Part 11

[Sidenote: Deduct from this the space occupied by seas, marshes, lakes, and deserts, and there remains but a small proportion left for the abode of man.]

¶ yif þou haddest wiþ drawen {and} abated in þi þouȝte fro þilke ferþe partie as myche space as þe 1512 see {and} [the] mareys contenen {and} ouergon {and} as myche space as þe regiou{n} of droughte ou{er}streccheþ.

[Linenotes: 1487 _desired[e]_--desyr{e} 1489 _wex olde_--wax old 1492 _whiche_--which _speke_--spekyn 1496 _tollen_--MS. tellen, C. tollen 1497 _ful[le]_--fulle 1501 _al prise_--alle prys 1505 _seye_--seyn 1507 _wolde_--woldyn _alle_--al [_ne_]--from C. 1510 _lerned_--ylerned 1512 _þouȝte_--thowht _myche_--moche 1513 [_the_]--from C. 1514 _myche space_--moche spaces]

[[pg 57]] [Headnote: FAME IS CIRCUMSCRIBED.]

[Sidenote: [* fol. 14 _b_.]]

þat is to seye sandes {and} desertes wel vnneþ sholde *þer dwellen a ryȝt streite place to þe habitaciou{n} of 1516 men.

[Sidenote: And do you, who are confined to the least point of this point, think of nothing but of blazing far and wide your name and reputation?]

{and} ȝe þan þat ben environed {and} closed wiþ i{n}ne þe leest[e] prikke of þilk prikke þenke ȝe to manifesten ȝoure renou{n} {and} don ȝoure name to ben born forþe.

[Sidenote: What is there great in a glory so circumscribed?]

but ȝour{e} glorie þat is so narwe {and} so 1520 streyt yþronge{n} in to so litel boundes. how myche conteinþe it in largesse {and} in greet doynge.

[Sidenote: Even in this contracted circle, there is a great variety of nations, to whom not only the fame of particular men, but even of great cities, cannot extend.]

And also sette þis þer to þat many a nac{i}ou{n} dyuerse of tonge {and} of maneres. {and} eke of resou{n} of hir lyuyng ben 1524 enhabitid in þe cloos of þilke litel habitacle. ¶ To þe whiche nac{i}ou{n}s what for difficulte of weyes. {and} what for diu{er}site of langages. {and} what for defaute of vnusage entercomunynge of marchau{n}dise. nat only þe 1528 names of singler men ne may [nat] strecchen. but eke þe fame of Citees ne may nat strecchen.

[Sidenote: In the time of Marcus Tullius the fame of Rome did not reach beyond Mount Caucasus.]

¶ At þe last[e] Certis in þe tyme of Marcus tulyus as hym self writeþ in his book þat þe renou{n} of þe comune of 1532 Rome ne hadde nat ȝitte passed ne clou{m}ben ou{er} þe mou{n}taigne þat hyȝt Caucasus. {and} ȝitte was þilk tyme rome wel wexen {and} gretly redouted of þe p{ar}thes. and eke of oþer folk enhabityng aboute.

[Sidenote: How narrow, then, is that glory which you labour to propagate.]

¶ Sest þou 1536 nat þan how streit {and} how comp{re}ssed is þilke glorie þat ȝe t{ra}uaile{n} aboute to shew {and} to multiplie.

[Sidenote: Shall the glory of a Roman citizen reach those places where the name even of Rome was never heard?]

May þan þe glorie of a singlere Romeyne strecchen þider as þe fame of þe name of Rome may nat clymben ne 1540 passen.

[Sidenote: Customs and institutions differ in different countries.]

¶ And eke sest þ{o}u nat þat þe maners of diu{er}se folk {and} eke hir lawes ben discordau{n}t amonge hem self.

[Sidenote: What is praise-worthy in one is blame-worthy in another.]

so þ{a}t þilke þing þat so{m}men iugen worþi of p{re}ysynge. oþer folk iugen þat it is worþi of torment. 1544

[Linenotes: 1515 _seye_--seyn 1516 _streite_--streyt 1517 _þan_--thanne 1518 _inne_--in _leest[e]_--leste _þilk_--thilke _þenke ȝe_--thinken ye 1520 _born forþe_--MS. borne, C. born, forth _narwe_--narwh 1521 _streyt_--streyte _myche_--mochel 1522 _conteinþe_--coueyteth 1525 _habitacle_--MS. habitache, C. habytacule 1529 [_nat_]--from C. 1531 _last[e]_--laste 1532 _writeþ_--writ 1533 _hadde_--hadden _ȝitte_--omitted 1534 _hyȝt_--hyhte _þilk_--thikke 1535 _wexen_--waxen 1536 _Sest þou_--sestow 1538 _shew_--shewe 1539 _singlere_--singler]

[Headnote: FAME IS NOT ETERNAL.]

[Sidenote: It is not the interest of any man who desires renown to have his name spread through many countries.]

¶ and þer of comeþ þat þouȝ a man delite hy{m} in p{re}ysyng of his renou{n}. he ne may nat i{n} no wise [[pg 58]] bryngen furþe ne sprede{n} his name to many manere peoples.

[Sidenote: He ought, therefore, to be satisfied with the glory he has acquired at home.]

¶ And þerfore euery man{er} man auȝte to ben 1548 paied of hys glorie þat is puplissed among hys owen neyȝbores.

[Sidenote: But of how many personages, illustrious in their times, have the memorials been lost through the carelessness and neglect of writers.]

¶ And þilke noble renou{n} shal be restreyned wiþ-i{n}ne þe boundes of o maner folk but how many a man þat was ful noble in his tyme. haþ þe 1552 nedy {and} wrecched forȝetynge of writers put oute of mynde {and} don awey.

[Sidenote: But writings do not preserve the names of men for ever.]

¶ Al be it so þat certys þilke writynges p{ro}fiten litel. þe whiche writy{n}ges longe {and} derke elde doþ aweye boþe he{m} {and} eke her auto{ur}s. 1556

[Sidenote: But perhaps you suppose that you shall secure immortality if your names are transmitted to future ages.]

but ȝe men semen to geten ȝow a p{er}durablete whan ȝe þenke þat in tyme comyng ȝoure fame shal lasten.

[Sidenote: If you consider the infinite space of eternity you will have no reason to rejoice in this supposition.]

¶ But naþeles yif þou wilt maken co{m}parisou{n} to þe endeles space of eternite what þing hast þou by whiche þou 1560 maist reioysen þe of lo{n}g lastyng of þi name.

[Sidenote: If a _moment_ be compared with 10,000 years, there is a proportion between them, though a very small one.]

¶ For if þer were maked co{m}parysou{n} of þe abidyng of a mome{n}t to ten þousand wynter. for as myche as boþe þo spaces ben endid. ¶ For ȝit haþ þe moment some 1564 porciou{n} of hit al þouȝ it a litel be.

[Sidenote: But this number of years, multiplied by whatever sum you please, vanishes when compared with the infinite extent of eternity.]

¶ But naþeles þilke self nou{m}bre of ȝeres. and eke as many ȝeres as þer to may be multiplied. ne may nat certys be comparisou{n}d to þe p{er}durablete þat is een[de]les.

[Sidenote: There may be comparison between finite things, but none between the infinite and finite.]

¶ For of 1568 þinges þat han ende may be mad co{m}parisou{n} [but of thinges that ben w{i}t{h}-owtyn ende to thinges þ{a}t han ende may be maked no {com}parysou{n}].

[Sidenote: Hence it is, that Fame (however lasting), compared with eternity, will seem absolutely nothing.]

¶ And for þi is it al þouȝ renou{n} of as longe tyme as euer þe lyst to þinken 1572 were þouȝt by þe regard of et{er}nite. þat is vnstauncheable {and} infinit. it ne sholde nat oonly semen litel. but pleinliche ryȝt nouȝt.

[Sidenote: But yet you do good from no other view than to have the empty applause of the people, foregoing the pleasures of a good conscience in order to have the insignificant praises of other people.]

¶ But ȝe men certys ne konne don no þing aryȝt. but ȝif it be for þe audience of poeple. [[pg 59]] {and} for ydel rumo{ur}s. {and} ȝe forsaken þe grete worþinesse 1577 of conscience {and} of vertue. {and} ȝe seke{n} ȝoure gerdou{n}s of þe smale wordes of st{ra}nge folke.

[Linenotes: 1545 _comeþ_--comth it 1547 _furþe_--forth _manere_--maner 1548 _þerfore_--ther-for _auȝte_--owhte 1549 _paied_--apayed _hys owen_--hise owne 1550 _neyȝbores_--nesshebours _be_--ben 1552 _haþ_--MS. haþe 1553 _put_ (MS. _putte_) _oute_--put owt 1556 _derke_--derk _doþ aweye_--MS. doþe, C. doth a-wey _her autours_--hir actorros 1557 _ȝe_--yow _semen_--semeth 1558 _comyng_--to comynge 1559 _wilt_--wolt 1560 _whiche_--which 1563 _myche_--mochel 1564 _þo_--the _haþ_--MS. haþe _some_--som 1566 _self_--selue 1567 _be_ (2)--ben 1568 _een[de]les_--endeles 1569 _mad_--MS. made, C. maked [_but----comparysoun_]--from C. 1573 _by_--to]

[Headnote: VANITY REPROVED.]

[Sidenote: This silly vanity was once thus ingeniously and pleasantly rallied.]

¶ Haue now here {and} vndirstonde i{n} þe lyȝtnesse of whiche 1580 p{r}ide {and} veyne glorie. how a man scorned[e] festiualy {and} myrily swiche vanite.

[Sidenote: A certain man, who had assumed the name of a philosopher through a love of vain-glory, was told by a man of humour that he could prove he was a philosopher by bearing patiently the injuries offered him.]

somtyme þere was a man þat had[de] assaied wiþ striuyng wordes an oþer ma{n}. ¶ þe whiche nat for vsage of verrey vertue. but for proude 1584 veyne glorie had[de] take{n} vpon hym falsly þe name of a philosopher. ¶ þis raþer man þat I speke of þouȝt[e] he wolde assay[e] where he þilke were a philosopher or no.

[Sidenote: [* fol. 15.]]

þat is to seyne yif he wolde han suffred 1588 lyȝtly in pacience þe wro{n}ges *þat weren don vnto hym.

[Sidenote: After counterfeiting patience for a while, the sophist said to the other, ‘You must surely confess that I am a philosopher.’]

¶ þis feined[e] philosophre took pacience a litel while. {and} whan he hadde receiued wordes of outerage he as in stryuynge aȝeine {and} reioysynge of 1592 hym self seide at þe last[e] ryȝt þus. ¶ vndirstondest þou nat þat I am a philosophere.

[Sidenote: ‘I might have believed it,’ said the other, ‘had you held your tongue.’]

þat oþer man answered[e] aȝein ful bityngly {and} seide. ¶ I had[de] wel vndirstonden [yt]. yif þou haddest holde{n} þi tonge 1596 stille.

[Sidenote: What advantage is it to great and worthy men to be extolled after death?]

¶ But what is it to þise noble worþi men. For certys of swyche folk speke .I. þat seken glorie wiþ vertue. what is it q{uo}d she. what atteiniþ fame to swiche folk whan þe body is resolued by þe deeþ. atte 1600 þe last[e].

[Sidenote: If body and soul die, then there can be no glory; nor can there be when he (to whom it is ascribed) does not exist.]

¶ For yif so be þat men dien in al. þat is to seyne body {and} soule. þe whiche þing oure resou{n} defendiþ vs to byleuen þanne is þere no glorie in no wyse. For what sholde þilke glorie ben. for he of 1604 who{m} þis glorie is seid to be nis ryȝt nouȝt in no wise.

[Sidenote: But if the soul is immortal when it leaves the body, it takes no thought of the joys of this world.]

and ȝif þe soule whiche þat haþ in it self science of goode werkes vnbounden fro þe p{r}isou{n} of þe erþe [[pg 60]] wendeþ frely to þe heuene. dispiseþ it nouȝt þan alle 1608 erþely occupac{i}ou{n}s. {and} beynge i{n} heuene reioiseþ þat it is exempt from alle erþely þinges [as wo seith / thanne rekketh the sowle of no glorye of renou{n} of this world]. 1612

[Linenotes: 1580 _whiche_--swych 1581 _scorned[e]_--scornede 1582 _swiche_--swych _somtyme_--whilom 1583 _had[de]_--hadde 1584 _whiche_--which _proude_--prowd 1586 _speke_--spak 1587 _þouȝt[e]_--thowhte _assay[e]_--assaye 1588 _seyne_--seyn 1590 _feined[e]_--feynede 1592 _aȝeine_--ayein 1593 _last[e]_--laste _vndirstondest þou_--vndyrstondow 1594 _answered[e]_--answerde 1595 _had[de]_--hadde 1596 [_yt_]--from C. 1601 _last[e]_--laste 1602 _seyne_--seyn 1604 _for_ (2)--whan 1605 _þis_--thilke _seid_--MS. seide, C. seyd _nouȝt_--nawht 1606 _haþ_--MS. haþe 1608 _nouȝt þan_--nat thanne 1610 _from_--fro 1610-1612 [_as----world_]--from C.]

[Headnote: DEATH PUTS AN END TO RENOWN.]

QUICUMQ{UE} SOLAM MENTE.

[Sidenote: [The 7th Metre.]]

[Sidenote: Let him who seeks fame, thinking it to be the sovereign good, look upon the broad universe and this circumscribed earth; and he will then despise a glorious name limited to such a confined space.]

++Who so þat wiþ ouerþrowyng þouȝt only sekeþ glorie of fame. {and} weniþ þat it be souereyne good ¶ Lete hym loke vpon þe brode shewyng contreys of þe heue{n}. {and} vpo{n} þe streite sete of þis erþe. {and} 1616 he shal be ashamed of þe encres of his name. þat may nat fulfille þe litel compas of þe erþe. ¶ O what coueiten proude folke to liften vpon hire nekkes in ydel {and} dedely ȝok of þis worlde.

[Sidenote: Will splendid titles and renown prolong a man’s life?]

¶ For al þouȝ 1620 [þ{a}t] renoune y-spradde passynge to ferne poeples goþ by dyuerse tonges. and al þouȝ grete houses {and} kynredes shyne wiþ clere titles of hono{ur}s.

[Sidenote: In the grave there is no distinction between high and low.]

ȝit naþeles deeþ dispiseþ al heye glorie of fame. {and} deeþ wrappeþ 1624 to gidre þe heye heuedes {and} þe lowe {and} makeþ egal {and} euene þe heyest[e] to þe lowest[e].

[Sidenote: Where is the good Fabricius now?]

¶ where wone{n} now þe bones of trewe fabricius.

[Sidenote: Where the noble Brutus, or stern Cato?]

what is now brutus or stiern Caton þe þinne fame ȝit lastynge 1628 of hir ydel names is markid wiþ a fewe lettres.

[Sidenote: Their empty names still live, but of their persons we know nothing.]

but al þouȝ we han knowe{n} þe faire wordes of þe fames of hem. it is nat ȝeuen to knowe he{m} þat ben dede {and} consumpt.

[Sidenote: Fame cannot make you known.]

Liggiþ þanne stille al vtterly vnknowable 1632 ne fame ne makeþ ȝow nat knowe. and yif ȝe wene to lyuen þe leng{er} for wynde of ȝoure mortal name. whan o cruel day shal rauyshe ȝow. þan is þe secunde deeþ dwellyng in ȝow.

[Sidenote: It will be effaced by conquering Time, so that death will be doubly victorious.]

_Glosa._ þe first deeþ he clepiþ 1636 here þe dep{ar}tynge of þe body {and} þe soule. ¶ and [[pg 61]] þe secunde deeþ he clepeþ as here. þe styntynge of þe renoune of fame.[3]

[Linenotes: 1615 _Lete_--Lat _loke_--looken 1616 _sete_--Cyte 1617 _be_--ben 1619 _vpon_--vp 1620 _and dedely_--in the dedly 1621 _y-spradde_--ysprad [_þat_]--from C. _ferne_--MS. serue, C. ferne _goþ_--MS. goþe, C. goth 1622 {and} (2)--or 1623 _shyne_--shynen _clere_--cler 1624 _al_--alle 1626 _heyest[e]_--heyoste _lowest[e]_--loweste 1628 _stiern_--MS. sciern, C. stierne 1632 _consumpt_--{con}sumpte 1634 _lenger_--longer{e} 1637 _þe_ (1)--omitted 1639 _renoune_--renou{n}]

[Footnote 3: The next three chapters are from the Camb. MS.]

[Headnote: ADVERSE FORTUNE IS BENEFICIAL.]

[SET NE ME INEXORABILE CONTRA.

[Sidenote: [The viij p{ro}se.]]

[Sidenote: ‘But do not believe,’ said Philosophy, ‘that I am an implacable enemy to Fortune.]

++BVt for-as-mochel as thow shalt nat wenen q{uod} she 1640 þ{a}t I bere vntretable batayle ayenis fortune //

[Sidenote: This inconstant dame sometimes deserves well of men, when she appears in her true colours.]

yit som-tyme it by-falleth þ{a}t she desseyuable desserueth to han ryht good thank of men // {And} þ{a}t is whan she hir{e} self opneth / {and} whan she descou{er}eth hir frownt / 1644 {and} sheweth hir maneres p{ar}-auentur{e} yit vndirstondesthow nat þ{a}t .I. shal seye //

[Sidenote: And what I say may perhaps appear paradoxical.]

it is a wondyr þ{a}t .I. desyr{e} to telle /

[Sidenote: That is, that adverse fortune is more beneficial than prosperous fortune.]

{and} forthi vnnethe may I. vnpleyten my sentense w{i}t{h} wordes for I. deme þ{a}t contraryos fortune 1648 p{ro}fiteth mor{e} to men than fortune debonayr{e} //

[Sidenote: The latter lies and deceives us, the former displays her natural inconstancy.]

For al-wey whan fortune semeth debonayr{e} than she lyeth falsly in by-hetynge the hope of welefulnesse // but forsothe {con}traryos fortune is alwey sothfast / whan she 1652 sheweth hir self vnstable thorw hyr chau{n}gynge //

[Sidenote: That deceives us, this instructs us; that, by a fallacious show of good, enslaves the mind; this, by the knowledge of her fickleness, frees and absolves it.]

the amyable fortune desseyueth folk / the contrarye fortune techeth // the amyable fortune byndeth w{i}t{h} the beaute of false goodys the hertes of folk þ{a}t vsen he{m} / the 1656 contrarye fortune vnbyndeth he{m} by þ^e knowynge of freele welefulnesse //

[Sidenote: The one is wavering and incapable of reflection, the other is staid and wise through experience of adversity.]

the amyable fortune maysthow sen alwey wyndynge {and} flowynge / {and} eu{er}e mysknowynge 1659 of hir self // the contrarye fortune is a-tempre {and} restreynyd {and} wys thorw excersyse of hir aduersyte //

[Sidenote: Lastly, prosperous fortune leads men astray. Adversity teaches them wherein real happiness consists.]

at the laste amyable fortune w{i}t{h} hir flaterynges draweth mys wandrynge men fro the souereyne good // the contraryos fortune ledith ofte folk ayein to sothfast goodes / 1664 {and} haleth hem ayein as w{i}t{h} an hooke /

[Sidenote: It renders us no inconsiderable service in enabling us to recognize our true friends.]

weenesthow thanne þ{a}t thow owhtest to leten this a lytel thing / þ{a}t this aspre {and} horible fortune hath discoueryd to the / the thowhtes of thy trewe frendes // For-why this ilke fortune 1668 hath departyd {and} vncou{er}yd to the bothe the [[pg 62]] certeyn vysages {and} ek the dowtos visages of thy felawes // wha{n} she dep{ar}tyd awey fro the / she took awey hyr frendes {and} lafte the thyne frendes // 1672

[Sidenote: At what price would you not have bought this knowledge in your prosperity?]

now whan thow wer{e} ryche {and} weleful as the semede / w{i}t{h} how mochel woldesthow han bowht the fulle knowynge of this // þ{a}t is to seyn the knowynge of thy verray freendes //

[Sidenote: Complain not, then, of loss of wealth, since thou hast found infinitely greater riches in your true friends.]

now pleyne the nat thanne of Rychesse 1676 .I.-lorn syn thow hast fowndyn the moste p{re}syos kynde of Rychesses þ{a}t is to seyn thy verray frendes.

[Headnote: ALL THINGS BOUND BY THE CHAIN OF LOVE.]

QUOD MU{N}DUS STABILI FIDE.

[Sidenote: [The viij Met{ur}.]]

[Sidenote: This world, by an invariable order, suffers change.]

++THat þ^e world w{i}t{h} stable feith / varieth acordable chaungynges //

[Sidenote: Elements, that by nature disagree, are restrained by concord.]

þ{a}t the contraryos qualite of elementȝ 1680 holden among{e} hem self aliau{n}ce p{er}durable / þ{a}t pheb{us} the sonne w{i}t{h} his goldene chariet / bryngeth forth the rosene day / þ{a}t the mone hath {com}mau{n}dement ou{er} the nyhtes // whiche nyhtes hesp{er}us the eue sterre hat browt // 1684

[Sidenote: The sea is thus kept within its proper bounds.]

þ{a}t þ^e se gredy to flowen constreyneth w{i}t{h} a certeyn ende hise floodes / so þ{a}t it is nat l[e]ueful to strechche hise brode termes or bowndes vp-on the erthes // þ{a}t is to seyn to cou{er}e alle the erthe //

[Sidenote: This concord is produced by love, which governeth earth and sea, and extends its influence to the heavens.]

Al this a-cordau{n}ce of thinges 1688 is bownden w{i}t{h} looue / þ{a}t gou{er}neth erthe {and} see / {and} hath also {com}mau{n}dementȝ to the heuenes /

[Sidenote: If this chain of love were broken all things would be in perpetual strife, and the world would go to ruin.]

{and} yif this looue slakede the brydelis / alle thinges þ{a}t now louen hem to gederes / wolden maken a batayle contynuely 1692 {and} stryuen to fordoon the fasou{n} of this worlde / the which they now leden in acordable feith by fayre moeuynges //

[Sidenote: Love binds nations together, it ties the nuptial knot, and dictates binding laws to friendship.]

this looue halt to gideres poeples Ioygned w{i}t{h} an hooly bond / {and} knytteth sacrement of maryages 1696 of chaste looues // And loue enditeth lawes to trewe felawes //

[Sidenote: Men were truly blest if governed by this celestial love!’]

O weleful weer{e} mankynde / yif thilke loue þ{a}t gouerneth heuene gouerned[e] yowr{e} corages /

EXPLICIT LIB{ER} 2_^us_.

[Linenote: 1690 _hath_--H. he hath]

[[pg 63]] [Headnote: BOETHIUS IS COMFORTED BY PHILOSOPHY’S SONG.]

INCIPIT LIB{ER} 3^_us_.

IAM CANTU{M} ILLA FINIERAT.

[Sidenote: [The fyrste p{ro}se.]]

[Sidenote: Philosophy now ended her song.]

++By this she hadde endid hir{e} song{e} / whan the swetnesse 1700 of hir{e} ditee hadde thorw p{er}ced me þ{a}t was desirous of herkninge /

[Sidenote: I was so charmed that I kept a listening as if she were still speaking.]

{and} .I. astoned hadde yit streyhte myn Eres / þ{a}t is to seyn to herkne the bet / what she wolde seye //

[Sidenote: At last I said, O sovereign comforter of dejected minds, how much hast thou refreshed me with the energy of thy discourse, so that I now think myself almost an equal match for Fortune and able to resist her blows.]

so þ{a}t a litel her{e} aft{er} .I. seyde thus // O thow 1704 þ{a}t art sou{er}eyn comfort of Angwissos corages // So thow hast remou{n}ted {and} norysshed me w{i}t{h} the weyhte of thy sentenses {and} w{i}t{h} delit of thy syngynge // so þ{a}t .I. trowe nat now þ{a}t .I. be vnparygal to the strokes of fortune / as 1708 who seyth. I. dar wel now suffren al the assautes of fortune {and} wel deffende me fro hyr //

[Sidenote: I fear not, therefore, thy remedies, but earnestly desire to hear what they are.]

{and} tho remedies whyche þ{a}t thow seydest hir{e} byforn weren ryht sharpe Nat oonly p{a}t .I. am nat agrysen of hem now // but .I. desiros 1712 of herynge axe gretely to heeren tho remedyes //

[Sidenote: _P._ When I perceived that, silent and attentive, you received my words, I expected to find such a state of mind in you, or rather, I created in you such an one.]

than seyde she thus // þ{a}t feelede .I. ful wel q{uod} she // whan þ{a}t thow ententyf {and} stylle rauysshedest my wordes // {and} .I. abood til þ{a}t thow haddest swych habyte 1716 of thy thowght as thow hast now // or elles tyl þ{a}t .I. my self had[de] maked to the the same habyt / which þ{a}t is a moore verray thing{e} //

[Sidenote: What remains to be said is of such a nature that when it is first tasted it is pungent and unpleasant, but when once swallowed it turns sweet, and is grateful to the stomach.]