Chaucer's Translation of Boethius's "De Consolatione Philosophiae"
Part 12
And certes the remenau{n}t of thinges þ{a}t ben yit to seye / ben swyche // þ{a}t fyrst 1720 whan men tasten hem they ben bytynge / but whan they ben resseyuyd w{i}t{h}-inne a whyht than ben they swete //
[Sidenote: But because you say you would now gladly hear, with what desire would you burn if you could imagine whither I am going to lead you?]
but for thow seyst þ{a}t thow art so desirous to herkne hem // wit[h] how gret brennynge woldesthow 1724 glowen / yif thow wystest whyder .I. wol leden the //
[Sidenote: _B._ Whither is that, I pray?]
whydyr{e} is þ{a}t q{uod} .I. //
[Sidenote: _P._ To that true felicity, of which you seem to have but a faint foretaste.]
to thilke verray welefulnesse q{uod} she // of whyche thynge herte dremeth //
[Sidenote: But your sight is clouded with false forms, so that it cannot yet behold this same felicity.]
but for as moche as thy syhte is ocupied {and} distorbed / by 1728 Imagynasyon of herthely thynges / thow mayst nat yit sen thilke selue welefulnesse //
[Sidenote: _B._ Show me, I pray, that true happiness without delay.]
do q{uod} .I. {and} shewe me / what is thilke verray welefulnesse / .I. preye the [[pg 64]] w{i}t{h}-howte tarynge //
[Sidenote: _P._ I will gladly do so at your desire, but I will first describe that false cause (of happiness), so that you may be better able to comprehend the exact model.]
þ{a}t wole .I. gladly don q{uod} she / 1732 for the cause of the // but .I. wol fyrst marken the by wordes / {and} I wol enforcen me to enformen the // thilke false cause of blysfulnesse þ{a}t thow more knowest / so þ{a}t whan thow hast fully by-holden thilke false 1736 goodes {and} torned thyne eyen to þ{a}t oother syde / thow mowe knowe the clernesse of verray blysfulnesse //]
[Linenotes: 1702 _streyhte_--H. strenghed 1712 _am nat_--H. nam nought 1718 _had[de]_--H. hade 1734 _wol_--H. shall{e} 1739 _wil_--wole _felde_--feeld]
[Headnote: AWAY WITH FALSE FELICITY!]
[Sidenote: * Here the Add. MS. begins again.]
*QUI SERERE I{N}GENIUM.
[Sidenote: [The fyrst met{ur}.]]
[Sidenote: He who would sow seed must first clear the ground of useless weeds, so that he may reap an abundant harvest.]
¶ Who so wil sowe a felde plentiuous. lat hym first delyuer it of þornes {and} kerue asondre wiþ his hooke 1740 þe bushes {and} þe ferne so þat þe corne may come{n} heuy of eres {and} of greins.
[Sidenote: Honey tastes all the sweeter to a palate disgusted by offensive flavours.]
hony is þe more swete yif mouþes han firste tastid sauoures þ{a}t ben wikke.
[Sidenote: The stars shine all the clearer when the southern showery blasts cease to blow.]
¶ þe sterres shynen more agreably whan þe wynde Nothus letiþ his 1744 ploungy blastes.
[Sidenote: When Lucifer has chased away the dark night, then Phœbus mounts his gay chariot.]
{and} aftir þat lucifer þe day sterre haþ chased awey þe derke nyȝt. þe day þe feir{e}r lediþ þe rosene horse of þe sonne.
[Sidenote: So you, beholding the false felicity, and withdrawing your neck from the yoke of earthly affections, will soon see the sovereign good.]
¶ Ryȝt so þou byholdyng first þe fals[e] goodes. bygynne to wiþdrawe þi nek[ke] 1748 fro þe ȝok of erþely affecc{i}ou{n}s. {and} afterwarde þe verrey goodes sholle{n} entre i{n} to þi corage.
[Linenotes: 1740 _delyuer_--delyuere _of_--fro _hooke_--hook 1741 _bushes_--bosses _ferne_--fern _corne_--korn 1743 _firste_--fyrst _wikke_--wyckyd 1744 _wynde_--wynd _his_--hise 1745 _haþ_--MS. haþe 1746 _feirer_--fayrere 1747 _horse_--hors _Ryȝt_--And Ryht 1748 _fals[e]_--false _bygynne_--bygyn _wiþdrawe_--w{i}t{h} drawen _nek[ke]_--nekke 1749 _afterwarde_--afft{er}ward 1750 _entre_--entren]
[Headnote: THE DESIRE OF THE TRUE GOOD.]
TUNC DEFIXO PAULULU{M}.
[Sidenote: [The 2^de p{ro}se.]]
[Sidenote: Philosophy, with a serious air, and appearing to recollect herself, and to rouse up all her faculties, thus began.]
++ÞO fastned[e] she a lytel þe syȝt of hir eyen {and} wiþdrow hir ryȝt as it were in to þe streite sete of hir 1752 þouȝt. {and} bygan to speke ryȝt þ{us}.
[Sidenote: All the cares and desires of men seek one end--happiness.]
Alle þe cures q{uo}d she of mortal folk whiche þat trauaylen hem i{n} many manere studies gon certys by diu{er}se weies.
[Sidenote: [* fol. 15 _b_.]]
¶ But naþeles þei enforced hem *to comen oonly to on 1756 ende of blisfulnesse [[pg 65]]
[Sidenote: True happiness is that complete good which, once obtained, leaves nothing more to be desired.]
[And blysfulnesse] is swiche a goode þat who so haþ geten it he ne may ouer þat no þing more desiire.
[Sidenote: It is the sovereign good, and comprehends all others. It lacks nothing, otherwise it could not be the supreme good.]
and þis þing for soþe is þe souereyne good þat conteiniþ in hym self al man{er}e goodes. to þe whiche goode 1760 yif þere failed[e] any þing. it myȝt[e] nat ben souereyne goode. ¶ For þan were þere som goode out of þis ilke souereyne goode þ{a}t myȝt[e] ben desired.
[Sidenote: Happiness is, therefore, that perfect state, in which all other goods meet and centre.]
Now is it clere {and} certeyne þa{n} þat blisfulnesse is a p{er}fit estat by þe congregac{i}ou{n} 1764 of alle goodes.
[Sidenote: It is the object which all men strive after.]
¶ þe whiche blisfulnesse as I haue seid alle mortal folke enforcen hem to geten by dyuerse weyes.
[Sidenote: A desire of the true good is a natural instinct, but error misleads them to pursue false joys.]
¶ For-whi þe couetise of verray goode is naturely y-plaunted in þe hertys of men. ¶ But þe 1768 myswandryng erro{ur} myslediþ hem in to fals[e] goodes.
[Sidenote: Some, imagining the supreme good to consist in lacking nothing, labour for an abundance of _riches_; others, supposing that this good lies in the _reverence_ and _esteem_ of their fellow men, strive to acquire honourable positions.]
¶ of þe whiche men some of hem wenen þat souereygne goode is to lyue wiþ outen nede of any þing. {and} t{ra}ueile{n} hem to ben habundaunt of rycchesse. 1772 and some oþer men deme{n}. þat sou{er}ein goode be forto be ryȝt digne of reu{er}ences. {and} enforce{n} hem to ben reu{er}enced among hir neyȝbo{ur}s. by þe hono{ur}s þat þei han ygeten
[Sidenote: There are some, again, who place it in supreme _power_, and seek to rule, or to be favoured by the ruling powers.]
¶ {and} some folk þer ben þat halden þat 1776 ryȝt heyȝe power to be souereyn goode. {and} enforcen he{m} forto regnen or ellys to ioigne{n} he{m} to hem þat regnen.
[Sidenote: There are those who fancy _fame_ to be the height of happiness, and seek by the arts of war or peace to get renown.]
¶ And it semeþ to some oþer folk þat noblesse of renou{n} be þe sou{er}ein goode. {and} hasten hem to 1780 geten glorious name by þe artes of werre or of pees.
[Sidenote: Many there are who believe nothing to be better than _joy_ and _gladness_, and think it delightful to plunge into luxury.]
and many folke mesuren {and} gessen þ{a}t sou{er}ein goode be ioye {and} gladnesse {and} wenen þat it be ryȝt blisful [thyng{e}] to ploungen hem i{n} uoluptuous delit.
[Sidenote: Some there are who use these causes and ends interchangeably, as those who desire riches as a means of getting power; or who desire power in order to get money or renown.]
¶ And 1784 þer ben folk þat enterchaungen þe causes {and} þe endes of þise forseide goodes as þei þat desire{n} rycchesse to [[pg 66]] han power {and} delices. Or ellis þei desiren power forto han moneye or for cause of renou{n}.
[Sidenote: In all they do they have a particular end in view.]
¶ In þise þinges 1788 {and} i{n} swyche oþer þinges is to{ur}ned al þe entenc{i}ou{n} of desirynges {and} [of] werkes of me{n}. ¶ As þus.
[Linenotes: 1751 _fastned[e]_--fastnede _wiþdrow_--MS. wiþdrowen, C. w{i}t{h} drowh 1752 _sete_--Cyte 1756 _enforced_--enforsen 1757 [_And blysfulnesse_]--from C. _goode_--good 1758 _so_--so þ{a}t _haþ_--MS. haþe 1759 _souereyne_--sou{er}eyn 1760 _al_--alle _goode_--good 1761 _þere_--ther _failed[e]_--faylyde _myȝt[e]_--myhte _souereyne goode_--sou{er}eyn good 1762 _þan_--thanne _þere_--ther _goode_--good _souereyne_--sou{er}eyn 1763 _goode_--good _myȝt[e]_--myhte 1764 _certeyne_--certein 1766 _seid_--MS. seide, C. seyd _folke_--foolk 1767 _goode_--good 1769 _fals[e]_--false 1770 _souereygne goode is_--sou{er}eyn good be 1771 _lyue wiþ outen_--lyuen w{i}t{h} owte 1772 _rycchesse_--Rychesses 1773 _some_--som _goode be_--good ben 1774 _be_--ben 1775 _neyȝbours_--nesshebors 1776 _halden_--holden 1777 _heyȝe_--heyh _to_--omitted _goode_--good 1780 _goode_--good 1781 _or_--{and} 1782 _folke_--folk _goode_--good 1783 _be_--by 1784 [_thynge_]--from C. 1786 _rycchesse_--rychesses 1787 _delices_--delytes 1789 _oþer_--oothre _al_--alle 1790 [_of_]--from C.]
[Headnote: FRIENDSHIP A SACRED THING.]
[Sidenote: Nobility and popular favour are sought after by some in order to become famous.]
¶ Noblesse {and} fauo{ur} of poeple whiche þat ȝiueþ as it semeþ a manere clernesse of renou{n}.
[Sidenote: By others, wives and children are only desired as sources of pleasure.]
¶ and wijf {and} 1792 children þat men desiren for cause of delit {and} mirinesse.
[Sidenote: Friendship must not be reckoned among the goods of fortune, but among those of virtue, for it is a very sacred thing.]
¶ But forsoþe frendes ne shollen nat ben rekkened among þe goodes of fortune but of vertue. for it is a ful holy man{er}e þing.
[Sidenote: All else are desired either for the power or pleasure they afford.]
alle þise oþer þinges forsoþe 1796 ben taken for cause of power. or ellis for cause of delit.
[Sidenote: The goods of the body fall under the same predicament.]
¶ Certis now am I redy to referen þe goodes of þe body to þise forseide þinges abouen.
[Sidenote: Strength and a good stature seem to give power and worthiness.]
¶ For it semeþ þ{a}t strengþe {and} gretnesse of body ȝeuen power {and} 1800 worþinesse.
[Sidenote: Beauty and swiftness give glory and fame; and health gives delight.]
¶ and þat beaute {and} swiftenesse ȝeuen noblesse {and} glorie of renou{n}. {and} hele of body semeþ ȝiuen delit.
[Sidenote: In all these happiness alone is sought.]
¶ In alle þise þi{n}g{us} it semeþ oonly þat blisfulnesse is desired.
[Sidenote: What a man most wishes for, that he esteems the supreme good, which, as we have defined, is happiness.]
¶ For-whi þilke þing þat euery 1804 man desireþ moost ouer alle þinges. he demiþ þat be þe souereyne goode. ¶ But I haue diffined þat blisfulnesse is þe souereyne goode. for whiche euery wyȝt demiþ þat þilke estat þat he desireþ ouer alle þinges þat 1808 it be þe blisfulnesse.
[Sidenote: Thou hast now before thee a view of human felicity (falsely so called), that is, riches, honours, power, glory, and delight, which last _Epicurus_ considered as the sovereign good.]
¶ Now hast þou þan byforne [thy eyen] almost al þe p{ur}posed forme of þe welfulnesse of ma{n}ky{n}de. þat is to seyne rycchesse. hono{ur}s. power. glorie. {and} delitȝ. þe whiche delit oonly considered 1812 Epicurus Iuged {and} establissed. þat delit is þe souereyne goode. for as myche as alle oþer þinges as hym þouȝt[e] by-refte awey ioie {and} myrþe fro{m} þe herte.
[Sidenote: I now return to the inclinations and pursuits of mankind.]
¶ But I reto{ur}ne aȝeyne to þe studies of meen. 1816 of whiche men þe corage alwey rehersiþ {and} seekeþ þe [[pg 67]] souereyne goode of alle be it so þ{a}t it be wiþ a derke memorie [but he not by whiche paath].
[Sidenote: Their minds are bent upon the chief good, and are ever seeking it with a darkened understanding, like a drunken man, who cannot find his way home.]
¶ Ryȝt as a dronke ma{n} not nat by whiche paþe he may reto{ur}ne 1820 home to hys house.
[Sidenote: Do they go astray who strive to keep themselves from want?]
¶ Semeþ it þanne þat folk folyen {and} erren þat enforcen he{m} to haue nede of no þing
[Linenotes: 1794 _shollen_--sholden 1795 _þe_--tho 1796 _oþer_--oothre 1801 _swiftenesse_--sweftnesse 1803 _ȝiuen_--MS. ȝiueþ, C. yeuen 1806, 1807 _souereyne goode_--sou{er}eyn good 1807 _whiche_--whych 1809 _þe_--omitted _þan byforne_--thanne byforn 1810 [_thy eyen_]--from C.; MS. _has_ ȝeuen aȝeyne _almost_--almest _welfulnesse_--welefulnesse 1811 _seyne rycchesse_--seyn Rychesses 1814 _souereyne goode_--sou{er}eyn good _myche_--moche _oþer_--oothre 1815 _þouȝt[e]_--thowhte _from_--fram 1816 _aȝeyne_--ayein 1818 _souereyne goode_--sou{er}eyn good _of_--omitted _alle_--al _derke_--dirkyd 1819 [_but----paath_]--from C. 1820 _dronke_--dronken _paþe_--paath 1821 _home_--hym]
[Headnote: ALL SEEK THE CHIEF GOOD.]
[Sidenote: By no means. No state is happier than that in which a man is above want, and independent of others.]
[Sidenote: [* fol. 16.]]
¶ Certys þer nys non oþer þing þat may so weel p{er}fo{ur}ny blisfulnesse as an estat plenteuo{us} *of alle 1824 goodes þat ne haþ nede of none oþer þing. but þat it is suffisant of hy{m} self. vnto hym self.
[Sidenote: Are they guilty of folly that seek esteem and reverence?]
and foleyen swyche folk þanne. þat wenen þat þilk þing þ{a}t is ryȝt goode. þat it be eke ryȝt worþi of honour {and} of 1828 reuerence.
[Sidenote: No; for that is not contemptible for which all men strive.]
¶ Certis nay. for þat þing nys neyþer foule ne worþi to ben dispised þat al þe entenc{i}ou{n} of mortel folke trauaille forto geten it.
[Sidenote: Is not power to be reckoned amongst desirable goods?]
¶ And power auȝt[e] nat þat eke to be rekened amonges goodes
[Sidenote: Why not? For that is not an insignificant good which invests a man with authority and command.]
what ellis. 1832 for it nys nat to wene þat þilke þing þat is most worþi of alle þinges be feble {and} wiþ out strengþe {and} clernesse of renou{n} auȝte þat to ben dispised.
[Sidenote: Fame also is to be regarded, for everything excellent is also shining and renowned.]
¶ Certys þer may no man forsake þat al þing þat is ryȝt excellent 1836 {and} noble. þat it ne semeþ to be ryȝt clere {and} renomed.
[Sidenote: We hardly need say that happiness is not an unjoyous and melancholy state, for in the pursuit of the smallest matters men seek only pleasure.]
¶ For certis it nediþ nat to seie. þat blisfulnesse be anguissous ne dreri ne subgit to greua{n}ces ne to sorwes. syn þat in ryȝt litel þi{n}g{us} folk seken to 1840 haue {and} to vsen þat may deliten hem.
[Sidenote: Hence it is that mankind seek riches, &c., because by them they hope to get independence, honour, &c.]
¶ Certys þise ben þe þi{n}ges þat men wolen {and} desyren to geten. and for þis cause desiren þei rycches. dignites. regnes. glorie {and} delices ¶ For þerby wenen þei to han suffisau{n}ce 1844 hono{ur} power. renou{n} {and} gladnesse.
[Sidenote: However varied their desires, _happiness_ is their sole pursuit.]
¶ þanne is it goode. þ{a}t men seken þus by so many dyu{er}se studies. In whiche desijr it may lyȝtly be shew{e}d. how grete is þe strengþe of nature. [[pg 68]]
[Sidenote: However various men’s opinions are respecting happiness, all agree in pursuing it as the end of their actions and desires.]
¶ For how so þat 1848 men han dyuerse sentences {and} discordyng algates men accordyn alle in lyuynge þe ende of goode.
[Linenotes: 1823 _perfourny_--p{er}forme 1825 _haþ_--MS. haþe _none_--non 1827 _þilk_--thilke 1828 _goode_--good 1829 _foule_--fowl 1830 _al_--welneyh alle 1831 _trauaille_--trauaylen _auȝt[e]_--owhte 1832 _be_--ben 1834 _out_--owte 1835 _auȝte_--owhte 1836 _al_--alle 1837 _be_--ben _clere_--cleer 1843 _rycches_--Rychesses 1846 _goode_--good 1847 _be_--ben 1848 _grete_--gret 1849 _algates_--Allegates 1850 _goode_--good]
[Headnote: OF NATURE’S LAWS.]
Q{UA}NTAS RER{UM} FLECTAT.
[Sidenote: [The 2^de Met{ur}.]]
[Sidenote: I will now sing of Nature’s laws, by which the universe is governed.]
++IT likeþ me to shew[e] by subtil songe wiþ slakke {and} delitable sou{n} of strenges how þat nature myȝty enclineþ 1852 {and} flitteþ gouernementȝ of þinges ¶ {and} by whiche lawes she p{ur}ueiable kepiþ þe grete worlde. {and} how she bindynge restreineþ alle þing{us} by a bonde þat may nat be vnbounden.
[Sidenote: [j]] [Sidenote: The Punic lion submits to man, and dreads the keeper’s lash; yet, if he once taste blood, his savage instincts revive, and his keeper falls a victim to his fury.]
¶ Al be it so þat þe liou{n}s of 1856 þe contree of pene beren þe fair[e] cheines. {and} taken metes of þe handes of folk þat ȝeuen it hem. {and} dreden her sturdy maystres of whiche þei ben wont to suffren [betinges]. yif þat hir horrible mouþes ben bi-bled. 1860 þat is to sein of bestes devoured. ¶ Hir corage of tyme passeþ þat haþ ben ydel {and} rested. repaireþ aȝein þat þei roren greuously. {and} reme{m}bren on hir nature. {and} slaken hir nekkes from hir cheins vnbounden. 1864 and hir maistre first to-teren wiþ blody toþe assaieþ þe woode wraþþes of hem. ¶ þis is to sein þei freten hir maister.
[Sidenote: [ij]] [Sidenote: If the caged bird though daintily fed, gets a sight of the pleasant grove where she was wont to sing, she will spurn her food, and pine for the beloved woods.]
¶ And þe Iangland brid þat syngiþ on þe heye braunches. þis is to sein in þe wode {and} 1868 after is inclosed in a streit cage. ¶ al þouȝ [þ{a}t] þe pleiyng besines of men ȝeueþ hem honied[e] drinkes {and} large metes. wiþ swete studie. ¶ ȝit naþeles yif þilke brid skippynge oute of hir streite cage seeþ þe 1872 agreable shadewes of þe wodes. she defouleþ wiþ hir fete hir metes yshad {and} sekeþ mournyng oonly þe wode {and} twitriþ desirynge þe wode wiþ hir swete voys.
[Sidenote: [iij]] [Sidenote: The sapling, bent down by a mighty hand, will resume its natural position as soon as the restraining force is removed.]
¶ þe ȝerde of a tree þat is haled adou{n} by myȝty 1876 strengþe bowiþ redely þe croppe adou{n}. but yif þat þe [[pg 69]] hande of hym þat it bente lat it gon aȝein. ¶ An oon þe crop lokeþ vp ryȝt to heuene.
[Sidenote: [iiij]] [Sidenote: Though the sun sets in the western main at eve, yet by a secret path he takes his wonted journey toward the east.]
¶ þe sonne phebus þat failleþ at euene in þe westrene wawes retorniþ aȝein 1880 eftsones his cart by a priue paþe þere as it is wont aryse.
[Sidenote: All things pursue their proper course, obedient to the source of order.]
¶ Alle þinges seken aȝein in to hir p{ro}pre cours. and alle þinges reioisen hem of hir retournynge aȝein to hir nature ne noon ordinaunce nis bytaken to 1884 þi{n}ges but þat.
[Sidenote: Hence, throughout the world entire stability is found, for all things, having fulfilled their appointed course, return from whence they came.]
þat haþ ioignynge þe endynge to þe bygynnynge. {and} haþ makid þe cours of it self stable þat it chaungeþ nat fro{m} hys p{ro}pre kynde.
[Linenotes: 1851 _shew[e]_--shewe 1854 _whiche_--MS. swiche, C. whyche _worlde_--world 1856 _be_--ben _vnbounden_--vnbownde 1857 _fair[e]_--fayr{e} 1860 [_betinges_]--from C. 1862 _passeþ_--passed 1864 _from_--fram _vnbounden_--vnbownde 1865 _to-teren_--to-torn _toþe_--toth 1867 _Iangland_--Iangelynge 1869 _streit_--streyht 1870 _pleiyng_--MS. pleinyng, C. pleyynge _besines_--bysynesse _honied[e]_--honyede 1872 _oute_--owt 1873 _agreable_--agreables 1874 _fete_--feet 1875 _twitriþ_--twiterith 1877 _croppe_--crop 1878 _hande_--hand _bente_--bent 1880 _failleþ_--falleth 1881 _cart_--carte _a_--omitted _paþe_--paath 1883 _of_--MS. of of 1885 _haþ_--MS. haþe _ioignynge_--Ioyned 1886 _haþ_--MS. haþe]
[Headnote: THE SEARCH AFTER FELICITY.]
VOSQ{UE} TERRENA ANIMALIA.
[Sidenote: [The 3^de p{ro}se.]]
[Sidenote: O earthly animals, you have an indistinct perception of your beginning, and you have ever the true end of felicity in view, but your natural instincts are perverted by many errors.]
[Sidenote: [* fol. 16 _b_.]]
*++CErtis also ȝe men þat ben erþelich{e} bestes dreme{n} 1888 alwey [yowre bygynnynge] al þouȝ it be wiþ a þinne ymaginac{i}ou{n}. {and} by a maner þouȝt al be it nat clerly ne p{er}fitly ȝe looken from a fer til þilk 1891 verray fyn of blisfulnesse. and þerfore þe naturel entenc{i}ou{n} ledeþ ȝow to þilk verray good ¶ But many manere errours misto{ur}niþ ȝow þer fro.
[Sidenote: Can men obtain the end they have in view by the means they usually employ in the pursuit of happiness?]
¶ Considere now yif þat be þilke þinges by whiche a man weniþ to gete hym blysfulnesse. yif þat he may comen 1896 to þilke ende þat he weneþ to come by nature
[Sidenote: If riches and honours and the like make men happy, so that they shall want for nothing, then happiness may be procured by these acquisitions.]
¶ For yif þat moneye or hono{ur}s or þise oþer forseide þinges bryngen to men swiche a þing þat no goode ne faille hem. ne semeþ faille. ¶ Certys þan wil I graunt[e] 1900 þat þei ben maked blisful. by þilke þinges þat þei han geten.
[Sidenote: But if these things cannot make good what they promise, if there still be something to be desired, then they are delusions, and the felicity after all is a counterfeit.]
¶ but yif so be þat þilke þi{n}ges ne mowe nat p{er}fo{ur}men þat þei by-heten {and} þat þer be defaute of many goodes. ¶ Sheweþ it nat þan clerely þ{a}t fals 1904 beaute of blisfulnesse is knowe {and} a-teint in þilke þinges. ¶ First {and} forward þou þi self þat haddest haboundaunces of rycchesses nat long agon. [[pg 70]]
[Sidenote: In your prosperity were you never annoyed by some wrong or grievance?]