Chapter 14

Chapter 143,535 wordsPublic domain

No: the time-stained marbles of Rome must not end beside cuneiform-inscribed bricks or Egyptian mummies, in the vast dead sections of archæological halls; they must serve to pave for our feet the way that leads to the future. Therefore nothing could have been pleasanter or more grateful to me, after receiving the invitation tendered me by the _Collège de France_, and that from South America, than to accept the invitation of the First Citizen of the United States to visit this world which is being formed. In Paris, that wonderful metropolis of the Latin world, I had the joy, the highest reward for my long, hard labour, to show to the incredulous how much alive the supposedly dead history of Rome still is, when on those unforgettable days so cosmopolite a public gathered from every part of the city in the small plain hall of the old and august edifice. Coming into your midst, I feel that the history of Rome lives not only in the interest with which you have followed these lectures, but also, even if in part without clear cognisance, in things here, in the life you lead, in what you accomplish. The heritage of Rome is, for the peoples of America still more than for those of Europe, an heredity not purely artistic and literary, but political and social, which exercises the most beneficent influence on your history. In a certain sense it might be said that America is to-day politically, more than Europe, the true heir of Rome; that the new world is nearer--by apparent paradox--to ancient Rome than is Europe. Among the most important facts, however little noticed, in the history of the nineteenth century, I should number this: that the Republic, the human state considered as the common property of all--the great political creation of ancient Rome--is reborn here in America, after having died out in Europe. The Latin seed, lying buried for so many centuries beneath the ruins of the ancient world, like the grains of wheat buried in Egyptian tombs, transported from the other side of the ocean, has sprung up in the land that Columbus discovered. If there had been no Rome; if Rome had wholly perished in the great barbarian catastrophe; if in the Renaissance there had not been found among the ruins of the ancient world, together with beautiful Greek statues and manuscripts, this great political idea, there would to-day be no Republic in North America. With the word would probably have perished also the idea and the thing; and there is no assurance that men would have been able so easily and so well to rediscover it by their own effort.

I am a student and not a flatterer. I therefore confess to you frankly, ending these lectures, that I do not belong to that number of Europeans who most enthusiastically admire things American. I think that Americans in general, in North America as in South, so readily recognise in themselves a sufficient number of virtues, that we Europeans hardly need help them in the belief, easy and agreeable to all, that they stand first in the world. Having come from an old society, which has a long historical experience, the most vivid impression made upon me in the two Americas has been just that of entering into a society provided with but meagre historical experience, which therefore easily deludes itself, mistaking for signs of heroic energy and proofs of a finished superiority, the passing advantages of an order chiefly economic, which come from the singular economic condition of the world. In a word, I do not believe that you are superior to Europe in as many things as you think; but a superiority I do recognise, great and, for me at least, indisputable, in the political institutions with which you govern yourselves. The Republic, which you have made to live again, here in this new land, is the true political form worthy of a civilised people, because the only one that is rational and plastic; while the monarchy, the form of government yet ruling so many parts of Europe, is a mixture of mysticism and barbarity, which European interests seek in vain to justify with sophistries unworthy the high grade of culture to which the Continent has attained. To search out the reasons why the old Oriental monarchy holds on so tenaciously in Europe, still threatening the future, would be useless here; certain it is that, when you meet any European other than a Frenchman or a Swiss, you can feel yourselves as superior to him in political institutions as the Roman _civis_ in the times of the Republic felt himself above the Asiatic slave of absolute monarchy. This superiority--never forget it!--you owe to Rome; for its possession, be grateful to the city that has encircled you with such glory, by infusing so tenacious a life into the "_Respublica_."

INDEX

Acrobats, the great number of, 218 Acte, the beautiful, 114 Actium, the mistakes of Antony at, 60; the peace after, 216 _Ægean_ Islands, the vineyards of the, 200 Agriculture in Gaul, the extent of, 84 Agrippa, the builder of the Pantheon, 103; the successor of, 165 Agrippina, the power of, 103; the love of the Republic of, 114; miraculous escape of, 120; death of, 122 Alaric, the destruction caused by, 258 Alcohol, the distillers of, 26 Alesia, the city of, 91, 94; the battle at, 197 Alexander the Great, mentioned, 48 Alexandria, the position of, 15 Allier, the valley of the, 92 Alps, the peoples beyond the, 20; the fear of crossing the, 73 _Ambitio_ of the ancients, the, 14 America, the discovery of, _Amor_, the kingdom of, 25 _Amores_, the, by Ovid, 151 _Amours_, the, of Antony, 41 _Amphore_, the wine of the, 39 Ancient Rome, corruption in, 3 _ff_ Anglo-Saxons, traits of the, 197 Anicetus, the diabolical plan of, 119 Antony, the history of, 37 _ff_; the love of, 40; meets Cleopatra, 44; the bewilderment of, 57 Antifeminist reaction, the, 111 Antioch, the departure for, 45; the marriage at, 51 Antium, the return to, 119 Antonines, the power of the, 246 Aquileia, son of Julia born at, 155; the trade in, 192 Arabia, part of, annexed, 49 Archæological discoveries, the effect of, 259 Archæologists, the discoveries of, 43 Archelaus, the revolt against, 166 Architectural effort at Rome, 134 Argentine Republic, the mention of, 86 Arles, a large market for wines, 192 Armenia, the revolt in, 161 Arras, the district of, 90 Arrianus, the work of, 199 _Ars Armandi_, the, by Ovid, 163 Artists, the numerous, of the East, 55 Asia Minor, the addition to the Empire of, 49 Asiatic civilisation, 17 Athens, the influence of, 202 Atrides, the legend of, 138 Attalus, King, 16; the bequest of, 187 Augustus, the age of, 25 Augustus Cæsar, lectures on, 3; the wise laws of, 158; troubles of, 176; the death of, 209 _Avaritia_, the complaint of the, 14

Bacchante, a miserable, 155 Bacchus, the plant of, 182 Bætica, civilisation in, 72 Baiæ, the Court at, 119 Banquets, the, of ancient Rome, 7 Barbarian, the struggle against the, 34 Barbarism, the primitive, 254 Belgæ, the victory over the, 77 Beverages, in Roman history, 181 _ff_; the growing use of, 186 _Birrus_ of Laodicea, the, 88 Bismarck, mentioned, 64; compared to Cæsar, 247 Biturigi, the, a tribe of Gaul, 86 Black Sea, the country around, 182 Borebiste, a Gætic warrior, 191 _Boulanger_, a Roman, 41 Brennus, the conspirator, 130 Britannicus, the exclusion of, 103; the death of, 115 Brutus, the cult of, 243 Buddhist, the position of the, 236 Burrhus, the political work of, 104

Cadurci, a tribe of Gaul, 86 Cæsar, Caius, adopted by Augustus, 158; the political position of, 160 Cæsar, Julius, the wisdom of, 72; mistakes of, 75 Cæsar, Lucius, adopted by Augustus, 158, the popularity of, 164 Cæsars, the palaces of the, 7 Caleti, the, a tribe of Gaul, 86 California, grape-culture in, 187 Caligula, the death of, 115 Calumnies, the, about Julia, 174 Campania, the cities of, 218 Canals, the construction of, 213 Capri, the monster of, 155 _Carmen Seculare_, the, by Horace, 151 Carthusian, the patience of the, 91 Castles, the Roman, on the Rhine, 192 Catiline, the conspiracies of, 130 Cato, the love of tradition of, 105; as a wine drinker, 184 Celt, the genius of the, 88 Cereals, the growth of, in Gaul, 85 Cervisia, the supplications of, 196 Champagne, the reputation of, 206 Chian, a cask of, for a banquet, 199 Christianity, the work and spreading of, 231 _ff_ Christians, the, in the time of Nero, 131 "Christofle," the making of, in Gaul, 91 Church, the position of the, 232 Cicero, the letters of, 74; the influence of, 172 Civil wars, the impression of the, 148 _Civis_, the Roman, 264 Classic renaissance, the, 235 Claudii, the haughty line of the, 159 Claudius, Emperor, the death of, 103 Cleopatra, the legend of, 37 _ff_; described, 40; policy, of, 58 Clodia, the famous, 74 Collège de France, the, 3, 260 Columbus, mentioned, 71 _Comitia_, the election of the, 58 _Commentaries_, the, of Cæsar, 191 Conflagration, the, of Rome, 129 Corday, Charlotte, 63 Corruption of customs, the, 3 Costumes of Rome, the, 181 Cradle of Jesus, the, 166 Crassus, the demagogy of, 249 Cultivation, in Rome, 181 _Cultus_, a Gallic term, 91 Cydnus, the river, 39

Dalmatia, the malcontents at, 166 Danube provinces, the, 88, 91 Dechelette, the great work of, 91 Diamonds, the importation of, 220 Diocletian, the edict of, 88 Dion Cassius, the historian, 63, 80 Dionysius, the Greek judge, 183 Dionysos, the beverage of, 183 Dithyrambics, the, of Horace, 196 Drusus, mentioned, 93; the exalted position of, 104 Duodecember, a fourteenth month, 79 Duruy, the apologies of, 243 Dynasty of Egypt, the, 215

"Eastern peril," the, 50 Economic strength, the, of Rome, 224 Economic unity, the, of the world, 236 Education, the laborious, 194 Egnatius Mecenius, the story of, 183 Egypt, the conquest of, 16, 46 Elagabalus, the splendour of, 6, 8 Elegies, the revolutionary, of Ovid, 152 Empire, the extent of the, 217 Ephesus, the city of, 219 _Euthanasia_, the death of the happy, 210 External policy, the, of Rome, 164

Fabius Pictor, the word of, 183 Falernian, the discovery of, 198 "First Citizen of the Republic," the, 157 Feminism, the increase of, in Rome, 108 "Festivals of Youth," the, at Rome, 124 Flavians, the power of the, 246 Flax, the cultivation of, 85 _Folies Bergères_, the, mentioned, 129 _Fortuna_, the, of the Romans 98 Forum, the impressive monument of the, 55 Franco-Prussian War, the, 202 Frankfurt, the treaty of, 202 Freedmen, the position of, 212 French Revolution, the, 205 Frontiers, the strengthening of the, 109

Gætic warrior, the rule of a, 191 Gæto-Thracian, the great empire of, 191 Gallia Narbonensis, the position of, 50 Gallic, affairs, the midst of, 73; roads, the network of, 213 Gallo-Roman villas, the, 87 Gambetta, the love letters of, 40 Gambrinus, the god, 202 Gaul, the development of, 20, 69 _ff_.; conquest of, 72; the annexation of, 77; the wealth of, 83 Gauls, the irritation of the, 79; the genius of the, 81 Genoa, the situation of, 23 German historians, the work of, 152 Germanicus, the historical importance of, 103 Germany, conditions in, 79, 165; policy toward Rome, 166 Glass-making in Gaul, 90 Government, the, at Rome, 213 Governors, the position of the, 312 Gracchi, the struggle of the, 17 Græco-Latin civilisation, the, 72,235 Grape-culture, the spread of, 186 Grape harvest, the abundance of the, 185 _Greatness and Decline of Rome_, the, 10 Greece, the contact of Rome with, 185 Greek wines in Rome, 8 Gymnasium, the, at Alexandria, 55

Hannibal, the army of, 189 Harbours, the building of, 213 Hebrew people, the position of the, 166 Hellenist, an ardent, 58 Helvetia, customs in, 191 Helvetians, the, 74; the attack on the, 75 Herculaneum, the city of, 218 Heritage of Rome, the, 261 Herod the Great, the death of, 166 History, as considered by Ferrero, 65 Horace, the invectives of, 23 Houssaye, Henri, mentioned, 41

Ides, the days of the, 9 Ierapolis, the prosperity of, 219 Ilium, the district of Troy, 50 India, the precious metals of, 30; wine exported to, 200 Indo-Chinese, the commerce of the, 55 Inscriptions, the story left by the, 221 Istrian wine, the favourite of Livia, 199

Jerome, Saint, the story of, 78 _Jeunesse dorée_, the, of Rome, 124 Jewelry making in Gaul, 90 Jewels as a luxury, 31 Jews in France, the, 250 Jove, the temple of, 19 Judas, the mention of, 63 Judea, the revolt at, 166 Julia, the exile of, 137; the episode of, 150; discord with, 154; unfaithfulness of, 157; the accusation of, 170; the fate of, 177 Julian, the laws of, 151 Julian-Claudian house, the power of the, 188 Jurisdiction of property, the, in Gaul, 84 Jurists, the influence of, 230 Juvenal, passages from, 90

Kalends, the days of the, 9 Karbin, mentioned, 50 Khorsabad, the palace of, 259 Knights, the social position of the, 212 Ladies, the, of Rome, 30 Langres, the district of, 90 Laodicea, the _birrus_ of, 88; the city of, 219 Lares, the veneration of the, 190 Latin morals, the severity of, 61 Latin spirit, the similarity of the, 256 Laws of Julian, the, 151 Legislative reforms, the, 21 Leibach, the trade through, 192 Lepidus mentioned, 172 Letronne, the researches of, 45 _Lex de adulteriis_, the, 148 _Lex de maritandis ordinibus_, the, 147 _Lex Julia de adulteriis_, the, 169 _Lex sumptuaria_, the, 148 Libertine poet, a, in the year 8 B.C., 151 Licinius, the characteristics of, 79 Linen, the manufacture of, 219 _Litterati_, the many, 218 Livia, the mother of Tiberius, 162; the position of, 168 Livia, the House of, 7 Livy, the point of view of, 3 Lollia Paulina, the fame of, 9 Lucullus, the rising power of, 18; wine used by, 184 Lusitania, a mission to, 117 _Luxuria_, the desire of, 14 Luxury, of Rome, 125; spread of, 186

Macrobius, the writings of, 155 Mamertine, a kind of wine, 199 Mania, the all absorbing, of Nero, 128 Marcellus, the privileges accorded, 160 Marius, the revolution of, 18 Martial, passages from, 90 "Mass," the so-called, 182 _Mater familias_, the honour of, 39 Maurel, André, the writings of, 251 Mazzini, the great, 63 Mediterranean world, the vast, 97 Merchandise, the great interchange of, 218 Mesia, the metropolis of, 219 Messalina, the death of, 103 Middle Ages, the cathedrals of the, 140 Military power, the weakening of the, at Rome, 167 Military Republic, the, 136 Military triumph, the, of Rome, 197 Minos, the historic, 63 Mirabeau, the love letters of, 40 Mithridates, defeat of, 19; the conquests of, 197 Mohammedan, the position of the, 236 Mommsen, the apologies of, 243 _Morales_, the two, at Rome, 155 Morini, the, a tribe in Gaul, 86 _Mosca olearia_, a new species of, 190 _Municipia_, the splendour of the, 110 Museum, the, at Alexandria, 55 Mythology, the imagination of, 197

Naiads, the maidens of Cleopatra dressed as, 40 Naples, the ruins of, 92; the city of, 218 Naples, the Gulf of, 119 Napoleon I., mentioned, 63, 210 _Natural History_, the, by Pliny, 183 Nero, Emperor, 96, elected, 103; frivolity of, 105; debauches of, 114; the cowardice of, 121; careless government of, 125; St. Paul contrasted with, 133; the suicide of, 135 Newspapers, the fortunate lack of, in Rome, 173 Nile, the Roman protectorate in the valley of the, 46 Nimes, the inhabitants of, 175 Nones, the days of the, 9 Notre Dame, the cathedral of, 140 Nuptial banquets, the cost of, 9

Octavia, divorce of, 40; the wife of Nero, 124, 127 Oil, the exportation of, 218 Oligarchy, the, at Rome, 81 Olive groves, the wealth of the, 189 Olympus, the delights of, 59 Opimius, the consulate of, 198 Orient, the metropolises of the, 15 Oriental Empire, the, of Rome, 57 Oriental state, the conquest of an, 15 Orientalism, the invasion of, 225 Ostia, Tiberius starts for, 163 Ovid, the representatives of, 149; the work of, 150

Paintings, of Pompeii, the, 229 Palatine, a journey to the, 7; polygamy in, 118 Palestine, the annexation of, 49; uprising in, 166 Pandataria, Julia, exiled to, 172, 177 Pannonia, the malcontents at, 166 Pannonians, the customs of the, 193 Pantheon, the, mentioned, 103 Parthians, the Empire of the, 167 _Passum_, as a drink, 183 _Pater familias_, the power of the, 172 Paul of Tarsus, a great and simple man, 131; the persecution of, 134 _Pax Romana_, the, 4; the extent of the, 210 Pearls, the importation of, 30, 220 _Penetralia_, the, of the home, 32 Pergamon, the city, 219 Pergamus, the kingdom of, 16, 187 _Periplus of the Erytrian Sea_, the, a manual, 199 Persia, the conquest of, 44 Philosophers, the many, 209 Philosophy, the ancient, of Rome, 233 _Phylloxera_, a new species of, 190 Piedmont, the peasants of, 187 Pinon, the imperialist, 251 Pisa, inscriptions at, 164 Piso, the conspiracy of, 135 Plutarch, description of, 39 Po, the valley of the, 192 Poetry, the, of Horace, 195 Poets, the position of, 9 B.C., 146 Political barrier, the, between Gaul and Rome, 84 Political events, the, of Rome, 33 Political _personnel_, the, of Rome, 217 Polybius, the period of, 183 Pompadour, the Marquise de, mentioned, 43 Pompeii, the ruins of, 92; the city of, 218 Pompey, the conquests of, 19; the theatre of, 55 _Pontifex maximus_, the title of, 232 Pontus, salted fish from the, 8 Poppæa Sabina, the skill of, 116; death of, 137 _Populus_, the representatives of the, 246 Pozzuoli, the city of, 218 Prætor, the office of the, 157 Precious metals, the distribution of, 218 Prætorian guards, the, 117 Prætorians, the influence of the, 104 Princeps, the authority of the, 188 Proconsuls, the, of Rome, 182 Procurator, the origin of the office of, 212 Proprietors, the government of the, 211 Prosperity, the growing, 148 Protestant, the present position of the, 236 Provinces, the peace in the, 176 Ptolemies, the, at Alexandria, 19 Ptolemies, the kingdom of the, 46 Public finance, the lack of, 144 Punic War, the Second, 3, 214

Quæstor, the office of the, 211 Quintilius Varus, the governor of Syria, 166 Quintus Metullus Celerus, the consul, 74

Reinach, Joseph, the historian, 63 Republic, the last century of the, 14, 198 _Respublica_, the glory of the, 264 _Revue de Paris_, the, 63 Rheims, the vicinity of the city of, 206 Rhetian wine, the preference for, 199 Rhine, the river, 72 Roads, the construction of, 213 Rodi, Tiberius to go to, 162 Roman Catholic, the position of the, 236 Roman Empire, the dissolution of the, 140, 210 Roman history in modern education, 239 Roman nobility, the, 54 Roman protectorate, the, 46 Roman society, the dissolution of, 5 Romanism, the defence of, 111 Rome, in the beginning, 5 Romulus as a lawmaker, 183 Royal palaces, the closing of, 215 Ruteni, the, a tribe of Gaul, 86

Saint Mark, the wonder of, 140 Saintonge, the district of, 90 Savants, the, of the East, 55 Scipio Africanus, the work of, 153 Scipios, the policy of the, 226 Second Punic War, the, 3,214 Seine, the banks of the, 206 Sempronius Gracchus, a famous tribune, 56 Senate, the Roman, 103; sessions of the, 105 Seneca, the political work of, 104 Sesterces, the value of the Roman, 223 Sicily, the peasants of, 187 Sidon, the artisans of, 88; the city of, 219 Silk, the importation of, 220 Silver-plating, the art of, 228 Slaves, the abundance of, in Rome, 15 Slaves, the position of, 212 Social development, the, of the Roman Empire, 207 _ff_ Social laws, the, 148, 153 Socialists, the invectives of the, 250 _Soldi_, the hunt for, 173 Spain, the pro-consulship of, 184 Spartacus, the days of, 189 Stadium, the erection of the, at Rome, 125 State, the supervision of the, 24 Statues, the erection of, 152 Strabo, observations of, 85 _Strenua inertia_, the, 29 Suetonius, the ancient writer, 127 Sulla, the revolution of, 18 Sulmona, the birth of Ovid at, 149 Summer homes, the, at Naples, 120 Syria, the annexation of, 73; the conquest of, 16

Tacitus, the opinion of, 30, 152 Tarsus, Cleopatra at, 39 Terpnos, a zither-player, 105 Textile plants, in Gaul, 85 Theatres, the great demand for, 110 Theresa, Maria, mentioned, 43 Thracian slave, the escape of a, 189 Tiber, the banks of the, 203 Tiberius, a great general, 7, 30, 93, 109, 145; the life of, 153; difficulties of, 157; suggested retirement of, 162 Traditions, aristocratic, 153 Tributes, the, imposed on the vanquished, 15; collection of, 212 Triumvir, the fall of the great, 111 Troy, the ancient city of, 50 Tunis, grape-culture at, 187 Tyranny, the, at Rome, 135 Tyre, the prosperity of, 88, 219 Tyrian purple, the, 89

Undecember, a thirteenth month, 79 _Urbs_, the meaning of, 249 Usury, the pitiless, 186

Vladivostok, mentioned, 50 Villa, the luxury of a Roman, 194 Valtellina, the valley of the, 199 Varus, the catastrophe of, 166 Vatican field, the stadium in the, 124 Velleius, the report of, 93 Veneto, the peasants of the, 187 Venosa, an old poet from, 195 Venus, Cleopatra compared to, 39 Vices, the extent of, 27 Villas, the, of Gaul, 99 Vine-tenders, the, of Rome, 182 Vineyards, the destruction of the, 390 Virgil, the fame of, 23 Viticulture, the, of Italy, 196

Wine, in Roman history, 179 _ff_; an inferior variety made in Italy, 182; as a medicine, 183 Wine-dealers, the, of Rome, 182 Women of to-day and yesterday, 29 Wool industry, the, of Gaul, 90

Xerxes, the fame of, 63