneys on a pynne; fol. cxix. Ed. 1550. And honged his harnys on a pynne; fol. xc. Ed. 1561. And honged his harnis on a pinne; fol. xciii.

[5] So in Thynne. But 'tyme' really concludes a sentence; and 'there' should have a capital letter.

[6] He had been imprisoned in 1384 (p. 33, l. 101); but at p. 49, l. 126, he is leisurely planning a _future_ treatise! At p. 60, l. 104, he is in prison _again_.

[7] See p. 128, l. 16. He did not care to be 'a stinking martyr'; p. 34, l. 115.

[8] Perhaps this is why Langland refers to 'the castel of Corf'; P. Plowman, C. iv. 140.

[9] Rolls of Parliament, iii. 234 a.

[10] Professor Morley says:--'As Boethius ... wrote three books of the Consolation of Philosophy," &c. But Boethius wrote _five_ books.

[11] One line is enough to shew the order of the texts; see p. xv, footnote.

[12] But this proves nothing, as Urry departs from all sound texts in an erratic manner all his own.

[13] The expression 'the quenes heed,' at l. 158, hardly implies that there was then a queen of England. If it does, it makes the poem later than October, 1396.

[14] The line, as it stands, is ambiguous; what Spenser meant to say was--'the Ploughman that the Pilgrim playde awhyle'; which expresses the fact. The subject is 'the Ploughman'; and 'that' means 'whom.'

[15] Mr. Wright says 1401, and refers to Capgrave's Chronicle. But this is surely an error; see J. H. Wylie's Hist. of Henry IV, i. 277-8; with a reference to the Close Rolls, 3 Hen. IV, 2. 16.

[16] Fairfax deduced the date from the poem here printed, l. 393.

[17] Shirley also refers to Lydgate's Temple of Glas; see Schick's edition of that poem; p. lxxxii.

[18] Which is not the case; the text in the Trinity MS. is in the correct order.

[19] Richard Ros, born March 8, 1428-9; Nichols, Hist. of Leicestershire, vol. ii. p. 37.

[20] There is _no_ copy in MS. Harl. 7333, as said by error in vol. i. p. 39.

[21] There is no authority, except Thynne, for the title The Cuckoo and the Nightingale. It has been repeated in all the printed editions, but does not appear in any MS.

[22] 'In Hereford and the far West, not Oldcastle alone, but the Actons, Cheynes, Clanvowes, Greindors, and many great gentlemen of birth, had begun to mell of Lollardy and drink the gall of heresy.'--Wylie, Hist. of Henry IV, vol. iii. p. 296. Sir T. Clanvowe was alive in 1404 (Test. Vetusta).

[23] The MSS. have _ran_ in C. T., B 661. _Man_ rimes with _can_ in Parl. Foules, 479, and with _began_ in the same, 563.

[24] Perhaps, more strictly, a dedication, the true envoy consisting of the last six lines only. But it is no great matter.

[25] Hence F. 148, 'As gret-e perl-es, round and orient,' reappears in A. 528 without the final _-e_, in the form: 'With gret' perlés, _ful_ fyne and orient.'

[26] The examples of _trewly_ in Book Duch. 1111, 1151, are doubtful. It is a slippery poem to scan. Elsewhere, we find _trew-e-ly_.

[27] F. and L. 134-138.

[28] F. and L. 151-158, 333.

[29] F. and L. 148, 224.

[30] F. and L. 192, 193.

[31] Cf. F. and L. 358-364.

[32] See the English translation in Bohn's Library, i. 214.

[33] A piece entitled 'De Duodecim Abusivis' is one of three pieces appended to Ælfric's Lives of the Saints in MS. Julius E. 7.

[34] No. 61 is The Storie of Thebes, which he of course knew to be Lydgate's; he adds it _after_ the note--'Thus endeth the workes of Geffray Chaucer.'

[35] At the same time he struck out no. 56 (p. 34), as being by Lydgate.

[36] In Moxon's Chaucer, which professed to accept Tyrwhitt's canon, this piece was omitted; but it was revived once more by Bell.

[37] See The Athenæum, Nov. 4, 1876; The Academy, June 3, 1878; Aug. 3, 1878.

[38] My remark upon the Trinity MS. in vol. i. p. 56, that 'most of the pieces are in a handwriting of a later date [than 1463], not far from 1500,' does not apply to The Court of Love. This poem, together with two poems by Lydgate, fills part of a quire of twenty-four leaves _near the end_ of the MS., of which the seventeenth has been cut out and the last three are blank; and this quire is quite distinct from the rest as regards the date of the writing, which is considerably later than 1500, and exhibits a marked change. There are two _lacunæ_ in the poem, one after l. 1022, and another after l. 1316; probably six stanzas are lost in each case, owing to the loss of the two corresponding leaves in the original from which the existing copy was made.

[39] I doubt if speculation as to the possible meaning of these names will really help us.

[40] Which looks as if the author had written _grewen_ for _greven_, like a Scotchman.

[41] A very bad mistake occurs in l. 1045, viz. _thou wot_ instead of _thou wost_, as if one should say in Latin _tu scio_. It rimes with _dote_, which, in Chaucer, is dissyllabic.

[42] There are many more; _fon-ne_ becomes _fon_, to rime with _on_, 458; _tell-e_ is cut down to _tell_, 518; _behold-e_, to _behold_, 652; _accord-e_, to _accord_, 746; &c. The reader can find out more for himself; see ll. 771, 844, 862, 896, 1032, 1334, 1389, &c. In ll. 1063-4, we have _opinion_ riming with _begon_, the Chaucerian forms being _opinioun_ and _bigonne_ or _bigunne_!

[43] See vol. vi. p. xlv.

[44] The MS. has:--'Than is is lande'--by mistake.

[45] It is clear that The Plowmans Tale and Jack Upland were inserted by Thynne and Speght respectively on religious grounds.

[46] We may safely assign to Lydgate the pieces numbered XXII and XXIII, as well as those numbered VIII to XV.

* * * * *

Corrections made to the printed original.

P. lx. "Of sek-e folk ful hol-e" corrected from "seke-e".

P. 142. Line 93. "come; read com" corrected from "com; read come".

P. 297. Line B 7. "I supply eek" corrected from "suppy".

P. 346. "Th. Thynne, ed. 1532" corrected from "Thyme".

P. 358. Line 267 "Th. chyde; T. chide" - "T." corrected from "Th.".

P. 522. Line 97 "her father Calchas" corrected from "Chalcas".

P. 537. Line 477. "meaning not only chalcedony" corrected from "chaledony".

P. 556. s.v. Alegge. "XIX. 26." corrected from "XVIII. 26."