i. 104-5) we find:--

'Such as wilbe drongen (_sic_) _as an ape_ ... And in such caas often tymes they be That one may make them _play with strawes thre_.'

Barclay, in his Ship of Fools, ed. Jamieson, i. 96, speaking of drunken men, says--

'Some _sowe-dronke_, swaloyng mete without mesure.'

And again--

'Some are _Ape-dronke_, full of lawghter and of toyes.'

The following interesting explanation by Lacroix is much to the same effect:--

'In Germany and in France it was the custom at the public entries [438] of kings, princes, and persons of rank, to offer them the wines made in the district, and commonly sold in the town. At Langres, for instance, these wines were put into four pewter vessels called _cimaises_, which are still to be seen. They were called the _lion_, _monkey_, _sheep_, and _pig_ wines--symbolic names, which expressed the different degrees or phases of drunkenness which they were supposed to be capable of producing: the lion, courage; the monkey, cunning; the sheep, good temper; the pig, bestiality.'--P. Lacroix; Manners, Customs, and Dress during the Middle Ages, 1874, p. 508.

Massinger has: 'Nay, if you are _lion-drunk_, I will make one'; The Bondman, A. iii. sc. 3.

A note in Bell's edition quotes an illustrative passage from a song in Lyly's play of Mother Bombie, printed in the Songs from the Dramatists, ed. Bell, p. 56:--

'O the dear blood of grapes Turns us to antic shapes, Now to show tricks _like apes_, Now _lion-like_ to soar'; &c.

The idea here intended is precisely that expressed by Barclay. The Cook, being very dull and ill-humoured, is ironically termed ape-drunk, as if he were 'full of lawghter and of toyes,' and ready to play even with a straw. The satire was too much for the Cook, who became excited, and fell from his horse in his attempts to oppose the Manciple.

50. _chiváchee_, feat of horsemanship, exploit. See Prol. 85 for the serious use of the word, where _in chivachye_ means on an (equestrian) expedition. Cf.

'Bot oute sal ride a chivauchè'; Ritson's Ancient Songs, vol. i. p. 46.

51. 'Alas! he did not stick to his ladle!' He should have been in a kitchen, basting meat, not out of doors, on the back of a horse.

57. _dominacioun_, dominion. See note to F. 352. Cf. 'the righteous shall have _domination_ over them in the morning'; Ps. xlix. 14, Prayer-book Version. See Chaucer's Minor Poems, xv. 16 (vol. i. p. 394).

62. _fneseth_, blows, puffs; of which the reading _sneseth_ is a poor corruption, though occurring in all the modern editions. To _fnese_ does not mean to sneeze, but to breathe hard; though _sneeze_ is its modern form.

I have no doubt that the word _neesings_ in Job xli. 18, meaning not 'sneezings' but 'hard breathings,' is due to the word _fnesynge_, by which Wyclif translates the Latin _sternutatio_. In Jer. viii. 16, Wyclif represents the snorting of horses by _fnesting_. Cf. A. S. _fnæst_, a puff, blast, _fnæstiað_, the windpipe; _fn[=e]osung_, a hard breathing. Grimm's law helps us to a further illustration; for, as the English _f_ is a Greek _p_, a cognate word is at once seen in the common Greek verb [Greek: pneô], I breathe or blow. For further examples, see _fnast_ in Stratmann.

_pose_, a cold in the head. Fully described in Batman upon Bartholomè, lib. vii. c. 4--'Of the Pose.' See A. 4152. [439]

72. To _reclaim_ a hawk is to bring it back to the hawker's hand; this was generally effected by holding out a _lure_, or something tempting to eat. For young hawks, the _lure_ was an artificial bird made of feathers and leather; see note in Dyce's Skelton, ii. 147. Here the Host means that some day the Cook will hold out a bait to, or lay a snare for, the Manciple, and get him into his power; for example, he might examine the details of the Manciple's accounts with an inconvenient precision, and perhaps the amounts charged, if tested, would not appear to be strictly honest. The Manciple replies in all good humour, that such a proceeding might certainly bring him into trouble. See Prol. 570-586. Cf. Strutt, Sports, bk. i. c. 2. § 9.

76. Read _mauncipl'_, and pronounce _were a_ rapidly.

83. 'Yea, of an excellent vintage.'

90. _pouped_, blown; see Nonne Prestes Tale, 578. Here 'blown upon this horn' is a jocular phrase for 'taken a drink out of this gourd.'

THE MAUNCIPLES TALE.

This story, of Eastern origin, is told in Ovid's Metamorphoses, bk. ii. ll. 534-550, whence Chaucer evidently took it. Gower, also following Ovid, gives the story very briefly; see his Conf. Amantis, ed. Pauli, i. 305. Compare the tale of the three cocks, Gesta Romanorum, cap. 68; also the Seven Sages, ed. Weber, l. 2201 (Metrical Rom. vol. iii. p. 86). Somewhat similar in idea is a tale in the Knight de la Tour, c. 16. See further in vol. iii. p. 501.

109. _Phitoun_, the Python, shot by Apollo; see Ovid, Met. i. 438-444; Dryden, trans. of Ovid's Met., i. 587.

116. _Amphioun_, Amphion; see note to E. 1716. Cf. Horace, De Arte Poetica, l. 394.

133.

'Nam fuit haec quondam niveis argentea pennis Ales, ut aequaret totas sine labe columbas.' Ovid, Met. ii. 536.

Gower has:--'Wel more white than any _swan_.'

139. Ovid gives her name, Coronis of Larissa.

148. As indicated by a side-note in Hn., this passage is taken directly from the Liber Aureolus de Nuptiis of Theophrastus, as cited by St. Jerome near the end of the first Book of his treatise against Jovinian. Cf. note to D. 221.

The passage from Theophrastus is:--'Verum quid prodest etiam diligens custodia: cum uxor seruari impudica non possit, pudica non debeat? Infida enim custos est castitatis necessitas: et illa uere pudica dicenda est, cui licuit peccare si uoluit. Pulchra cito adamatur, foeda facile concupiscit. Difficile custoditur, quod plures amant.'--Hieron. Opus Epistolarum (Basil. 1534); ii. 51.

161. Cf. Horace, Epist. I. x. 24--'Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret,' &c. And this is the very passage which Chaucer had [440] in view, as it is quoted and commented on in Le Roman de la Rose, 14221-8, &c. Jean de Meun adds the comment:--

'Que vaut ce? Toute créature Vuet retorner à sa nature. Jà nel' erra por violence De force, ne de convenance.'

This passage in Le Roman is _preceded_ by the illustration of the caged bird, and _followed_ by that of the cat; see ll. 163, 175. Further, Jean de Meun took the illustration of the caged bird from Boethius; see next note.

163. From Boethius; see the note to F. 607. It reappears in Le Roman de la Rose, 14145-62; beginning--

'Li oisillons du vert boscage, Quant il est pris et mis en cage,' &c.

Compare Sq. Ta., F. 611-617. It is interesting to see how Chaucer has repeated the passage, and yet so greatly varied the form of it. We find, however, that _silk_ and _milk_ rime together in both cases.

175. _Not_ from Boethius, but from Le Roman de la Rose, 14241, &c.:--

'Qui prendroit, biau filz, ung chaton Qui onques rate ne raton Véu n'auroit, puis fust noris Sans jà véoir ras ne soris, Lonc tens par ententive cure De délicieuse pasture, Et puis véist soris venir, N'est riens qui le péust tenir, Se l'en le lessoit eschaper, Qu'il ne l'alast tantost haper.'

183. This is taken from a different part of Le Roman altogether, and is founded on a different argument, viz. the perversity of women's choice, as noticed in ll. 198-200 below. See Le Rom. de la Rose, 7799-7804:--

'Le vaillant homme arriere boute Et prent le pire de la route: Là norrit ses amors, et couve Tout autresinc cum fait la louve, Cui sa folie tant empire, Qu'el prent des lous tretout le pire.'

_vileins kinde_, nature of a villain, a villainous or base disposition. Practically, _vileins_ has here the force of an adjective, and came to be so regarded, as shewn by the formation from it of the adv. _vileinsly_, which occurs in I. 154, and elsewhere. Similarly, the gen. case _wonders_ became the adj. _wonders_, which was gradually turned into _wondrous_; see _Wondrous_ in my Etym. Dictionary.

This adj. _vileyns_, with the sense of 'villainous,' is unnoticed in [441] Halliwell and Stratmann. Yet Chaucer uses it often, as the reader may see for himself. See D. 1158, 1268, I. 556, 631, 652, 715, 802, 854, 914; and hence _vileinsly_, adv., I. 154, 279, Rom. Rose, 1498.

193. _newefangel_, eager of novelty; see note to F. 618.

195. _souneth in-to_, accords with; see notes to A. 307, B. 3157, C. 54, and F. 517.

204. _lemman_, short for _leef man_, lit. dear man. The context shews that it was considered a 'knavish' word at this period.

207-8. Repeated from Prol. 741-2; see note to A. 741.

215. The line, as it stands, is deficient in the first foot, and is not pleasing. Tyrwhitt reads _any_ for a. This improves it; but I do not know where he found _any_. The old editions of 1550 and 1561 have _a_, like the MSS.

220. _wenche_, like _lemman_, was a 'knavish' word; see E. 2202.

223. _titlelees_, title-less, glossed in Hn. by the words _sine titulo_. It means 'usurping,' as applied to one who has no title or claim to a throne except force. Obviously written before 1399!

224. Here _out-law-e_ is trisyllabic, and the final _e_ is preserved by the caesura. But in l. 231 the accent is thrown back, and it is dissyllabic, as in modern English. Tyrwhitt puts _any_ for _a_, against all authority.

227. This well-known story of Alexander occurs in the Gesta Romanorum, c. 146; and this circumstance gave it vogue. In Swan's translation, the tale begins thus:--'Augustine tells us in his book, De Civitate Dei, that Diomedes, in a piratical galley, for a long time infested the sea, plundering and sinking many ships. Being captured by command of Alexander, before whom he was brought, the king inquired how he dared to molest the seas. "How darest _thou_," replied he, "molest the earth? Because I am master only of a single galley, I am termed a robber; but you, who oppress the world with huge squadrons, are called a king and a conquerour."' John of Salisbury repeats the story in his Policraticus, lib. iii. c. 14. Cf. Higden, Polychron. iii. 422.

239. _volage_, giddy, thoughtless; cf. E. _volatile_. See the E. version of the Romaunt of the Rose, l. 1284 (vol. i. p. 147).

243. It was already understood that _cuckoo_ was, as Shakespeare says, 'a word of fear'; see Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2. 920. In the Parl. of Foules, 358, we find: 'the cukkow ever unkinde'; vol. i. p. 348.

252. _blered is thyn ye_, thine eye is bleared or dimmed, i. e. thou art deceived or cajoled. See A. 4049.

262. _wryen_, to turn aside hastily; see A. 3283.

271. _scorpioun_, scorpion. Alluding to the notion that the scorpion, though its sting was deadly, had a flattering tongue, and could beguile. See notes to B. 404, E. 2059.

278. _rakel_, rash, hasty; afterwards altered to _rake-hell_, by a curious popular etymology; and then shortened to _rake_, as in the phrase 'a dissolute _rake_.' See _rake_ (2) in my Etym. Dictionary. Cf. l. 283.

279. _trouble_, adj., troubled, clouded, obscured. Tyrwhitt explains [442] it by 'dark, gloomy,' with reference to its occurrence in E. 465 above. And see Pers. Tale, I. 537.

Compare the Friar's sermon, on the subject of Ire, in D. 2005-2088, and the description of the same in the Pers. Tale, I. 535-561.

290. _fordoon_, destroyed. For _and_ (as in E. Cm.) Hn. Cp. Pt. Ln. have _or_.

In place of this line, Hl. has the following extraordinary variation:--

'Fordoon, or dun hath brought hem in the myre.'

This shews that the scribe remembered the fifth line in the Manciple's Prologue, and thought fit to re-introduce it here, where it is wholly out of place. This is one of the many signs of the untrustworthiness of this grossly over-rated MS.

294. _songe_, didst sing; A. S. _sunge_.

301. See the Parl. of Foules, l. 363, and the note (vol. i. pp. 520-1).

306. _slong_, slung, threw violently; needlessly altered by Tyrwhitt to _flong_. So in the Seven Sages, ed. Weber, l. 1316:--'Amidde the pit he hit _slong_.' As _s_ and _f_ are often confused, I give some _alliterative_ examples from the Geste Historyale of the Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.):--

'Sesit his sité, _slong_ it to ground'; 4215. 'Slogh hym full sleghly, and _slange_ hym to ground'; 13745. 'But the citie to sese, and _slyng_ it to ground'; 8851.

307. _which_, to whom; i. e. 'to whom I commit him.'

314. _Daun_, Dan, i. e. lord, sir; see note to B. 3119.

_Salomon_, Solomon; the reference is to Prov. xxi. 23; cf. Ps. xxxiv. 13.

317. Sayings similar to those quoted below are common; but Dr. E. Köppel has shewn (in Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen, ed. L. Herrig, vol. lxxxvi, p. 44) that Chaucer had particularly in mind a treatise by Albertano of Brescia, entitled De arte loquendi et tacendi. He refers us to a new edition by Thor Sundby, in a work entitled Brunetto Latinos levnet og skrifter, Kopenhagen, 1869.

We may further compare a passage in Le Roman de la Rose, 7069, which professes to follow Ptolemy's Almagest. And we find similar pieces of advice in Middle English, with such titles as 'How the Good Wife taught her Daughter,' and 'How the Wise man taught his Son'; but these are probably later than the time of Chaucer.

325. The corresponding passage in Albertano's treatise is the following, p. xcviii:--'Paucos vel neminem tacendo, multos loquendo circumventos vidimus, quod pulchre voluit, qui ait: Nil tacuisse nocet, nocet esse saepe locutum.' This hexameter is quoted from Dionysius Cato, Distich. lib. i. dist. 12, slightly altered. Cato has: 'Nam nulli tacuisse nocet, nocet esse locutum.' Cf. the common proverb--'a fool's bolt is soon shot,' which appears in the Proverbs of Alfred, l. 421. As to Cato, see note to G. 688.

329. The corresponding passage in Albertano is:--'Causa igitur finalis tui dicti sit aut pro Dei servitio aut pro humano commodo, aut pro utroque'; p. cx. [443]

332. In Albertano's treatise, p. xcvi, we find:--'Catho dixit: Virtutem primam esse puta compescere linguam.' From Dion. Cato, Distich. lib. i. dist. 3. Chaucer quotes it again in Troilus, iii. 294. Cf. Le Rom. de la Rose, 7073-4.

335. Cf. Albertano, p. cxv:--'In quantitate insuper modum requiras non multa dicendo; nam in multiloquio non deest peccatum.' This refers to Prov. x. 19:--'In multiloquio non deerit peccatum.'

340. Cf. Ps. lvii. 4:--'and their tongue a sharp sword.'

344. See Prov. vi. 17, where 'a lying tongue' is said to be one of the seven things which 'are an abomination unto' the Lord. See also Prov. x. 31, xvii. 20, xxvi. 28, &c.

345. Cf. Ps. x. 7, xii. 3, lii. 2, lxiv. 3-8, cxx. 3, &c. The reference to Seneca is, probably, to his treatise De Ira, from which two stories in the Sompnours Tale are taken; or it may be to the Sentences of Publilius Syrus, which are frequently quoted in the Tale of Melibeus under the name of 'Senek.'

350. Evidently an allusion to some Flemish proverb, equivalent to our 'least said, soonest mended,' which Hazlitt gives in the form--'Little said, soon amended.' In Bell's edition, the suggested form of the proverb is--'of little meddling comes great ease,' which comes nearer to the text. Chaucer has already given us a Flemish proverb in A. 4357.

355. 'Et semel emissum fugit irreuocabile uerbum'; Horace, Epist. I. xviii. 71. Chaucer found this line of Horace in Albertano's treatise (p. xcviii); or in Le Roman, 16746-8.

357. Cf. Albertano's treatise, p. cvi:--'Consilium vel secretum tuum absconditum quasi in carcere tuo est reclusum; revelatum vero te in carcere suo tenet ligatum.'

359. This is clearly, as Tyrwhitt suggests, from Dionysius Cato, Distich. lib. i. dist. 12:--'Rumores fuge, ne incipias _novus auctor_ haberi.'

* * * * *

[444]

NOTES TO GROUP I.

THE PARSON'S PROLOGUE.

1. _maunciple_, manciple; see the last Tale. But there is no real connexion between this Group and Group H. It is most likely that the word _maunciple_ was only inserted provisionally.

When the Manciple had told his Tale, it was still only morning; see H. 16, and the note. The Pilgrims, however, had not far to go. Perhaps we may suppose that they halted on the road, having a shorter day's work before them than on previous occasions, and then other Tales might have been introduced; so that the time wore away till the afternoon came. It is clear, from l. 16, that the Parson's Tale was _intended_, when the final reversion should be made, to be the last on the outward journey. Whatever difficulties exist in the arrangement of the Tales may fairly be considered as due to the fact, that the final revision was never made.

4. _nyne and twenty._ In my Preface to Chaucer's Astrolabe (E. E. T. S.), p. lxiii, I have explained this passage fully. In that treatise, part ii. sections 41-43, Chaucer explains the method of taking altitudes. He here says that the sun was 29° high, and in ll. 6-9 he says that his height was to his shadow in the proportion of 6 to 11. This comes to the same thing, since the angle whose tangent is 6/11 is very nearly 29°. Chaucer would know this, as I have shewn, by simple inspection of an astrolabe, without calculation.

5. _Foure_, four P. M. Many MSS. have _Ten_, but the necessity of the correction is undoubted. This was proved by Mr. Brae, in his edition of Chaucer's Astrolabe, pp. 71-74. We have merely to remember that _ten_ P. M. would be _after sunset_, to see that some alteration must be made. Now the altitude of the sun was 29°, and the day of the year was about April 20; and these data require that the time of day should be about 4 P. M. Tyrwhitt notes that some MSS. actually have the reading _Foure_, and this gives us authority for the change. Mr. Brae suggests that the reading _Ten_ was very likely a gloss upon _Foure_; since _four_ o'clock is the _tenth_ hour of the day, reckoning from 6 A. M. The whole matter is thus accounted for. [445]

10. _the mones exaltacioun_, the moon's exaltation. I have discussed this passage in my Preface to Chaucer's Astrolabe, (E. E. T. S.), p. lxiii. Of course Chaucer uses _exaltation_ here (as in other passages) in its ordinary astrological sense. The 'exaltation' of a planet is that sign in which it was believed to exert its greatest influence; and, in accordance with this, the old tables call Taurus the 'exaltation of the Moon,' and Libra the 'exaltation of Saturn.' These results, founded on no reasons, had to be remembered by sheer effort of memory, if remembered at all. I have no doubt, accordingly, that Chaucer (or his scribes) has made a mistake here, and that the reading should be 'Saturnes,' as proposed by Tyrwhitt. The sentence then means--'Therewith Saturn's exaltation, I mean Libra, kept on continually ascending above the horizon.' This would be quite right, as the sign of Libra was actually ascending at the time supposed. The phrase 'I mene Libra' may be paralleled by the phrase 'I mene Venus'; Kn. Tale, 1358 (A. 2216); see also Group B. 1860, 2141. _alwey_, continually, is common in Chaucer; see Clerkes Tale, E. 458, 810. _gan ascende_, did ascend, is the opposite to _gan descende_; Clerkes Tale, E. 392. It is somewhat remarkable that the astrologers also divided each sign into three equal parts of ten degrees each, called 'faces'; mentioned in Chaucer's Astrolabe, ii. 4. 39, and in the Squieres Tale, F. 50. According to this arbitrary scheme, the first 10 degrees of Libra were called the 'face of the moon,' or 'mones face.' This suggests that Chaucer may, at the moment, have confused _face_ with _exaltation_, thus giving us, as the portion of the zodiac intended, the first ten degrees of Libra.

I doubt if the phrase is worth further discussion. For further information, see my Preface to Chaucer's Astrolabe (as above); and, for an ingenious (but impossible and unconvincing) theory, offered in explanation of the whole passage, see Mr. Brae's edition of the same, p. 74. Most unfortunately, more than one attempt has been made to fix the date of the Canterbury Tales, by adopting as the true reading the phrase 'In mene Libra,' and then pretending that the moon _itself_ (not _its exaltation_) was 'in the middle of Libra.' But this reading is evolved out of a mistake in MS. Hl., which (after all) has not _In mene_, but _In mena_ (!); neither does _In mene_ mean 'in the middle.' All calculations founded on this rotten basis are necessarily worthless.

16. This means that the Parson's Tale was meant to be the last one on the outward journey. Unfortunately, there lack a great many more tales than one, as the matter really stands.

26. 'Unpack your wallet, and let us see what is in it.' In other words, tell us a story, and let us see what it is like.

32. See 1 Tim. i. 4, iv. 7; 2 Tim. iv. 4.

42. _Southren._ Nearly all alliterative poems are in the Northern or West-Midland dialect, as opposed to the East-Midland dialect of Chaucer, which approaches the Southern dialect. Still, it is the Parson _himself_, not Chaucer, who says he is a Southerner; though [446] perhaps the poet meant, naturally enough, to tell us that he was himself resident in Kent (probably at Greenwich). The dialect of Kent was Southern. Many Southern forms occur in Gower.

43. _rum, ram, ruf_ are of course nonsense words, chosen to represent alliteration, because they all alike begin with _r_. In most alliterative poetry, the number of words in a line beginning with a common letter is, as Chaucer suggests, _three_.

The word _geste_ here means no more than 'tell a story,' without reference to the form of the story. It is, however, worth noting that one very long alliterative poem on the siege of Troy, edited by Panton and Donaldson (Early English Text Society), bears the title of '_Gest_ Hystoriale.' The number of distinctively Northern words in it is very considerable.

I think that this line has been forced by some out of its true meaning, and made to convey a sneer against alliterative poetry which was by no means intended. Neither Chaucer himself nor his amiable parson would have spoken slightingly of other men's labours. The introduction of the words _rum, ram, ruf_ conveys no more than a perfectly good-humoured allusion. That this is the true view is clear from the very next line, where the Parson declares that 'he holds rime but little better.'

The most interesting question is--why should Chaucer allude to alliterative poetry _at all_? The answer is, in my view, that he distinctly wished to recognise the curious work of his contemporary William, whose Vision of Piers the Plowman had, by this time, passed, as it were, into a second edition, having been extremely popular in London, and especially amongst the lower classes. The author was _not_ a Southerner, but his poem had come to London, together with himself, before A. D. 1377.

In his play entitled The Old Wives' Tale, Peele introduces a character named Huanebango who imitates the spluttering hexameters used by Stanyhurst in his translation of a part of Vergil's Æneid, and afterwards says:--'I'll now set my countenance, and to her _in prose_; it may be, this _rim-ram-ruf_ is too rude an encounter.' He evidently borrowed the expression from Chaucer.

I may further observe that Chaucer did not _invent_ these nonsense words himself; he probably borrowed them from some French source. For, in Sigart's Walloon Dictionary, we find these entries following.

'_Rim ni ram (ça n'a ni)_, cela n'a ni rime ni raison.

_Rim-ram_, protocole, formulaire: _C'est toudi l'même rim-ram_, c'est toujours la même chanson.'

Again, in the Dispute between the Soul and the Body (Vernon MS.), printed in Wright's edition of Walter Mapes, p. 340, col. 2, we find:--

'For to bere thi word so wyde, And maken of the _rym and raf_.'

51. Alluding to Rev. xxi. 2. There is also here a direct reference to the opening sentences of the Persones Tale; see I. 79, 80. [447]

57. _textuel_, literally exact in giving the text. The next line means 'I only gather (and give you) the general meaning.' Most quotations at this period were very inexact, and Chaucer was no more exact than others.

67. _hadde the wordes._ Tyrwhitt says--'This is a French phrase. It is applied to the Speaker of the Commons in Rot. Parl. 51 Edw. III. n. 87: "Mons. Thomas de Hungerford, Chivaler, qi _avoit les paroles_ pur les Communes d'Angleterre en cest Parlement," &c.' It means--was the spokesman.

THE PERSONES TALE.

A considerable portion of this Tale (chiefly after § 23) is borrowed from a French Treatise by Frère Lorens, entitled 'La Somme des Vices et des Vertus,' the very treatise of which the Ayenbite of Inwyt is a translation. This treatise, says Dr. Morris, 'was composed in the year 1279 for the use of Philip the Second of France, by Frère Lorens (or Laurentius Gallus, as he is designated in Latin), of the order of Friars Preachers' or Dominicans. There are two MS. copies of this treatise in the British Museum, viz. MS. Cotton, Cleopatra, A. v., and the Royal MS. 19 C. ii.

The printed text (circa 1495) is scarce; but numerous quotations from the Cotton MS. are given by Dr. W. Eilers, in Essays on Chaucer, Part V., pp. 501-610, published by the Chaucer Society. I occasionally give extracts from these quotations below, and I simply denote them by the symbol 'Fr.' I also use 'Ayenb.' to denote the Ayenbite of Inwyt, ed. Morris (E. E. T. S.). An interesting review, by Dr. Koch, of this essay by Eilers, will be found in Anglia, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 130.

The 'sections' (marked §) into which the Tale is divided are the same as in Tyrwhitt's edition, though he does not _number_ them. Still, it renders reference to that edition an easy matter.

The clauses or 'lines,' or short subdivisions, are the same as in the Six-text edition. Each 'line' ends with a slanting stroke, as in the Tale of Melibee, and they are numbered 'by fives' in the margin.

TEXT. The 'text' at the head of the Tale is taken from the Vulgate version of Jer. vi. 16. The usual reading for _viis_ is _semitis_.

I have only partially succeeded in finding the numerous quotations. For some of the references I am indebted to the Rev. E. Marshall.

75. A note in Bell's Chaucer suggests that we should read--'that _wole that_ no man,' &c.; inserting _wole that_. But the old edd. agree with the MSS.; and the text is right as it stands. _That no man wole perisse_ = that wishes no one to perish. For this common use of _wole_, see the very next phrase, which means--'but desires that we may all come.' The reference is to 2 Pet. iii. 9, where Wyclif's later version has a similar turn of expression, viz. 'and wole not that ony men perische, but that alle turne ayen to penaunce.' [448]

77. A translation of Jer. vi. 16 above; it is nearest to Wyclif's earlier version: 'Stondeth up-on weies, and seeth, and asketh of the olde pathis, what is the goode weie; and goth in it, and yee shul fynde refreshinge to youre soules.'

79. _espirituels_, the pl. (French) adj. in _s_, following its sb.; see B. 2038, F. 1278.

80. Alluding to ll. 50, 51 of the Prologue to this Tale.

82. _whennes it is cleped Penitence_; our author entirely forgets this clause in the sequel, and takes no more notice of the point here noted.

84. 'Poenitentia est et mala praeterita plangere, et plangenda iterum non committere'; S. Ambrosii Opera, Appendix, Sermo xxv; ed. Migne (Cursus Patrologicus), vol. 17, col. 655.

The quotations, chiefly from the Latin fathers, in this Persones Tale, are so numerous, and often so brief and inexact, that I am not able to give the references in more than a few instances. I have, however, succeeded in finding some of them, such as the one above.

85. In the works of St. Ambrose, the following sentence occurs just above the one cited in the last note: 'Poenitentia vero est dolor cordis, et amaritudo animae pro malis quae quisque commisit.'

89. St. Isidore of Seville is here intended (born A.D. 570, died A.D. 636). Cf. 551 below, (p. 603). I find no passage which precisely answers to this quotation, but I think the following is intended: 'Nam qui plangit peccatum, et iterum admittit peccatum, quasi si quis lavet laterem crudum, quem quanto magis eluerit, tanto amplius lutum facit.'--S. Isidorus, Sententiarum lib. ii. c. 13; ed. Migne, vol. 83, col. 613. Here Isidore does not call the sinner a 'japer,' but says that he is as foolish as a man who washes an unburnt brick; for such a process only produces more mud.

92. St. Gregory the Great, the first pope of that name, is here meant; and the following is probably the passage referred to: 'Ut intelligas in anima gravissimo iniquitatis pondere obrutum ... ut ad sublimia levari jam non valeat, quoniam iniquitatis eam [mentem] gravitudo coarctat.'--S. Gregorius, in Septem Psalmos Poenitentiales Expositio; Ps. xxvii. v. 8; ed. Migne, vol. 79, col. 572.

93. _and forlete sinne_, and forsake sin before they die. This expression has already occurred at the end of the Phisiciens Tale; see C. 286.

94. Note the glosses in the footnotes; thus _tak_ means _tene_, i. e. 'keep to'; and _siker_ is _certum_, i. e. 'sure.'

96. It is quite hopeless to make any sense of this passage. It is perfectly clear that, as Koch suggests (see Anglia, V. pt. ii. p. 135), a considerable portion of the text is here _lost_. And no doubt it happened in the usual way, viz. by the omission of a clause included between some repeated words, such as _that a man_. Our author must have described, first of all, _three actions_ of Penitence; and afterwards, _three defautes_ (or defects) in doing penance. All that we have left is a notice of _the first action_ (left unexplained), and a partial [449] explanation of the three 'defautes.' I suggest, therefore, a _lacuna_ after _that a man_; and I take it that the original text had: 'The firste accion of Penitence is _that a man_ [do so and so. The second action is, that he do so and so. The third is, that he do so and so. Moreover, ye shall understand that there are three defautes in doing penance. The first is, if _that a man_] be baptized after that he hath sinned.' Some MSS. read _that if a man_ or _if a man_ before _be baptized_. I do not see that this helps us, because I do not think that this is where the fault really lies.

97. The quotation here meant is the following: 'Omnis enim, qui iam arbiter voluntatis suae constitutus est, cum accedit ad sacramentum fidelium, nisi eum poeniteat vitae veteris, novam non potest inchoare': Homil. l.; in Opp. Basil. 1569, tom. x. col. 552 C.

100. 'Est enim poenitentia bonorum et humilium fidelium poena quotidiana'; S. Aug. Opp. Basil. 1569, tom. ii. col. 507 A; Epist. cviii.

102. _spyces_, species, kinds; of frequent occurrence in this Tale.

103. The 'slaughter of children' here referred to is probably the accidental overlying of them by nurses, which was accounted a deadly sin, as being the result of negligence. This Chaucer expressly states below; see 575 (p. 604).

105. _naked_, i. e. thinly clad, in little more than a shirt-like garment.

108. Cf. P. Plowman, C. xvii. 29:--

'_Cordis contricio_ cometh of sorwe in herte, And _oris confessio_, that cometh of shrifte of mouthe, And _operis satisfactio_, that for synnes payeth And for alle synnes soueraynliche quiteth: _Cordis contricio, oris confessio, operis satisfactio_.'

I find 'confessio' and 'cordis contritio' mentioned near together in the Latin version of St. Chrysostom's 20th homily on Genesis, cap. iv; ed. Migne, vol. liii. col. 170.

115. Not the words of Christ, but of St. John the Baptist; Matt. iii. 8.

116. See Matt. vii. 20.

119. 'Et in timore Domini declinatur a malo'; Prov. xvi. 6.

125. 'Iniquos odio habui, et legem tuam dilexi'; Ps. cxviii. (cxix.) 113.

126. Cf. Daniel iv. 10-27.

127. The reference is probably to Prov. xxviii. 13.

128. _In this Penitence_, i. e. in this 'spice' or particular portion of Penitence; for he is here speaking of Contrition only.

130. St. Bernard of Clairvaux. The reference may be to the following passage: 'Tertius gradus est dolor, sed et ipse _trina connexione_ ligatus. Vere post cognitionem et poenitentiam _dolor renovatus est_, et in meditatione mea ignis incanduit, quia _Creatorem offendi, Dominum non timui, sprevi benefactorem_.'--S. Bernardus, Sermo xl. § 5; ed. Migne, vol. 183, col. 649.

134. I find nothing like this in Job; the nearest passage seems to be [450] in ch. xxxiii. vv. 26-28, where the idea of forgiveness after confession is referred to.

135. _Ezechie_, king Hezekiah; see Isaiah, xxxviii. 15 (Vulgate).

136. From Rev. ii. 5.

138. Referring to 2 Pet. ii. 22.

141. From Ezek. xx. 43.

142. Really from John viii. 34; but cf. 2 Pet. ii. 19.

143. Here, again, the reference is wrong. The text intended is, probably, Job xlii. 6, where the Vulgate has:--'Idcirco ipse me reprehendo, et ago poenitentiam in favilla et cinere.' Cf. Ps. xxxviii. 6.

144. The allusions to Seneca are numerous, and sentences from other authors are frequently attributed to him.

150. 'Vis ut tibi seruiat cum quo factus es, et non uis seruire ei a quo factus es? Ergo cum uis ut seruiat tibi seruus tuus homo, et tu non uis seruire Deo, facis Deo quod tu pati non uis.'--S. Aug. Opp. Basil. 1569, tom. ix. col. 929 D; De Decem Chordis, cap. x.

151. _Take reward of_, have regard to.

154. _vileynsly_; an adv. formed from the adj. _vileyns_, base. See 652 below; &c.

156. See Prov. xi. 22. _groyn_, snout. 'Groyne of a swyne, _Rostrum porcinum_'; Prompt. Parv. Cotgrave has:--'_Groin de porceau_, the snowt of a Hog.' Florio's Ital. Dict. has:--'_Grugno_, the snout of a hog.' The Low Lat. form is _grunnus_; we find--'_Grunnus, Anglice_ a gruyn, or a wrot'; Wright-Wülcker's Gloss. col. 587, l. 23. The A. S. word is _wr[=o]t_; whence M. E. _wroten_, vb., as below.

159. This quotation is also given, in Latin, in Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, l. 4671:--'Siue comedam, siue bibam, siue aliquid aliud faciam, semper michi uidetur ilia tuba resonare in auribus meis, Surgite, mortui, uenite ad iudicium.' It occurs still earlier, in the Gesta Romanorum, cap. 37. It is not really from Jerome, but occurs in the Regula Monachorum, in S. Hieron. Opp. tom. v. App.; Paris, 1706. Cf. Lyndesay's Monarchè, book iv. l. 5606.

162. From Rom. xiv. 10.

164. _essoyne_, excuse; a common legal term; A. F. _essoigne_, _essoyne_; See _Essoin_ in my Etym. Dict., 2nd ed., Addenda.

166. 'Nulla ibi dissimilatio, ubi reddenda ratio etiam de verbo otioso'; S. Bernardus, Sermo ad Prelatos in Concilio, § 5; ed. Migne, vol. 184, col. 1098.

168. This gives the general sense of Prov. i. 28.

169. 'O angustiae! Hinc erunt peccata accusantia; inde terrens iustitia; subtus patens horridum chaos inferni; desuper iratus iudex; intus urens conscientia; foris ardens mundus. Iustus uix saluabitur; peccator sic deprehensus in quam partem se premet? Constrictus ubi latebo? quomodo parebo? Latere erit impossibile; apparere intolerabile.'--S. Anselmi Meditatio Secunda; ed. Migne, vol. 158, col. 724. Cf. St. Bernard, Tractatus de Interiore Domo, cap. 22, § 46; Ancren Riwle, p. 304. [451]

174. This passage from Jerome is probably founded upon Ps. xcvii. 3, 4.

176. From Job x. 20-22.

181. Referring to the quotation above; see 177.

182. I. e. Job calls it 'dark,' because he that is in hell is deprived of natural light. Of course _material_ is here the adjective.

183. _shal turne him al to peyne_, shall all become painful to him; _him_ is here a dative. In Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, ll. 6823, 6829, we find the above quotation from Job x. 20-22; and, soon after (l. 6879), a quotation from St. Augustine which seems to be here imitated:--'Demones igne scintillante uidebunt.'

186. _defautes_, wants, deprivations; _agayn_, as compared with.

189. Not from Jeremiah, but from 1 Sam. ii. 30; cf. Mal. ii. 9.

190. _fortroden of_, trodden down by; see _fortreden_ in Stratmann; A. S. _fortredan_.

191. This singular quotation is said, in Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, l. 8592, to be from the book of Job. The reference is to Job xx. 25, where the Vulgate has: 'uadent et uenient super eum horribiles.' The word _demones_ is supplied in Hampole before _horribiles_. Even Wycliffe's version has: 'orrible _fendis_ schulen go, and schulen come on hym.' A. V. 'terrors are upon him.'

_defouled_, trodden down. In Ps. cxxxviii. 11, Wycliffe has--'schulen _defoule_ me'; Vulgate, '_conculcabunt_ me.'

193. Chaucer extends this quotation by the insertion of the explanatory words about 'the riche folk'; see Ps. lxxvi. 5. _oneden to_, united to, entirely gave up (their hearts) to. The pp. _oned_, united, occurs in D. 1968. See Prompt. Parv. p. 365.

195. From Deut. xxxii. 24, 33. Cf. Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, l. 6755.

198. From Isaiah xiv. 11.

201. From Micah vii. 6.

204. The reference is to the Vulgate version of Ps. x. 6 (answering to Ps. xi. 6 in the A. V.): 'Qui autem diligit iniquitatem, odit animam suam.' Cf. Prov. xxix. 24.

207. The 'five wits' are the five senses. Cf. P. Plowman, B. xiv. 53:--

'Bi so that thow be sobre of syghte and of tonge, In etynge and in handlynge, and in alle thi fyue wittis.'

208. _grintinge_, gnashing; cf. Matt. xiii. 42, xxv. 30.

209. _nosethirles_, nostrils. This seems to be taken from Jerome; for Hampole, in his Pricke of Conscience, l. 6677, says:--

'Of this Saynt Ierom, the haly man, Says thus, als I here shewe yhow can: _Ibi est ignis inextinguibilis, et fetor intollerabilis_.'

_Isaye_, Isaiah. The reference is to the Vulgate version of Isaiah, xxiv. 9:--'amara erit potio bibentibus illam.' But I may remark, [452] that the corresponding passage in Hampole's Pricke of Conscience refers us, at l. 6770, to Job xx. 16; and that the word 'gall' occurs in Job xx. 14.

210. The reference is to the last verse in Isaiah.

211. Alluding to Job x. 22, already cited above; see note to 176. The Vulgate has:--'ubi umbra mortis.'

214. 'Fit ergo miseris mors sine morte, finis sine fine, defectus sine defectu, quia et mors uiuit, et finis semper incipit, et deficere defectus nescit';--S. Gregorius, Moralium lib. ix. c. 66; ed. Migne, vol. 75, col. 915.

216. From Rev. ix. 6. Cf. Hampole, Pricke of Conscience, ll. 6723, 7387.

217. Referring to the words 'et nullus ordo,' in Job x. 22; see 177 above.

218. This seems to have been the usual explanation of the passage. See the curious application of this text to the friars in Piers Plowman, B. xx. 268.

220. Referring to Ps. cvii. 34.

221. St. Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea (born in 329, died in 379). The passage alluded to is from his Homilies on the Psalms; on Ps. xxviii. 7; § 6.

223. The same text as that translated above (177) by 'grisly drede that ever shal laste.' 'Sempiternus horror inhabitat'; Job x. 22.

225. This probably refers to the words 'In inferno nulla est redemptio,' founded on Job vii. 9; see P. Plowm. C. xxi. 153.

227. From Prov. xi. 7.

229-230. I cannot trace these references. Cf. Eccl. i. 18.

236. From Ezek. xviii. 24.

248. This seems to be the refrain of a Balade. It is interesting to notice that Chaucer again quotes it, as a line of _verse_, in his poem on Fortune; see Minor Poems, x. 7 (vol. i. p. 383).

252. _to paye with his dette_, to pay his debt with.

253-4. This is evidently the same passage from St. Bernard as that referred to in Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, l. 5653:--'Sicut non peribit capillus de capite, ita non erit momentum de toto tempore, de quo sane non conqueratur.'

258. _mowes_, grimaces. '_Mowe_, or skorne'; Prompt. Parv. p. 346. Cf. Troil. iv. 7.

273. This probably refers to Ps. lxix, which is frequently interpreted to refer to the sufferings of Christ; see vv. 7, 9, 18-21.

281. From Isaiah liii. 5.

284. From the Vulgate version of John xix. 19.

286. From Matt. i. 21.

287. From Acts iv. 12.

288. _Nazarenus_, an inhabitant of Nazareth.

There is a further reference to passages in which the promised Messiah is described as a _n[=e]tser_, i. e. a 'shoot' or 'sprout,' of Jesse. Genesius explains _n[=e]tser_ as meaning 'a branch,' Isaiah xiv. 19, lx. 21; [453] and, metaphorically, 'a Branch of Jesse,' Isaiah xi. 1. This sense of 'branch' or 'sprout' shews the origin of the explanation of the word as 'flourishing.'

289. From Rev. iii. 20.

300. _and nat repente_, and (for him) not to repent; used substantively, as equivalent to 'non-repentance.' So also _repenten him_, to repent, is equivalent to 'repentance.'

303. 'Scio enim Deum inimicum omni criminoso'; S. Aug. De Vera Poenitentia, cap. ix; Opp. Basil. 1569, tom. iv. col. 1044 C.

307. Ps. xcvii. 10 (xcvi. 10, in the Vulgate).

309. From Ps. xxxii. 5. The words _that is to seyn_ are superfluous.

313. _sone of ire_, i. e. a child of wrath; Eph. ii. 3.

315. _a sory song_, i. e. a mournful song.

316. The subject of this second Chapter, viz. Confession, is interrupted, in §§ 23-84, by a long description of the Seven Deadly Sins. The subject is resumed in § 85, at p. 634. As to Confession, compare the Ancren Riwle, p. 299, and Myre's Instructions for Parish Priests, p. 24.

317. _And whether it oghte nedes be doon or noon._ Here again, as in 83 above, Chaucer forgets this clause, and pays no more heed to the matter.

320. Before _avaunte_, understand _he moot_; i. e. and (he must) not boast of his good works. Compare Ancren Riwle, p. 317; Wyclif's Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 255.

322. From Rom. v. 12.

326-330. Compare Wycliffe's later version of Gen. iii. 1-7.

337-340. This agrees rather closely with the Ninth of the Articles of Religion.

341. _refreyded_, chilled, cooled. Words of Anglo-French origin have _ey_ or _ei_ in place of the Central French _oi_. Cotgrave has:--'_Refroidir_, to coole, to take away the heat of, to slacken, to calme.' Cotgrave also has:--'_Malefice_, a mischiefe; ... also, a charme (wherby hurt is done); mischievous witchery.' It is the same word as the Span. _malhecho_, mischief, and Shakespeare's _mallecho_; Hamlet, iii. 2. 146.

342. From Gal. v. 17.

343. Cf. 2 Cor. xi. 25-27.

344. From Rom. vii. 24.

345. This passage refers to St. Jerome's 22nd Epistle to Eustochium, De Virginitate, § 7 (ed. Migne, vol. 22. col. 398). A long extract from this letter is given in Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints, under Sept. 30.

348. From James i. 14.

349. From 1 John i. 8.

351. The sense shews that _suggestion_ is really meant; but it only appears in MSS. Selden and Lansdowne; all the rest have _subieccion_ or _subieccioun_, which I have therefore retained in the text. The fact is, that the words were confused in medieval Latin. Ducange gives _subjectio_, as used for _suggestio_. However, we find the words 'by wikked _suggestion_' just below, in l. 355.

_bely_, i. e. bellows; so in all the seven MSS. It is precisely the same [454] word as the mod. E. _belly_, notwithstanding the present difference in sense. The old sense was simply 'bag'; applied either to an inflated bag for blowing, or to the abdomen. The pl. form _belies_ was also used in the double sense, viz. (1) a pair of bellows, and (2) bellies; in fact, a pair of bellows is still called _blow-bellis_ in some parts of Shropshire; see _Blow-bellows_ and _Blow-bellys_ in Miss Jackson's Shropshire Glossary. And see the full explanations of _Bellows_ and _Belly_ in the New Eng. Dict.

355. 'Perhaps there may be some such passage in the Rabbinical histories of Moses, which the learned Gaulmin published in the last century (Paris, 1629, 8vo.), and which, among other traditions, contain that alluded to by St. Jude, Epist. 9.'--Tyrwhitt. An apocryphal book, called the Assumption of Moses, is mentioned by Origen.

358. Wycliffe protested against this attempted distinction between 'venial' and 'deadly' sin; see his Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 452. See also Myrc's Instructions for Parish Priests, p. 43.

362. Hazlitt gives this proverb in the form--'Many littles make a mickle'; from Camden's _Remains_. He adds several parallels from Ray's Proverbs. Another similar proverb is: 'A little leak will sink a great ship'; cf. 363.

363. _crevace_, crevice. _thurrok_, the holde of a ship. 'Thurrok of a schyppe, _Sentina_'; Prompt. Parv. The following remarkable passage occurs in The Myroure of oure Ladye, ed. Blunt (E. E. T. S.), pt. ii. pp. 108, 109:--'Noe [Noah] ioyed that hys Shyppe shulde be so pycked [pitched] wyth-in and wyth-out, that there shulde [be?] no _thorrocke_ [bilge-water?] that myghte syee [leak, ooze in] or droppe in therto. Ye shall vnderstonde that there ys a place in the bottome of a shyppe wherein ys gatheryd all the fylthe that cometh in-to the shyppe, other by lekynge or by syinge in-to yt by the bourdes, when the shyppe is olde, or when yt is not wel pycked, or by eny other wyse. And that place stynketh ryghte fowle; and yt ys called in some contre [county] of thys londe _a thorrocke_. Other calle yt an hamron, and some calle yt the bulcke of the shyppe. And thys is the _thorrocke_ that this Lesson spekyth of. For the shyppe of Noe was soo well pycked, that there gatheryd no soche fylthe therin.' It is cognate with Du. _durk_, Mid. Du. _durck_; Hexham's Du. Dict. has:--'_Durck_ van het schip daer al het water ende vuyligheyt in loopt, The Bottom or Sink of a ship where all the water and filth runs in.' Sewel's Du. Diet, has:--'_Durk_ (vuyl scheepswater), The foul water at the bottom of a ship.' This shews that the word meant (1) the lower part of the hold; and (2) the bilge-water that collects there. Probably a still older sense is simply 'hull'; for we find A. S. _þurruc_, as a gloss to '_Cumba, uel caupolus_'; Wright-Wülcker's Gloss. 181. 35. And Ducange has:--'_Cumba_, cymba, navis, seu potius navis species ... Glossar. Arabico-Latinum; _Lembus, navicula brevis, dicta et_ caupulus, _et_ cumba, _et lintris...._ Ugutio: _Cumba et cimba, ima pars navis et vicinior aquis._' [455]

This image is doubtless borrowed from St. Gregory; see Sweet's ed. of Ælfred's translation of Gregory's Pastoral Care, cap. lvii.

378. _tale_, relate, narrate; cf. A. 772; Will. of Palerne, 160; Gower, C. A. iii. 329. A. S. _talian_. Tyrwhitt reads _talke_.

384. I find, in Caxton's Golden Legende, the expression--'yf they had done ony venyal synne, hit was anone putte awey by the loue of charyte, _lyke as a drope of water in a fornays_.'--Of the Commemoration of Al Soules. See my note to P. Pl. C. vii. 338.

386. _Confiteor_, I confess. In the Ancren Riwle, p. 137, the editor's translation has:--'Wherefore every anchoress saith to every priest _Confiteor_ first of all, and confesseth herself first of all, and often.'

387. Here begins the famous and very common subject of the Seven Deadly Sins, largely borrowed from the treatise by Frère Lorens mentioned above (p. 447). I give occasional quotations from the French text, marked 'Fr.,' with references to the pages of Essays on Chaucer, Part V (Chaucer Society).

I here repeat, from my note on P. Plowman, C. vii. 3, some of the references to passages in which the Seven Sins appear. See, for instance, Ælfric's Homilies, ed. Thorpe, ii. 219; Wyclif's Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 119, 225; The Ancren Riwle, ed. Morton, pp. 198-204; Religious Pieces, ed. Perry (E. E. T. S.), pp. 11, 12; the Ayenbite of Inwyt, ed. Morris, p. 16; Political, Religious, and Love Poems, ed. Furnivall, p. 215; Hymns to the Virgin and Christ, ed. Furnivall, p. 62; Myrc's Instructions for Parish Priests, p. 33; Dunbar's Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins; Spenser, F. Q. bk. i. c. 4; &c. See also _Sins_ in Nares' Glossary.

The Seven Sins, in Chaucer's order, are:--

1. _Superbia_, Pride (p. 591); its 'remedy' is _Humilitas_, Humility.

2. _Inuidia_, Envy (p. 598); remedy, _Caritas_, Love.

3. _Ira_, Ire, Wrath (p. 601); remedy, _Patientia_, Patience.

4. _Accidia_, Sloth (p. 612); remedy, _Fortitudo_, Strength.

5. _Auaricia_, Avarice (p. 617); remedy, _Misericordia_, Pity.

6. _Gula_, Gluttony (p. 623); remedy, _Abstinentia_, Abstinence.

7. _Luxuria_, Lechery (p. 625); remedy, _Castitas_, Chastity.

_springers_, origins, sources. I adopted this reading from Hl., because none of the other MSS. make sense. They have _spryngen of_ or _springen of_ (Hn. _sprynge of_), which can only mean 'arise from,' thus exactly contradicting the sense intended. Thynne has _springe of_; but Wright, Morris, and Bell all have _springers of_, as they follow the Harl. MS. I know no other example of this rare word; and it is difficult to see why the commoner form _springes_ would not have served the purpose. Tyrwhitt gets over the difficulty by transposing the words, as in the Selden MS., thus reading--'and of hem springen alle,' &c. But the other MSS. do not countenance this arrangement.

388. Pride is usually accounted as the chief of all sins, and the source of the rest; cf. Ecclus. x. 13; P. Plowman, C. vii. 3 (B. v. 63), and the note; Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. 16. [456]

There is a long passage in St. Gregory's Moralium lib. xxxi. c. 45 (ed. Migne, vol. 76. col. 621), to which I suppose that later writers were much indebted. It is explicitly referred to, for instance, by John of Salisbury, in his Policraticus, lib. viii. c. 1. I quote some passages from it further on, in suitable places. It begins thus:--

'Radix quippe cuncti mali Superbia est. Primae autem ejus soboles, septem nimirum principalia vitia, de hac virulenta radice proferuntur, scilicet inanis gloria, invidia, ira, tristitia, avaritia, ventris ingluvies, luxuria; ... sed habet contra nos haec singula exercitum suum.'

389. _hise braunches_, its branches. In the Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. 17, they are called _boghes_, boughs; and the 'twigs' are called _little boghes_.

DE SUPERBIA.

390. In Essays on Chaucer, p. 510, Dr. Eilers gives a detailed and careful comparison of the English with the French text from which it is partly derived. The result, through no fault of his, is more bewildering than useful; for the numerous alterations in the arrangement of the parts of the subject are altogether too tedious to explain. The reader will gain the best idea of the state of the case, if I here quote Dr. Eilers' summary of his comparison of the two texts, as to their treatment of 'Pride.' Similar numberless alterations of detail occur in the treatment of the other 'Sins.' (Fr. = French text).

'From the above [comparison] it will appear that a well-ordered scheme underlies the French text. _Orguel_ is divided into 7 branches, and each of these again into a similar number of _reinselez_ (_branchettes_). Let us examine the English text (Chaucer's) more closely. After first pointing out (substantially in agreement with Fr.) the impossibility of naming all the parts (_twigges_) into which Pride may be divided, 16 _twigges_ are enumerated, but without that logical coherence apparent in Fr. Next follow short definitions of the twigs, in which, however, the 11th twig (_Strif_) is omitted from the list, and is added instead at the end, under _janglinge_, which had never been mentioned before. These 16 twigs correspond partly to the branches, partly to the _reinselez_ of Fr., whilst some of them are not found in Fr. at all, or at least not under the same heading.

'The definitions correspond only in their general sense with Fr. [Here instances are given.]

'Throughout this part there is in Ch. much confusion of particulars. The definition of "swelling of herte" is incorrect. "Arrogaunce" and "Presumpcion," which in Fr. are identical, appear in Ch. as distinct conceptions. On the other hand, the definitions of some of the words resemble each other closely.... The next section, on "a privee spece of Pryde" (§ 25), has nothing corresponding to it in Fr.; &c.... In the section "whennes Pride sourdeth and springeth" (§ 29), Ch. is in tolerably exact accordance with Fr.... The correspondence in this [457] first Deadly Sin is confined to isolated expressions, points of arrangement common to both,' &c.

On account, then, of the complicated differences in the treatment of details, I do not think it advisable to give the full and exact results. I confine myself to passages in which the Fr. throws real light on the English text, and to the points of chief interest only.

I think it worth while to continue here the quotation from Gregory commenced in the note to l. 388 above:--'Nam de inani gloria inobedientia, jactantia, hypocrisis, contentiones, pertinaciae, discordiae, et novitatum praesumptiones oriuntur.' Here is the outline of the division of Pride into branches. He gives similar 'branches' of _Inuidia_, _Ira_, and the rest.

In the Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. 17, the first bough of Pride has three twigs, as in Fr.; in fact, it follows Fr. _very closely_, and gives a very good idea of its general contents and treatment.

In the Ancren Riwle, p. 199, 'the Lion of Pride' has 9 whelps, such as Vain Glory, Indignation, Hypocrisy, Presumption, &c.

392. _Inobedient_, disobedient. Cf. P. Plowman, C. vii. 19; Ayenb. (i. e. Ayenbite of Inwyt), p. 20, ll. 7. 8.

393. _Avauntour_, boaster; P. Pl. C. vii. 35; Ayenb. p. 22, ll. 5-15.

394. _Ipocrite_, hypocrite. Cf. P. Pl. C. vii. 36-40; Ayenb. p. 25 (Sixth Bough).

395. _Despitous_, scornful; cf. Ayenb. p. 20, ll. 4, 5. _even-cristene_, fellow-Christian; cf. Swed. _jämn-christen_, from _jämn_, even; Icel. _jafnkristinn_. _Euene-cristene_ occurs in P. Plowm. B. ii. 94, v. 440; also spelt _emcristene_ in the same, C. xx. 226, &c.

398. The definition does not well suit 'Swellinge of herte.' It better defines 'the envious man'; see Ayenb. p. 27, l. 15. And see P. 599, l. 492, below. At the same time, it is not so much out of place as the critics say it is, and is paralleled by the lines in P. Plowman, C. vii. 17, where Pride says that he was--

'nouht abaissed to agulte God and alle good men, _so gret was myn herte_.'

399. This is parallel to P. Plowm. C. vii. 41-58.

401. This corresponds to Ayenb. p. 29, l. 19. 'The zixte is, to werri zoþnesse be his wytinde.' Fr. 'guerroier verité a son escient.'

402. _Contumax_, contumacious; as in P. Plowm. C. xiv. 85.

403. _Surquidrie_, presumption; O.F. _surquiderie_. It occurs in the Ancren Riwle, p. 56 (note _h_); Gawain and the Grene Knight, l. 2457; Barbour's Bruce, xi. 11, xvi. 327; &c.

406. See E. 1200, and the note. Cf. Ayenb. p. 58, l. 13:--'that byeth ase the _cleper of the melle_, thet ne may him naght hyealde stille.' Fr. 'vaines paroles, qui sont come _li batels du moulin_.'

407. There is nothing in Fr. corresponding to this passage. _waiteth_, i. e. watches his opportunity of being first saluted, or of taking a higher seat at table. _above him_, before him, as in a procession. [458]

_kisse pax_, to kiss the pax. The _pax_ was a small flat piece of wood or metal, quite distinct from the _pyx_, with which it is often confounded. See the full explanation in Nares. See also Bingham, Antiq. of the Christian Church; and Rock, Church of our Fathers.

_goon to offring_; see A. 450, and the note.

411. _leefsel_, a shady arbour, such as may still be seen before an ale-house-door, or a cottage-door, in some country villages. The word has already occurred in A. 4061, and has been explained in the note to that line. It is quite distinct from the _ivy-bush_ which was so commonly suspended in place of, or in addition to, the _sign_ which denoted an ale-house; see the chapter on Ale-house Signs in Brand's Pop. Antiquities. Perhaps we may assume that the descriptive epithet _gaye_ is here of some force; the arbour in front of an inn-door would, usually, be either larger or more conspicuous than that in front of an ordinary cottage.

412. This 'outrageous array of clothing' answers to the 'plente des beles robes' in Fr.; cf. Ayenb. p. 24, last line but one.

413. Alluding to Luke xvi. 19. Really from S. Gregorii Homiliarum in Evangelia lib. ii. homil. xl. § 3: 'Quodsi uidelicet culpa non esset, nequaquam sermo Dei tam uigilanter exprimeret quod diues ... bysso et purpura indutus fuisset.' See Migne's ed. vol. 76. col. 1305.

414. From S. Gregorii Homiliarum in Evangelia lib. ii. homil. 40. § 3: 'Nemo quippe uestimenta praecipua nisi ad inanem gloriam quaerit, uidelicet, ut honorabilior caeteris esse uideatur.' Cf. lib. i. homil. vi. § 3 (on the text, Matt. xi. 2-10), where St. Gregory inveighs against such as--'solis exterioribus dediti, praesentis uitae _mollitiem_ et _delectationem_ quaerunt ... Nemo ergo existimet _in fluxu atque studio uestium_ peccatum deesse;' (ed. Migne, vol. 76. col. 1097). He proceeds to refer to 1 Pet. iii. 5, 1 Tim. ii. 9.

415. _costlewe_, costly. '_Costelewe_, costfull, costuous, _Sumptuosus_'; Prompt. Parv.; see Way's note. This form answers to the Icel. _kostligr_; and the only difference between the suffixes _-lewe_ and _-ly_ is that the former is Norse, and represents Icel. _-ligr_, whilst the latter represents the A. S. _-lic_. See _Chokelew_ in the New Eng. Dict., and cf. _drunken-lewe_, drunken-like, _sik-lewe_, sickly.

416. Wyclif (Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 124) is similarly severe against proud array.

417. _degyse_, fashionable; O. F. _desguisè_, also spelt _desguisiè_ (Godefroy). Chaucer found this word in Le Roman de la Rose, l. 827; see vol. i. p. 128.

_endentinge_, notching, or the use of indented lines. _Indentee_ (better _endentee_) is still a term in heraldry, to signify that an edge or dividing line is notched or serrated, as shewn in any heraldic work. Several of the terms in this clause have, in heraldry, a special sense, and Chaucer seems to be thinking, in particular, of such coats-of-arms as were sometimes made of variously coloured cloths, cut into the requisite shapes. [459]

_barringe_, cutting into stripes, or decoration with _bars_. A _bar_, in heraldry, is a horizontal stripe like the _fess_, but narrower.

_oundinge_, waving; decoration by the use of waved lines. _Oundee_ or _oundy_ (also _onde_, _ondy_) is the heraldic name for a waved line or edge. Criseyde's hair was _ounded_, i. e. waved; Troilus, iv. 736.

_palinge_, decoration with a 'pale' or upright stripe. A _pale_, in heraldry, is a broad upright stripe, occupying the third part of the field. Cf. note to HF. 1840 (vol. iii. p. 282).

_windinge_, twisting; decoration with curved lines. Many heraldic charges, such as a lion, had to be cut out in the cloth, by 'winding' the scissors about, along the outline required.

_bendinge_, decoration with bends. A _bend_, in heraldry, is a slanting stripe or band. The _bend dexter_ is drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base of the shield; the _bend sinister_ (once a mark of bastardy) slopes the other way.

418. _pounsoninge_, punching, perforation. Strictly, the use of a _puncheon_ or perforating implement. '_Punchon_, stimulus, punctorium'; Prompt. Parv.

_chisels_, i. e. cutting instruments; we may note that, etymologically, _chisels_ and _scissors_ (M. E. _cisoures_) are closely related words.

_dagginge_, slitting, snipping, cutting into strips or narrow flapping ends. There is a special allusion to the custom of _dagging_, i. e. jagging, or foliating the edges of robes (especially of the sleeves), so common in the reigns of Edw. III. and Rich. II. See fig. 91 in Fairholt's Costume in England (1885), i. 124. See P. Plowman, C. xxiii. 143; Rich. the Redeless, iii. 193.

419. The length of the trains of gowns is a common subject of satire. See, in particular, Sir David Lyndesay's Minor Poems (E. E. T. S.), pp. 574-5.

421. _bete_, remedy, amend, better, relieve; cf. A. 2253.

422. _cutted_, cut short; see Leg. G. Women, 973, and note.

_sloppes_, garments; here, evidently, jackets of a short length. '_Sloppe_, garment, _Mutatorium_'; Prompt. Parv.; Icel. _sloppr_, a robe, gown. There is a parallel passage in the Knight of La Tour-Landry, cap. xlvii (p. 63). Cf. _oversloppe_, G. 633.

_hainselins_ (also spelt _hanselins_, _anslets_), the same as _sloppes_, i. e. jackets. Tyrwhitt unluckily says that 'it appears from the context to mean _a sort of breeches_,' whereas it was the shortness of the _hainselin_ that enabled the breeches to be seen; and his error has been copied by others. This most unusual word answers to the rare O. F. _hamselin_, _hamcellim_, or _hainselin_, a sort of robe. Godefroy says--'sorte de robe _longue_'; whereas it was certainly 'courte.' His examples include the mention of 'un hainselin de vert brun' in 1416, 'hamselin' in 1403, and an extract from Christine de Pisan:--

'N'orent pas gonele a pointes, Mais hamcellins a grans manches Estroit serrez sus les hanches.'

[460] I suppose the last line means 'tightly gathered in above the hips.' Cotgrave has: '_sus_, above.' The word is probably of Frankish origin; from O. H. G. *_hemithil[=i]n_, M. H. G. _hemdel[=i]n_, dimin. of O. H. G. _hemithi_, a shirt (G. _Hema_). See Fig. 93 and Fig. 136 in Fairholt's Costume, i. 126, 180.

425. _degysinge_, mode of dress. This alludes to the singular habit of wearing parti-coloured dresses; see the remarks in Fairholt's Costume, i. 114, 115.

427. _fyr of seint Anthony_, St. Anthony's fire; a popular name for erysipelas, which this saint was supposed to cure.

429. _honestetee_, decency; as in B. 3908. In 431, it seems to mean 'neatness'; and so in 436.

432. _aornement_, the O. F. form of 'adornment'; see _Adornment_ in the New E. Dict., in which the oldest quotation for this form is from Caxton. The expression 'in thinges that apertenen to rydinge' answers to 'his uaire ridinges' in Ayenb. p. 24, l. 3 from bottom; Fr. 'beles chevauchures.'

434. From Zech. x. 5.

435. This curiously expresses the view taken by the lower orders in England, who regarded the riders, mostly Normans, as belonging to the class of their oppressors. Hence the curious song against the Retinues of the Rich, in Wright's Political Songs, pp. 237-240.

437. _greet meinee_, a large household; 'the uayre mayné,' Ayenb. p. 24, l. 31; Fr. 'bele maisnie.'

440. As 'thilke that holden hostelries,' i. e. innkeepers, are here represented as upholding the cheating ways of the 'hostilers,' the latter must here be used (like mod. E. _ostler_) in the sense of the servants attached to the inn. In A. 241, _hostiler_ may mean the innkeeper himself; but ostler goes well with _tappestere_, i. e. barmaid.

442. From Ps. lv. 15.

445. _wilde fyr_, fire caused by kindling some inflammable spirit, just as our modern 'Christmas pudding' or 'mince pie' is surrounded with the flames of burning brandy. It seems to have been called 'wild fire' as being not easily extinguishable, like the 'Greek fire' of the middle ages; see Ancren Riwle, p. 402, and Warton's note, Hist. Eng. Poetry, ed. 1871, ii. 154. In A. 4172, and E. 2252, it is used, metaphorically, to denote 'erysipelas.'

446. _vessel_, a collective noun, like mod. E. 'plate.' As to minstrelsy at feasts, see E. 1178, F. 268, &c.

448. _sourden of_, arise from, have their _source_ in; F. _sourdre_.

450-5. Here the E. text is tolerably close to the Fr. original; cf. Ayenb. p. 24. The 'goodes' are _Li bien de nature_, being such as are (1) _devers le cors_, viz. _sainteté_ (good health), _biauté_, _force_, _proesce_, _noblesce_, _bone langue_, _bone voiz_; and (2) _devers l'ame_, viz. _cler sens_, _soutil engin_, _bone memoire_, _les vertuz natureles_. Again, there are _Li bien de fortune_, viz. _hautesces_, _honors_, _richesces_, _delices_, _prosperitez_. Lastly, there are _Li bien de grace_, viz. _vertuz_, _bones oevres_. [461]

459. Alluding to Gal. v. 17; see Wyclif's version.

460. _causeth ... meschaunce_, often brings many a man into peril and misfortune. The idiom is curious; but all the MSS. agree here, and Thynne's edition has the same. Tyrwhitt has 'causeth ful oft to many man peril,' &c. This is easier, but lacks authority.

467. Chaucer found this quotation from Seneca in the Latin treatise which is the original of 'Melibeus' (p. 124 of Sundby's edition), though the passage does not occur in his version of that tale. It is made up of two clauses, taken, respectively, from Seneca, De Clementia, i. 3. 3, and the same, i. 19. 2. 'Nullum clementia magis decet quam regem'; et iterum, 'Iracundissimae et parui corporis sunt apes, rex tamen earum sine aculeo est.' Cf. Pliny, Nat. History, bk. xi. c. 17; Batman upon Bartholomè, bk. xviii. c. 12; Hoccleve, de Regimine Principum, p. 121; Brunetto Latini, Li Livres dou Tresor, i. v. 155.

At the same time, it is remarkable that Chaucer's words resemble even more closely a passage from Cicero which is quoted on the preceding page of the same book:--'Nam Tullius dixit: Nihil est laudabilius, nihil magno et praeclaro viro dignius placabilitate atque clementia'; De Officiis, i. 25.

470. Here there is a slight change in the order; the 'goods of grace' are discussed _before_ those of 'fortune'; see 454, 455.

473. Cf. the Clerkes Tale, E. 1000.

475. In the Fr. treatise, all the Sins come first, and then the Remedies are discussed afterwards. The alteration in this respect is an improvement.

476. _mekenesse_; called 'Mildenesse' in Ayenb. p. 130, and 'umilite' in Fr. The resemblance of this § 29 to the Fr. text is very slight.

483. _to stonde gladly to_, willingly to abide by.

DE INUIDIA.

484. See Ayenb. 26; Myrc's Instructions to Parish Priests, p. 37; P. Plowm. C. vii. 63 (B. v. 76); Ancren Riwle, p. 200; Wyclif's Works, ed. Arnold, iii. 128. In form and general contents, this chapter on Envy is a condensation of the corresponding chapter in the Fr. text, but there are several deviations.

_philosophre_; I do not know who is meant. However, St. Gregory (see the note to 388) says: 'De _inuidia_, odium, susurratio, detractio, _exsultatio in aduersis proximi, afflictio autem in prosperis_ nascitur.'

_Augustin._ The quotation seems rather to follow the words of St. Gregory just quoted. I find, in St. Augustine, only _one_ of the clauses, viz. 'Inuidia est enim odium felicitatis alienae'; S. Aug. in Psalm. civ. 25 (cv. 25 in the Vulgate); ed. Migne, vol. 37, col. 1399. This is the very quotation which has already done duty in the Phisicien's Tale; see C. 115, and the note. Cf. P. Plowm. B. v. 112, 113.

485. _platly_, &c.; Fr. 'il est contraires an saint esperit.' Cf. Ayenb. p. 28, l. 7 from bottom. [462]

486. _two_; Dr. Eilers remarks--'Clearly _three_ follow.' But we can easily count them as _two_; (1) hardness of heart; (2) warring against truth, or against grace given to one's neighbour.

487. Fr. 'guerroier verité a son escient'; and again, 'guerroier la grace du saint esperit en autrui.' See Ayenb. p. 29, ll. 2, 3, 18, 19.

490. Compare P. Pl. C. vii. 93.

491-492. See 484 above, and the note.

493. _bakbyting_; cf. Ancren Riwle, p. 86; P. Plowm. B. v. 89. Fr. text, 'detraction.'

493-494. Fr. 'quant on dist bien d'autrui devant lui, toz jors il i trueve e i met un _mes_'; where _mes_ is the mod. F. _mais_, Chaucer's 'but.'

495. Fr. 'il pervertist e torne tout a la pior partie.'

496. Fr. 'il estaint e met a nient touz les biens que li hons fait.'

499. Fr. 'grondiller e murmurer.'

500. Fr. 's'il [Dieu] li envoie adversitez, povretez, chier tens, pluie, seccheresce, s'il done a l'un et toult a l'autre.' Cf. P. Pl. B. vi. 317.

502. See John xii. 4. _enoynte_, anointed, is the past tense; the pp. is _enoynt_, A. 2961; cf. _anoint_, A. 199.

504. See Luke vii. 39.

505. _bereth him_, &c., lays to his charge. Cf. D. 226, 380.

508. Compare the Fr. text:--'murmure contre Dieu et chante la pater-nostre au singe, certes mais la chancon au diable.'

515. This section, on the Remedy against Envy, is very much abridged from the Fr. original, and the points of contact are few. Cf. Ayenb. p. 144; Myrc, p. 52.

526. From Matt. v. 44.

DE IRA.

532. 'The first part of this chapter is, in arrangement as in substance, a condensation of the corresponding chapter in Fr. The working out of the subject is interwoven with ideas, which are nowhere to be found in Fr. ... the verbal coincidences are very numerous.'--Essays on Chaucer, p. 533. See Ayenb. p. 29; Myrc, p. 38; Wyclif, Works, iii. 134.

535. 'Nam et ipsam iram nihil aliud esse, quam ulciscendi libidinem, veteres definierunt'; S. August. De Civitate Dei, lib. xiv. c. 15. § 2. Cf. Cicero, Tuscul. Disput. lib. iii. c. 5; lib. iv. c. 9.

536. Cf. Horace, Epist. I. 2. 62:--'Ira furor breuis est.'

537. _trouble_, i. e. troubled, agitated; F. _trouble_, adj. Cf. H. 279.

540. From Ps. iv. 5 (Vulgate).

551. '_Juniperus_, ... Graece dicta, ... quod conceptum diu teneat ignem: adeo ut si prunae ex eius cinere fuerint opertae, usque ad annum perueniant; [Greek: pur] enim apud Graecos _ignis_ dicitur'; S. Isidorus, Etymologiarum lib. xvii. c. 7; ed. Migne, vol. 82, col. 615. This is one of Isidore's delicious 'etymologies.' This remarkable story is founded on the imaginary fact that _juniper_ is derived from the Gk. [Greek: pur], fire! [463]

562. _hate_, &c. This expression is from St. Augustine:--'Quid est odium? ira inueterata. Ira inuerata si facta est, iam odium dicitur'; Sermo lviii. c. 7; ed. Migne, vol. 38, col. 397.

565. _six thinges_; evidently an error for _three_. The three are: (1) hate; (2) backbiting; (3) deceitful counsel. The error may easily have arisen from misreading _iij_ as _uj_. Most of the MSS. have '.vj.'; but '.ui.' and '.uj.' were also in use. See 1 John iii. 15.

566. Probably due to an imperfect remembrance of Prov. xxv. 18:--'Iaculum, et gladius, et sagitta acuta, homo qui loquitur contra proximum suum falsum testimonium.' Cf. xii. 18, xxx. 14.

568. From Prov. xxviii. 15; cf. iii. 27.

_shepe_, hire, is a rare word; hence the addition, either by Chaucer or by a scribe, of the words _or the hyre_, by way of a gloss. The writer of the Ayenbite writes _ss_ for _sh_; and we there find the word _ssepe_, in the sense of 'hire' or 'pay,' no less than five times; at pp. 33, 40, 86, 113, 146, also the pl. _ssepes_, wages, at p. 39. Cf. A. S. _scipe_, pay, in Ælfric's Lives of Saints, ed. Skeat, xxxi. 55 (vol. ii. p. 222). See note to Anelida, 193.

569. From Prov. xxv. 21.

572. _in his defendaunt_, in his (own) defence; it looks like an imitation of the French phrase _en se defendant_.

575. Note the double use of _homicide_; it here translates _homicidium_; just above, it translates _homicida_.

580. Fr. 'Mais especiaument nous apelons ci blaspheme, quant on mesdit de Dieu e de ses sainz, on des sacramenz de sainte eglise.'

582. From Ps. cxlv. 9.

587. The French treatise includes seven forms of swearing (parjuremens) under the head of Ire.

588. See Exod. xx. 7; Matt. v. 34. Cf. C. 642.

591. Fr. 'Il resont plus cruel que li Iuys qui le crucifierent. Il ne briserent nul des os, mais cist le depiecent plus menu c'on ne fait pourcel en la boucherie.' Cf. Pard. Tale, C. 475, 651, and the notes.

592. See the parallel passage in the Pard. Tale, C. 635, and the note. From Jer. iv. 2; on which St. Jerome remarks: 'Animaduertendum est quod iusiurandum _tres_ habet comites.'

593. See Pard. Tale, C. 649, and the note. _The wounde_ is a translation of the Lat. _plaga_ in Ecclus. xxiii. 12 (Vulgate):--'non discedet a domo illius plaga.'

597. From Acts iv. 12.

598. From Phil. ii. 10.

601. This section (§ 37) is rather closer than usual to the French text, but is amplified.

603. Fr. 'comme font les devines et les sorcieres et les charmeresses. Et touz ceus qui en tiex choses croient ... pecchent morteument; car toutes teles choses sont contre la foi, et por ce les deffent sainte eglise.'

_bacins ful of water._ These were sometimes used, instead of [464] looking-glasses, for divination; Brand, Pop. Antiq. ed. Ellis, iii. 169. This kind of divination was called catoptromancy.

_bright swerd_, used, instead of a magic mirror, in catoptromancy; see Brand.

_in a cercle._ Circles were almost invariably drawn upon the ground by sorcerers, within which the invoked spirit was supposed to be confined; see Brand, iii. 56, 59.

_in a fyr_, as in pyromancy. 'Amphiaraus was the first that had knowledge in Pyromancie, and gathered signs by speculation of fire'; Holland, tr. of Pliny, bk. vii. c. 56. Cf. P. Plowman, A. xi. 158.

'Magic may be practised after diuers sorts; ... for it worketh by the means of (1) Water, _hydromantia_; (2) Globes or Balls, _sphaeromantia_; (3) Aire, _aeromantia_; (4) Starres, _astrologia_; (5) Fire-lights, _pyromantia_; (6) Basons, _lecanomantia_; and (7) Axes, _axinomantia_'; Holland, tr. of Pliny, bk. xxx. c. 2.

_shulder-boon._ See Pard. Tale, C. 351, and the note. Brand, in his Pop. Antiq., has a chapter on Divination by the Speal [rather Spaule], or Blade-bone. In Miss Burne's Shropshire Folk-Lore, p. 179, we are referred to Tylor, Prim. Culture, i. 124; Folk-Lore Record, i. 176; Henderson, Folk-Lore, p. 175.

605. _divynailes_, divinations. '_Devinailles_, f. Divinations, predictions'; Cotgrave.

_flight of briddes._ This form of divination, so well known to the Romans, is still kept in remembrance by the use of the words _augury_ and _auspice_. Divinations by beasts were common and various; the commonest method was by inspecting the entrails of a beast when sacrificed. See Brand's chapter on Omens, as e.g. by the howling of dogs, by cats, birds, animals crossing one's path, &c.

_sort_, lot; as by the Virgilian lots, Bible lots, &c.; see Brand, Pop. Antiq. iii. 336; Sir T. Browne, Vulgar Errors, bk. v. c. 24, § 7; Gay, Shepherd's Week, Pastoral 4.

_geomancie_, divination by dots made with a pointed stick in dust, &c. See the note on A. 2043, above. Divination by dreams needs no remark.

_chirkinge_, creaking. Strange noises have often caused superstitious terrors; a familiar instance is that of the death-watch. They are also sometimes regarded, with less evil effect, and perhaps, occasionally, with some truth, as weather-omens.

See Gay's Trivia, bk. i. l. 157; and the well-known Signs of Rain, by Dr. Jennings.

_gnawynge of rattes._ See Brand, Popular Antiq. iii. 188.

607. _Charmes._ See examples in Brand, Pop. Antiquities, of Rural Charms, Characts, and Amulets. It is curious to note Chaucer's qualified belief in them.

609. Cf. Fr. 'unes menconges aidans, ... unes nuisans, ... por faire domage a autrui.'

611. _Som lesinge_, &c.; 'some (kind of) lying arises, because a man [465] wants to sustain (the credit of) his word.' Dr. Eilers marks _he_ with the note--'grammatical error.' But it is quite right; _he_ is used indefinitely, as frequently. It is just a little too bad to charge this as an error on the author.

612. The mention of flattery seems out of place. But, as Dr. Eilers says, we may well suppose that 'the English author, once having had recourse to the "pecchiez de male langue," exhausted its whole contents, perhaps intentionally, perhaps unintentionally, but certainly with no regard to the subject of anger.' If we turn to the Ayenbite, p. 57, we shall find that the sins of the tongue, including flattery, are there given at the end of the section on Gluttony, where their appearance is even more surprising. The fact is, that the grouping of all sins under the Seven Deadly Sins is extremely artificial, and there is no particular place for the insertion of flattery or of certain other sins. Moreover, in 618 below, Chaucer naively gives his reason for the arrangement which he has adopted.

613. Fr. 'Li losengier sont les norrices au diable, qui ses enfans alaitent et endorment en leur pecchies ... par lor biau chanter.' The same expression occurs in the Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. 60, l. 7.

614. _Salomon._ Chaucer gives the general sense of Prov. xxviii. 23.

615. Fr. 'les apele l'escripture _enchanteors_, car il enchantent tant l'ome que il les croit plus que soi meismes.' The Ayenbite has 'charmeres'; p. 60, l. 25.

616. Following Tyrwhitt, I have supplied the words between square brackets, which are wanting in all the seven MSS. and in Thynne's edition. Tyrwhitt supplies 'god; and thise flatereres betrayen.' But he does not tell us where (if anywhere) he found these words.

617. The Fr. text has the very expression 'quant il chantent touz jors _Placebo_.' The Ayenbite adds an explanation (p. 60, l. 7 from bottom): viz. they all sing _Placebo_, that is to say, 'my lord saith truth,' or 'my lord doth well'; and turn to good all that the master doth or saith, whether it be good or bad. See my note to P. Plowman, C. iv. 467.

Note the name _Placebo_ in the Marchauntes Tale; see E. 1476.

619. Fr. 'Apres vienent les maudicons.... E saint Pol dist que tieus genz ne poent le regne Dieu avoir.' This refers to 1 Cor. vi. 10, where the Vulgate has: 'neque _maledici_ (A. V. 'revilers') ... regnum Dei possidebunt.' So in Ayenb. p. 66, l. 22.

620. Not in the Fr. text. This is an old proverb, which Southey quotes, in a Greek form, as a motto prefixed to his Curse of Kehama. His English version of it is:--'curses are like young chickens, they always come home to roost.'

623. _gospel._ See Matt. v. 22, 44.

624. Fr. 'on reproche à l'ome ou ses pecchiez, ou ses folies, ou sa povrete, ou ses povres parenz, ou aucune defaute qu'il a en lui.' Cf. Ayenb. p. 66, l. 27.

_mesel_, leper; so _meselrie_, leprosy, in 625.

625. _maheym_, maim, i. e. mutilation or bodily imperfection. Our [466] _maim_ is a contracted form of this M. E. _maheym_. In P. Plowman, B. xvii. 189, one MS. has _y-mayheymed_, where others have _y-maymed_. In Britton, i. 98, the Anglo-French form is _maheyng_; in the Liber Albus, p. 281, it is _mahaym_.

627. From Matt. xii. 34.

629. From Prov. xv. 4.

_deslavee_, lit. 'unwashed,' foul; from O. F. '_deslaver_, v. a. salir, souiller; fig., souiller, ternir la reputation de quelqu'un'; Godefroy. The pp. _deslave_ properly means: 'non lavé, crasseux, sale.' Chaucer seems to confuse this with the transitive sense of the active verb; and he evidently had in mind the above verse from the Proverbs, where the Vulgate has 'Lingua placabilis, lignum uitae; quae autem _immoderata_ est, conteret spiritum.' Hence _deslavee_ here means 'unbridled.'

630. From 2 Tim. ii. 24.

631. From Prov. xxvii. 15; the Vulgate has 'Tecta perstillantia.' Cf. Prov. xix. 13; and note to D. 278.

633. From Prov. xvii. 1. Below, see Col. iii. 18.

636. See Ayenb., p. 187. The toad was considered poisonous, and wine was an antidote. Hence the antipathy.

639. See 2 Sam. xvii. 1.

640. _fals livinge_, false liver, evil liver.

642-3. This passage resembles the Fr. text.

649. From Ecclesiastes, v. 3.

651. _deffendeth_, forbids; see Eph. v. 4.

654. The word _Mansuetude_ is borrowed from the Fr. text.

657. Jerome seems to be quoting 1 Cor. xiii. 4, 5.

660. Compare Boethius, bk. ii. pr. 7. ll. 91, 92 (vol. ii. p. 48).

661. Mat. v. 9. Cf. Frank. Tale, F. 773, and the note. The 'wise man' is Dionysius Cato, who says:--'Quem superare potes, interdum uince ferendo,' sometimes altered to 'superare _nequis, patienter_,' &c.; Distich. i. 38.

664. From Prov. xxix. 9.

670. This example somewhat resembles a story in Seneca, De Ira, lib. i. c. 15:--'Socrates seruo ait: Caederem te, nisi irascerer'; &c.

DE ACCIDIA.

677. The description of Sloth answers to the description in the Fr. text chiefly as regards the general outline. The particular points of contact are few. Cf. Ayenb. of Inwyt, pp. 31-34.

678. This remark, from Augustine, properly applies to the sin of Envy; see note to 484 above; p. 461.

679. _Salomon_; with reference to Eccl. ix. 10.

680. See Jer. xlviii. 10; for 'necligently,' the Vulg. has 'fraudulenter'; A. V. 'deceitfully.'

687. Referring, probably, to Rev. iii. 16.

688. Cf. Prov. xx. 4; xxi. 25. [467]

693. _wanhope_, despair; as in the parallel passage in the Ayenb. p. 34, l. 12. Cf. P. Plowman, C. viii. 59, 81, and note.

694. 'Quidam enim in peccata prolapsi desperatione plus pereunt'; S. Aug. De Natura et Gratia, cap. 35; ed. Migne, xliv. 266. A similar passage occurs in his Sermo xx. § 3; ed. Migne, xxxviii. 140.

698. The words _recreant_ and _creant_ are, curiously enough, used in almost exactly the same sense; perhaps _creant_ was merely an abbreviated form. To 'say _creant_' and to 'yield oneself _recreant_' meant, 'to own oneself beaten'; the original sense being, apparently, 'to entrust oneself to the enemy' or confide in him, in the hope of obtaining mercy; see the explanation of _se recredere_ in Ducange, and _recreant_ and _recroire_ in Godefroy. The E. phrase is well illustrated by P. Plowman, B. xii. 193, xviii. 100; see _creant_ in the New E. Dict.

700-703. Alluding to Luke xv. 7; xv. 24; xxiii. 42, 43.

705. From Matt. vii. 7, John xvi. 24; compare Wyclif's version.

707. _by the morwe_, early in the morning; cf. D. 755, H. 16; and D. 1080.

709. From Prov. viii. 17.

712. From the Vulgate, Eccl. vii. 19 (18):--'qui timet Deum, nihil negligit.'

714. Cf. G. 3, and note; also Ayenb. p. 31, ll. 20-22.

715. _thurrok_, the sink in which all evil things collect; see note to 363, above, p. 454.

716. Cf. Matt. xi. 12. The reference to 'David' is to Ps. lxxiii. 5 (lxxii. 5 in the Vulgate):--'In labore hominum non sunt, et cum hominibus non flagellabuntur.' See the comment on this verse in Hampole's Psalter, ed. Bramley; which concludes with:--'for with men whaym God drawes to heven thai sal nought be swongen, but with fendes in hell.'

718. _latrede_, tardy (very rare); A. S. læt-r[=æ]de, slow of counsel, deliberate (see Toller).

_dich_, ditch. In the Fr. text, the image is that of a prisoner, who, when the door is open, is too lazy to mount the steps; so in Ayenb. p. 32, l. 2. Cf. P. Plowman, C. xiv. 236, 237.

719. Cf. Ayenb. p. 32, l. 21:--'thou sselt libbe long'; also P. Pl. C. xii. 180; Prov. of Hendyng, l. 304.

723. This is something like the Fr. text; see Ayenb. p. 33, l. 14. But the Fr. text does not quote St. Bernard. The passage in St. Bernard seems to be one in his Vitis Mystica, cap. xix. § 66; ed. Migne, vol. clxxxiv. coll. 674, 675: 'Aliquando affligitur hoc uitio anima bonorum,... ut nec orare, nec legere, nec meditari, nec opus manuum libeat exercere.'

725. _tristicia._ The Fr. text has _tristesce_, translated by 'zor[gh]e' in the Ayenbite, p. 34, l. 8; see 2 Cor. vii. 10.

728. Fr. text--'La vertu de proesce'; Ayenb.--'uirtue' and 'prouesse,' p. 163, l. 22. _Fortitude_ is one of the four cardinal virtues; P. Plowman, C. xxii. 289. [468]

731. The 'speces,' or kinds, are here five, viz. magnanimity, faith, surety, magnificence, and constancy. These are taken from the Fr. text, which gives _six_ kinds, viz. magnanimite, fiance, seurte, _pacience_, magnificence, constaunce. _Patience_ is omitted, as having occurred above; see 659.

DE AUARICIA.

739. In this section we again find several hints taken from the Fr. text, especially in the arrangement of the subdivisions; cf. Ayenb. pp. 34-45. The text of St. Paul is quoted in the original, and in the Ayenb. p. 34; see note to C. 334, and cf. 1 Tim. vi. 10.

741. 'Amor mundi, amor huius saeculi, cupiditas dicitur'; S. Augustini enarratio in Psalmum xxxi, part ii. § 5; ed. Migne, vol. 36, col. 260.

748. 'Auarus, quod est idolorum seruitus'; Eph. v. 5.

749. _mawmet_, idol. It was unjustly supposed that Mahometans worshipped the prophet; whence _Mahomet_, corrupted to _mawmet_, came to mean an idol in general. See Marco Polo, ed. Yule, i. 174, for illustrations.

751. 'Non habebis deos alienos coram me. Non facies tibi sculptile'; Exod. xx. 3, 4. The addition of the second clause, taken from the second commandment, is remarkable. It was quite common to omit the second commandment altogether; cf. note to C. 641. Cf. Ayenb. pp. 5, 6.

752. _tailages_, &c. The Fr. text has:--'par tallies, par corvees, par emprunz, par mauvaises coustumes,' &c.; cf. 'be tailes, be coruees, be lones, be kueade wones'; Ayenb. p. 38. Cowel explains _tallage_ as 'a tribute, toll, or tax.' It was, in fact, an exaction for which a _tally_, or acknowledgement (upon a notched stick) was given; see note to P. Plowman, B. iv. 57; and cf. Chaucer's Prologue, 570; P. Plowman, C. xxii. 37.

Dr. Murray explains _cariage_ in this passage as meaning 'an obsolete service of carrying, or a payment in lieu of the same, due by a tenant to his landlord or feudal superior, or imposed by authority.'

_amerciments_, arbitrary fines inflicted 'at the mercy' of an affeeror. If the affeeror had no mercy, they became, as is here said, mere extortions.

754. The reference is given to Augustine's De Civitate Dei, lib. ix.; but is wrong. It should be to lib. xix. c. 15:--'Prima ergo seruitutis caussa peccatum est.'

755. See Gen. ix. 18-27. The reference to Gen. v. is a mistake, perhaps due to the fact that Ham is first mentioned in that chapter, at the end of it. See 766 below.

759. This is from Seneca, Epist. 47, which begins:--'Libenter ex his, qui a te ueniunt, cognoui, familiariter te cum seruis tuis uiuere; hoc prudentiam tuam, hoc eruditionem decet. Serui sunt? immo homines. Serui sunt? immo contubernales.' [469]

760. _contubernial with_, dwelling together with, intimate with. Chaucer found the word in Seneca; see the last note.

761-3. The general sense of this passage is from Seneca, Epist. 47 (note to 759). Thus the words 'that they rather love thee than drede' answer to 'Colant [serui] potius te, quam timeant.'

766. See Gen. ix. 26, and note to 755.

767-8. Cf. Ayenb. p. 39, ll. 6-9; P. Pl. B. vi. 28. The Fr. Text has:--'ces gran prelaz qui acrochent ... par trop grans procuracions ... ce sont li lou qui manguent les berbiz.' It does not mention St. Austin.

783. So in Fr. text; see Ayenb. p. 41, near the bottom. See also the parallel passage in Wyclif's Works, ed. Matthew, p. 64.

788. _Damasie_; Damasus I., pope from 336 to 384. His day is December 11. St. Jerome (Epist. 61, c. 3) tells us that a Roman senator, envious of the pomp sometimes observed in church ceremonies, said to pope Damasus, 'Make me bishop of Rome, and I will be a Christian tomorrow.' (Alban Butler.)

793. See Pard. Tale, C. 590; Ayenb. p. 45, l. 13.

797. Cf. 'ualse notaryes'; Ayenb. p. 40, l. 8; and see 'Susannah' in the Apocrypha, as told in Dan. xiii., in the Vulgate version.

799. _Corporel_, bodily theft; see Ayenb. p. 37, l. 3.

801. _Sacrilege_; see Ayenb. p. 40, l. 26. _chirche-hawes_, church-yards; Fr. 'mostiers, ou sainz leus, _cymetieres_'; Ayenb. (p. 41)--'cherches, other holi stedes, _cherchtounes_.'

802. See Ayenb. p. 41, ll. 7-20. The concluding portion of this section resembles the Fr. text more closely than usual.

Dr. Eilers proposes to insert the words _rentes and_ before _rightes_, because the Fr. text has 'les rentes ... e les autres droitures'; and it is remarkable that Tyrwhitt also inserts these words. But they neither appear in any of the seven MSS., nor in Thynne's edition.

804. _misericorde_ answers to 'merci' in Ayenb. p. 185, l. 26.

811. _largesse_, bounty; so also in Ayenb. p. 188, l. 4.

813. _fool-largesse_, foolish prodigality, such as is satirised in P. Plowm. C. viii. 82-101.

DE GULA.

818. This section has very little in common with the Fr. Text; cf. Ayenb. p. 50. It is also much shorter than the original.

819-20. _Adam_; mentioned also in Fr. text; see Ayenb. p. 50, l. 8 from bottom. See Pard. Tale, C. 505, and the note; also C. 529, and the note. From Phil. iii. 18, 19.

822. See Pard. Tale, C. 549, 558.

828. The mention of St. Gregory is copied from the Fr. text; see Ayenb. p. 51, l. 18. The passage meant is the following: 'Sciendum praeterea est quia quinque nos modis gulae uitium tentat. Aliquando namque indigentiae tempora praeuenit; aliquando uero tempus non praeuenit, sed cibos lautiores quaerit; aliquando quaelibet qua [470] sumenda sint praeparari accuratius expetit; aliquando autem et qualitati ciborum et tempori congruit, sed in ipsa quantitate sumendi mensuram moderatae refectionis excedit.'--S. Gregorii Moralium Lib. xxx. cap. xviii. § 60; ed. Migne, vol. 76, col. 556.

829. _curiositee_; Fr. 'curieusete'; Ayenb. 'bysihede,' p. 55, l. 8 from bottom.

831. The remedy against Gluttony, in the Fr. text, is 'La vertu de Sobrete,' answering to 'the uirtue of Temperance' in the Ayenb. p. 245. The Fr. text treats this at great length; but Chaucer only says a few words. He mentions, however, 'Attemperaunce' and 'Mesure'; cf. Fr. 'atemprance' and 'mesure.'

DE LUXURIA.

836. This section contains a considerable amount of the matter found in the Fr. text, but the comparison between the texts is difficult, owing to the frequent changes in the arrangement of the material. Dr. Eilers says (p. 566):--'This chapter of the Eng. text, though twice as comprehensive as the French, contains more in quantity that corresponds with the Fr. than that diverges from it, and exceeds all the previous chapters in the degree of correspondence.' For details, see Dr. Eilers' essay, and cf. Ayenb. pp. 46-49.

After 'departe,' MS. Hl. supplies a reference to Eph. v. 18.

837-8. See Exod. xx. 14; Lev. xix. 20; Deut. xxii. 21; Lev. xxi. 9.

839. _thonder-leyt_, thunder-bolt, lit. thunder-flash; A. S. _l[=i]get_, _l[=i]getu_, a flash; cf. note to Boethius, bk. i. met. 4. 8. See Gen. xix. 24.

841. _stank_, pool; 'stagno' in the Vulgate (Rev. xxi. 8).

842-5. See Matt. xix. 5; Eph. v. 25; Exod. xx. 17; Matt. v. 28.

852. _that other_, the second. The former is mentioned above, in 830. The 'five fingers' are, in Fr., called _fol regart_, _fous atouchemenz_, _foles paroles_, _fous baisiers_, _le fait_; all 'si come dist saint Gregoire.' Cf. Ayenb. p. 46.

853. _basilicok_, basilisk; Fr. Text, 'basilicoc.' The fabulous basilisk, or cockatrice, which had a head like a cock and a body like a serpent, was supposed to slay men by its mere glance. In the Wars of Alexander, ed. Skeat, 4837-57, we read how Alexander induced a basilisk to commit suicide by gazing in a mirror. Cf. Ayenb. p. 28, l. 12.

854. See Prov. vi. 26-9; vii. 26; Ecclus. xii. 13, 14; xiii. 1; xxvi. 7.

858. _roser_, rose-bush; as in Havelok, 2919.

_busshes_, as in Tyrwhitt, must be the right reading; but I can find _no authority_ for it. The MSS. all have _beautees_, i. e. beauties, or some equivalent form. Thynne (ed. 1550) has _benches_, which is also found in some MSS.; but it does not help us.

859. Compare this with the March. Tale, E. 1840; and see Ayenb. p. 48, l. 25.

861. 'Si egeris patienter, coniunx mutabitur in sororem'; Hieron. c. Iouinianum, lib. i. (ed. 1524, t. ii. p. 25). [471]

867. 'St. Paul gives them the kingdom due to sinners.' In fact, St. Paul denies them the kingdom due to saints; which comes to the same thing. See Gal. v. 19-21; and see 884 below. Cf. Rev. xxi. 8.

869. _the hundred fruit_, i. e. fruit brought forth a hundred-fold. Cf. 'dabant _fructum_, aliud _centesimum_,' &c.; Matt. xiii. 8. It was usual to liken virginity, widowhood, and matrimony, respectively, to the bringing forth of fruit a hundredfold, sixtyfold and thirtyfold; see P. Plowman, C. xix. 84-90, and note to l. 84; Hali Meidenhad, ed. Cockayne, p. 22; Ayenb. p. 234. '_Centesimus_ et sexagesimus et tricesimus _fructus_ ... multum differt in numero. Triginta referuntur ad nuptias ... Sexaginta uero ad uiduas ... Porro _centesimus_ numerus ... exprimit uirginitatis coronam'; Hieronymus contra Iouinianum, lib. i; ed. 1524, ii. 18. The Fr. text has: 'Ceus qui gardent virginite ont le centiesme fruit.' But Chaucer, being well acquainted with Jerome's treatise, recognised at once the Latin source; for in MS. Hl. we find the note, 'secundum Ieronimum contra Iouinianum.'

879. 'Him shall God destroy'; 1 Cor. iii. 17.

880. _douted_, feared. See Gen. xxxix. 8, 9.

884. 'Huanne me brecth the sacrement of spoushod, hit y-ualth otherhuyl desertesoun of eyr, and ualse mariages'; Ayenb. p. 48.

887. _gladly_, readily; hence, fittingly.

889. 'Iam amplius noli peccare'; John viii. 11.

895. _as by the dignitee_, i. e. on account of the dignity of their office; see note to 900.

'Satanas transfigurat se,' &c.; 2 Cor. xi. 14.

897-8. From 1 Sam. ii. 12 (in the Vulgate, _Liber primus Regum_). _Belial_ signifies worthlessness; and hence, lawlessness, or evil. But in the Vulgate version of Judges, xix. 22, the word _Belial_ is explained to mean 'absque iugo'; which in O. French would become 'sans ioug.' Chaucer seems to have met with this explanation, and perhaps misread it as 'sans iuge'; i. e. 'without Iuge.'

900. _misterie_, i. e. office, duty. As in 895 above, _misterie_ is here short for _ministerie_, i. e. ministry, office, duty; in fact, the Selden and Lansdowne MSS. actually have the spelling _mynysterie_. MS. Cm., by a singular error, adds _mynystre_ again, and has the reading: 'kunne not _mynystre_ the mysterie.' Tyrwhitt has wrongly introduced the extra _mynystre_. Wright copied him; Bell copied Wright; and Morris copied Bell; so that these editions vary from the Harl. MS., which _omits_ it! The question is easily settled. 'The Book' means the Bible; and the Vulgate version (1 Sam. ii. 12, 13) has 'nescientes ... _officium_ sacerdotum ad populum.' Hence _conne_ means 'know.'

904. 'Adulter est, inquit [Xystus, in sententiis] in suam uxorem amator ardentior,' &c.; S. Hieron. c. Iouinian. lib. i. (near the end)

906. There is no such passage in the E. version of the book of Tobit; but it occurs in the Vulgate, Tob. vi. 17; and see Ayenb. p. 223.

908. _godsibbes_, i. e. his godmother or his goddaughter. Already, in the Laws of Cnut (Eccles. § vii), we find that a man is forbidden to [472] marry his godmother; and this rule was formerly stringent. Cf. Ayenb. p. 48.

915. This section has much in common with the Fr. text. 'We meet,' says Dr. Eilers, 'with whole sentences in entire agreement.' See Ayenb. pp. 202-238.

916. _two maneres_, two ways; cf. the two 'states,' in Ayenb. p. 220.

918-19. Eph. v. 32; Gen. ii. 24; John ii. 1.

922. Eph. v. 25, again quoted in 929; 1 Cor. xi. 3.

927. _desray_, disorder, 'dissarray'; A. F. _desrei_, O. F. _desroi_; see _derai_ in Stratmann.

930. MS. Hl. adds _cap. iij._ after _Peter_; hence the reference is to 1 Pet. iii. 1.

933. Perhaps the reference is to Rev. xvii. 4, xviii. 16.

934. _Gregorie_; see note to 414 above, p. 458.

939. _three thinges_, three reasons; so in Ayenb. p. 222, l. 14.

944. _widewe_; cf. Ayenb. p. 225, l. 9.

947. _boyste_, box; Mat. xxvi. 7; John xii. 3.

948. _lyf_, life; i. e. she lives like them; Fr. semblant as angels du ciel,' i. e. like the angels of heaven. Cf. P. Plowman, C. xix. 89-100; Ayenb. p. 227, l. 13.

951. See the parallel passage; Ayenb. p. 204, at the bottom.

954. _leyt_, flame; the candle being stuck close to the wall.

955. _Daniel_; so in E. Cm.; but the other five MSS. have _Dauid_, i. e. David. It appears that _David_ is the correct reading, since the names of Sampson, David, and Solomon occur both in the Fr. text, and in Ayenb. p. 204.

956-7. Probably Chaucer omitted the ten commandments, because he was getting tired of the work. He mentions them because they are treated of at length in the French treatise; see Ayenb. pp. 5-11. Hence his 'leaving them to divines' is a mere excuse. Cf. Kn. Tale, A. 1323; and see note to 1043 below (p. 474).

We may also see, in this expression, a clear proof that this Treatise was _originally_ made by Chaucer in his own person. On assigning this Tale to the Parson, he should have struck out this tell-tale clause; for surely the Parson was 'a divine.'

DE CONFESSIONE. Instead of this Title, most MSS., including E., have--'Sequitur secunda Pars Penitencie.' But this is unsuitable, as it has already appeared, viz. at p. 586. I have therefore taken, from MSS. Pt. and Christchurch, the alternative title--'De Confessione.' See p. 639.

958. This chapter, on Confession, answers to a similar chapter in the Fr. text, though the material has been re-arranged. See Ayenb. pp. 172-180; Ancren Riwle, pp. 299, 317. The reference to the 'firste chaptire' is to paragraph 107, on p. 572.

959. _fyve wittes_, five senses, also called 'the vif wittes of the bodie' in Ayenb. p. 177. And cf. P. Plowman, C. ii. 15, and the note.

960. _that that_, that which, what it is that. [473]

961. This corresponds to Ayenb. p. 175, l. 23, and lines following, to p. 176, l. 12; but the order varies.

971. _eschew_, reluctant; lit. 'shy.' See E. 1812, and the note. Tyrwhitt reads _slow_, which is ingenious, but wrong.

979. _engreggen_, aggravate; Fr. 'les circumstances qui poent _engreger_ le pecche.' Godefroy, s. v. _engregier_, quotes this very passage, from two other MS. which read, respectively, 'qui pueent _engregier_ le pechie,' and 'qui _engrigent_ les pechies.'

981. _namely by the two_, especially by the (former) two; penitence and shrift. _the thridde_, the third; i. e. satisfaction, reparation.

982. _foure_, four; Fr. 'six.' See Ayenb. p. 172, l. 6.

983. _Ezekias_, Hezekiah; Fr. text, 'Ezechias'; all the MSS. have _Ezekiel_ (wrongly); see Isaiah, xxxviii. 15. The Ayenb. has 'ezechie'; p. 172, l. 9 from bottom.

986-8. See Luke xviii. 13; 1 Pet. v. 6.

994, 996. See Matt. xxvi. 75; Luke vii. 37.

998. _hastily_, without delay; Ayenb. 'hasteliche,' p. 173, l. 10; Fr. 'hastivement.' And see Ayenb. p. 173, l. 25 for the rest of the sentence.

1005. _countrewaite_, watch against, be on his guard against; see Tale of Melibeus, B. 2508.

1006. _parcel_, part; _departe_, divide; see Ayenb. p. 175.

1008. Cf. Somn. Tale, D. 2095-8.

1013. _nayte_, deny; Icel. _neita_; Tyrwhitt has _nay_. So, in Boeth. bk. i. met. 1. l. 16, where the original has _negat_, MS. Addit. has _naieth_; but the Camb. MS. has _nayteth_.

1020. This passage from St. Augustine is alluded to in the Ancren Riwle, p. 337:--'Qui causa humilitatis mentitur fit quod prius ipse non fuit, id est, peccator.' See S. August. Sermo clxxxi. § 4 (ed. Migne, vol. 38, col. 981): 'Propter humilitatem dicis te peccatorem.... Testis ergo falsus es contra te.'

1025. Cf. Ayenb. p. 178, l. 13; Ancren Riwle, p. 323.

1027. _ones a yere_, viz. at Easter. In the Ancren Riwle, p. 413, fifteen times are mentioned. See P. Plowman, C. xxi. 472, xxii. 3, and the note to the latter passage. _renovellen_, are renewed; i. e. in spring-time.

DE SATISFACCIONE.

1030. In Religious Pieces, ed. Perry (E. E. T. S.), p. 9, the seven 'works of mercy' are (1) feeding the hungry; (2) giving drink to the thirsty; (3) clothing the naked; (4) sheltering the homeless; (5) visiting the sick; (6) visiting prisoners; (7) burying the dead poor.

1031. Cf. P. Plowman, C. ii. 20 (B. i. 20), and the note.

1034. Compare Ayenb. p. 192, l. 5.

1036. From Matt. v. 14-16. Chaucer's translation is smoother than Wyclif's. [474]

1040-2. Compare Ayenbite, p. 99.

1043. Here again Chaucer really speaks in his own person; cf. note to 957 above. The reason for his mentioning the 'exposition' of the prayer is, that a long exposition, which he wished to avoid, is given in the Fr. text (see Ayenb. pp. 99-118).

1045. Epitomised from the Fr. text; see Ayenb. p. 207.

1048. _wakinge_, watching; see Matt. xxvi. 41.

1049. Cf. Ayenb. p. 53, where _iolyuete_ answers to _ioliuete_ in the Fr. text, and to _Iolitee_ in Chaucer.

1051. On eating, see P. Plowman, C. ix. 273 (B. vi. 263). _in untyme_, at a wrong season; see P. Plowm. B. ix. 186.

1052. Observe that, in 1038, Chaucer says that _bodily pain_ stands in (1) prayers; (2) watching; (3) fasting; and (4) virtuous teachings. He speaks of _prayers_ in 1039-1047; of _watching_ in 1048-9; of _fasting_ in 1050-1. He now takes up 'teaching,' by which he means, in the first place, _bodily_ 'discipline'; and the words 'or techinge by word or by writinge or in ensample' are, practically, parenthetical. The word _discipline_ is due to the Fr. text; cf. Ayenb. p. 250, l. 2: 'ase ine _uestinges_, ine _wakiinges_, ine _dissiplines_,' &c.

_heyres_, hair-shirts; see P. Plowman, C. vii. 6, and the note.

_haubergeons_, habergeons, shirts of mail. It is surprising to find, in the Romance of Tristan, ed. Michel, ii. 36, that the heroine (Yseult) is described as wearing a 'byrnie' or shirt of mail next her skin:--'Vest une brunie à sa char nue.' Michel quotes from Le Voyage de Charlemagne à Constantinople, I. 635:--'Il lur a cumaundet que aient vestu brunies.'

1054. Tyrwhitt puts a comma after _herte_, and none after _God_, and other editors follow him. But the text (Col. iii. 12) has: 'Induite uos ergo, sicut electi Dei, ... uiscera misericordiae, benignitatem, ... patientiam.' Hence 'in herte of misericorde' simply translates 'uiscera misericordiae.'

1055-6. _Not_ in the Fr. text. Cf. P. Plowm. C. viii. 61, and the note.

1057. The Fr. text mentions _five_ things; the fifth is a wicked love of sin; see Ayenb. p. 179.

1059. Fr. 'au regart de la peine d'enfer.'

1067. _surquidrie_, too great confidence; see 403 above, and the note.

1069. From S. Gregorii Moralium lib. xxxiv. cap. xix. § 36 (ed. Migne, vol. 76, col. 738):--'Ad districti ergo iudicis iustitiam pertinet, ut nunquam careant supplicio, quorum mens in hac uita nunquam uoluit carere peccato.'

1073. There is here a sad oversight. For 'the _seconde_ wanhope,' we should read 'the _same_ wanhope.' The _second_ kind of despair is discussed in 1074. All the MSS. have this mistake.

1080. _poverte espirituel_; this refers to the 'poor in spirit'; Matt. v. 3. _lowenesse_, i. e. meekness; Matt. v. 5. _hunger_; Matt. v. 6. _travaille_; Matt. v. 4, 10, 11. _lyf_; Rom. viii. 13. This concluding passage may be compared with the concluding passage of the Ayenbite, p. 261. [475]

1081. This final paragraph is variously headed in the MSS. E. has: 'Here taketh the makere of this book his leue.' So also Cm. So also Pt., preceded by 'Explicit fabula Rectoris.' Hl. has: 'Preces de Chauceres.' The words 'this litel tretis' refer, of course, to the Persones Tale _as originally written_, so that some part of this concluding address was certainly added afterwards. The interpolation (due to Chaucer himself, if we may trust the evidence) probably extends (as Tyrwhitt suggested) from the words _and namely_ in 1085 to the words _salvacioun of my soule_ in 1090. This accounts for the unusual length of the sentence in 1084-1092. The addition was made at the time of revision, when Chaucer had made up his mind that the Persones Tale was to be the last; and he took the opportunity of writing the _conclusion_ of the work before it was, in reality, completed. This accounts for the whole matter.

1083. Alluding to Rom. xv. 4.

1085. _I revoke in my retracciouns_, I recall by retracting what I may have said amiss. There is no need to lay an undue stress on this expression, as if the author had been compelled to denounce and retract most of his works. We may fairly understand the expression 'thilke that sownen into sinne' as applicable to _all_ the works, and not to the Tales alone. Whilst thanking God for his devotional works, it was not out of place for him to 'recall' his more secular ones; for this expression seems to mean no more than that he could not claim that they were written in God's service. To 'revoke' cannot here mean 'to withdraw,' because the poems named were _not_ withdrawn, nor was there any way in which such a result could have been brought about. Cf. vol. iii. p. 503.

1086. _The book of the xix. Ladies_ is, of course, the Legend of Good Women. For _xix._, most MSS. have 'xxv.'; MS. Harl. 1758 has '25'; MS. Ln. has 'xv.'; and MS. Hl. has '29'; but we know, from the Poem itself, that 'xix.' is correct. Numbers, as the various readings shew, easily went wrong; see note to 565 above.

'The book of seint Valentynes day of the Parlement of Briddes' is all one title; the poem itself is well known.

1087. 'The book of the Lion' is now lost; most likely, as Tyrwhitt suggests, it was a translation from, or adaptation of, Le Dit du Lione, a poem by G. de Machault, composed in the year 1342. It is printed among Machault's poems. Lydgate, in his Prologue to the Falls of Princes, ascribes this work to Chaucer in the words:--

'And of the Lyon a boke he did wryte.'

But it is probable that Lydgate is merely quoting from the present passage, and knew no more of the matter than we do.

I may here note that Tyrwhitt expresses his astonishment that Chaucer does not expressly 'revoke' his translation of the Romaunt of the Rose; but it is sufficiently indicated by the words 'and namely [i. e. _especially_] of my _translacions_'; see 1085. [476]

1088. _Boece_, i. e. his translation of Boethius. _Legendes_, i. e. the Legend of St. Cecilia and the Legend of the boy-saint in the Prioresses Tale. _Omelies_, homilies; such as the Parson's Tale and the Tale of Melibeus. _moralitee and devocioun_; such as Chaucer's A B C, and his Balades on Fortune, Truth, Gentilesse, and Lack of Steadfastness; also the Monkes Tale, which is expressly called 'a Tragedie.' The Pardoneres Tale, moreover, is called 'an honest thing'; and even of the Nonnes Prestes Tale we are bidden, at the end, to 'take the moralitee.'

* * * * *

[477]

NOTES

TO

THE TALE OF GAMELYN.

1. _Litheth_, hearken ye; cf. l. 169. This is the imperative plural; so also _lesteneth_, _herkeneth_. See remarks on the dialect in vol. iii. p. 400. For the explanation of the harder words, see the Glossary. Compare: 'Now list and _lithe_, you gentlemen'; Percy Folio MS., ii. 218; 'Now _lithe_ and listen, gentlemen,' id. iii. 77.

3. _Iohan of Boundys._ It is not clear what is meant by _Boundys_, which is repeated in l. 226; nor is there any clear indication of the supposed locality of the story. Lodge, in his novel (see vol. iii. p. 404), ingeniously substitutes _Bourdeaux_, and calls the knight 'Sir John of Bourdeaux.'[29] In Shakespeare, he becomes Sir Roland de Bois.

The reading _righte_ (for _right_) is demanded by grammar, the article being in the definite form; and the same reading is equally demanded by the metre. Where the final _e_ is thus necessary to the grammar and metre alike, there is little difficulty in restoring the correct reading. Compare _the good-e knight_ in ll. 11, 25, 33.

4. 'He was sufficiently instructed by right bringing up, and knew much about sport.' _Nurture_ is the old phrase for a 'genteel education.' Thus we find 'The boke of _Nurture_, or Schoole of good maners: for men, seruants, and children,' written by Hugh Rhodes, and printed in 1577; and John Russell's 'Boke of Nurture,' in MS. Harl. 4011. See the Babees Book, ed. F. J. Furnivall, 1868; where much information as to the behaviour of our forefathers is given. By _game_ is meant what is now called _sport_; 'The Master of the Game' is the name of an old treatise on hunting; see Reliquiae Antiquae, i. 149. Cf. As You Like It, ii. 7. 97: 'Yet am I inland bred, And know some nurture.'

5. _Thre sones_, three sons. They are here named Johan, Ote, and Gamelyn; Lodge calls them Saladyne, Fernandine, and Rosader; in Shakespeare, they are Oliver, Jaques, and Orlando. The characters of the three are much the same in all three versions of the story.

6. _sone he began_, he soon began, viz. to evince his disposition. [478]

12. _his day_, his term of life, his lifetime. So in Hamlet, v. 1. 315, the 'dog will have his _day_.' Hence _after his day_ is, practically, after his death.

14. 'This appears to mean, that the knight had himself acquired his land, and held it in fee simple (_verrey purchas_), not entailed nor settled; and that, consequently, he had a right to divide it among his children as he pleased. The _housbond_ in this case means a man who was kept at home looking after his domestic business and his estates, and who could not be _wyde-wher_,' i. e. often far from home; note by Mr. Jephson. See ll. 58-61 below, which prove that the knight had partly inherited his land, and partly won it by military service. Cf. Chaucer, Prol. 256, 319. In the Freres Tale (D. 1449) we find:--

'And here I ryde about my _purchasing_, To wite wher men wolde yeve me any-thing; My _purchas_ is theffect of al my rente.'

I cannot think that Dr. Morris is right in explaining _purchasing_ by 'prosecution'; see _Purchas_ in the Glossary.

16. _hadde_, might have; the subjunctive mood.

20. _on lyve_, in life; now written _a-live_ or _alive_. _Lyve_ is the dat. case, governed by _on_, which constantly has the sense of 'in' in A.S. and M.E.

23. _ther_, where. The reader should note this common idiom, or he will miss the structure of the sentence. Cf. ll. 33, 52, 66, &c.

31. _ne dismay you nought_, do not dismay yourself; i. e. be not dismayed or dispirited.

32. 'God can bring good out of the evil that is now wrought.' _Boot_, advantage, remedy, or profit, is continually contrasted with _bale_ or evil; the alliteration of the words rendered them suitable for proverbial phrases. One of the commonest is 'When _bale_ is hext, then _boot_ is next,' i. e. when evil is highest (at its height), then the remedy is nighest. This is one of the Proverbs of Hendyng; see Specimens of English, ed. Morris and Skeat, part ii. p. 40. So, in l. 34, _Boote of bale_ means 'remedy of evil,' good out of evil. See note to l. 631.

34. _it is no nay_, there is no denying it, it cannot be denied. So in Chaucer, C. T. 8693, 9015 (E. 817, 1139).

39. _that on, that other_, the one, the other. Sometimes corruptly written _the ton, the tother_; and hence the vulgar English _the tother_.

43. Such was their intention, but it was partly overruled; for we see, from l. 45, that the second son duly received his share.

48. _whan he good cowde_, when he knew what was good, i. e. when he was old enough to know right from wrong; or, as we now say, when he came to years of discretion. Observe that the division of land here proposed was not final; for the good knight, being still alive, altered it; see l. 54.

53. 'Saint Martin was a Hungarian by birth, and served in the army under Constantius and Julian. He is represented in pictures as [479] a Roman knight on horseback, with his sword dividing his cloak into two pieces, one of which he gives to a beggar. He was a strenuous opponent of the Arians, and died at Tours, where his relics were preserved and honoured.'--Jephson. St. Martin's day, commonly called Martinmas, is Nov. 11. The knight swears by St. Martin in his character of soldier. Cf. l. 225.

57. _plowes_, ploughlands; see the Glossary.

62. The knight's intention was, evidently, that Gamelyn's share should be the best. In Lodge's novel, Sir John gives to the eldest 'fourteen ploughlands, with all my manner-houses and my richest plate'; to the second, 'twelve ploughlands'; but to the youngest, says he, 'I give my horse, my armour, and my launce, with sixteene ploughlands; for, if the inwarde thoughts be discovered by outward shadows, Rosader wil exceed you all in bountie and honour.'

64. 'That my bequest may stand,' i. e. remain good.

67. _stoon-stille_, as still as a stone. So Chaucer has 'as stille as stoon'; Clerkes Tale, E. 121. See ll. 263, 423.

76. 'And afterwards he paid for it in his fair skin.' We should now say, his recompense fell upon his own head.

78. _of good wil_, readily, of their own accord. 'They of their own accord feared him as being the strongest.' So also 'of thine own good will,' Shak. Rich. II. iv. 1. 177; 'by her good will,' Venus and Adonis, 479. But the nearest parallel passage is in Octouian Imperator, l. 561, pr. in Weber's Metrical Romances, iii. 180. It is there said of some sailors who were chased by a lioness, that they ran away very hastily 'with good wylle.' Cf. _in wille_, i. e. anxious, in l. 173.

82. To handle his beard, i. e. to feel, by his beard, that he was of full age. Lodge has a parallel passage, but gives a more literal sense to the expression 'hondlen his berd,' which merely signifies that he was growing up. 'With that, casting up his hand, he felt haire on his face, and perceiving his beard to bud, for choler he began to blush, and swore to himselfe he would be no more subject to such slaverie.' Cf. As You Like It, iii. 2. 218, 396.

90. 'Is our meat prepared,' i. e. is our dinner ready? _Our_ perhaps means _my_, being used in a lordly style. See the next note.

92. Observe the use of the familiar _thou_, in place of the usual respectful _ye_. This accounts for the elder brother's astonishment, as expressed in the next line.

100. 'Brother by name, and brother in that only.'

101. _that rape was of rees_, who was hasty in his fit of passion. Mr. Jephson's explanation 'deprived of reason for anger' is incorrect. _Rape_ is hasty; see the Glossary. _Rees_ is the modern E. _race_, A. S. _r[=æ]s_, applied to any sudden course, whether bodily or mental; cf. l. 547. So in Gower, ed. Pauli, i. 335, we find:--

'Do thou no-thinge in suche a _rees_,'

i. e. do nothing in such a sudden fit; referring to Pyramus, who rashly slew himself upon the hasty false assumption that Thisbe was dead. [480]

102. _gadeling_, fellow; a term of reproach. But observe that the sarcasm lies in the similarity of the sound of the word to _Gamelyn_. Hence Gamelyn's indignant reply. In P. Plowman, C. xi. 297, _gadelynges_ are ranked with false folk, deceivers, and liars.

103. 'Thou shall be glad to get mere food and clothing.'

109. _ner_, nigher, the old _comparative_ form; afterwards written _near_, and wrongly extended to _near-er_, with a _double_ comparative suffix. Cf. l. 135, 352.

_a-foote_, on foot; not _a foot_, the length of a foot, as that would have no final e.

115. _schal algate_, must in any case.

116. This is obscure; it may mean 'unless _thou_ art the one (to do it)'; i. e. to give me the beating. In other words, Gamelyn dares his brother to use the rod himself, not to delegate such an office to another. But his brother was much too wary to take such advice; he preferred to depute the business to his men.

121. _over-al_, all about, all round, everywhere.

122. _stood_, i. e. which stood. The omission of the relative is common.

125. _good woon_, good store; plentifully.

129. _for his eye_, for awe of him. _His_ is not the possessive pronoun here, but the genitive of the personal pronoun.

130. _by halves_, lit. by sides; i. e. some to one side, some to the other. _drowe by halves_ = sidled away.

131. 'May ye prosper ill!' Cf. Chaucer, Pard. Tale, C. 947.

136. 'I will teach thee some play with the buckler.' An allusion to the 'sword and buckler play,' described in Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, bk. iii. ch. 6. § 22. Not unlike our modern 'single-stick,' but with the addition of a buckler in the left hand. Strutt gives a picture from a Bodleian MS., dated 1344, in which clubs or bludgeons are substituted for swords; and, no doubt, the swords used in sport were commonly of wood. Gamelyn is speaking jocosely; he had no buckler, but he had a wooden 'pestel,' which did very well for a sword.

137. '_by Saint Richard_ was a favourite oath[30] with the outlaws of Robin Hood's stamp, probably because of his Saxon extraction'; Jephson. Mr. Jephson adds the following quotation from the English Martyrologe, 1608: 'Saint Richard, King and Confessor, was sonne to Lotharius, King of Kent, who, for the love of Christ, taking upon him a long peregrination, went to Rome for devotion to that sea [_see_], and, on his way homeward, died at Lucca, about the year of Christ 750, where his body is kept until this day, with great veneration, in the oratory and chappell of St. Frigidian, and adorned with an epitaph both in verse and prose.' But this is altogether beside the mark; for Mr. Jephson certainly refers to the wrong saint. There were four St. Richards, commemorated, respectively, on Feb. 7, April 3, June 9, and August 21; see Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints. The day of [481] the Saxon king is Feb. 7; but he could hardly have been so fresh in the memory of Englishmen as the more noted St. Richard, bishop of Chichester, who died in 1253, and was canonized in 1262; his day being April 3. There is a special fitness in the allusion to this latter saint, because he was a pattern of _brotherly love_, and Johan is here deprecating Gamelyn's anger. Alban Butler says of him: 'The unfortunate situation of his eldest brother's affairs gave him an occasion of exercising his benevolent disposition. Richard condescended to become his _brother's servant_, undertook the management of his farms, and by his industry and generosity effectually retrieved his brother's before distressed circumstances.' His name still appears in our Prayer-books.

141. _I mot nede_ is used for 'I must needs'; see examples in Mätzner, Alteng. Sprachproben, i. 302 (182). _Mot_ is the present tense; whereas _moste_ (mod. E. _must_) is the past tense, and was once grammatically incorrect as a form of the present tense.

150. _of thing_, of a thing; as in Sir Tristram, 406.

154. 'And mind that thou blame me, unless I soon grant it.'

156. 'If we are to be at one,' i. e. to be reconciled. Cf. l. 166.

158. 'Thou must cause me to possess it, if we are not to quarrel.'

160. We should now say--'All that your father left you, and more too, if you would like to have it.' The offer is meant to be very liberal.

164. 'As he well knew (how to do).'

167. 'In no respect he knew with what sort of a false treason his brother kissed him.' _Whiche_ is cognate with the Latin _qualis_, and has here the same sense.

171. 'There was a wrestling-match proclaimed there, hard by.'

172. 'And, as prizes for it, there were exhibited a ram and a ring.' In Lodge's novel, 'a day of wrastling and tournament' is appointed by Torimond, king of France. In Chaucer's Prologue, A. 548, we find: 'At wrastling he wolde have alwey the ram.' On this Tyrwhitt has the following note: 'This was the usual prize at wrestling-matches. See C. T. l. 13671 [Sir Thopas, st. 5], and Gamelyn, ll. 184, 280. Mathew Paris mentions a wrestling-match at Westminster, A. D. 1222, at which a ram was the prize.' In Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, bk. ii. ch. 2. § 14, two men are represented as wrestling for a live cock. Strutt also quotes a passage from 'A mery Geste of Robin Hode,' which gives an account of a wrestling, at which the following prizes were 'set up' (the same phrase being used as here), viz. a white bull, a courser with saddle and bridle, a pair of gloves, a _red gold ring_, and a pipe of wine!

199. 'Why dost thou thus behave?' i. e. make this lamentation. Cf. As You Like It, i. 2. 133-140.

204. 'Unless God be surety for them,' i. e. ensure their recovery. The story supposes that the two sons are not slain, but greatly disabled; as Shakespeare says, 'there is little hope of life' in them.

206. _with the nones_, on the occasion that, provided that. _For the_ [482] _nones_, for the occasion, stands for _for then ones_, for the once; so here _with the nones_ = _with then ones_, with the once. _Then_ is the dat. case of the article, being a weakened form of A.S. _ð[=a]m_. Cf. l. 456.

207. _wilt thow wel doon_, if thou wishest to do a kind deed.

214. _drede not of_, fear not for.

217. 'How he dared adventure himself, to prove his strength upon him that was so doughty a champion.'

224. _whyl he couthe go_, whilst he was able to go about.

230. _a moche schrewe thou were_, thou wast a great doer of mischief. Gamelyn retorts that he is now _a more_, i. e. a still greater doer of mischief. _Moche_ is often used of size. In Havelok, l. 982, _more than the meste_ = bigger than the biggest.

236. _gonne goon_, did go. _Gonne_ is a mere auxiliary verb.

237. 'The champion tried various sleights upon Gamelyn, who was prepared for them.'

240. _faste aboute_, busily employed, trying your best. Cf. l. 785.

248. Spoken ironically, 'shall it be counted as a throw, or as none?'

249. _whether_, &c., whichever it be accounted.

253. _of him_, &c., he stood in no awe of him. Instead of our modern expression 'he stood in awe of him,' the M.E. expression is, usually, 'he stood awe of him,' suppressing _in_. It probably arose out of the very construction here used, viz. 'awe of him stood to him,' i. e. arose in him. However that may be, the idiom is common. Thus, in Barbour's Bruce, iii. 62:--

'Quhen that the lord of Lorne saw His men stand off him ane sik awe.'

In Havelok, l. 277:--

'Al Engelond of him stod awe, Al Engelond was of him adrad.'

So also, 'he stode of him non eye'; Rob. of Brunne, tr. of Langtoft, p. 8, l. 24. So also in Wallace, v. 929, vi. 878.

255. 'Who was not at all well pleased.'

256. 'He is an evil master.' The reading _oure alther mayster_ (in Cp.) means--'he is master of us all.'

257. 'It is full yore ago'; it is very long ago.

262. _wil no-more_, desires no more, has had enough.

270. 'This fair is done.' A proverb, meaning that the things of the fair are sold, and there is no more business to be done.

271. 'As I hope to do well, I have not yet sold up the half of my ware'; i. e. I have more to offer. The wrestler, in spite of his pain, utters the grim joke that Gamelyn sells his ware too dearly.

272. _halvendel_ is for A.S. _healfne d[=æ]l_ or _þone healfan d[=æ]l_, the accusative case. The word _of_ is to be understood after it. See Zupitza's Notes to Guy of Warwick, l. 5916.

273. See note to l. 334.

276. _lakkest_, dispraisest, decriest. In P. Plowman, B. v. 130, we [483] find 'to blame mennes ware'; and, only two lines below, the equivalent phrase 'to lakke his chaffare.'

277. 'By Saint James in Galicia.' In Chaucer's Prologue, the Wife of Bath had been 'in Galice at Seint Jame.' The shrine of St. James, at Compostella in Galicia, was much frequented by pilgrims. See my note to Prol. 466, at p. 44 above. It is remarkable that _the whole of this line_ is quoted from A Poem on the Times of Edw. II., l. 475; see Political Songs, ed. Wright, p. 345. It occurs again below, l. 764.

278. 'Yet it is too cheap, that which thou hast bought.' The franklin tells the defeated wrestler that it is not for him to call Gamelyn's ware dear, for he has, in fact, been let off much too cheaply. Our modern _cheap_ is short for _good cheap_, i. e. bought in good market. _To buy in a good cheap_ was shortened to _to buy good cheap_, and finally became _to buy cheap_.

281. _have_, have, receive, take.

285. _rowte_, company. We are to suppose that a crowd of Gamelyn's admirers accompanied him home. In Lodge's novel, the elder brother 'sawe wher Rosader returned with the garland on his head, as having won the prize, accompanied with a crue of boon companions; greeved at this, he stepped in and shut the gate.'

297. See note to l. 334.

302. _though thou haddest swore_, though thou hadst sworn (the contrary). This curious phrase occurs also in Chaucer, Kn. Tale, A. 1089, where 'althogh we hadde it sworn' is equivalent to 'though we had sworn (the contrary).'

312. 'That desired either to walk or to ride in.' _Go_, when opposed to _ride_, means to go on foot, to walk.

318. _and ye wil doon after me_, if ye will act according to my advice; spoken parenthetically.

321. _oure catour_, caterer for us. _oure aller purs_, the purse of us all. Cf. footnotes to l. 256.

324. _largely_, liberally; the usual old meaning.

328. _no cheste_, no strife, no quarrelling.

334. _so_, &c., 'as I hope to enjoy the use of my eye'; lit. 'as I may use my eye.' This phrase occurs also in Havelok, 2545: 'So mote ich brouke mi rith eie,' as I hope to have the use of my right eye. And again in the same, l. 1743, with the substitution of 'finger or toe' for 'right eye'; and in l. 311, with the substitution of 'mi blake swire,' i. e. my black neck; cf. ll. 273, 297 above. See also ll. 407, 489, 567. Even Chaucer has: 'So mote I brouke wel myn eyen tweye,' as I hope to make good use of my two eyes; Nonne Prestes Tale, 479 (B. 4490).

338. _bitaughte_ is used in two senses; they commended Gamelyn to God's protection, and bade him good day.

345. _mangerye_, feast, lit. an eating. It occurs in P. Plowman, C. xiii. 46; Wyclif, Works, ed. Arnold, i. 4. In Sir Amadace, st. 55, a wedding-feast is called a _maungery_, and lasted 40 days; Early Eng. Metrical Romances, ed. Robson, p. 49. Cf. ll. 434, 464. [484]

349, 350. These lines are anticipatory; they give a brief summary of the next part of the story.

352. _ful neer_, much nearer. See note to l. 109.

366. _Iohan_ was pronounced like modern E. _Jawn_, and rimes with _noon_, pronounced as _nawn_ (with _aw_ as in _awe_). So also in Chaucer, Man of Lawes Tale, B. 1019.

367. 'By my faith'; cf. l. 555. Chaucer has 'by my fey'; Kn. Tale, 268 (A. 1126).

368. 'If thou thinkest the same as thou sayst, may God requite it thee!'

372. _Tho_, when. _threwe_, didst throw; observe the absence of _-st_ in the suffix of the second person of the past tense of strong verbs.

373. _moot_, meeting, assembly, concourse of people; in allusion to the crew of companions whom Gamelyn introduced. Moreover, the word _moot_ was especially used of an assembly of men in council, like our modern _meeting_. But it is, perhaps, simpler to take it in the sense of public disputation, dispute; cf. St. Katherine, l. 1314, and cf. M.E. _motien_, to dispute publicly. Indeed, as the rimes are often imperfect, the original word may have been _mood_, i. e. anger.

376. It was not uncommon, to prevent a person from being forsworn, that the terms of an oath should be literally fulfilled; cf. Merch. Ven. iv. l. 326. In his novel, Lodge avoids all improbability by a much simpler device. He makes the eldest brother surprise the youngest in his sleep. 'On a morning very early he cald up certain of his servants, and went with them to the chamber of Rosader, which being open, he entered with his crue, and surprized his brother when he was asleepe, and bound him with fetters,' &c.

382. Here, as in l. 420, all the MSS. have _honde_. The final _e_ probably represents the dative or _instrumental_ case, and the correct reading is _fote and honde_, as in MSS. Pt. and Ln. in both passages.

386. _wood_, mad. It was common to bind and starve madmen, and to treat them cruelly. Even Malvolio was to be put 'in a dark room and bound'; Tw. Nt. iii. 4. 147. Cf. As You Like It, iii. 2. 421.

392. _a party_ is an adverb, meaning 'partly,' or 'in some measure.' Cf. P. Plowman, B. xv. 17; Hampole, Prick of Conscience, 2334.

394. _or_, ere, before; not 'or.' _be_, been.

398. '_Spence_, or (according to the original French form of the word) _despense_, was the closet or room in convents and large houses where the victuals, wine, and plate were locked up; and the person who had the charge of it was called the _spencer_, or the _despencer_. Hence originated two common family names.'--Wright. The _spence_, however, like the _spencer_, owed its name to the O.F. verb _despendre_, to spend; as explained in my Etym. Dict. s. v. _spend_. See the Glossary. Lodge retains the name of Adam Spencer; whence Adam in Shakespeare.

411. 'Upon such an agreement.'

413. 'All as I may prosper'; as I hope to thrive.

414. After _wil_ supply _lose_; see the footnote. 'I will hold covenant with thee, if thou wilt loose me.' [485]

430. _wher I go_, whether shall I go. _Wher_ is a contracted form of _whether_, like _or_ for _other_. _Girde of_, strike off.

433. _that this_, &c., that this is a thing not to be denied, a sure thing.

438. _hem_, them, i. e. the fetters (understood); cf. l. 498.

441. _borwe the_, be surety for thee, go bail for thee.

444. _do an other_, act in another way, try another course. There is no authority for inserting _thing_ after _other_.

445. Lodge says: 'and at the ende of the hall shall you see stand a couple of good pollaxes, one for you and another for me.'

449. 'If we must in any case absolve them of their sin.' Said jocosely; he was going to absolve them after a good chastisement.

451. St. Charity was the daughter of St. Sophia, who christened her three daughters _Fides_, _Spes_, and _Caritas_; see Butler's Lives of the Saints (Aug. 1). Cf. Percy Folio MS., i. 28; l. 26.

453. Lodge says: 'When I give you a wincke,' &c.

456. _for the nones_, for the occasion; see note to l. 206.

460. _leste and meste_, least and greatest.

461. _halle_, of the hall; A. S. _healle_, gen. case of _heal_, a hall. Here, and in l. 496, we may take _halle-dore_ as a compound word, but _halle_ is still a genitive form.

471. _ther that_, where that; as commonly.

481. 'Who beggeth for thee (to come) out of prison, or who may be surety for thee; but ever may it be well with them that cause thee much sorrow.'

485. 'All that may be surety for thee, may evil befall them'; lit. 'may it befall them evilly.'

489. _so_, &c., 'as I hope to make use of my bones,' lit. bone.

503. 'Gamelyn sprinkles holy water with an oaken sprig.' Said jocosely; Gamelyn flourishes his staff like one who sprinkles holy water. A _spire_ is properly a springing shoot, hence a sprig or sapling. Cf. Troil. ii. 1335. See the Glossary.

509. Mr. Jephson here remarks as follows:--'The hatred of churchmen, of holy water, and of everything connected with the church, observable in all the ballads of this class, is probably owing to the fact, that William the Conqueror and his immediate successors systematically removed the Saxon bishops and abbots, and intruded Normans in their stead into all the valuable preferments in England. But there were also other grounds for the odium in which these foreign prelates were held. Sharing in the duties of the common law judges, they participated in the aversion with which the functionaries of the law were naturally regarded by outlaws and robbers,' &c. He also quotes, from the Lytel Geste of Robin Hood, the following:--

'These bysshopes and these archebysshoppes, Ye shall them beete and bynde; The high sheryfe of Notynghame, Hym holde ye in your mynde.'

[486] It may be added that Lodge entirely omits here all mention of abbot, prior, monk, or canon. Times had changed.

514. 'Pay a liberal allowance,' i. e. deal your blows bountifully.

515. _so ever_, &c., 'as sure as ever I hear mass.' Cf. l. 595.

520. _telle largely_, count fully.

523. _the croune_, i. e. the crown of each man's head; alluding to the tonsure. It means, do not spoil the tonsure on their crowns, but break their legs and arms.

531. _cold reed_, cold counsel, unprofitable counsel. So in Chaucer, Nonne Prestes Tale, B. 4446; see the note. So Shakespeare has '_colder_ tidings'; Rich. III, iv. 4. 536. Cf. l. 759 below.

532. 'It had been better for us.' Cf. l. 621.

533. This is ironical, and refers, as Mr. Jephson rightly says, to the _laying on of hands_, whereby Gamelyn made his victims deacons and priests after a new fashion of his own.

543. _here love_, love of them; _here awe_, awe of them. _Here_ = A.S. _hira_, gen. pl. of _h[=e]_, he. Hence _here_ also means 'their,' as in l. 569.

558. _ther ... inne_, wherein (Gamelyn was).

567. 'As I hope to have the use of my chin.' See note to l. 334.

578. 'I will repay thee for thy words, when I see my opportunity.'

583. _It ben_, they are; lit. it are. A common idiom in Middle English. See P. Plowman, C. vi. 59, ix. 217, xvi. 309; and compare _it am I_, as in Chaucer, Man of Lawes Tale, B. 1109.

588. 'Make their beds in the fen,' i. e. lie down in the fen or mud.

596. Spoken ironically. Adam offers them some refreshment. They reply, that his wine is not good, being too strong; indeed, so strong that it will not only, like ordinary wine, steal away a man's brains, but even take them out of his head altogether, so that they lie scattered in his hood. In other words. Adam's staff breaks their heads, and lets the brains out.

606. 'It is better for us to be there at large.'

609. Lodge says that they 'tooke their way towards the forest of Arden.'

610. 'Then the sheriff found the nest, but no egg (in it).' So also in William of Palerne, l. 83: 'Than fond he nest and no nei[gh] · for nou[gh]t nas ther leued'; i. e. for nothing was left there. _No nei[gh]_ = _non ei[gh]_, no egg.

616. _and loke how he fare_, and let us see how he may fare.

618. Here Adam merely expresses disgust of his new mode of life. In Lodge's novel, he begins to faint, being old. Cf. l. 817.

621. _lever me were_, it would be preferable for me.

631. 'After misery comes help.' So in the Proverbs of Hendyng, as said above, in note to l. 32. Trench, in his book On Proverbs, quotes a Hebrew proverb:--When the tale of bricks is doubled, Moses comes.

642. 'Whoso looked aright,' i. e. if one were to look carefully.

651. i. e. I only curse (or blame) myself if I yield. [487]

652. 'Though ye fetched five more, ye would then be only twelve in number.' He means that he would fight twelve of them.

660. In Lodge's novel, the chief is 'Gerismond the lawfull King of France, banished by Torismond, who with a lustie crue of Outlawes lived in that Forrest.' But the present text evidently refers to an English outlaw, such as Robin Hood.

666. 'I will adventure myself as far as the door.' Spoken proverbially, there being no door in the wood. He means that he will venture within sight of the chief. _hadde mete_, might have food.

689. 'His peace was made'; i. e. his pardon had been obtained.

698. 'And caused his brother to be indicted.'

700. _wolves-heed_, wolf's head. 'This was the ancient Saxon formula of outlawry, and seems to have been literally equivalent to setting the man's head at the same estimate as a wolf's head. In the laws of Edward the Confessor [§ 6], it is said of a person who has fled justice, 'Si postea repertus fuerit et teneri possit, vivus regi reddatur, vel caput ipsius si se defenderit; lupinum enim caput geret a die utlagacionis sue, quod ab Anglis _wluesheued_ nominatur. Et hec sententia communis est de omnibus utlagis.'--Wright. See Thorpe, Ancient Laws, &c., i. 445.

701. _of his men_, i. e. (some) of his men.

703. 'How the wind was turned'; i. e. which way the wind blew, as we now say.

704. 'When a man's lands were seized by force or unjustly, the peasantry on the estates were exposed to be plundered and ill-treated by the followers of the intruder.'--Wright.

707. 'The messengers of ill tidings, however innocent themselves, often experienced all the first anger of the person to whom they carried them, in the ages of feudal power. Hence the bearer of ill news generally began by deprecating the wrath of the person addressed.'--Wright. This was not, however, peculiar to those times. Cf. Sophocles, Antigone, 228; 2 Hen. IV. i. I. 100; Rich. III. iv. 4. 510; Macb. v. 5. 39.

709. 'I. e. has obtained government of the bailiwick. In former times ... the high sheriff was the officer personally responsible for the peace of his bailiwick, which he maintained by calling out the _posse comitatus_ to assist him.'--Jephson.

710. _doth thee crye_, causes thee to be proclaimed.

713. 'Greet well my husbands (i. e. servants) and their wives.' The A.S. _wif_ was a neuter substantive, and remained unchanged in the plural, like _sheep_ and _deer_ in modern English. We find _wif_ as a pl. form also in Layamon, l. 1507. The present is a very late example.

714. 'I will go to (attend) the next assizes; see note to l. 715. If _schire_ refers to the shire or county, the result is much the same. In venturing into the shire of which his brother was sheriff, Gamelyn was boldly putting himself into his brother's power.

715. _nexte schire_, may mean 'next (succeeding) assizes'; for _schire_ [488] may be used in the sense of A. S. _sc[=i]r-gem[=o]t_; and the Lat. _comitatus_ meant _curia_ as well as 'county.' See, for example, the last quotation in the note to l. 871.

718. 'Put down his hood,' lowered his hood, so as to show his face.

724. _leet take Gamelyn_, caused (men) to take Gamelyn; we now say 'caused Gamelyn to be taken,' changing the verb from active to passive. The active use of the verb is universal in such phrases in Middle English, as is still common in German. 'Er liess Gamelyn nehmen.' Cf. l. 733.

727. _Ote_ is not a common name; we find mention of 'Sir Otes de Lile' in Libius Disconius, l. 1103, in the Percy Folio MS., ii. 455. _Otes_ is equivalent to 'Otho'; see Le Livere de Reis de Angletere, ed. Glover, p. 268, l. 6; and p. 272. The form _Otoun_ or _Oton_ is equivalent to Lat. acc. _Othonem_.

732. _wonder sory_, wonderfully sorry. _nothing light_, in no degree light-hearted.

738. 'May evil befall such another brother (as thou art)'; cf. l. 485.

744. 'I offer to bail him,' lit. I bid for him for bail; _mainprise_ being a sb., and _him_ a dative case. Mr. Jephson says--'I demand that he be granted to me on mainprise, or bail, till the assize for general gaol-delivery.'

752. 'Cause (men) to deliver him at once, and to hand him over to me.'

761. _sitte_ means 'may sit'; cf. l. 749.

779. _cors_, curse. He was never cursed by those with whom he had dealings. This can only refer to the poor whom he never oppressed. The author quietly ignores the strong language of the churchmen whom he stripped of everything. This is precisely the tone adopted in the Robin Hood ballads.

782. _nom_, catch, take; a new form of the infinitive mood. It arose from the pt. t. _cam_, by analogy of _comen_ from _cam_. See Mätzner, Alteng. Sprachproben, i. 261, l. 80.

785. _fast aboute_, busily employed. See l. 240.

786. _to hyre the quest_, to suborn the jury. See l. 801.

790. _seet_, should sit. The A.S. for _sat_ is _sæt_, but for _should sit_ (3rd pers. sing. of the pt. t. subj.) is _s[=æ]te_. The latter became the M.E. _seete_; hence _seet_, by loss of the final e. It rimes with _beheet_ (A.S. _beh[=e]t_).

806. _spet_, short for _speedeth_; cf. _stant_ for _standeth_, &c.

834. _of_, in. So in Shakespeare, Jul. Cæsar, ii. 1. 157--'We shall find _of_ him A shrewd contriver.'

840. _the quest is oute_, the verdict is (already) delivered.

852. _the barre_, the bar in front of the justice's seat; see ll. 860, 867.

864. 'It seemed a very long time to him.'

871. _sisours_, jury-men. I copy the following from my note on P. Plowman, B. ii. 62. 'The exact signification of _sisour_ does not seem quite certain, and perhaps it has not always the same meaning. The [489] Low-Latin name was _assissores_ or _assisiarii_, interpreted by Ducange to mean "qui a principe vel a domino feudi delegati _assisias_ tenent"; whence Halliwell's explanation of _sisour_ as a person deputed to hold assizes. Compare--

"Þys fals men, þat beyn _sysours_, Þat for hate a trew man wyl endyte, And a þefe for syluer quyte." Robert of Brunne, Handlyng Synne, 1335.'

Mr. Furnivall's note says--'_Sysour_, an inquest-man at assizes. The _sisour_ was really a juror, though differing greatly in functions and in position from what jurymen subsequently became; see Forsyth's Hist. of Trial by Jury.' In the tale of Gamelyn, however, it is pretty clear that 'the twelve sisours that weren of the quest' were simply the twelve gentlemen of the jury, who were hired to give false judgment (l. 786). Blount, in his Law Dictionary, says of _assisors_, that 'in Scotland (according to Skene) they are the same with our jurors.' The following stanza from A Poem of the Times of Edw. II., ll. 469-474 (printed in Political Songs, ed. Wright, p. 344), throws some light on the text:--

'And thise _assisours_, that comen to shire and to hundred, Damneth men for silver, and that nis no wonder. For whan the riche justise wol do wrong for mede, Thanne thinketh hem thei muwen the bet, for thei han more nede To winne. Ac so is al this world ablent, that no man douteth sinne.'

880. 'To swing about with the ropes, and to be dried in the wind.'

881. 'Sorrow may he have who cares for it.' Not an uncommon phrase. In P. Plowman, B. vi. 122, it appears as 'þe deuel haue þat reccheth,' i. e. the devil take him who regrets it.

885. This seems to mean, 'he was hanged by the neck, and not by the purse.' That is, he was really hanged, and not merely made to suffer in his purse by paying a fine; cf. Ch. Prol. 657.

889. _of the best assise_, in the truest manner; cf. l. 544.

900. 'Buried under the earth.'

901. 'No man can escape it.'

* * * * *

[490]

ADDENDA.

NOTE: to vol. i. p. ix. I am informed that it appears, from a charter in the British Museum, that one Galfridus de Chaucere is a witness to a grant of land to Hatfield Broad Oak Priory, co. Essex, about A.D. 1300. This shews that the poet was not the first of his surname to bear the name of Geoffrey.

ROM. ROSE, 923. _Turke bowes_, Turkish bows. The form _Turke_ can hardly be right, as the adjective is required. The original copy probably had 'Turk_is_,' with the _is_ written as a contraction; this would easily be misread as 'Turk_e_,' i. e. as if the contraction stood for e. The French text has _ars turquois_, as the reader can see.

Cotgrave gives: 'Arc turquois, _the Turkish long-bow_.' But the Turkish long-bow was short, as compared with the English. Strutt speaks of his seeing the Turkish ambassador shoot; this was in the year 1800. 'The bow he used was much shorter than those belonging to the English archers; and his arrows were of the bolt kind, with round heads made of wood'; Sports and Pastimes, bk. ii. c. i. § 17. Cf. 'with bowes turkoys,' Percy Folio MS., ed. Hales and Furnivall, ii. 458.

III. (Book of the Duchesse), 1318, 1319. The lines are:--

A LONG CASTEL with walles WHYTE, By seynt IOHAN! on a RICHE HIL.

There can be no doubt that (as has been suggested by the Bishop of Oxford) these apparently otiose lines contain punning allusions to the whole subject of the poem. LONG-CASTELL (put for _Lon-castell_, or the castle on the Lune) was another name for Lancaster; compare the modern _Lonsdale_ as a name for the valley of the Lune, and see Barbour's Bruce, xvii. 285, 582. WHYTE alludes to Blanche. Thus the former line expresses Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster.

In the second line, the RICHE HIL refers to Richmond in Yorkshire; and the whole line expresses John, Earl of Richmond. John of Gaunt had been created Earl of Richmond (vol. i. p. xviii).

BOETHIUS. For some corrections, see vol. ii. p. lxxix.

TROILUS. For some corrections and additions, see vol. ii. pp. lxxix, lxxx.

For an Additional Note to Bk. iii. 674, see vol. ii. p. 506.

LEGEND OF GOOD WOMEN. For an Additional Note to ll. 1896-8, see vol. iii. p. lvi. [491]

VOL. III. pp. 421, 422. SOURCES OF THE PRIORESSES TALE. It is tolerably clear that Chaucer really got the former part of this story from one of the Miracles of our Lady, by Gautier de Coinci or Coincy[31]. And I have now little doubt that he adapted the latter part of it from another story in the same collection (and therefore in the same MS.), by the same author. It so happens that the latter story is printed in Bartsch and Horning's collection in 'La Langue et la Littérature Françaises'; Paris, 1887; col. 367. It is there entitled 'De Clerico Sancte Virgini devoto, in cuius iam mortui ore flos inuentus est.' It is rather a stupid and pointless story, to the following effect. There was a wicked cleric at Chartres, who gave himself up to all kinds of debauchery; but he had one merit. He never passed an image of Our Lady without kneeling down and saying a prayer. Some enemies killed him; and it was at once resolved to bury him in a ditch, as an outcast; and this was done. But Our Lady appeared to one of the chief clergy, and commanded that he should be buried again, in the holiest spot in the cemetery. When the body was recovered, it was found that the tongue of the corpse remained uncorrupted, being as red as a rose, and a miraculous flower was blossoming in his mouth. He was reburied in holy ground, with many tears from the pious. It was also observed that his tongue still slowly moved, _as if_ endeavouring to sing the Virgin's praises.

This is rather a clumsy assumption; for the tongue might have been trying to swear. Hence Chaucer gives it a real voice; and substitutes a small grain in place of the flower; probably because there was a well-known legend about the three grains found by Seth under Adam's tongue (above, p. 180, note to l. 1852). Chaucer's tale is really made up, with great skill, from a combination of these two poems by Gautier de Coinci; and it is highly remarkable that, in the Vernon MS., there is a version of the story which says that _five roses_ were found in the child's head; one _in his mouth_, two in his eyes, and two in his ears. In the Legend of Alphonsus of Lincoln (see vol. iii. p. 421), the child has a precious stone in place of a tongue; but this legend was composed in 1459, and was probably copied from Chaucer. I think it highly probable that Chaucer combined the two 'Miracles' himself; though of course some one else may have done it before him. In any case, it is worth while pointing out that we must combine the two stories by de Coinci, before we obtain the whole of Chaucer's poem.

VOL. III. pp. 502, 503. The statement that the French treatise by Frère Lorens, entitled La Somme des Vices et des Vertus, 'has never been printed,' is incorrect. However, the book is scarce. Mr. Bradley tells me that there is a copy of it in the British Museum, printed by Anthoine Verard 'sus le pont notre dame,' Paris. It is undated, but it is said to have been printed in 1495. [492]

CANTERBURY TALES.

The Canterbury Tales, and especially the Prologue, are so full of allusions and expressions that either require or invite illustrations, that no commentary upon them can be considered exhaustive. Consequently, those points only have, for the most part, been considered where the expressions used are for any reason difficult, obscure, or likely to be misunderstood; for it frequently happens that, by a change in meaning, the modern form or use of a word suggests a wrong impression.

A considerable number of words and phrases which occur in Chaucer have already been explained by me in the Notes to Piers the Plowman. Hence, in many cases, additional illustrations and references can easily be had by consulting the 'Index to the Explanations in the Notes' printed in P. Plowman, vol. iv. pp. 464-491.

The 'Index of Books referred to in the Notes' to the same, vol. iv. pp. 492-502, gives a long list of books, most of which are useful for the illustration of Chaucer also. I add here a few additional notes, taken almost at random, for two of which I am indebted to Professor Earle.

A. 30. Zupitza (Notes to Guy of Warwick, 855, p. 361) further illustrates this line. 'There can be no doubt that the pp. _goon_ is to be supplied.' He quotes 'to reste eode þa sunne,' Layamon, 28328; 'until the son was gon to rest,' Iwaine, 3612, ed. Ritson (Met. Romances, i. 151); also from J. Grimm, Mythology, p. 702, who treats of the M.H.G. phrase _ze reste g[=a]n_.

A. 179. It is shown (vol. v. p. 22) that the simile about the fish out of water occurs in the Life of St. Anthony. Chaucer clearly took it from Jehan de Meung (_or_ Jean de Meun); but the French poet probably took it from the Life of St. Anthony in the Legenda Aurea. We find it even in Caxton's Golden Legende:--'for lyke as fysshes that haue ben longe in the water whan they come in-to drye londe they muste dye, in lyke wyse the monkes that goon out of theyr cloystre or selles, yf they conuerse longe wyth seculiers they must nedes lose theyr holynesse and leue theyr good lyf.'

A. 387. _With the beste_, 'as well as possible,' but originally 'among the best.' So in Zupitza, notes to Guy of Warwick, l. 1496. He quotes Mätzner's Grammatik, II. 2. 434; King Horn, 1326, _knight with the beste_; &c. Cf. _with the furste_, King Horn, 1119.

A. 467. _She coude muche of wandring by the weye_; i. e. she knew much which she had learnt through being so great a traveller.--J. Earle.

I have explained it above, p. 44, by--'She knew much about travelling.' The original will bear either interpretation; all depends upon the meaning of the word _of_. [493]

A. 655. See Freeman, vol. v. p. 497, and his quotation from John of Salisbury, Ep. 146 (Giles, i. 260):--'Erat, ut memini, genus hominum, qui in ecclesia Dei _archidiaconorum_ censentur nomine, quibus vestra discretio omnem salutis viam querebatur esse praeclusam. Nam, ut dicere consuevistis, diligunt munera, sequuntur retributiones, ad injurias proni sunt, calumniis gaudent, peccata populi comedunt et bibunt, quibus vivitur ex rapto, ut non sit hospes ab hospite tutus.'--J. Earle. [From Freeman's Hist. of the Norman Conquest, ed. 1867-79.]

Cf. the Somnours Tale; especially D. 1315, 1317, and the notes.

A. 1155. For _par amour_, see all the instances referred to in the Glossary. The fact that it sometimes means 'with all affection,' or 'affectionately,' is well illustrated by a passage in the Coventry Mysteries, p. 50, where it is put into the mouth of Abraham, when addressing Isaac. 'Thu art my suete childe, and _par amoure_ Ful wele in herte do I the loue.'

A. 1452. _Seven yeer_ is an old proverbial expression for a long time; see _Seven-year_ in Halliwell; P. Plowman, C. vii. 214, xi. 73; Zupitza's notes to Guy of Warwick (l. 8667); &c. The curious thing is that Chaucer understood himself literally: 'It fel that in the seventhe yeer, in May'; A. 1462.

A. 2749. Some further illustration of the word _expulsive_ as a technical term may be found in old treatises. Thus Brunetto Latini, in his Livres dou Tresor, livre i. part iii. chap. 103, says that the four virtues which sustain life are the _appetitive_ (due to the element of fire), the _retentive_ (due to earth), the _digestive_ (due to air), and the _expulsive_ (due to water). Hence we have an appetite for food; we retain it; we digest it; and expel it. 'L'aigue est froide et moiste, et fait la vertu expulsive, ce est qu'ele chace fuer la viande quant ele est cuite.' Sir Thos. Elyot, Castel of Helth, 1539, p. 10, says there are three Powers, animal, spiritual, and natural. Of these, it is the _natural_ power which 'appetiteth, retayneth, digesteth, expelleth'; whereas it is the 'power animall' that 'ordeyneth, discerneth, and composeth; that moueth by voluntarye mocyon,' &c. Of the four 'operations,' he says that 'expulsion [is] by colde and moyste.' The whole of this sort of jargon is full of inconsistencies.

A. 3287. _Do wey_, i. e. take away. So also _go wey_ occurs for 'go away.' See these phrases plentifully illustrated in Zupitza's notes to Guy of Warwick, l. 3097.

B. 124. After all, this line is probably merely a reproduction from Le Roman de la Rose, l. 10438:--

'Tu n'a pas geté _ambesas_.'

B. 1983. The phrase _in toune_ is, as I have said, practically otiose, and means nothing, being merely introduced as a tag. So again _in londe_, in l. 2077. For further illustrations see Zupitza's notes to Guy of Warwick, l. 5841. [494]

B. 3917. A correspondent kindly reminds me that the story of Cyrus in Vincent of Beauvais came originally from Herodotus, who tells it, not of Cyrus, but of Polycrates of Samos; see Herodotus, bk. iii. capp. 124, 125. In Herodotus, the vision is seen by the daughter.

C. 406. In the long note at pp. 272-274, I have shewn that the sense is 'though their souls go a-gathering blackberries,' i. e. wander wherever they please. Mr. E.M. Spence suggests for comparison the well-known words of Falstaff (1 Hen. IV. ii. 4. 448):--'Shall the blessed sun of heaven prove a micher and eat blackberries?'

C. 570. In the Accounts of Henry, Earl of Derby, on his return from Prussia in 1391, the following item occurs for March:--'Et per manus eiusdem pro ij barrellis ferreres [vessels for carrying wine on horseback] vini de _Lepe_, viz. lj stope per ipsum emptis ibidem, ij nobles'; printed for the Camden Society, ed. L. Toulmin Smith, p. 95. Miss Toulmin Smith quotes from Henderson's History of Wines, 1824, the note that Lepe wine is 'a strong white wine of Spain,' and that Lepe is 'a small town on the sea-coast, between Ayamont and Palos, long celebrated for figs, raisins, and wine.' Its position was favourable, as it is in the part of Andalucia nearest to England. See _Lepe_ in Pinero's Spanish Dictionary, ed. 1740.

D. 110. The word _fore_ occurs also, but with the Southern spelling _vore_, in P. Plowman, C. vii. 118; on which see my note.

D. 325. At line 180 above (see the note), the Wife is plainly alluding to one of the passages in Le Roman de la Rose in which the Almageste is mentioned; and I have no doubt that she here refers to the other (l. 18772). For though the passage quoted by Jean de Meun, as from the Almagest, is really quite different, there is a general reference, in the context, to the idea of contentment:--

'Car soffisance fait richece,' &c.

And just below:--

'Cil qui nous escrit l'Almageste.'

F. 226. Many examples are given in Godefroy of the use of Fr. _maistre_ with the adjectival sense of 'principal' or 'chief.' Thus we find _la mestre yglise_, _la mestre tor_, _la maistre rue_, _la maistre cité_, _la maistre tente_. See _Maister_ in the Glossarial Index.

F. 233. Tyrwhitt remarks that a 'treatise on Perspective, under his name [i. e. of Aristotle], is mentioned by Vincent of Beauvais, in the thirteenth century (Speculum Historiale, lib. iii. c. 84):--"Extat etiam liber, qui dicitur Perspectiva Aristotelis."' See the word _Aristotle_ in Tyrwhitt's Glossary to Chaucer.

* * * * *

[495]

INDEX TO SUBJECTS AND WORDS EXPLAINED IN THE NOTES.

The subjects discussed are in roman type; the words explained in italics. The references are to volume and page.

_a_ (in), vol. v. p. 423. a (one), i. 565. _a certein_, iii. 352. _a twenty_, iii. 337. _a twenty devil way_, iii. 339. _a-begged, to goon_, v. 400. _able_, i. 457. _aboute_, v. 62. _abrayd_, i. 469; iii. 248. Absalom, iii. 298. _abye_, v. 420; _abyen it_, 192. Accentuation, iii. 289; v. 61 (l. 861). _accioun_, i. 453. Achilles, treachery of, ii. 503. Actium, battle of, iii. 311-312. Active and Contemplative Philosophy, ii. 420. _adamant_, i. 511. adj. pl. in _-es_ or _-s_; ii. 436 (m 2. 19); v. 204, 389, 448. Admetus, ii. 465. _advócat_, i. 455; _advocaas_, pl., v. 265. Æetes, iii. 326. Ægeus, iii. 335, 339. Ægyptus, iii. 346-7. Ælla, king, v. 156. Æmilia, via, v. 343. Æneas, iii. 317-324. Æson, iii. 325. Æsop's Fables, v. 123, 309, 310. _a-fere_, ii. 463. _affyle_, v. 57. _afounde_, i. 550. Agatho, iii. 309. _agayns, go_, v. 348. _ageyn him_, v. 162. _agreables_, ii. 436. _agryse_, v. 264; _agroos_, iii. 316; _agrisen_, ii. 435. _agroted_, iii. 345. _aketoun_, v. 195. _akornes_, ii. 448. _al_, although, i. 454, 554; v. 427. _al and som_, v. 92. _al to-rente_, v. 229. _alambik_, ii. 488. _alaunts_, v. 85. Albification, v. 425. Albioun, i. 564. Alcathoe, iii. 334. Alcestis, ii. 502; iii. 308, 309; v. 140. Alchabitius, i. 499, 500. Alcyone, i. 464. Aldebaran, iii. 358. _alder_, gen. pl., iii. 300. _alder-best_, v. 57. _alderman_, v. 36 (l. 372). Aldiran, v. 380. _alemandres_, i. 428. _ale-stake_, v. 54, 268-9. Alexander, v. 244; -- carried aloft, iii. 262; -- and the pirate, v. 441. Alexandria, v. 6. _Alexandryn_, i. 420. _aleys_, i. 428. Algezir, v. 7. Algomeisa, iii. 358. Algus, i. 475. Alhabor, iii. 361. Alhazen, v. 378. _alle, at_, i. 497. _alle and some_, v. 148. _allegeaunce_, i. 431. _aller, our_, v. 58. _alles-kinnes_, iii. 279. Alliteration, v. 446. _Alma redemptoris_, v. 177-178. Almagest, iii. 354; v. 97, 295-6. _alpes_, i. 421. Amalgaming, v. 423. Amazons, v. 61. _ambes as_, v. 143. Ambrose, St., v. 409. _ameled_, i. 425. _amendes, his_, v. 223. _amerciment_, v. 468. _amonges_, ii. 428. _amorettes_, i. 423, 438. Amphiaraus, i. 532, 533. _amphibologyes_, ii. 493. Amyas (a mistake), i. 435. _an hunting_, iii. 322. Anaxarchus, ii. 433. Andromache's dream, v. 254. _Angelus ad virginem_, v. 97-8. Anger, v. 462. Angle, in astrology, v. 150; -- meridional, v. 379-80. _anientissed_, v. 211. [496] _a-night_, v. 428. _anlas_, v. 34-5. Anna, St., v. 157, 329, 405. _annueleer_, v. 429. _anoyeth_, v. 203. Antenor, ii. 486. Anthony, Life of St., v. 20; -- fire of, 460. Anticlaudianus, iii. 264. Antiochus, v. 244. _antiphoner_, v. 178. Antony, iii. 311-4. _aornement_, v. 460. _apayd, evel_, iii. 293. _ape_, v. 430. Ape in one's hood, v. 174. Apelles, v. 261, 303-4. Apollonius of Tyre, v. 140. _appalled_, v. 382. _apparaunte_, i. 417. Appian Way, v. 407. _apposed_, _opposed_, v. 411. _approwours_, v. 324. Apulia, v. 375-6. _apyked_, v. 36. Arabic numerals, i. 475. _arace_, i. 566. _arblasters_, i. 436. Arcite, i. 529. _arest_, v. 89. _areste_, iii. 305. _arette_, v. 57. _argoile_, v. 426. _argument_, iii. 367 (l. 44). Argus (the argonaut), iii. 326. Argus the hundred-eyed, ii. 493. Ariadne, iii. 252, 333-40; -- in Naxos, i. 566. Aries, qualities of, v. 373; -- sun in, 372. Arion, iii. 267. Aristotle, iii. 296, 305. _ark_ (of the day), v. 132, 361. Arming of knights, v. 195. _armipotent_, v. 78, 79. Arnoldus de Villa Nova, v. 432. Arsemius, v. 162. Arsenic, v. 424. _artelleries_, v. 214. _artow_, v. 142. Arviragus, v. 389. _aryve_, v. 8. _as_, with imperative, v. 160, 163, 342. _as_, short for _al-so_, v. 289. _ascaunce_, v. 427; _ascaunces_, v. 332-3, 463. _ascendent_, iii. 271, 272; v. 40, 150, 152, 306. Ascension, right, iii. 362-363. _ascry_, ii. 470. Ashes, old, v. 114. _Asie_, v. 175. _asp_ (aspen), i. 512. Aspect (in astrology), i. 497; v. 65. Ass and harp, ii. 422. _assege_, ii. 485. Assembly of Ladies, iii. 297. Assonance (in Troilus, ii. 884); ii. 471. _assyse_, i. 454. Astrolabe, v. 97, 134. Astrology, v. 96-7; 147-152; v. 40, 310. Astronomy, old, v. 149; -- system of, ii. 421, 425, 446. _at yë_, iii. 253, 294; v. 94. _at-after_, v. 172, 363. _atake, wel_, v. 325. Atalanta, i. 514, 515. _Atazir_, v. 150-1. _atempre_, iii. 294. Atiteris, iii. 269. Atlas, iii. 265. Attalia, v. 8. _attamed_, v. 248. _atte_, v. 5, 135, 283; -- _nale_, 324. _attempree_, v. 203. Attila, death of, v. 281. _attricioun_, ii. 465. _auctoritee_, v. 291, 322. _augrim-stones_, v. 97. Augury, v. 464. Augustine, St., v. 263. Aurelius, v. 389. Aurelius, Marcus, v. 414. Aurora (by P. de Riga), i. 492, 493. Austin, St., v. 22, 23. Austin friars, i. 450. Avarice, v. 468-9. _avauntour_, v. 457. _Ave Marie_, v. 176. _aventaille_, v. 352. Avicenna, v. 289. _avow, to make_, v. 286-7. _avowe_, i. 466. _avoy_, v. 251. _avyse us_, v. 157; -- _you_, 345. _awhaped_, i. 536; ii. 463. _awmere_ (no such word), i. 432. Ayas, v. 8. Azimuth (etymology of), iii. 357. _azure_, i. 538.

_babewinnes_, iii. 267. _bacheler_, v. 9. Bagpipes, v. 49, 116. _bak_, v. 428. _bakbyting_, v. 462. Baked meats, v. 33. Balade, iii. 306. _baldric_, v. 13. _bale_, (Gamelyn), v. 478. _balke_, v. 116. _barbe_, ii. 468, 469. _barre_, iii. 322 (l. 1200); _barres_, v. 32. _barringe_, v. 459. _basilicok_, v. 470. Basket-making by apostles, v. 274. _baskett-es_, v. 274. Bath, Wife of, v. 43. Bayard, blind, v. 431. [497] Beard, making a, iii. 258; to trim his, v. 124; forked beards, v. 29; yellow beards, 185. _become_, iii. 339. _bede_, pt. s. subj., i. 423. _bedes, payre of_, v. 18. Bees, i. 519. _bees_, _been_, pl., v. 368. _beet_, pt. s., i. 418. _beggar_, i. 448, 449. Begging by friars, v. 274-5. Beguins, Begards, i. 448, 449; Beguines, 446. _behelde_ = _beholde_, i. 533-4. _bel-amy_, v. 268. _bele_, v. 173. Belial, meaning of, v. 471. Belinous, iii. 272. Bell before a corpse, v. 286; bells on horses, v. 20, 247; -- of a clock, i. 495. Belshazzar, v. 234. _bely_ (bellows), v. 453-4. _bendinge_, v. 459. _benedicite_, v. 166; _ben'cite_, ii. 466 (l. 780); v. 84, 166, 326, 418. Benet, St., v. 21. Benmarin, v. 7. _bere the belle_, ii. 476. Bernabo Visconti, v. 240-241. Bernard, St., iii. 89; v. 402-3. _berth on hond_, v. 157. _besaunt_, i. 426. _besette_, iii. 346 (l. 2558). _beshende_, iii. 350. _beste, with the_, v. 492. _bet_; see _go_. _bete_, v., v. 459. Bevis, Sir, v. 193, 199. _bicched bones_, v. 285. _bigamye_, v. 292. _bigonne_, v. 413; -- _the bord_, v. 6. _bigoon_, _bigo_, i. 420, 421. Bill (of a bird), iii. 261. _bille_, i. 455, 460. Birds, various, i. 517. _biseken_, _bisechen_, v. 63. _bisemare_, v. 119. _bisette_, v. 30. _biseye_, v. 349. _bit_ (for _biddeth_), v. 22. _bitrent_, ii. 481, 490. _bitter swete_, v. 427-8. _blakeberied, a_, v. 272-3. _blank-manger_, v. 38. Blean Forest, v. 416. _blere his yë_, v. 113, 421, 441. _blewe_, i. 496. _bleynte_, v. 65. Blue, meaning of, i. 538, 565; v. 386. Boar's head at Christmas, v. 393. Bob-up-and-down, v. 435. _boës_ (behoves), v. 122. Boethius, v. 255; -- on music, 256. _boght agayn_, v. 278. _bole_, v. 423-4. Bologna, v. 347. _bolt-upright_, v. 173. Boötes, ii. 450; v. 83. Boots, tight-fitting, v. 24. _bord_, v. 6. _borel_, v. 225; _burel_, 335. _borken_, ii. 426. _borneth_, ii. 463. _borwe, to_, i. 496; iii. 338; v. 385. _bost_, iii. 317. _bote_ and _bale_ (Gam.), v. 478. _botel hay_, v. 436. _boteler_, iii. 256. _botoun_, i. 430. Boulogne, pilgrims to, v. 44. _boun_, v. 399. _bourdon_, v. 55. _boydekins_, v. 245. _bracer_, v. 12. Bradwardine, v. 255. _bragot_, v. 100. _brasil_, v. 258. _brayd_, iii. 321-2. Bread for horses, v. 16. _brede_, iii. 269. _Bret_, iii. 267. _bretful_, iii. 286; v. 56. _breyd-e_, v. 313. Bridles, v. 381. _brige_, v. 222. _brimstoon_, v. 424. _brocages_, i. 446 (l. 6971); _brocage_, v. 104. _broche_, v. 18. _broken_, iii. 327. _broken harm_, v. 357. _brokkinge_, v. 104. Bromholm, v. 126. _brotelnesse_, i. 565. Brothers, sworn, v. 66. _brouke_, iii. 250 (l. 273); v. 256, 483. Bruges, v. 168. Brut, i. 564. Brutus Cassius, v. 245. _brybe_, v. 131. _bryberyes_, v. 324. Buck, names of the, i. 475. Bucklers, v. 12, 480. _buf_, v. 335-6. _bulles_, v. 269. _bumbleth_, v. 317-8. _burel_, v. 335; _borel_, 225. _buriels_, v. 407. Burnell the Ass, v. 256. _burnet_, i. 418. Busiris, v. 232; Busirides, ii. 433. _by_, v. 429. _by and by_, v. 64. _by me_ (rimes with _tyme_), v. 430. _by'r_ (by our), i. 477. Byblis, i. 515.

_cadence_, iii. 257. _cake_, v. 126, 269. Calchas, ii. 462. Calcination, v. 423. _calendar_, iii. 309, 310. Calendars, i. 454. _calendes_, ii. 468. [498] _caleweys_, i. 447. _calle_ (caul), v. 318. Callisto, i. 514; v. 83. Calydonian boar-hunt, ii. 501. Calypso, iii. 272. Cambinskan, v. 371. Campaneus (Capaneus); i. 533; v. 63. _camus_, v. 117. Canace, iii. 299; v. 140. _Cananee_, v. 404. Candace, i. 513, 565. _canel-boon_, i. 484. Canius, _or_ Canus, ii. 422, 424. _cankedort_, ii. 473, 474. Canon (by Avicenna), v. 289. Canons, v. 416. Canterbury, archbp. of, v. 258. Capaneus, i. 533; v. 63. _cape_ (gape), ii. 500; v. 112. _cappe, hir aller_, v. 50. _capul_, v. 124. Caracalla, ii. 439. _carbuncle_, iii. 275; v. 196. _cardiacle_, v. 267. _cariage_, v. 468; _upon_ --, 329. _carl_, v. 47. Carmelites, v. 339. _carole_, i. 422, 484. _Carrenare_, i. 487. _carrik_, v. 330. Carving, v. 10. Cassandra's lament, i. 494. Cassiodorus, ii. 423, 424. _Castel, long_, v. 490. Castles in Spain, i. 433. Catalonia, iii. 270, 271. _caterwawed, a_, v. 300. Caucasus, v. 320. _cause causinge_, ii. 490. _cause why_, v. 369. _cave_, i. 499. _caynard_, v. 298. Cecilia, St., v. 402; -- church of, v. 414; -- life of, iii. 308; -- meaning of the name, v. 405. _ceint_, v. 32. _celle_ (for _selle_), v. 112. _celle fantastik_, v. 69. Cells, v. 20, 21; -- of the brain, 69. _cenith_, iii. 357. Centaurs, the, v. 232. Centaury, v. 252. _centre_, v. 371; -- (on a Rete), iii. 358 (l. 7); v. 394. _cered pokets_, v. 425. _cerial_, v. 87. _ceriously_, v. 146-7. _ceruce_, v. 53. _cetewale_, v. 97. Ceyx and Alcyone, v. 137. _chalons_, v. 125. _chamail_ (camel), v. 352. _champioun_, v. 27. _Chantecleer_, v. 249. Chantries, v. 46. Chapes, v. 36. Chaplains, v. 340. _charge_, iii. 259. Charity, St., v. 339. Charms, v. 464; -- and spells, 105-6. Chaucer, genuine lines by, v. 292-3. Chaucer's appearance, i. 557; v. 182; -- his mistakes, ii. xxiv; v. 203, 214, 219; -- his occupations, iii. 257; -- his translation of Boethius, iii. 307; -- his wife, iii. 256. _Chauntepleure_, i. 537. Cheapside, shows in, v. 129. _cheep_ (cheap), v. 483. _cheest_ (chooses), i. 524. _cheklatoun_, v. 186. _chelaundre_, i. 418. _cherisaunce_ (no such word), i. 434. Cherry-fair, ii. 505. _cherubinnes face_, v. 52. Chess invented, i. 480; chess-pieces, i. 481, 482; chess, v. 389. _cheste_, v. 288. _chevauche_, i. 501; v. 438. _chevesaile_, i. 425. _chevisaunce_, iii. 345; v. 30, 173. _Chichevache_, v. 351-2. _child_, v. 193. _chilindre_, v. 170-1. _chimbe_, v. 114. _chinche_, v. 220. _chirche-hawes_, v. 469. _chirkinge_, ii. 426; v. 80, 464. Chiron, iii. 267. _chisels_, v. 459. _chivachee_, v. 438; i. 501. _chivachye_, v. 10. _choppen_, iii. 282. Chorus, iii. 344. Chough, the, i. 518. Christ's members (in oaths), v. 275-6. Christmas, poor at, v. 144. Christopher, St., v. 12, 13. Chrysippus, v. 309. Church-building, v. 336. Church-door, marriage at the, v. 44. _chydester_, v. 358. Cicero, v. 387; -- his Somnium Scipionis, v. 254. _ciclatoun_, v. 185. _cipress_, v. 198. Cipryde, i. 514. Circe, iii. 272. _citizein_, iii. 264 (l. 986). _Cirrea_, i. 531. _citrinacioun_, v. 426. _claperes_, i. 428. _clappen as a mille_, v. 457. Clara, St., iii. 266. _clarree_, ii. 432; v. 70. Claudian, iii. 279, 302. _clawe_, v. 317. Cleopatra, iii. 310-4. [499] _clergeon_, v. 176. Clerk, duties of a, v. 103; the Clerk, 30-1. _clew_, iii. 280 (l. 1702). _cliket_, v. 364-5. Climates, latitudes of, iii. 365-6. _clom_, v. 108. _clote-leef_, v. 417. Cloth-making, v. 43. _cloutes_, v. 270. _clowe-gilofre_, v. 188. Cock, the, i. 519; -- as astrologer, ii. 482; Cock-crow, v. 108, 250. _cogge_, iii. 327. _cok, cry_, v. 256. _cokenay_, v. 125. Colchis, iii. 325. _cold_ (fatal), v. 255. _col-fox_, v. 255. Collatinus, iii. 331. _Colle_, iii. 273. Collect and Expanse years, iii. 367. Cologne, pilgrims to, v. 44. _colour_, i. 563. Colours, meaning of, i. 534, 538, 565. _coltes tooth_, v. 306. _com of_, ii. 473; v. 110. _com-ba-me_, v. 109. _combre-world_, ii. 487. _combust_, ii. 478; iii. 362. _come_, s., v. 410. _comeveden_, ii. 475. Commandments, the ten, v. 283-4. _compas_, iii. 260. Compass, points of the, iii. 364 (§ 31. 6). Complaints, v. 395. Complexions, the four, iii. 247; v. 32-3, 41. Compostella, pilgrims to, v. 44. _comprende_, ii. 483; v. 377. _condicioun_, iii. 290. _condys_, pl., i. 428. _conning_, iii. 292. Conscience, worm of, v. 264. _consecrat_, v. 229. _conseil_, v. 289, 407. Constantine, v. 362. _contenaunce_, v. 205. _contre-houses_, i. 532. _contubernial_, v. 469. _contumax_, v. 457. Convent of thirteen, v. 341. _convers, in_, ii. 505. _cope_, v. 29. _coppe, withouten_, v. 389-90. _corage, taketh his_, i. 417. Coral, buildings of, v. 77. _corbets_, iii. 274. Cormorant, the, i. 520. _cornes_, v. 229, 230. _corniculere_, v. 411. _corny_, v. 268. _corollary_, ii. 442. Corona Borealis, iii. 340. _corseynt_, iii. 248. _cost_ (coast), v. 316. _costlewe_, v. 458. _costrel_, iii. 550. _cote-armures_, v. 64, 196. _counterwayte_, v. 213, 473. _countour_, v. 35. _court_, v. 340. _courtepy_, v. 31 (l. 290). _covent_, v. 180. _covercle_, iii. 260. _covyne_, v. 51. _cow is wood_, v. 297. _crampisshe_, i. 535. Crane, the, i. 518. Crassus, ii. 481. _creant_, v. 467. Creation, date of the, v. 255. _crece_, i. 438. Creusa, iii. 330. _crinkled_, iii. 336. Criseyde, _for_ Briseida, ii. 426; -- her mother, 489 (l. 762). _croce_, v. 303. Croesus, iii. 248; v. 246. _croppes_, v. 2. Crosiers, v. 323. Cross, finding of the, v. 290; hymn to the --, 155; sign of the --, 155. Crow, the, i. 520, 521. Crow's feet, ii. 469. _crowding_, v. 149, 150. _crowne_, v. 173. _crulle_, v. 10. _cucurbites_, v. 424. _cukkow_, v. 441. Curfew-time, v. 108. _cut_ (lot), v. 59; _draw cuts_, 289. Cuthbert, St., v. 124. _cutted_, iii. 318; v. 459. Cybele, iii. 309. Cyllenius, i. 498.

_dagges_, i. 449; _dagginge_, v. 459. _dagon_, v. 333. _daliaunce_, v. 25. Dalida, i. 565; v. 230. Damascus, v. 228. Damocles, story of, ii. 439; v. 82. _Dan_, v. 225. Danaus, iii. 346. Dante, mentioned, v. 242. Daphne, v. 83. _dare_, v. 169. Dares Frigius, i. 489, 490; iii. 326. _darked_, iii. 316. _darreyne_, v. 73. Dart, prize for running, v. 293. Dartmouth, v. 38. Date of the pilgrimage, v. 132-3. _Daun_, v. 168. _daunce, the olde_, ii. 478; v. 45. _Daunger_, iii. 295. [500] _daunger, in_, v. 54; -- _with_, 304. _daungerous_, v. 46. _dawes_, v. 392. _day, his_ (Gam.), v. 478. _day natural_, i. 499; v. 374. _daysyes_, iii. 291. Deadly Sins, Seven, i. 453; v. 455. _decoped_, i. 423. Deficient lines, v. 314-5, 330-1. _defouled_, v. 451. _degrees_ (steps), v. 77. _degyse_, v. 458; _degysinge_, 460. _deliver_, v. 10. Delphos, v. 391. _delye_, ii. 420. Demophoon, iii. 252, 344. Denis, St., v. 168, 170. _depardieux_, v. 135-6. Deptford, v. 115. _derk_, i. 500. _derring-do_ (Spenser), ii. 498. _desespeired_, i. 527. _deslavee_, v. 466. _despitous_, v. 457. _desray_, v. 472. _devel way_, v. 95, 110. _deye_, s., v. 249. _deye_, _dye_, v., v. 156. _deyntee_, v. 20. _deys_, v. 36, 373. _diapred_, v. 85. Dictys, i. 490. Dido, iii. 317-24. _digne_, v. 119. Diomede described, ii. 498. _disioint_, iii. 329. _dismal_, i. 493, 494. _disputisoun_, v. 357. _distoned_, i. 436. _distraught_, v. 169. _distreyneth_, v. 211. _divisioun_, i. 504. _divynailes_, v. 464. _do wey_, v. 493. _dogge for the bowe_, v. 325, 364. Dogs as pets, v. 16, (l. 146). Dolphin, the constellation, iii. 265. _dolven and deed_, i. 469. _dome, as to my_, i. 567. _dominacioun_, v. 438. Domination, blood in, v. 382. _don make, hath_, v. 345. Dorothea, St., v. 402, 409. _doucettes_, iii. 268. _dragges_, v. 41. Dragon's Tail, iii. 361. _dragoun_, v. 433. Drake, the, i. 520. _drasty_, v. 201. _draught_, i. 479. Dreams, i. 509: ii. 497; iii. 246. _drede, withouten_, v. 400. _dredful_, iii. 316. _dresse_, v. 350. _dreynt-e_, def. adj., i. 469; v. 140. _droghte_, v. 2. Drunk as a mouse, v. 68, 298. Dry sea, the, i. 486, 487. Dryden on Chaucer, v. 100. _dryve away_, i. 463; v. 283; _dryve forth_, ii. 467. Du Gueschlin, v. 238-9. _duetee_, v. 324. _dulcarnon_, ii. 479, 480. Dun in the mire, v. 435-6. Dunmow flitch, v. 296. _durring don_, ii. 498. _dyte_, i. 568.

_-e_, i. the fem. adj., iii. 347. Eagle, the, i. 517. Eclipse, lunar, ii. 450. Ecliptic, obliquity of the, iii. 354. Eclympasteyre, i. 468. _-ed_, for A. S. _-að_, _-oð_, v. 273. Edward, St., v. 226. _eek_, _eke_, v. 137. Eels slippery, iii. 286, 287. _eftures_ (a ghost-word), iii. 332. _eggement_, v. 160. _egrimoine_, v. 425. Egyptian days, i. 493. _eightetene_, v. 133. Eilers, Dr., quoted, v. 456. _Ekko_, v. 390. _Eleatici_, ii. 420. Election, in astrology, v. 151-2. Elements, the four, ii. 441; iii. 259, 261; v. 41, 68, 434. _elenge_, v. 172, 321. Eliachim, v. 243. Eligius, St., v. 14. _elf_, v. 159. _elf-queen_, v. 189, 314. _elvish_, v. 182-3. _embosed_, i. 472. _embrouded_, v. 10. Emelye, i. 532. _emforth_, iii. 338. _enbibing_, v. 426. _endentinge_, v. 458. _engreggen_, v. 473. _enluting_, v. 422. _entaile_, i. 425. _entendeden_, iii. 321. _entremees_, i. 446. Envoy, iii. 306. Envy, v. 461-2. _envye, to_, i. 468. _envyen_, iii. 270. _envyned_, v. 33. Ephesus, widow of, v. 312. Epicurus, v. 33. _episicle_, iii. 364. _equacions_, v. 394. [501] _erchedeken_, v. 323, 493. Eriphyle, v. 311. _erme_, i. 465; v. 267. Erymanthian boar, ii. 454. _eschu_, adj., v. 362. _eschue_, ger., v. 401. _esed_, v. 4. _espiaille_, v. 213. _espirituels_, v. 448. _essoyne_, v. 450. Esther, iii. 298. _estres_ iii. 331-2; v. 78. _et_, pr. s., iii. 324. Ethics of Aristotle, iii. 296. Etymologies of names, v. 405. Euripus, ii. 428. Europa, iii. 294. _Eva_, _Ave_, v. 310. _Eve, sone of_, v. 404-5. _even-cristen_, v. 457. _ever in oon_, i. 458. _ew_, i. 512. Exaltation (in astrology), v. 310, 366; -- of the moon, v. 445; -- of the sun, 372. Expanse years, iii. 367. _expulsif_, v. 91, 493. _eye_, awe (Gam.), v. 482. Eyes, gray, v. 17.

Fable; Lion, Tiger, and Fox, v. 67; -- Man conquering a Lion, 309, 310; -- Wolf and the Mare, 122-3. Face (in astrology), v. 395; -- of Mars, 372. _facound_, v. 262. _fade_, i. 419. Fairies, v. 189-90, 314, 364. Fairs, v. 173. Falcon, the, i. 517. _falding_, v. 38. _fan_, v. 436. _fard_, i. 432. Fates, the three, ii. 495. _favour_, iii. 253. _fawe_, v. 296. Feast for three days, v. 91. _feeldes_, v. 63. _felawshippe_, iii. 318. _feldefare, farewel_, ii. 479. _felle_, adj. pl., ii. 464. _fen_ (Arab. _fann_), v. 289. _ferd_, pp., ii. 491. _ferd, for_, ii. 489. _ferforth_, v. 202. _fermentacioun_, v. 426. _fermerer_, v. 334. _fermour_, iii. 305. _fern_, _ferne yere_, v. 379. Fern-ashes, glass from, v. 378. _ferne_, ii. 434, v. 3. _ferre_, v. 6. _fers_, i. 476, 480; _ferses_, 481. _ferthing_, v. 16. _fet-e_, i. 469, 477 (l. 501). _fetis_, v. 18. _fevere, a blaunche_, ii. 466. Fieldfare, the, i. 521. _fir, sailing_, i. 512. Fire, Greek, v. 301. Fish Street, v. 280. Flanders, v. 275. Flat, not edge, ii. 490. _fled-de_, pp. pl., ii. 464. _flekked_, v. 417. _fleming of wrecches_, ii. 480. Flemings slain, v. 257-8. _flokmele_, v. 344. Florins, v. 288. Flower and Leaf, iii. 293, 297. _floytinge_, v. 10. _fneseth_, v. 438. _folily_, v. 221. Folk-lore; when men's ears glow, ii. 471; itching, v. 109. _foo_ (for _foot_), v. 111. _foot-hot_, i. 435; v. 154. _foot-mantel_, v. 45. _for_, against, i. 432; iii. 298; to prevent, i. 436, 524; v. 195, 418. _for moiste_, i. 429. _for to_, iii. 290. _for warping_, iii. 365. _for wood_, iii. 280, 344. _forage_, v. 113. _forbyse_, ii. 473. _fordrye_, v. 383. _fore_, s., v. 294, 336, 494. _foreyne_, iii. 335. _forget_, pr. s., i. 418. _forloyn_, i. 473. _forme-fader_, v. 208. _formel_, i. 521. _forneys_, v. 48. _fors, no_, v. 266; _no -- of_, 252. _forshright_, ii. 491. _forstraught_, v. 169. _fortened_, i. 438. Fortuna maior, ii. 482. _forward_, v. 5. _fostred_, v. 414 (l. 539). _fot-hoot_, i. 473. _foudre_, iii. 254, 255. _foun_ (fawn), i. 475; see _fownes_. _founde_, i. 536. _fownes_, ii. 464; see _foun_. _foynen_, v. 73. Frankeleyn, the, v. 32. _frape_, ii. 477. _fraternitee_, v. 36. Fraternity, letters of, v. 339, 340. _fraught_, v. 145-6. _free_, i. 453. _fremd_, iii. 319. French in England, v. 15. Frere, the, v. 24, 25. _fret_, ii. 297, 298. _fret full_, i. 437. _fretted_, i. 449. Friars, orders of, i. 444, 450; v. 24-9, 272, 314. Frideswide, St., v. 105. Friesland, i. 558. _fro ye_, ii. 461. [502] _froit_ = _fruit_, iii. 285. _frouncen_, i. 449. _fume_, v. 251. Fumitory, v. 252. Funerals, v. 93. _furie_, v. 390. _furlong-wey_, iii. 300; v. 346. _fyrbrond_, v. 360.

_gadeling_ (Gam.), v. 480. _galaxye_, iii. 263. _galentyne_, i. 540, 549. _Galianes_, v. 266. _galingale_, v. 37. _galle_, v. 317, 404. _galley half-pence_, v. 186. _game_, v. 420, 477. Gaming, v. 282. Ganelon, v. 239; Genelon, i. 491; Genilon, v. 170, 255. Gargaphia, v. 90. _gargate_, v. 257. _garisoun, to_, i. 434. Garlands, v. 54. _gat-tothed_, v. 44. _gauded_, v. 18. _gaudy-grene_, v. 83-4. Gaunt, John of, i. 476. _gauren_, v. 375. Gawain, Sir, v. 374. _gaytres beryis_, v. 252. _geen_, gone (North.), v. 123. _geeth_, iii. 338. _Geminis, in_, v. 366. Gems repel venom, i. 425. Genelon, i. 491; Ganelon, v. 239; Genilon, v. 170, 255. Gengis Khan, v. 371. Genitive, use of (in proper names), v. 376. _gentilesse_, v. 319. Geoffrey of Monmouth, iii. 278. Geomancy, v. 82. Gerund, use of the, v. 412. _gery_, v. 72. _geste_, v. 194, 201, 446; _gestes_, 377. _gestours_, v. 194. Giants, v. 191. _gib-cat_, i. 443. _gigginge_, v. 88. Giles, St., iii. 264; v. 430. _gipoun_, v. 9. _gipser_, v. 35. _girles_, v. 54. _girt_, pr. s., i. 498. _giterne_, v. 102. Glasgerion, iii. 267, 268. Glass-making, v. 378-9. _gledy_, iii. 294. _glood_, v. 199. _glose_, i. 471. Gloves, white, v. 93. Gluttony, v. 469. _gnede_, i. 442. _gnodded_, _gniden_, i. 540. _gnof_, v. 96. _go_, iii. 337. _go bet_, i. 466; iii. 323; v. 286. _go walked_, v. 334. _god be with you_, v. 288. _god yow see_, v. 287. _goddes kechil_, v. 333. gode man, v. 334. godsibbes, v. 471. Gold, red, v. 196, 306; -- a remedy, 42. _golde_ (flower), v. 77. _golee_, i. 523. _goliardeys_, v. 48-9. _gonne_, iii. 312. _good man_, iii. 325. _good' men_, v. 290. Good Women, v. 137-8. _goon a-caterwawed_, v. 300. Goose, the, i. 519. _goosish_, ii. 477. _gore_, v. 98-9, 102; under my --, 190. Gospel of the Holy Ghost, i. 447, 448. Gospels, copies of the, v. 157-8. _goune-cloth_, v. 341. _governeresse_, i. 456. Gower, moral, ii. 505; -- quoted, i. 485; -- his tale of Constaunce, v. 145. _grace, to stonde in_, v. 431. _grange_, v. 108. Graunson, Sir Otes de, i. 559, 562. _grayn, in_, v. 185, 384. _gree_, v. 91. Green, for inconstancy, i. 565, 566. Greenwich, v. 115. _grete, the_, iii. 310. _grete see_, v. 8. _greves_, iii. 298. _greyn_, v. 109. _greyn, in_, v. 185, 384. _greyn of Portingale_, v. 259. _grille_, i. 418. _grisel_, i. 557. _groyn_, v. 450. _groyning_, v. 88. _gruf_, v. 63. _grys_, v. 23. Guido delle Colonne, i. 489, 490, 491; iii. 318, 324, 328. Guilds, v. 36. Gundulfus, v. 256-7. Guy, Sir, v. 199. Gyndes, v. 338. _gytes_, v. 118, 305.

_haberdassher_, v. 35. _habergeoun_, v. 9. _habitacles_, iii. 267. Hailes, Blood of, v. 284. _hainselins_, v. 459. Hair, yellow, v. 65. _haire_, i. 419. _halcyon_, i. 464. _half-goddes_, iii. 305. _halse_, v. 180. _halvendel_ (Gam.), v. 482. _halwes_, v. 3; _seketh_ --, iii. 323. [503] _hande-brede_, v. 111. Harbledown, v. 435. _hardy_, iii. 327. _harlot_, v. 53. _harlotrye_, v. 49. _harlots_, king of, i. 442. _harneised_, v. 12. _harneys_, v. 64. Harpies, the, ii. 453. _harre_, v. 48. _harrow_, v. 101, 253, 264. Harrowing of hell, v. 107. Harry Bailly, v. 129. _hasard_, v. 282. Hasdrubal's wife, v. 257. _hath_ (for _is_), v. 381. _haubergeons_, v. 474. _hauberk_, v. 195-6. _haunteden_, v. 275. _hautein_, iii. 321 (l. 1120). _hawe bake_, v. 141. _hayt!_ v. 328. Hazard, game of, v. 143, 285. Head-dresses, v. 43. _hed_ (Kentish), iii. 297. _heef_, ii. 420. _heigh and lowe, in_, v. 58. _helde_, v. 299. Helicon, iii. 254. Hellebore, v. 252. Heloise, v. 309. _hende_, v. 97. _hente_, iii. 255. _herber_, iii. 296, 297. _herberwe_, v. 390 (l. 1033). Herbs, virtues of, v. 375. Hercules, labours of, v. 231-2; -- pillars of, 233. _here_ (her), v. 407. _here and howne_, ii. 486. Herenus, i. 460; ii. 484. _Herines_ (Furies), ii. 484. _heritage_, gen., i. 460. Hermengild, v. 156. Hermes, v. 432. Hermes Ballenus, iii. 272. Hero, iii. 299. Heron, the, i. 518. _heronere_, iii. 321. _heronsew_, v. 373. Herostratus, iii. 283. _herse_, i. 458. _hert-e_, iii. 292. Hesperides, the, ii. 454. _heterly_, iii. 312. _hethen_ (hence), v. 122. _hethenesse_, v. 6. _hething_, s., v. 124. _hette_, i. 503. _heyne_, v. 430-1. _heyre, an_, v. 406. _hight_, i. 460. _him and here_, v. 155. Hippolytus, iii. 338. _hit_, pr. s., v. 384. _hit am I_, iii. 300. _ho_, v. 74. Hoccleve, iii. 307; v. 433. _hochepot_, v. 212. _hoker_, v. 119. _hold, in_, v. 250. Holderness, v. 331. _holm_, i. 512. Holofernes, v. 161. Homage, form of, i. 431. Homer, ii. 462. _homicide_, v. 463. _hond, holde in_, iii. 258. _honestetee_, v. 460. Hood, the Canon's, v. 417. Hood, game in one's, iii. 282. Hoodless, to go, i. 486. _hool and sound_, v. 204. _hoomly_, v. 360. _hope_, v., v. 122. _hoppesteres_, v. 80. Horn, lay of, v. 198. Horoscopes, v. 147, 152, 392. _horowe_, i. 503. _hors_, pl., v. 8. Horse of brass, v. 374. _hose_, v. 421. Host, the, v. 58. _hostes man_, v. 333. _hostler_, v. 4 (l. 23); _hostiler_, 460. _hoten_, v. 294-5. _hottes_, iii. 284. _houndfish_, v. 362. _houped_, v. 258. Hours of the clock, v. 250; planetary hours, 86, 97; unequal hours, 86. House with two rooms, v. 249. House (in astrology), ii. 470; v. 150; celestial houses, iii. 361, 365. House of Fame, argument of, iii. 243. _hoven_, iii. 322. Hugh of Lincoln, v. 181. _humble bed_, v. 244. Humours, four, v. 69, 251. _hunte_, v. 74. _hunteresse_, iii. 318. _hunting, an_, iii. 322. _hurtlen_, iii. 312. Hypermnestra, iii. 346-351. Hypsipyle, iii. 324-8.

Idols, sacrifice to, v. 411. _ignotum per ignotius_, v. 434. _Ilioun_, i. 494; iii. 249, 250, 318. Images as charms, iii. 271. _impes_, v. 225. _in_ (for _into_), iii. 251. _in manus tuas_, v. 126. _incubus_, v. 315. _inde_, i. 418. Innocent III., On Human Misery, iii. 307. _inobedient_, v. 457. _interesse_, i. 547. _intervalle_, v. 218. _in-with_, iii. 293; v. 179-180. _ipocras_, v. 361. _ipocrite_, v. 457. _Irish_ (not _irous_), i. 435. Isis, iii. 283. Isoude, i. 515; iii. 282, 299. [504] _it am I_, v. 74, 164; _it ben_, 486. Itching (in folk-lore), v. 109. Ive, St., v. 172.

Jack (a fool), v. 109. Jack of Dover, v. 128. Jack Straw, v. 257-8. Jacobin, i. 450. Jaconites, iii. 329. _iagounce_, i. 426. _Iambeux_, v. 196. James, St., v. 44, 483. _Jane_, v. 186. Janus, v. 393. Jay, the, i. 518; -- its talking, v. 53. _je vous dy_, v. 334. Jephtha, v. 264. Jerome against Jovinian, iii. 302. _Iesu_ (not _Jhesu_), v. 179. _Iet, the newe_, v. 55. _ieupardies_, i. 481. _Iewerye_, v. 175. Jews, feeling against the, v. 178-9; Jews' work, 196. _io_ = _jo_, ii. 476. Joce, St., v. 303. _jogelour_, iii. 271, 327; v. 377. John, a name of contempt, v. 166, 248. _Iolitee_, v. 193. Jonathan, iii. 298. Josephus, iii. 276. _Iossa_, v. 124. _iouken_, ii. 497. _Ioves_, iii. 256. Jovinian, v. 335. Jubilee, v. 334. Julian, St., iii. 265; v. 33. Julius Cæsar, v. 244. Juniper, v. 462-3. _Iupartye_, v. 421.

_kalender_, iii. 309-10. Kay, Sir, i. 432. _Kayr-rud_, v. 389. _kechil_, v. 333. _kempe heres_, v. 84. _ken_ = _kin_, i. 475. Kenelm, St., v. 254. Kentish forms, v. 59 (l. 828). _kepe_, s., iii. 319. _kept, don you_, v. 351 (l. 1098). Kerchiefs, v. 43. _kernels_, i. 336. _kers_ (curse!), v. 248. _kike_, v. 317. _kimelin_, v. 107. King's Hall, v. 119-20. King's note, v. 98. _kinnes, alles_, iii. 279. _kirked_, i. 433, 434. Kite (bird), v. 386. _kk_, written as _lk_, i. 425. _knarre_, v. 48. _knave child_, v. 158, 347. Knight, v. 5; -- of the shire, 34; Knightes Tale, chronology of the, 75. _knight, goddes_, v. 410. Knives for women, v. 27. Kyte, the, i. 519.

_labbe_, v. 107. _lacche_, i. 429. _lace_, i. 561. Ladder, parts of a, v. 108. Ladies, nineteen, ii. 310; v. 137-8. _lady_, gen., v. 10. _lake_, (linen), v. 195. _lakkest_, (Gam.), v. 482-3. Lamech, i. 534; v. 293, 384. _lampe_, v. 422. Laodamia, iii. 299. Laomedon, ii. 486. Lapidaire, iii. 274. Lapwing, the, i. 518. _largesse_, iii. 274; v. 469. _last_ (weight), v. 174. _laten blood_, v. 128. _lathe_, v. 124. Latitude (of places), v. 134 _latoun_, v. 56, 99-100, 270-1, 393. _latrede_, v. 467. _lauds_, v. 108. _launcegay_, v. 187. _laurel_, i. 512. _lause_, ii. 431. _laved out_, ii. 445; _laven_, 450. _lavender_, iii. 303, 304. _layneres_, v. 88. Lays, Breton, v. 87. _lazar_, v. 27. _ledene_, v. 383. _leed_, v. 24. _leed, whippe of_, v. 412. _leefsel_, v. 458; _levesel_, 123. _leek, a_, v. 424. _leet don cryen_, v. 372. Legend of Good Women, v. 137. _lemman_, v. 441. Lemnos, iii. 326-7. Lemuel, king, v. 282. Leo, v. 380, 390-1. Leonard, St., iii. 249. Lepe, v. 280, 494. _lese_, ii. 471. _let_ (leadeth), v. 172. _lette_, pt. s., iii. 339. _letted_, v. 216. Lettow, v. 7. _lettres_, _lettre_, v. 159. _letuaries_, v. 41. _leve_, various senses of, iii. 288; _leve_, v. 330; _leue_, _lene_, iii. 337; v. 181. _lever, him were_, v. 399. _lever, I have_, v. 399. _levesel_, v. 123; _leefsel_, 458. _-lewe_ (suffix), v. 458. _lewed_, iii. 261; v. 46. _leyt_, v. 472. _Lia_ (Leah), v. 405-6. _liard_, v. 328. Libeux, v. 199. _licentiat_, v. 26. [505] Light from a lantern, v. 300. _lighte_, v., v. 382; pt. s., 175. _light-for-somer_, i. 566. _like_, v., v. 317. _lilting-horn_, iii. 269 (l. 1223). Lily (of St. Mary), v. 174. _limaille_, v. 427. _limitour_, v. 25, 314. Linian, v. 342. Lion, the sign of the, ii. 485; -- of Hercules, 485. Lion, Book of the, v. 475. _lisse_, i. 488, 489. _list_ (ear), v. 307. _listes_ (lists), v. 76. _listeth_, v. 184. _litheth_ (Gam.), v. 477. _liveree_, v. 36. Livia, v. 311. _lixt_, v. 329. _lodemenage_, v. 39. _lodesmen_, iii. 327. _loigne_, i. 435. _loller_, v. 166-7. Lombards, v. 173. Lombardy horses, v. 375. _long castell_ (i. e. Lancaster; the note is wrong), i. 495; v. 490. Longitudes of towns, iii. 366. Longius, i. 457. _loos_, _los_, iii. 327. _lordinges_, v. 134. _lost_, sb., ii. 431. _lotinge_, v. 407-8. _loude and stille_, i. 435. _louke_, v. 130. Love, chain of, v. 93; Court of --, 319; Love the ruler, ii. 435 (m 8. 10). _lovedayes_, iii. 258; v. 28-9. _love-drury_, v. 198. Lovers are lean, i. 548. Lowis Chaucer, iii. 352. Loy, St., v. 13, 14, 328. Lucan, v. 245, 279. Lucia, or Lucilia, v. 312. Lucifer, v. 227-8. Lucretia, iii. 330-3. _luna_, v. 433. _lunarie_, v. 425. Lure for a hawk, v. 439. _lussheburghes_, v. 225. _lute_ (clay), v. 422. Lycurgus, v. 84; -- of Thrace, iii. 345. _lye_, (blaze), v. 320. _lyes_, iii. 286. Lyeys, v. 7. _lyked_, iii. 330. _lymere_, i. 472. _Lymote_, iii. 273. Lynceus, iii. 346-7; -- or lynx, ii. 440. Lyra, the constellation, iii. 265. _lyte_, iii. 257. _lyve, on_ (Gam.), v. 478. _lyves_, iii. 266; v. 348.

_m'_, for _me_, i. 558; ii. 467 (l. 1050). Macrobeus, i. 470. _Madrian, corpus_, v. 224. Magdalene, Lamentation of Mary, iii. 308. Magic, v. 40, 378; kinds of, 464. _maheym_, v. 465-6. Mahoun, v. 147. _maister-strete_, iii. 335. _maister-temple_, iii. 319. _maister-tour_, v. 377, 494. _maistresse_, v. 382. _maistrye, for the_, v. 19. _make_, iii. 292, 293. _malefice_, v. 453. _Malin_, v. 126. _Malkin_, v. 135. _malt_, pt. s., iii. 262. _Malvesye_, v. 168. Manciple, the, v. 50. _mandements_, v. 323. _maner_ (without _of_), v. 176. Manes, ii. 498. _mangerye_ (Gam.), v. 483. _mannish_, v. 160, 358. Mansions, in astrology, i. 497; iii. 348. Mantua, iii. 317. _mappemonde_, i. 549. Marcia Catoun, iii. 299. Marco Polo, v. 370-1. _marineer_, v. 173. _mark_, pl., v. 272. _mark of Adam_, v. 310. _market-beter_, v. 117. Marriages made by friars, v. 25-6. Mars the red, v. 74; -- described, 82; -- (the planet), i. 496-7; ill influence of --, v. 80-2, 149; iii. 348. Marshal, v. 58. Marsyas, iii. 269, 270. _Marte_, accus., iii. 341. Martian, iii. 264. Martin, St., v. 170, 478. Mary = bitter, i. 454. Mary of Egypt, St., v. 156. _masse-peny_, v. 333. Master of Divinity, v. 340. _masty_, iii. 281. _mat_, iii. 294; v. 63. _Maudelayne_ (ship), v. 39, 40. _maugree thyn heed_, v. 142; -- hir heed, 316. _maumettrye_, v. 148. Mauny, Sir Oliver, v. 238-9. Maur, St., v. 21. Maurice, the emperor, v. 164-5. _mavis_, i. 421. _mawmet_, v. 468. Maxim; he who is grieved in one respect, v. 125. May, month of, iii. 290; -- festival, ii. 469, iii. 294; May-day, v. 65, 71. _maysondewe_, i. 440. [506] _me_, dative, i. 463; with _e_ elided, i. 458, 477. _mea culpa_, ii. 469. _mede_, v. 104. Medea, iii. 272. Medicine, writers on, v. 41-2. Medlar, the, v. 113. _medlee cote_, v. 32. _meinee_, v. 160; _meynee_, iii. 319. Melancholy, v. 251-2. Meleager, ii. 501. _men_, sing., i. 503, 505, 560; ii. 490; iii. 288; v. 17, 176. _mendinants_, v. 335. _mene_, sb., i. 455. _menes_ (means), v. 389; (go-betweens), 104. _Mercurie crude_, v. 423. Mercury (planet), v. 310; mansion of --, 386-7. Mercy, Works of, v. 473. _merier_, _mery_, v. 249. _merk_, v. 389. Merlin, the, i. 517. _mery_, meanings of, v. 193. _mes, at good_, i. 428, 429, 434. _message_, v. 145, 153, 348. _messe_, v. 172. Metals and planets, iii. 276; v. 427. _Metamorphoseos_, v. 141. _mewe_, v. 34. _mewet_, ii. 496. _meynee_, iii. 319; v. 160. _micher_, i. 445. _miches_, i. 440. Midas, story of, v. 317. Middelburgh, v. 30. _mille, clappeth as a_, v. 352. Miller, the, v. 47-9. Minos, iii. 333-4. Minotaur, iii. 334-5. _mintinge_, ii. 420. Mirror, magic, v. 377. _mis_, adj., iii. 285. Misenus, iii. 270. _misericorde_, i. 453. _mister_, v. 51. _misterie_, v. 471. _mo_ (others), v. 58, 350. _mochel_, s., i. 484. _mokeren_, ii. 431. _mone_, gender of, iii. 321 (l. 1163). Moon's motion, ii. 494, v. 363; Moon-stations, v. 392, 395; man in the moon, ii. 466-7. _moot_, pl. sb., i. 473. _more_ (root), ii. 495. _more and lesse_, v. 349. _mormal_, v. 37-8. _morter_, ii. 493. _mortificacioun_, v. 432. _mortrewes_, v. 37. _morwe, by the_, v. 436, 467. _mot_, v. 481. _moulen_, v. 135; _mowled_, 113. Mountain, snow-clad, iii. 266. _mourdaunt_, i. 425. _mowe_, v. 452. _moysoun_, i. 430. _moyste_, v. 268. Mulberry-tree, iii. 316-7. _mullok_, v. 428. _multiplye_, v. 420. Music, patroness of, v. 407. _muwis_, i. 440.

_n'_, for _ne_ (not), v. 58. Nails (as sworn by), v. 284. _naiteth_, ii. 419; _nayte_, v. 473. _naked_, ii. 454. _naker_, v. 88-9. _namely_, v. 272. _nat_ (for _ne at_), v. 148. _natal_, ii. 476. Nativities, v. 147, 152. Naxos, iii. 252, 338-9; v. 140. _Nazarenus_, v. 452. _ne_ (use of), i. 461; v. 58. Nebuchadnezzar, v. 234. _nedes cost_, iii. 351; v. 71. _neesing_, v. 438. Negative, double, iii. 288. _neighebour_, v. 142. _neither nother_, ii. 457. Nembrot, i. 542. Neot, St., v. 111. _ner and ner_, v. 178. Neritos, ii. 448. Nettle in, dock out, ii. 488. New year's festival, v. 372. _newefangel_, v. 385-6, 441. Newgate, procession to, v. 130. _nexte_, v. 180. Nicholas, St., v. 177. Nicholas of Lynn, iii. 352-3. _nightertale_, v. 10. Nightingale, the, i. 519. _night-spel_, v. 105-6. Noah's flood, v. 111-2; -- his wife, 107. Noble (gold), v. 100, 290. _nom_, inf. (Gam.), v. 488. _nones, for the_, iii. 300; v. 37, 165; _with the_ --, iii. 286, 328. Nonne, the, v. 19. _north contree_, v. 326. Northern dialect, v. 121. _northern light_, v. 79. Northumberland, v. 156. _norture_ (Gam.), v. 477. _nos kinnes_, iii. 282. _not-heed_, v. 12. _nouncerteyn_, i. 561; ii. 463. _nounpower_, ii. 438. _now_, v. 180-1. Nowel! v. 393; used to mean Noah, 111-2. Nuns as chaplains, v. 19. [507]

_octogamye_, v. 292. Octovien, emperor, i. 472, 473. Oedipus, ii. 487. O-ënone (four syllables), ii. 465. Oenopia (Ægina), iii. 338. _of al, thank god_, v. 234. _offring_, v. 43. _oght_ (at all), v. 418. _oghte us_, iii. 289, 290; v. 203. _oile of tartre_, v. 426. Oise, the river, iii. 284. _olifaunt_, v. 191. _olive_, i. 512. _oneden to_, v. 451. _oo_ (one), v. 408. _open ye_, v. 3. _opposed_, v. 411. _ord and ende_, v. 245. _ordal_, ii. 480. _ore, thyn_, v. 110. _orfrays_, i. 420. _organs_, v. 406. _oriental_, iii. 297. Orleans, University at, v. 391-2. _orloge_, v. 249, 250. Orpheus, iii. 267. Orwell, v. 30. _Osanne_, v. 405. Ospringe, v. 415. _ostelments_, ii. 431. _oules_, v. 332. _ounded_, ii. 489; _oundinge_, v. 459. _oundy_, iii. 275. _out of drede_, v. 161. _outen_, v. 304, 369. _outherwhyle_, v. 219. _outlawe_, v. 441. _outrely_, v. 204. _out-rydere_, v. 19, 20. _out-twyne_, i. 549. _over al_, v. 375. _over-lippe_, v. 16. _overskipper_, i. 494. _oversloppe_, v. 418-9. _overthwart_, v. 79. _over-whelveth_, ii. 429. Ovid, iii. 279. Owl, the, i. 517. _owne hand, his_, v. 107. _Oxenford_, v. 31. Oxford, latitude of, iii. 363; school of --, v. 102.

_paas, goon a_, v. 289. _Padua_, v. 342. Palamon and Arcite, iii. 306; v. 60. _pale_, iii. 282, 283. Pale as ashes, v. 69. _palestral_, ii. 496. _palinge_, v. 459. _palis_, _paleis_, ii. 422, 426. Palladium, ii. 462, 486. _palm_ (tree), i. 512. _palmer_, v. 3. Palmyra, v. 235. _panade_, v. 117. Pandion, iii. 341. _panter_, iii. 295. _paper-whyt_, iii. 322. _paradise_ (_grains of_), i. 428. _paramours_, iii. 301; v. 84, 103; _par amour_, v. 67, 493. Pardoner, the, v. 54. Pardons, sale of, v. 272. _parements_, iii. 320; v. 381. Parnassus, i. 531; iii. 254; v. 387. _parodie_, ii. 502, 503. Parsley, v. 128. Parson's daughters, v. 118. _parsoner_, _parcener_, ii. 459. Partridge-wings, iii. 276. _party, a_ (Gam.), v. 484. _parvys_, v. 31. Past participle, use of, v. 145-6. _patente_, v. 269. Paternoster, White, v. 106. Paul's Windows, v. 101. Pavements, v. 339. Pawns, eight (at chess), i. 482. _pax, kisse_, v. 458. _payed_ (as pt. s.), iii. 325. _payndemayn_, v. 184-5. Peacock, the, i. 519. Peacock-arrows, v. 11. _Pegasee_, v. 376. _pelet_, iii. 280. Pelias, iii. 325. Penelope, i. 490; iii. 298. Penmarch point, v. 388. _penner_, v. 363. _pensel_, i. 444; ii. 499. Perceval, Sir, v. 200. _peregryn_, v. 383. _pere-ionette_, v. 99. _peril, upon my_, v. 305. _pers_, v. 42, 102. Persoun, the, v. 45. _perspective_, v. 494. _Pertelote_, v. 250. Pestilences, i. 557; v. 286. Peter! iii. 265; v. 172, 301, 420. Peter of Cyprus, v. 240. Peter of Spain, v. 238. Petrarch, v. 343. Phædra, iii. 336. Pheasant, the, i. 519. Philomela, iii. 340-4. Philosophers should be silent, ii. 434 (l. 95). _philosophre_, v. 31. _Philostrate_, v. 70. Philotetes, iii. 326. _phitonesse_, iii. 271; v. 327. _Phitoun_, v. 439. Phoenix, i. 485. Phyllis, iii. 252, 344. _physices_ (?), v. 167-8. Pierides, v. 140-1. _piëtous_, ii. 497; v. 371 (l. 20). _pigges-nye_, v. 100. Pilate's voice, v. 95. _piled_, v. 52. _piler elm_, i. 512. Pilgrimages, v. 4. [508] Pilgrim's Tale, the, v. 313-4. _pilled_, iii. 323. _pilwebeer_, v. 56. _piment_, i. 442; ii. 432. _pin, a Ioly_, v. 358. _pinched_, v. 17. Pins given by friars, v. 26-7. _piper_, i. 512. Pipes, rustic, iii. 269. Pirithous, v. 67. Pisces, sign of, v. 381. _pitaunce_, v. 26. _place_, v. 184. _Placebo_, v. 338, 465; (a name), v. 357-8. _plages_, v. 156. Planet's ascension, v. 150; influence of --, i. 556, iii. 347, 359; -- and metals, iii. 276, v. 427. _See_ Spheres _plate_ (armour), v. 196. Plato, ii. 459; -- his doctrine of forms, iii. 340. Plays, Miracle, v. 305. _platte_ (flat), v. 375. _plentevous_, v. 33. _pleye_, v. 172. Pleyndamour, v. 199. _pleyne unto_, _pleyne on_, i. 567. Plowman, the, v. 47. Plutarch, iii. 334-6. Pluto, v. 364, 366. _plyt_, v. 209, 368. _point, in good_, v. 23. _point-devys, at_, v. 109. _poke_, v. 126. Pole-star, iii. 363. Polyxena, i. 490; iii. 299. _pomely-gray_, v. 51. Pompey, v. 244. _Pope-holy_, i. 419. _popelote_, v. 100. Popering, v. 184. Popinjay, the, i. 520 (l. 359). _poppen_, i. 424. _popper_, v. 117. _porismes_, ii. 442. _porthors_, i. 170. _pose_, v. 125, 438. _possessioners_, v. 331. _post_, ii. 466; v. 26. _potent_, ii. 500. _potestat_, v. 338. _poudre-marchaunt_, ii. 37. _pounage_, i. 539, 540. _pounsoninge_, v. 459. _pouped_, v. 439._poverte_, v. 142. Precession of the equinoxes, v. 395. _preching_, v. 304. _precious_, v. 363. _preignant_, ii. 492. Present tense, 3 p., contracted, v. 22 (l. 187.) Pride, v. 228, 455. Priests, the three, v. 19. _prikke_, iii. 262. _prime_, v. 115, 169; _pryme_, 286, 373; _high pr._, _half pr._, 115; _fully pr._, 192; _pr. large_, 382. Primum mobile, iii. 355-356; v. 149. Princess, i. 561, 562. _principals_, adj. pl., iii. 353. _principio, in_, v. 28. Prioresse, v. 13; her tale, 491. _procutour_, v. 329. Proper names, accent on, v. 164. _proporcionels_, v. 394. Prose, in, v. 141. Proverbs: abide by the law, v. 136; after heat comes cold, i. 564; all fails that fools think, ii. 463; all that shines is not gold, v. 428-9; as a blind man starts a hare, iii. 258; as fain as a fowl of a fair day, v. 168, 431, 495; as I brew, &c., iii. 283; as just as a squire, v. 339; as mad as a hare, v. 324; _aussi bien sont amourettes_, &c., i. 438; avoidance is the only remedy, i. 510; beat the dog before the lion, v. 384; _Bernardus monachus non uidit omnia_, iii. 289; better late than never, v. 431; a blind man cannot judge colours, ii. 468; boot after bale (Gam.), v. 486; burnt child fears fire, i. 431; v. 431; (the) cat wants fish, &c., iii. 282; companions in misery, ii. 465, (l. 708); cover the gleed, and increase the fire, iii. 315; (the) cowl makes not the monk, i. 443; cuckolds at home, v. 95; curses come home, v. 465; delay is dangerous, ii. 479; dim eyes have no clear sight, v. 222; with empty hand, v. 124-5; evil to him who deserves it, v. 180; the false thinks not like the true, i. 534. (l. 105); familiarity breeds contempt, v. 222; far from eye, v. 105; farewell, fieldfare, ii. 479; farewell to last year's snow, ii. 500; fields have eyes, v. 71; fish out of water, v. 22, 492; a fool's bell is soon rung, i. 439; a fool's bolt is soon shot, i. 523; Fortune favours the bold, ii. 488 (l. 600); Fridays in the week, v. 72; to fry his own grease, v. 303; let the glass head beware of stones, ii. 471; to glaze one's hood, ii. 497; [509] a good child soon learns, v. 177; as good fish in the sea, i. 523; greatest sinner, greatest saint, ii. 466; the guiler is beguiled, i. 441, v. 127; he hasteth well that wisely can abide, v. 206; he is wisest, who cares not, v. 300; he must have a long spoon, &c., v. 385; he that builds his house, &c., v. 308; he that does evil must not expect good, v. 127; he that enters into a game consents to it, v. 342; he that gives quickly deserves most thanks, iii. 308; he that grasps at much holds little, i. 564; he that knows the herb, &c., iii. 251; hear both sides, iii. 303; hoar head and green tail, v. 113; _Hoc facit una dies_, v. 74; if you have no servant, do it yourself, v. 122; judge hastily, and soon repent, v. 204-5; let sleeping hounds lie, ii. 479; let well alone, i. 559; light as a linden-leaf, v. 353; make a sparrow-hawk of a buzzard, i. 436; make a virtue of necessity, v. 94, 385; making a rod for his own back, ii. 466 (l. 740); many littles make a mickle, v. 454; many peoples, many customs, ii. 468; medicine is bitter, ii. 481; men may outrun old age, v. 87; more haste, worse speed, ii. 466; the mouse that hath but one hole, v. 306; murder will out, v. 179, 253; need has no peer, v. 122; nest and no egg (Gam), v. 486; a nine day's wonder, ii. 488; none so gray goose, v. 299 (l. 269); not all gold that glistens, iii. 250; nothing venture, nothing have, ii. 493; of little meddling comes great ease, v. 443; oil increases fire, v. 262; patience conquers, ii. 493 (l. 1584); to pipe in an ivy-leaf, v. 75; plants without a root soon die, ii. 489; proffered service stinks, i. 523; v. 429; promise is debt, v. 136; _qui bien aime_, i. 526; Qui plus castigat, i. 437; repel force by force, v. 116; rotten apples spoil the hoard, v. 130; shrews like companions in misfortune, v. 421; slight impressions soon fade, ii. 472; so many heads so many wits, v. 376; soon got, soon spent, v. 288; to spurn against an awl, i. 552; sufferance is an ease, v. 365; (take what you can get), v. 124; that which is overdone, &c., v. 419; there's as good fish, &c., i. 523; they never bent his bow, ii. 471; too heavy or too hot, v. 326; tow on my distaff, v. 111; a true man and a thief think differently, v. 384; true jest is no jest, v. 128; (two strings to a bow), i. 566; unhardy is unsely, v. 125-6; what is learnt when young, &c., i. 483; what one brews, he must drink, iii. 283; when the iron's hot, ii. 472; who comes first to the mill, v. 301; wise men are chastised by fools, ii. 476; with empty hand, v. 302 (l. 415); women's counsels are cold, v. 255. See also i. 559, 564, and the references to the Proverbs in Troilus, ii. lxxviii. _Pruce_, v. 7. Prudence, three-eyed, ii. 498; origin of the name, v. 202. _pryme_, v. 286, 373, 382; see _prime_. _prymerole_, v. 100. Pseustis, iii. 269. Ptolemaic system, iii. 355-356. Ptolemy, v. 341; quoted, iii. 362; his Almagest, iii. 354; v. 295, 494. Puella and Rubens, v. 82-83. _pulle_, i. 446; -- _a finche_, v. 53 (l. 649); _pulled hen_, 21. Punctuation, i. 431. _purchace_, v. 161; _purchas_, 28. _pure_, i. 476; v. 68. _purfiled_, v. 23. _purpryse_, i. 436. _purveyance_, v. 305. _put up_, put by, i. 459. Pygmalion, v. 260. Pyramus, iii. 314. Pythagoras, i. 481, 492, 507; ii. 425.

_quad_ (evil), v. 129, 174. _quakke_, v. 125. Quarnaro, gulf of, i. 487. [510] _querne_, v. 230. _questio quid iuris_, v. 53. _qui bien aime_, i. 525, 526. _qui cum patre_, v. 332. _qui la_, v. 171. Quicklime, pots of, iii. 312, 313. _quince_, i. 428. _quinible_, v. 102. Quintain, the, v. 436. _quirboilly_, v. 196-7. _quistroun_, i. 423.

Rackets, playing at, ii. 488. _radevore_, iii. 342 (l. 2352), 343. _rakel_, v. 441. _rakelnesse_, i. 557. _rake-stele_, v. 317. _rakle_, v., ii. 483. _Ram, the_, v. 2. Ram, as a prize, v. 48, 187, 481. _rape and renne_, v. 431-2. _rape of rees_ (Gam.), v. 479. Rebeck, v. 102. _recchelees_, v. 22. _rechased_, i. 473, 474. _reclaim_, v. 439. _reclaiming_, iii. 324. _recoverer_, i. 566. _recreant_, v. 467. Red Sea, ii. 437. _rede_ (pipe), iii. 268. _rees_ (Gam.), v. 479. _refere_, _referre_, ii. 463. _refreyd_, i. 550; _refreyded_, v. 453. _refut_, v. 160, 405. Regulus, ii. 433. _relay_, i. 472. _relees, oute of_, v. 404. _releved_, iii. 294. Relics, v. 270. Reliq. Antiq. i. 233; v. 308. _rémembraunce_, iii. 289. _renably_, v. 327. _resalgar_, v. 426. _rese_, verb, v. 79. _resport_, ii. 485. _reste, to_, v. 492. _ret_, pr. s.; ii. 469. Reve, the, v. 50. _reverdye_, i. 421. _reverents_, ii. 438. _reward_, v. 212. _rewel-boon_, v. 197. _rewtheless_, i. 524. _reyes_, iii. 270. Reynard, iii. 345. Reynes (Rennes), i. 469. _reysed_, v. 7. _rhyme_, _rime_, v. 183. _ribaud_, i. 441. _ribybe_, v. 325. Richard, St. (Gam.), v. 480-1. _riche hil_, i. e. Richmond in Yorkshire; John of Gaunt was Earl of Richmond (note partly wrong), i. 495; v. 490. _rideled_, i. 427. Riding into hall, v. 374. _rime_, _rhyme_, v. 183. Rime, an imperfect, i. 560 (l. 23); 565 (xx. 7). Rimes, repeated, v. 379; dissyllabic, 55; in _-y_ or _-ye_, 199. _rim-ram-ruf_, v. 446. _rist_, pr. s., iii. 315. _rit_, pr. s., v. 418. River, hawking by the, v. 186-7. Robin, Jolly, i. 450; ii. 500 (l. 1174). Rochester, v. 224-5. _rochet_, i. 427. _rodebeem_, v. 303 (l. 496). _roggeth_, iii. 351. Roland, i. 491. _rolleth_, ii. 500; v. 289. Romaunt of the Rose, i. 1, 417; iii. 301. Romulus' mother, i. 516. _ron_, pt. s., ii. 478. _Ronyan_, v. 266. Ronan, St., v. 266-7. _ronges_, v. 107-8. _roon_, i. 430. Root, or Radix, iii. 367 (l. 44); v. 151-2, 394. _ropen_, pt. pl., iii. 293. _Rosarie_, v. 432. _roser_, v. 470. _rote_ (fiddle), v. 27. _rote_ (root), v. 2 (l. 2); 434. _rouketh_, v. 69. _Rouncival_, v. 55. _rouncy_, v. 38. Roundel, i. 524-5; iii. 307. _roundel_ (circle), iii. 260. _rowes_, i. 495, 496. _royales_, v. 194-5. Rubeus, v. 82-3. _rubible_, _ribible_, v. 102. _rubifying_, v. 424. Ruggieri, v. 241. _rum, ram, ruf_, v. 446. Russia, v. 371. Rusticiana, ii. 430.

_-s_, sign of pl. adj., iii. 353. Saddle-bow, v. 90. _sadly_, v. 159. _saffron_, v. 269, 270. Sails, purple, iii. 313. Saints carried to heaven, v. 334. _Sal armoniacum_, v. 424. _sal peter_, v. 425. _sal tartre_, v. 425. _salwes_, v. 308. Sapor, v. 236. Sarai, v. 370. _sarpulers_, ii. 422. Satan, v. 228. Saturn, influence of, iii. 349; v. 88. Sauces, v. 34. _savour_, i. 551. _save_ (sage), v. 91. _sawcefleem_, v. 52. _saylours_, i. 423. _saynt_, i. 449. Scholars, poor, v. 31. [511] Scipio (Africanus Minor), i. 506. _scolering_, v. 293. _scorkleth_, ii. 433. _scorning_, i. 518. Scorpion, i. 479; v. 153, 365, 441; -- with woman's face, 153. Scot (horse's name), v. 51. _scriveyn_, i. 539. Scylla, daughter of Nisus, i. 515; ii. 500; iii. 334. Sea, keeping the, v. 29, 30. Sea-fights, v. 39. Seals, virtue of, v. 374-5. _secree of secrees_, v. 433. _seet_ (sat), i. 477. _seet_, _sete_, i. 477. _seint-e_, v. 189. _seken, to_, v. 427. _selle_ (flooring), v. 112. _sely_, iii. 321. _semëly_, v. 14. _semi-cope_, v. 225. Semiramis, iii. 314. _sendal_, v. 42. _sene_, i. 565; iii. 314; v. 16. Seneca, v. 243, 443. _sent_, pr. s., v. 351. _sente_, v. 164. _septem triones_, ii. 433. _sereyns_, i. 421. _seriaunt_, ii. 439. Serpent in form of woman, v. 153. _servant_, (lover), i. 459, 511; iii. 257, 301; v. 74. _sessions_, v. 34. _set_, pr. s., i. 461. _sete_, pp., iii. 320. _sette his howve_, v. 115. _seur_, _siker_, v. 217. _seven yeer_, v. 493. _sewe_, i. 554. _sewes_, v. 373. Sewing letters, ii. 472. _sey_ (saw), v. 132. _së-ynt_, v. 111. Shadow, length of the, v. 133. _shal_, i. 528, 568. _shalmye_, iii. 268. _shalt_, v. 67. _shamefast_, iii. 327. _sheeld_, v. 173; _sheeldes_, 30 (l. 278). Sheffield knives, v. 117. _shene_, v. 18. _shipe_ (hire), i. 536; _shepe_, v. 463. Shipman, the, v. 38-9. _shipnes_, v. 315. _shirt_, iii. 349 (l. 2629). _sho_, v. 28. Shoes, slashed, v. 101. _sholder-boon_, v. 464. _shoop him_, v. 168. _shot-windowe_, v. 103-4. Shoulder-blade, divination by a, v. 271. _shoures_, ii. 481. _shynede_, iii. 321. _sib_, v. 215. _sicer_, v. 230. Sichæus, iii. 319. _sight-e_, s., iii. 291. _sighte_, pt. s., v. 163. _significavit_, v. 53. Signs, influence of the, iii. 359. _siker_, iii. 349-50. _sikerly_, v. 16. Simile: like buckets in a well, v. 72. Simkin, v. 118 _simphonye_, v. 192. _simpilly_, i. 437. Sinon, iii. 317-8; v. 376-7. Sins, Seven, v. 359, 455. Sir Thopas, metre of, v. 183. _sis cink_, v. 143-4. _sisours_ (Gam.), v. 488. _sit_, v. 354. _site_, iii. 362. Sitho, iii. 346. _sitte on knees_, i. 466; _sit on knee_, iii. 337. Sittingbourne, v. 313. _skaffaut_, i. 436. _sledes_, ii. 446. _slider_, v. 68. _slit_, i. 505. _slong_, v. 442. _sloppes_, v. 459. Sloth, v. 466-8. _slowe_, s., i. 438. _sly_, _slyly_, v. 70. _slyde_, v. 343. _smal_ (voice), i. 549. _smoterlich_, v. 119. _snewed_, v. 34. _so mote I thee_, v. 192, 253. _so that_, iii. 327-8. _so theech_, v. 290. Socrates and Xantippe, v. 311. _sokingly_, v. 220. _sol_, v. 433. _solas_, i. 184. _soler_, v. 120. _Soler-halle_, v. 119-20. _som_ (singular), i. 470; v. 428; _some_, ii. 472. Somer, John, iii. 353. _somer-sesoun_, ii. 440, 453. Somnour, the, v. 51. _songe_, ii. 504. _sonne_, fem., v. 404. _sop-in-wine_, v. 33. _sort_, v. 464. _sote_, v. 1. _sothe_, v. 419. _souded_, v. 179. Sound, theory of, iii. 259, 260. _souneth into_, v. 225, 384, 441; _souninge_, 29. _soure_ (buck), i. 475. _sours_, iii. 255; v. 336. _souse_, (mod. E.), iii. 255. Southern dialect, v. 445. _sovereines_, pl. adj., ii. 455. _spanisshing_, i. 434. Sparrow, the, i. 519. _sparth_, v. 89. _spectacle_, v. 322. _spending-silver_, v. 429. _spenser_ (Gam.), v. 484. [512] Spheres, the, i. 557; ii. 425, 446, 474, 504-5; seven --, i. 496-7; nine --, i. 506, iii. 355; v. 149, 394-5, 406. Spheres, harmony of the, i. 507. Spices and wine, ii. 506; iii. 320; Spices, v. 189, 381. Spicery, v. 145, 195. Spirits (in alchemy), v. 423, 426-7. _spitous_, i. 566. _springen_, v. 167. _springers_, v. 455. _springoldes_, i. 436. _spyced conscience_, v. 46-7. _spycerye_, v. 145, 195; _see_ Spices. _squaymous_, v. 102-3. Squire, v. 9. _squire, as just as a_, v. 338. _staf-slinge_, v. 192. _stalke_, iii. 332, v. 116. _stamin_, iii. 343. _stand (in) awe_, v. 482. _stant_, v. 375. _stape_, v. 248. Starling, the, i. 518. Stars, seven, i. 483; -- (on a Rete), iii. 357-8. _startling_, iii. 322. Statius, iii. 277. _stele_, (handle), v. 111, 317. _stellifye_, iii. 256. _stemed_, v. 24. _stepe_, v. 24. _-ster_, as a suffix, v. 276-7. _sterres fixes_, iii. 357. _steven_, _sette_, v. 130. _stewe_, v. 34. _stewes_, v. 324. _steyre_, i. 500. _Stilbon_, v. 282. _stillatorie_, v. 418. Stoics, the, ii. 458. _stole_, iii. 342. _stoon-stille_ (Gam.), v. 479. _store_, adj., v. 368. Stork, the, i. 520. _stot_, v. 51, 329. _stounde_, v. 68. Strode, Ralph, ii. 505. Strother, v. 120. _stree_, v. 215. _streite swerd_, v. 257. _style_, v. 374. Sublimation, v. 422-3. _subiection_, v. 453. Substance and accident, ii. 493; v. 279. Suetonius, v. 242, 245. _suffice_, i. 551. Sugar or soot, ii. 481. _sukkenye_, i. 426. Summer, the hot, v. 39. Summer-games, v. 307-8. Sun, gender of the, iii. 360. Sun, position of the, v. 133. _surquidrie_, v. 457. _sursanure_, v. 391. Swallow, the, i. 519. _swalow_, iii. 320. Swan, the, i. 517; Swans eaten, v. 373. Swearing, v. 283-4. _swete_, v. 1. _swete fo_, i. 537 (l. 272). _sweveninges_, i. 417. _sweynt-e_, iii. 281. _swinke_, iii. 337; _swinken_, v. 22. _swore_, pp., v. 483. _sworn, had it_, v. 65 (l. 1089). _sworn-e_, pl., v. 325. _sy_ (saw), v. 431. Symmachus, ii. 430. _syte_, verb, ii. 471.

_tabard_, v. 4. _table dormant_, v. 34. _tables_, v. 332. Tables, Alphonsine, iii. 347 (§ 44); Toletan, v. 393. _tache_, i. 565. _tailages_, v. 468. _taille_ (tally), v. 50. _take_, iii. 321; v. 160. _takel_, v. 12. _tale_, v., v. 455. _talent_, iii. 332; v. 211-2. _talle_, i. 497. Tallies, v. 173 (l. 1606). _tapinage_, i. 449. _tappestere_, v. 27. Tarquinius, iii. 331. _Tars, cloth of_, v. 85. _tas_, v. 64. _taste_, iii. 336; v. 413. _tatarwagges_, i. 449. Taurus, sign of, ii. 468; iii. 294. _taylagiers_, i. 446. Telephus, king, v. 378. _telle_, imp. s., v. 419. _temen on bere_, iii. 280. _tempest_, i. 551; v. 62. Templars, the, i. 445. Temple of Mars, v. 79; -- of Venus, 77. _temps_, v. 427. _tenson_ (French), iii. 293. Tereus, iii. 341. _terins_, i. 421. Term (in astrology), v. 395. Termagaunt, v. 191. _terme_, v. 64; _in termes_, 32. Tertullian, v. 309. _texpounden_, v. 178. _text_, v. 21. _textuel_, v. 447. _thakketh_, v. 328. _thalighte_, v. 175. Thames Street, v. 281. _thank god of al_, i. 552, 553. _thankes, his_, v. 73. _thar, him_, i. 455; v. 127; _thar ye nat_, v. 207. Thebes, brooch of, i. 504. _thedom, yvel_, v. 173. _theek, so_, v. 113. [513] Theft punished by hanging, v. 288-9. Theodoric, ii. 424. Theophrastus, v. 354. Theseus, iii. 335, 338-9; v. 61. _thestaat_, v. 144. _thewes_, iii. 347; v. 346. _thing_, pl., iii. 288; _thinges_, v. 374; (pieces), 169. _thinketh me_, v. 5, 63 (l. 954). Thiodamas, iii. 270; v. 359-60. _this_ = _this is_, i. 522; v. 66, 341. Thisbe, iii. 314-7. _thise_, v. 137. Thoas, king, iii. 326. Thomas, St., of India, v. 336-7, 353. Thomas a Waterings, v. 59. _thombe of gold_, v. 49. _thonder-leyt_, ii. 422. _Thopas_, v. 183. _thou_ and _ye_, v. 175. _thropes_, _thorpes_, v. 315. Thunder, cause of, v. 379. Thunder-bolts, iii. 254, 255. _thurfte_, _thurte_, i. 425; ii. 477. _thurrok_, v. 454. _thurte_, i. 425; ii. 477. _thwitel_, v. 117. Tiberius Constantine, v. 145. Tides, high, v. 391. _tidifs_, v. 386. Tigers at Thebes, iii. 276, 277. _timbestere_, i. 422. _tipet_, v. 26, 118. _tire-lire_, i. 455. _tissew_, ii. 470. Titan, _for_ Tithonus, ii. 482. _titlelees_, v. 441. _to_- (prefix), v. 229. _to borwe_, iii. 338. _to-bete_, v. 412. _to-breketh_, v. 428. _to-go_, iii. 313. _to-hangen_, iii. 281 (l. 1782). _to-hepe_, ii. 483; iii. 336. Toll, for Millers, v. 49. _tombestere_, v. 276-7. _took_, v. 429. _torets_, v. 85. _tormentour_, v. 411. _to selle_ (gerund), v. 280. _to-slitered_, i. 423. _to-stoupe_, v. 328. _totelere_, iii. 303. _tother, the_, v. 408. _to-tore_, v. 419. _toty_, _totty_, v. 126. _toune, in_, v. 190, 493; _to t._, 193. Tournaments, v. 89. _to-yere_, v. 295. _tragedie_, v. 226-7. Trains, long, v. 459. _traverse_, ii. 478, 506; _travers_, v. 362. _tree_, v. 139. Trees, list of, i. 511; v. 92. _tregetour_, iii. 271, 273; v. 392. Tremezen, v. 7. _trenden_, ii. 443. _trentals_, v. 331. _trepeget_, i. 444. _tressour_, i. 420. _tret_, pr. s., v. 337. _tretys_, v. 17. _trewe-love_, v. 109. _trip_, v. 333. Tristram, i. 515, 550. Triton, iii. 280. Troilus described, ii. 498. Trojan leaders, ii. 485. Trophee, v. 233. Trotula, v. 309. _trouble_, adj., v. 441. _trouthe_, i. 548, 551. Troy, romance of, v. 377. Troy, its six gates, ii. 470. Trumpington, v. 116. Tubal, for Jubal, i. 492. _tukked aboute_, v. 51. _tulle_, v. 125. Tullus Hostilius, v. 320. Tunis, i. 470. Turkish bow, v. 490. _turne coppes_, v. 116. _turneth his corage_, v. 206. Turtle, the, i. 519. _twelfte_, i. 500-1. Twelvemonth and day, v. 316. _two so riche_, iii. 342. Tydeus, ii. 498, 499. _tydif_, iii. 295. _tyne_, i. 549. _tyraunt_, i. 517. Tyrian dye, ii. 432.

Ugolino, Count, v. 241. Umbra extensa and umbra versa, iii. 367. _unconninge_, v. 224. _uncouple_, v. 243. _undermeles_, v. 315. _undern_, v. 345. _unholsom_, ii. 487. _unset stevene_, v. 71. _untyme, in_, v. 474. _up peyne_, iii. 279; v. 74. _upright_, i. 468; v. 125, 243, 253 (l. 4232). _uprist_, pr. s., i. 496. _upriste_, dat., v. 65. _up-so-doun_, i. 556; v. 418. _upward_, iii. 366 (§ 40.13). Urban, St., v. 407. Ursa maior, v. 83. Ursula, St., i. 443.

_vache_, i. 553. _Valaunce_, i. 501, 502. Valence, i. 514. Valentine's day, i. 516. Valerius ad Rufinum, iii. 302. [514] Valerius Flaccus, iii. 326-7. Valerius Maximus, v. 245. _vassalage_, iii. 330. _vavasour_, v. 35. _vekke_, i. 436. _veluët_, i. 428. _venerye_, v. 20. Venus described, v. 78; -- invoked, ii. 474; the planet --, v. 310, 381; temple of --, i. 513. _verdegrees_, v. 424. _verger_, i. 434. _vernage_, v. 168, 361. _vernicle_, v. 56. Verses deficient in first syllable, iii. 286, 292. _vertu_, v. 2. _vese_, v. 79. _vessel_, v. 234, 460. _vicaire_, i. 521. _vigilyes_, v. 37. _vilage_, for _visage_, i. 542. _vilanie, lucre of_, v. 176. _vileins_, adj., v. 440; _vilainsly_, i. 429; _vileinsly_, v. 441, 450. _vileinye_, v. 8. Vincent of Beauvais, i. 507; iii. 303. Virelay, iii. 307. _viritoot_, v. 110-1. _viritrate_, v. 329. Virtue natural, v. 91-2. _visage_, i. 542, 543. _visage_, v., v. 368. Visconti, the, iii. 304, 305. Vitellio, v. 378. _vitremyte_, v. 237. _vitriole_, v. 425. _voidee_, _voydee_, ii. 478, 506. _volage_, v. 441. _volatyl_, v. 168-9. _voluper_, v. 99. _vounde_, i. 447. _Vulcano_, iii. 249.

_wachet_, v. 101-2. Wade's boat, v. 356. Wafer-women, v. 277. _wafres_, v. 104. Walls, painted, i. 472. _walweth_, v. 319. _wang-toth_, v. 230. _wanhope_, v. 467. _wanten_, i. 460; iii. 304 (l. 361). _wantown_, v. 25. _warderere_, v. 124. _wardrobe_, v. 179. _wariangles_, v. 325-6. _warisoun_, i. 429. _warisshe_, v. 202-3. _wark_ (ache), v. 122. _warne_, i. 453. _warnestore_, v. 212-3. _wastel-breed_, v. 16, 17. Watling-street, iii. 263. _watre, to_, ii. 476. _way-feringe_, ii. 432. _webbe_, v. 35-6. _welaway_, i. 418. _weld_, i. 540, 541. _wenche_, v. 366, 441. _wende_, v. 4. _went, is_, v. 413-4. _wente_, s., i. 474. _were_, weir, ii. 476. _wered_, v. 233. _wesele_, v. 214. _wey of the sonne_, iii. 364 (§ 30). _wheel_, iii. 260; (orbit), 276. _whelkes_, v. 53. _wher_ = _whether_, iii. 293. _wher-as_, v. 176. _whippel-tree_, v. 93. Whistle, to wet one's, v. 125. _wil, good_, (Gam.), v. 479. _wil_ (wills), v. 180. Wild fire, v. 125, 301, 460. _wilful_, v. 274. _wimpel_, v. 17. _windas_, v. 375. _windinge_, v. 459. _windinge_, error for _windy_, ii. 434. Windows, glass, i. 147. _windred_, i. 424. Wines, white and red, v. 249; Rhenish --, 281; Spanish --, 280. _winter_, v. 230. _wirdes_, iii. 347. _wis_, adv., i. 477; _as wis_, v. 399. _wisly_, i. 567 (l. 72); v. 383. _wite ye_, v. 435. _with_ (by), v. 182; follows a verb, 58, 95, 383. _with-holde_, v. 204, 410. Wits, five, v. 216, 451, 472. _wivere_, ii. 480. _wo_, v. 34. _wodewales_, i. 421. _wold_, pp., i. 560; iii. 322; v. 216. _wolves-heed_, (Gam.), v. 487. Women, nineteen, v. 137-8. _wond_, iii. 341-2. _wonder_, adv., i. 417. _wood_, adj., v. 264, 484; _for pure wood_, i. 418. Woodstock, i. 510. _woon_, ii. 492; iii. 338. _woot_, v. 59. _word and ende_, ii. 473; v. 245. _wordes, hadde the_, v. 447. _worm_, v. 271-2. _worth up_, ii. 428; _w. upon_, v. 187. _worthy_, v. 26; _w. under wede_, 200. _wrecche_, v. 404. Wrestling-matches, v. 481; prize for --, 48. _wrytheth_, ii. 422. _wyn ape_, v. 436-7. [515] _wynt_, pr. s., iii. 293. _wyser_, iii. 349.

Xristus = Christus, i. 456.

_y-bete_, iii. 321; v. 64. _ydel, in_, v. 389. _ye_ and _you_, i. 453; _ye_, _thou_, v. 175. _ye_, _yis_, v. 183, 248, 418. _yë, at_, v. 429. Year, the great, i. 508. Years, expanse and collect, v. 393-4. _yeddinges_, v. 27. _yeer_, pl., v. 10. Yellow (for jealousy), v. 78. Yeman, v. 11. Yeoman, Canon's, v. 417. _yerde, under the_, v. 169, 342. _your_ (of you), v. 179. _youthe_ (right reading), v. 262. _ypocras_, v. 266. Ypotis, Sir, v. 198. _y-reke_, v. 114. _y-sene_, iii. 349. _y-shette_, pl., v. 202. _y-tukked up_, iii. 319. _y-wimpled_, iii. 315.

_Zanzis_, ii. 487. Zenith (etymology of), iii. 357. Zenobia, v. 235. _Zephirus_, v. 2. Zeuxis, v. 261. Zodiac, ii. 499; iii. 358 (l. 29), 359; animals in the --, iii. 263.

END OF VOL. V.

* * * * *

[1] The scribe is usually right. I only remember observing one MS. in which the scribe is reckless; see vol. i. p. 47.

[2] To which add, as a twenty-third, the three stanzas on Gentilesse quoted in Scogan's poem (no. 33).

[3] Now known to be Lydgate's; see vol. i. p. 35, note 3.

[4] I have lately made a curious discovery as to the Testament of Love. The first paragraph begins with a large capital M; the second with a large capital A; and so on. By putting together all the letters thus pointed out, we at once have an acrostic, forming a complete sentence. The sentence is--MARGARET OF VIRTW, HAVE MERCI ON TSKNVI. Of course the last word is expressed as an anagram, which I decipher as KITSVN, i. e. Kitsun, the author's name. The whole piece is clearly addressed to a lady named Margaret, and contains frequent reference to the virtues of pearls, which were supposed to possess healing powers. Even if 'Kitsun' is not the right reading, we learn something; for it is quite clear that TSKNVI cannot possibly represent the name of Chaucer. See The Academy, March 11, 1893; p. 222.

[5] No. 38 is not noticed in the Index, on its reappearance at p. 555.

[6] Originally (I understand) 1845. I have only a copy with a reprinted title-page and an altered date.

[7] It should be--'and of _some of_ those other pieces'; for the 'Account' does not profess to be exhaustive.

[8] See the pieces numbered 1-68, in vol. i. pp. 31-45. But four pieces are in prose, viz. Boethius, Astrolabe, Testament of Love, and Jack Upland. Of course Tyrwhitt rejected Jack Upland. He admitted, however, rather more than 26, the number in the edition of 1845.

[9] The false rime of _now_ with _rescowe_ in st. 46 may be got over, it is suggested, by a change in the readings. On the other hand, I now observe a fatal rhyme in st. 17, where _upon_ and _ron_ rime with _mon_, a man. When such a form as _mon_ (for _man_) can be found in Chaucer, we may reconsider his claim to this poem. Meanwhile, I would note the curious word _grede_ in st. 27. It does not occur in Chaucer, but is frequent in The Owl and the Nightingale.

[10] Exception may be taken to the riming of _mene_ (l. 20) with open _e_, and _grene_ with close e.

[11] Hoccleve's Poems; ed. Furnivall, p. 49; cf. p. 56.

[12] See the admirable remarks on this subject in Lounsbury's Studies in Chaucer, i. 305-28. Much that I wish to say is there said for me, in a way which I cannot improve.

[13] MS. Lansdowne (the worst of the seven) has _Alle_, and _Gyngelinge_; Cm. has _Gyngelyn_; Hl. has _Euery man_; and that is all.

[14] The phrase _wel a ten_ (F. 383) is not precisely parallel.

[15] Thus, the Parson calls his Tale 'a mery' one (I. 46). Tyrwhitt has 'a litel tale.'

[16] _Ielousye_ cannot rime with _me_.

[17] The latter line answers to A. 2018; lines 2012-7 being wholly omitted.

[18] Which, by the way, makes _come_ monosyllabic.

[19] Dryden had some reason; for whenever (as often) the editors omitted some essential word, the line could not possibly be right.

[20] The explanation of these rules depends upon Middle-English grammar and pronunciation; for which see the Introduction to vol. vi.

[21] A word like _taverne_ is _ta-vér-ne_, in three syllables, if the accent be on the second syllable; but when it is on the first, it becomes _táv-ern'_, and is only dissyllabic.

[22] Many of them were discovered by Dr. Köppell.

[23] It has been objected, that this makes the tournament to take place, not on the _anniversary_ of the duel, but two days later. But see l. 2095, where the anniversary of the duel is plainly made the day for _assembling the hosts_, not for the fight.

[24] 'Thou were nought _skoymus_ to take the maydenes womb' is the reading given in The Prymer, ed. H. Littlehales, p. 22.

[25] The black-letter editions have _mare_; and Tyrwhitt follows them. I take this to be a mere guess.

[26] Spelt _Xeuxis_ in one MS., and _Zensis_ in another, in the same passage; see Anglo-Latin Satirists, ed. Wright, ii. 303.

[27] This seems to be a mistake; the MSS. and old editions have simply 'god you see.'

[28] The words _vel e contrario_ are in the margin of E., but not in the printed edition.

[29] The reading _Burdeuxs_ actually occurs in MS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ii. 3. 26. See _Boundys_ in the Glossary; and see vol. iii. p. 400.

[30] No quotation is given to support this assertion.

[31] Unluckily misprinted Poincy (vol. iii. p. 422).

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed text:

P. 31: A. 309. "cautious", corrected from "cautions".

P. 53: A. 635. "See Prov. xxiii. 31.", corrected from "xxxiii".

P. 87. A. 2313. "and in hell, Proserpina", corrected from "Prosperpina".

P. 249. B. 4032. "The white wine", corrected from "line".

P. 250. B. 4045. "reckoned from 6 A.M. to 6 P.M.'", corrected from "reckon-" (split word at end of line not completed).

P. 252. B. 4123. "Burton's Anat. of Melancholy", corrected from "Bruton's".

P. 266. C. 306. "Hippocrates' sleeve", corrected from "Hippocates".

P. 278. C. 517. "fauces nostras transeat", corrected from "notras".

P. 345. E. 242. "In the next line he is emphatic", corrected from "empathic".

P. 345. E. 2229-30. "In l. 2264, we again have Próserpýne", corrected from "Próserpýn".

P. 345. F. 671-672. "In MS. E., after l. 672", corrected from "atfer".

P. 458. I. 411. "already occurred in A. 4061", "in" corrected from "it".