Canto iv. 13, etc.

=U´na=, truth; so called because truth is one. She goes, leading a lamb and riding on a white ass, to the court of Gloriana, to crave that one of her knights might undertake to slay the dragon which kept her father and mother prisoners. The adventure is accorded to the Red Cross Knight, and the two start forth together. A storm compels them to seek shelter in a forest, and when the storm abates they get into Wandering Wood, where they are induced by Archimago to sleep in his cell. A vision is sent to the knight, which causes him to quit the cell, and Una, not a little surprised at this discourtesy, goes in search of him. In her wanderings she is caressed by a lion, who becomes her attendant. After many adventures, she finds St. George, “The Red Cross Knight;” who is held captive by Ugoglio, pride. Prince Arthur slays Ugoglio and frees the knight, who is then taken by Una to the house of Holiness to prepare for his battle with the dragon, which he finally defeats after a terrific three-days contest.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. (1590).

_Una_, one of Flora M’Ivor’s attendants.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Uncas=, son of Chingachgook, surnamed “Deer-foot.” The courage, dignity, and loyalty of this young chieftain, combine with his personal graces to make him one of the most interesting creations of the novelist’s imagination. He dies in the effort to rescue the palefaced girl he loves, from the cruel Magua, and is buried by his tribe with all the honors due the bravest and purest of the tribe.

“Who that saw thee in battle, would believe that thou couldst die? Who before thee has ever shown Uttawa the way into the fight? Thy feet were like the wings of eagles; thine arm heavier than falling branches from the pine, and thy voice like the Manitou when he speaks in the clouds.”--James Fenimore Cooper, _The Last of the Mohicans_.

=Unborn Doctor= (_The_), of Moorfields. Not being born a doctor, he called himself “The Un-born Doctor.”

=Uncle Larry=, genial man of the world, kindly in thought, and sagacious in speech, who appears in _The Last Meeting_, _The Rival Ghosts_ and other tales by Brander Matthews.

=Uncle Toby=, a captain who had been wounded at the siege of Namur, and had been dismissed the service on half-pay. Most kind and benevolent, modest, and simple-minded, but brave and firm in his own opinions. His gallantry towards Widow Wadman, is exquisite for its modesty and chivalry. Uncle Toby retains his military tastes and camp habits to the last.--Sterne, _The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman_ (1729).

But what shall I say to thee, thou quintessence of the milk of human kindness, ... thou master of the best of corporals, ... thou high and only final Christian gentleman, ... divine Uncle Toby?... He who created thee was the wisest man since the days of Shakespeare himself.--Leigh Hunt.

=Uncle Tom=, a negro slave, of unaffected piety, and most faithful in the discharge of all his duties. His master, a humane man, becomes embarrassed in his affairs, and sells him to a slave-dealer. After passing through various hands, and suffering intolerable cruelties, he dies.--Harriet Beecher Stowe, _Uncle Tom’s Cabin_ (1852).

⁂ The original of this character was the negro slave subsequently ordained and called “the Rev. J. Henson.” He was in London, 1876, 1877, took part in several religious services, and was even presented to her majesty, Queen Victoria.

=Undine= [_Oon-deen_], a water-sylph, who was in early childhood changed for the young child of a fisherman living on a peninsula, near an enchanted forest. One day Sir Huldbrand took shelter in the fisherman’s hut, fell in love with Undine, and married her. Being thus united to a man, the sylph received a soul. Not long after the wedding Sir Huldbrand returned homeward, but stopped awhile in the city, which lay on the other side of the forest, and met there Bertalda, a beautiful but haughty lady, whom they invited to go with them to their home, the Castle Ringstettin. For a time, the knight was troubled with visions, but Undine had the mouth of a well closed up, and thus prevented the water-sprites from getting into the castle. In time the knight neglected his wife, and became attached to Bertalda, who was in reality the changeling. One day, sailing on the Danube, the knight rebuked Undine in his anger, and immediately she was snatched away by sister sylphs to her water home. Not long after the knight proposed to Bertalda, and the wedding day arrived. Bertalda requested her maid to bring her some water from the well; so the cover was removed, Undine rose from the upheaving water, went to the chamber of Sir Huldbrand, kissed him, and he died. They buried him, and a silver stream bubbled round his grave; it was Undine who thus embraced him, true in life, and faithful in death.--De la Motte Fouqué, _Undine_ (1807).

⁂ This romance is founded on a tale by Theophrastus Paracelsus, in his _Treatise on Elemental Sprites_.

=Ungrateful Guest= (_The_), a soldier in the army of Philip of Macĕdon, who had been hospitably entertained by a villager. Being asked by the king what he could give him in reward of his services, the fellow requested he might have the farm and cottage of his late host. Philip, disgusted at such baseness, had him branded with the words, THE UNGRATEFUL GUEST.

=Unique= (_The_), Jean Paul Richter, whose romances are quite unique, and belong to no school (1763-1825).

=Universal Doctor=, Alain de Lille (1114-1203).

⁂ Sometimes Thomas Aquinas is also called _Doctor Universālis_ (1224-1274).

=Unknown= (_The Great_), Sir Walter Scott, who published the Waverley novels anonymously (1771-1832).

=Unlearned Parliament= (_The_). The parliament convened by Henry IV., at Coventry, in Warwickshire (1404), was so called because lawyers were excluded from it.

=Unlucky Possessions=, the gold of Nibelungen and the gold of Tolosa, Graysteel, Harmonia’s necklace, Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, etc.

=Unready= (_The_), Ethelred II. (*, 978-1016).

⁂ “Unready” does not mean “never ready or prepared,” but lacking _rede_, _i.e._, “wisdom, judgment or kingcraft.”

=Unreason= (_The abbot of_), or FATHER HOWLEGLAS, one of the masquers at Kennaquhair.--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Unwashed= (_The Great_), the common people. It was Burke who first applied this term to the artizan class.

=Upholsterer= (_The_), a farce by Murphy (1758). Abraham Quidnunc, upholsterer, in St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, being crazed with politics, so neglects his business for the affairs of Europe that he becomes a bankrupt; but, at this crisis, his son, John, who had married the widow of a rich planter, returns from the West Indies, pays off his father’s debts, and places him in a position where he may indulge his love for politics without hampering himself with business.

=Ura´nia=, sister of Astrophel (_Sir Philip Sidney_), is the countess of Pembroke.

Urania, sister unto Astrophel, In whose brave mind, as in a golden coffer, All heavenly gifts and riches lockèd are, More rich than pearls of Ind. Spenser, _Colin Clout’s Come Home Again_ (1595).

_Urania_, daughter of the king of Sicily, who fell in love with Sir Guy (eldest son of St. George, the patron saint of England).--R. Johnson, _The Seven Champions, etc._, iii. 2 (1617).

=Ura´nian Venus=, _i.e._, “Celestial Venus,” the patroness of chaste and pure love.

Venus _pandêmos_ or _popularis_ is the Venus of the animal passion called “love.”

Venus _etaira_ or _amīca_ is the Venus of criminal sensuality.

The seal was Cupid bent above a scroll, And o’er his head Uranian Venus hung And raised the blinding bandage from his eyes. Tennyson, _The Princess_, i. (1830).

=Urban= (_Sylvānus_), the hypothetical editor of _The Gentleman’s Magazine_.

=Urbané=, hero of a religious story bearing the title of _Urbané and His Friends_, by Elizabeth Payson Prentiss (1863).

=Urchin=, a hedgehog, a mischievous little fellow, a dwarf, an imp.

We’ll dress like urchins. Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_, act iv. sc. 4 (1596).

=Ureus=, the Egyptian snake, crowned with a mitre, and typical of heaven.

=Urfried= (_Dame_), an old sibyl at Torquilstone Castle; _alias_ Ulrica, daughter of the late thane of Torquilstone.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Urgan=, a human child stolen by the king of the fairies, and brought up in elf-land. He was sent to lay on Lord Richard the “curse of the sleepless eye,” for killing his wife’s brother. Then said the dwarf to Alice Brand (the wife of Lord Richard), “if any woman will sign my brow thrice with a cross, I shall resume my proper form.” Alice signed him thrice, and Urgan became at once “the fairest knight in all Scotland,” and Alice recognized in him her own brother, Ethert.--Sir W. Scott, _Lady of the Lake_, iv. 12 (1810).

=Urganda=, a potent fairy in the _Amădis de Gaul_ and other romances of the Carlovingian cycle.

This Urganda seemed to be aware of her own importance.--Smollett.

=Ur´gel=, one of Charlemagne’s paladins, famous for his enormous strength.

=U´riel= (3 _syl._), or =Israfil=, the angel who is to sound the resurrection trumpet.--_Al Korân._

_Uriel_, one of the seven great spirits, whose station was in the sun. The word means “God’s light” (see _2 Esdras_ iv., v., x. 28).

The archangel Uriel, one of the seven Who, in God’s presence, nearest to his throne, Stand ready at command. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iii. 648, etc. (1665).

⁂ Longfellow calls him “the minister of Mars,” and says that he inspires man with “fortitude to bear the brunt and suffering of life.”--_The Golden Legend_, iii. (1851).

=U´rien=, the foster-father of Prince Madoc. He followed the prince to his settlement in North America, south of the Missouri (twelfth century).--Southey, _Madoc_ (1805).

=Urim=, in _Garth’s Dispensary_, is designed for Dr. Atterbury.

Urim was civil and not void of sense, Had humor and courteous confidence, ... Constant at feasts, and each decorum knew, And soon as the dessert appeared, withdrew. _The Dispensary_, i. (1699).

=Urra´ca=, sister of Sancho II. of Castile, and queen of Zamōra.--_Poema del Cid Campeador_ (1128).

=Urre= (_Sir_), one of the knights of the Round Table. Being wounded, the king and his chief knights tried on him the effect of “handling the wounds” (_i.e._, touching them to heal them), but failed. At last, Sir Launcelot was invited to try, and as he touched the wounds they severally healed.--_Arthurian Romance_.

=Urrie= (_Sir John_), a parliamentary leader.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I.).

=Ursa Major=, Calisto, daughter of Lycāon, violated by Jupiter, and converted by Juno into a bear; whereupon the king of gods and man placed her in the Zodiac as a constellation. The Great Bear is also called “Hellicê.”

_Ursa Major._ Dr. Johnson was so called by Boswell’s father (1709-1784).

My father’s opinion of Dr. Johnson may be conjectured from the name he afterwards gave him, which was “Ursa Major;” but it is not true, as has been reported, that it was in consequence of my saying that he was a constellation of genius and literature.--Boswell (1791).

=Ursel= (_Zedekias_), the imprisoned rival of the Emperor Alexius Comnēnus of Greece.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

=Ur´sula=, mother of Elsie, and wife of Gottlieb [_Got.leeb_], a cottage farmer, of Bavaria.--Hartmann von der Aue, _Poor Henry_ (twelfth century); Longfellow _Golden Legend_ (1851).

_Ursula_, a gentlewoman, attending on Hero.--Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_ (1600).

_Ursula_, a silly old duenna, vain of her saraband dancing; though not fair yet fat and fully forty. Don Diego leaves Leonora under her charge, but Leander soon finds that a little flattery and a few gold pieces will put the dragon to sleep, and leave him free of the garden of his Hesperidês.--I. Bickerstaff, _The Padlock_ (1768).

_Ursula_ (_Sister_), a disguise assumed at St. Bride’s, by the Lady Margaret de Hautlieu.--Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

_Ursula_ (_Saint_), daughter of Dianotus, king of Cornwall (brother and successor of Caradoc, king of Cornwall). She was asked in marriage by Conan [Meriadoc] of Armorica, or Little Britain. Going to France with her maidens, the princess was driven by adverse winds to Cologne, where she and “her 11,000 virgins” were martyred by the Huns and Picts (October 21, 237). Visitors to Cologne are still shown piles of skulls and bones heaped in the wall, faced with glass, which the verger asserts to be the relics of the martyred virgins; but, like Iphis, they must have changed their sex since death for most undoubtedly many of the bones are those of men and boys.--See Geoffrey, _British History_, v. 15, 16.

A calendar in the Freisingen Codex notices them as “SS. XI. M. VIRGINUM” _i.e._, “eleven holy virgin martyrs;” but, by making the “M” into a Roman figure equal 1000, we have XIM=11,000; so iiic=300.

Ursula is the Swabian _ursul_ or _hörsel_ (“the moon”), and, if this solution is accepted, then the “virgins who bore her company” are the stars. Ursul is the Scandinavian Hulda.

Those who assert the legend to be based on a fact, have supplied the following names as the most noted of the virgins, and, as there are but eleven given, it favors the Freisingen Codex:--(1) Ursula, (2) Sencia or Sentia, (3) Gregoria, (4) Pinnosa, (5) Mardia, (6) Saula, (7) Brittola, (8) Saturnina, (9) Rabacia, Sabatia, or Sambatia, (10) Saturia or Saturnia, and (11) Palladia.

In 1837 was celebrated with great splendor the sixteenth centenary “jubilee of their passion.”

Bright Ursula the third, who undertook to guide The eleven thousand maids to Little Britain sent, By seas and bloody men devoured as they went; Of which we find these four have been for saints preferred. And with their leader still do live encalendered: St. Agnes, Cor´dula, Odillia, Florence, which With wondrous sumptuous shrines those ages did enrich At Cullen. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

=Ursus=, humane, tender-hearted pessimist, posing as a misogynist and philanthropist. His favorite comrade is the tame wolf, _Homo_.--Victor Hugo, _L’Homme qui rit_.

=Use of Pests.= David once said he could not image why a wise deity should have created such things as spiders, idiots, and mosquitoes; but his life showed they were all useful to him at any rate. Thus, when he fled from Saul, a spider spun its web at the mouth of the cave, and Saul, feeling assured that the fugitive could not have entered the cave without breaking the web, passed on without further search. Again, when he was taken captive before the king of Gath, he feigned idiocy, and the king dismissed him, for he could not believe such a driveller could be the great champion who had slain Goliath. Once more, when he entered into the tent of Saul, as he was crawling along, Abner, in his sleep, tossed his legs over him. David could not stir, but a mosquito happened to bite the leg of the sleeper, and, Abner shifting it, enabled David to effect his escape.--_The Talmud_. (See VIRGIL’S GNAT.)

=Used Up=, an English version of _L’Homme Blasé_, of Felix Auguste Duvert, in conjunction with Auguste Théodore de Lauzanne. Charles Mathews made this dramatic trifle popular in England.--Boucicault, _Used Up_ (1845).

=Useless Parliament= (_The_), the first parliament held in the reign of Charles I. (June 18, 1625). It was adjourned to Oxford in August, and dissolved twelve days afterwards.

=Usher= (_The House of_), a doomed family, the last scions of which are twins--a brother and sister. The brother is the victim of melancholia, the sister seems to die and is buried prematurely. She bursts the coffin and appears in the door of her brother’s room. “For a moment she remained trembling and reeling to and fro upon the threshold--then, with a low, moaning cry, fell heavily inward upon the person of her brother, and, in her violent and now final death agonies, bore him to the floor a corpse, and a victim to the terrors he had anticipated.”--Edgar Allan Poe, _Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque_ (1840).

=Usnach= or =Usna=. Conor, king of Ulster put to death by treachery, the three sons of Usnach. This led to the desolating war against Ulster, which terminated in the total destruction of Eman. This is one of the three tragic stories of the ancient Irish. The other two are _The Death of the Children of Touran_ and _The Death of the Children of Lir_.

Avenging and bright falls the swift sword of Erin On him who the brave sons of Usna betrayed!... By the red cloud that hung over Conor’s dark dwelling When Ulad’s three champions lay sleeping in gore ... We swear to avenge them. T. Moore, _Irish Melodies_ iv. (“Avenging and Bright ...” 1814).

=Uta=, queen of Burgundy, mother of Kriemhild and Günther.--_The Nibelungen Lied_ (twelfth century).

=Utha=, the “white-bosomed daughter of Herman.” She dwelt “by Thano’s stream,” and was beloved by Frothal. When Fingal was about to slay Frothal, she interposed and saved his life.--Ossian, _Carric-Thura_.

=Uthal=, son of Larthmor, petty king of Berrathon (a Scandinavian island). He dethroned his father, and, being very handsome, was beloved by Nina-Tho´ma (daughter of a neighboring prince), who eloped with him. Uthal proved inconstant, and, confining Nina-Thoma in a desert island, fixed his affections on another. In the mean time Ossian and Toscar arrived at Berrothan. A fight ensued, in which Uthal was slain in single combat, and Larthmor restored to his throne. Nina-Thoma was also released, but all her ill treatment could not lessen her deep love, and when she heard of the death of Uthal she languished and died.--Ossian, _Berrathon_.

=Uther= or UTER, pendragon or war-chief of the Britons. He married Igerna, widow of Gorloïs, and was by her the father of Arthur and Anne. This Arthur was the famous hero who instituted the knights of the Round Table.--Geoffrey, _History of Britain_, viii. 20 (1142).

=Uthorno=, a bay of Denmark, into which Fingal was driven by stress of weather. It was near the residence of Starno, king of Lochlin (_Denmark_).--Ossian, _Cath-Loda_, i.

=Uto´pia=, a political romance by Sir Thomas More.

The word means “nowhere” (Greek, _ou-topos_). It is an imaginary island, where everything is perfect--the laws, the politics, the morals, the institutions, etc. The author, by contrast, shows the evils of existing laws. Carlyle, in his _Sartor Resartus_, has a place called “Weissnichtwo” [_Vice-neckt-vo_, “I know not where”]. The Scotch “Kennaquhair” means the same thing (1524).

Adoam describes to Telemachus the country of Bétique (in Spain) as a Utopia.--Fénelon, _Télémaque_, viii.

_Utopia_, the kingdom of Grangousier. “Parting from Me´damoth, Pantag´ruel sailed with a northerly wind, and passed Me´dam, Gel´asem, and the Fairy Isles; then keeping Uti to the left, and Uden to the right, he ran into the port of Utopia, distant about 3½ leagues from the city of the Amaurots.”

⁂ Parting from _Medamoth_ (“from no place”), he passed _Medam_ (“nowhere”), _Gelasem_ (“hidden land”), etc.; keeping to the left _Uti_ (“nothing at all”) and to the right _Uden_ (“nothing”), he entered the port of _Utopia_ (“no place”), distant 3½ leagues from _Amauros_ (“the vanishing point”).--See _Maps for the Blind_, published by Nemo and Co., of Weissnichtwo.

(These maps were engraved by Outis and Son, and are very rare.)

=Uzziel= [_Uz´.zeel_], the next in command to Gabriel. The word means “God’s strength.”--Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 782 (1665).

=Vadius=, a grave and heavy pedant.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

⁂ The model of this character was Ménage, an ecclesiastic, noted for his wit and learning. Vadius, although a caricature, was at once recognized by Molière’s readers.

=Vafri´no=, Tancred’s squire, practiced in all disguises, and learned in all the Eastern languages. He was sent as a spy to the Egyptian camp. Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

=Vagabonds= (_The_).

“We are two travellers, Roger and I. Roger’s my dog;--come here, you scamp! Jump for the gentleman,--mind your eye! Over the table--look out for the lamp! The rogue is growing a little old; Five years we’ve tramped through wind and weather, And slept out-doors when nights were cold, And ate and drank--and starved--together.” * * * * * * * * * * Trowbridge, _The Vagabonds_ (1869).

=Vagabond= (_The Bishop’s_), “Cracker,” who imposes in countless ways upon the credulity and takes advantage of the humanity of a benevolent man. In the end he saves the bishop’s life at the cost of his own, and, as the good man offers to pray by his dying bed, tries to wave his hand in the old airy style. “I reckon God a’mighty knows I’d be the same old Demming ef I could get up, an’ I don’ mean to make no purtenses. But mabbe it’ll cheer up th’ ole ’ooman a bit; so you begin, an’ I’ll bring in an ‘Amen’ whenever it’s wanted.” When the prayer ended there was no “Amen.” Demming was gone where prayer may only faintly follow.--Octave Thanet, _Knitters in the Sun_ (1887).

=Vain´love=, a gay young man about town.--Congreve, _The Old Bachelor_ (1693).

=Valantia= (_Count_), betrothed to the Marchioness Merĭda, whom he “loved to distraction till he found that she doted on him, and this discovery cloyed his passion.” He is light, inconsiderate, unprincipled and vain. For a time he intrigues with Amantis, “the child of Nature,” but when Amantis marries the Marquis Almanza, the count says to Merida she shall be his wife if she will promise not to love him.--Mrs. Inchbald, _Child of Nature_. (See THENOT.)

=Valclusa= (_Vaucluse_), the famous retreat of Petrarch (father of Italian poetry) and his mistress, Laura, a lady of Avignon.

At last the Muses rose ... from fair Valclusa’s bowers. Akenside, _Pleasures of Imagination_, ii. (1744).

=Valdes= (2 _syl._) =and Cornelius=, friends of Dr. Faustus, who instruct him in magic, and induce him to sell his soul, that he may have a “spirit” to wait on him for twenty-four years.--C. Marlowe, _Dr. Faustus_ (1589).

=Valence= (_Sir Aymer de_), lieutenant of Sir John de Walton, governor of Douglas Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

=Valenti´na=, daughter of the conte di San Bris, governor of the Louvre. She was betrothed to the conte di Nevers, but loved Raoul [di Nangis], a Huguenot, by whom she was beloved in return. When Raoul was offered her hand by the Princess Margheri´ta di Valois, the bride of Henri le Bernais (_Henri IV._), he rejected it, out of jealousy; and Valentina, out of pique, married Nevers. In the Bartholomew slaughter which ensued, Nevers fell, and Valentina married her first love, Raoul, but both were shot by a party of musketeers under the command of her father, the conte di San Bris.--Meyerbeer, _Les Huguenots_ (1836).

=Valentine=, one of the “two gentlemen of Verona;” the other “gentleman” was Protheus. Their two serving-men were Speed and Launce. Valentine married Silvia, daughter of the duke of Milan, and Protheus married Julia. The rival of Valentine was Thurio.--Shakespeare, _The Two Gentlemen of Verona_ (1595).

_Valentine_, a gentleman in attendance on the duke of Illyria.--Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1602).

_Valentine_ (3 _syl._), a gentleman just returned from his travels. In love with Cellide (2 _syl._), but Cellide is in love with Francisco (Valentine’s son).--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Mons. Thomas_ (a comedy, before 1620).

_Valentine_ (3 _syl._), a gallant that will not be persuaded to keep his estate.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Wit without Money_ (1639).

_Valentine_, brother of Margaret. Maddened by the seduction of his sister, he attacks Faust during a serenade, and is stabbed by Mephistophelês. Valentine dies reproaching his sister, Margaret.--Goethe, _Faust_ (1798).

_Valentine_ [LEGEND], eldest son of Sir Sampson Legend. He has a _tendre_ for Angelica, an heiress, whom he eventually marries. To prevent the signing away of his real property for the advance of £4000 in cash to clear his debts, he feigns to be mad for a time. Angelica gets the bond, and tears it before it is duly signed.--Congreve, _Love for Love_ (1695).

⁂ This was Betterton’s great part.

_Valentine_ (_Saint_), a Romish priest, who befriended the martyrs in the persecution of Claudius II., and was, in consequence, arrested, beaten with clubs, and finally beheaded (February 14, 270). Pope Julius built a church in his honor, near Pontê Molê, which gave its name to the gate _Porta St. Valentini_, now called “Porta del Popolo,” and by the ancient Romans “Porta Flaminia.”

⁂ The 15th February was the festival of _Februta Juno_ (Juno, the fructifyer), and the Roman Catholic clergy substituted St. Valentine for the heathen goddess.

=Valentine and Orson=, twin sons of Bellisant and Alexander (emperor of Constantinople). They were born in a forest near Orleans. While the mother was gone to hunt for Orson, who had been carried off by a bear, Valentine was carried off by King Pepin (his uncle). In due time Valentine married Clerimond, the Green Knight’s sister.--_Valentine and Orson_ (fifteenth century).

=Valentine Mortimer=, scatter-brained youth, who accepts against his conscience ill-gotten possessions, and is forced by conscience to renounce them, just before his early death.--Jean Ingelow, _Fated to be Free_ (1875).

=Valentine and Violet=, two girls who are made the subject of the curious social experiment described in _The Children of Gibeon_, by Walter Besant (1890).

=Valentine de Grey= (_Sir_), an Englishman and knight of France. He had “an ample span of forehead, full and liquid eyes, free nostrils, crimson lips, well-bearded chin, and yet his wishes were innocent as thought of babes.” Sir Valentine loved Hero, niece of Sir William Sutton, and in the end married her.--S. Knowles, _Woman’s Wit, etc._ (1838).

=Valentin´ian= [=III.=], emperor of Rome (419, 425-455). During his reign the empire was exposed to the invasions of the barbarians, and was saved from ruin only by the military talents of Aët´ius, whom the faithless emperor murdered. In the year following Valentinian was himself “poisoned” by [Petrōnius] Maxĭmus, whose wife he had violated. He was a feeble and contemptible prince, without even the merit of brute courage. His wife’s name was Eudoxia.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Valentinian_ (1617).

=Valenti´no=, Margheri´ta’s brother, in the opera of _Faust e Margherita_, by Gounod (1859).

_Valentino_, familiar name of Duke Cæsar Borgia. Daring, unscrupulous noble, whose amours are as audacious as the measures he devises for ridding himself of his rivals and enemies. His relationship to Pope Alexander VI. gives him peculiar advantages for prosecuting his evil designs. He is poisoned at a banquet, together with his father, who dies. Valentino procures an antidote in time to save his life, but remains an invalid for long. Recovering partially, he sets sail for France, is seized by the Spaniards and imprisoned for two years in Seville. Escaping, he takes service under the king of Navarre and is killed in a skirmish with the soldiers of the constable of Lerina, at the early age of thirty-one.--William Waldorf Astor, _Valentino, An Historical Romance_ (1885).

=Valère= (2 _syl._), son of Anselme (2 _syl._), who turns out to be Don Thomas d’Alburci, a nobleman of Naples. During an insurrection the family was exiled and suffered shipwreck. Valère, being at the time only seven years old, was picked up by a Spanish captain, who adopted him, and with whom he lived for sixteen years, when he went to Paris and fell in love with Elise, the daughter of Har´pagon, the miser. Here also Anselme, after wandering about the world for ten years, had settled down, and Harpagon wished him to marry Elise; but the truth being made clear to him that Valère was his own son, and Elise in love with him, matters were soon adjusted.--Molière, _L’Avare_ (1667).

_Valère_ (2 _syl._), the “gamester.” Angelica gives him a picture, and enjoins him not to lose it on pain of forfeiting her hand. He loses the picture in play, and Angelica, in disguise, is the winner of it. After a time Valère is cured of his vice and happily united to Angelica.--Mrs. Centlivre, _The Gamester_ (1709).

=Vale´ria=, sister of Valerius, and friend of Horatia.--Whitehead, _The Roman Father_ (1741).

_Valeria_, a blue-stocking, who delights in vivisection, entomology, women’s rights, and natural philosophy.--Mrs. Centlivre, _The Basset Table_ (1706).

=Valerian=, husband of St. Cecilia. Cecilia told him she was beloved by an angel, who constantly visited her; and Valerian requested to see this visitant. Cecilia replied that he should do so, if he went to Pope Urban to be baptized. This he did, and on returning home, the angel gave him a crown of lilies, and to Cecilia, a crown of roses, both from the garden of paradise. Valerian, being brought before the Prefect Almachius for heresy, was executed.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Second Nun’s Tale,” 1388).

=Vale´rio=, a noble young Neapolitan lord, husband of Evanthê (3 _syl._). This chaste young wife was parted from her husband by Frederick, the licentious brother of Alphonso, king of Naples, who tried in vain to seduce her, and then offered to make her any one’s wife for a month, at the end of which time the libertine should suffer death. No one would accept the offer, and ultimately the lady was restored to her husband.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _A Wife for a Month_ (1624).

=Valerius=, the hero and title of a novel by J. G. Lockhart (1821). Valerius is the son of a Roman commander, settled in Britain. After the death of his father, he is summoned to Rome, to take possession of an estate to which he is the heir. At the villa of Capĭto he meets with Athanasia, a lady who unites the Roman grace with the elevation of the Christian. Valerius becomes a Christian also, and brings Athanasia to Britain. The display at the Flavian amphitheatre is admirably described. A Christian prisoner is brought forward, either to renounce his faith or die in the arena; of course the latter is his lot.

This is one of the best Roman stories in the language.

_Valerius_, the brother of Valeria. He is in love with Horatia, but Horatia is betrothed to Caius Curiatius.--Whitehead, _The Roman Father_ (1741).

=Valiant= (_The_), Jean IV. of Brittany (1338, 1364-1399).

=Valiant-for-Truth=, a brave Christian, who fought three foes at once. His sword was “a right Jerusalem blade,” so he prevailed, but was wounded in the encounter. He joined Christiana’s party in their journey to the Celestial City.--Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress, ii (1684).

=Valjean= (_Jean_), ex-convict, whose efforts at re-habilitation meet with rebuff and misconstruction. The best qualities of a really noble nature appear in his care for his adopted child, the daughter of poor Fantine.--Victor Hugo, _Les Miserables_.

=Valkyrior= or _Valkyrs_, stern, beautiful maidens, who hover over battle-fields to bear away to Valhalla the souls of slain heroes. They also wait at table in the halls of Valhalla.--_Scandinavian Mythology._

=Val´ladolid´= (_The doctor of_), Sangrado, who applied depletion for every disease, and thought the best diet consisted of roast apples and warm water.

I condemned a variety of dishes, and arguing like the doctor of Valladolid, “Unhappy are those who require to be always on the watch, for fear of overloading their stomachs!”--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, vii. 5 (1735).

=Valley of Humiliation=, the place where Christian encountered Apollyon, and put him to flight.--Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, i. (1678).

=Valley of the Shadow of Death=, a “wilderness, a land of deserts, and of pits, a land of drought, and of the shadow of death” (_Jer._ ii. 6). “The light there is darkness, and the way full of traps ... to catch the unwary.” Christian had to pass through it, after his encounter with Apollyon.--Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, i. (1678).

Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for Thou art with me; Thy rod and Thy staff they comfort me.--_Psalm_ xxiii. 4.

=Valunder=, the Vulcan of Scandinavian mythology, noted for a golden arm-ring, on which was wrought all the heathen deities, with their attributes. It was once stolen by Sotê, but being recovered by Thorsten, became an heirloom, and of course descended to Frithjof, as one of his three inheritances, the other two being the sword Angurva´del, and the self-acting ship, _Ellīda_.--Tegnér, _Frithjof Saga_, iii. (1825).

Farewell, and take in memory of our love My arm-ring here, Valunder’s beauteous work, With heavenly wonders graven on the gold. viii.

=Valver´de= (3 _syl._), a Spaniard, in love with Elvi´ra. He is the secretary of Pizarro, and at the end preserves the life of Elvira.--Sheridan, _Pizarro_ (altered from Kotzebue, 1799).

=Vamen=, a dwarf, who asked Baly, the giant monarch of India, to permit him to measure out three paces to build a hut upon. The kind monarch smiled at the request, and bade the dwarf measure out what he required. The first pace compassed the whole earth, the second the whole heavens, and the third all pandalon or hell. Baly now saw that the dwarf was no other than Vishnû, and he adored the present deity.--_Hindû Mythology._

⁂ There is a Basque tale the exact counterpart of this.

=Vamp=, bookseller and publisher. His opinion of books was that the get-up and binding were of more value than the matter. “Books are like women; to strike, they must be well dressed. Fine feathers make fine birds. A good paper, an elegant type, a handsome motto, and a catching title, have driven many a dull treatise through three editions.”--Foote, _The Author_ (1757).

=Van= (_The Spirit of the_), the fairy spirit of the Van Pools, in Carmarthen. She married a young Welsh farmer, but told him that if he struck her thrice, she would quit him forever. They went to a christening, and she burst into tears, whereupon her husband struck her as a marjoy; but she said, “I weep to see a child brought into this vale of tears.” They next went to the child’s funeral, and she laughed, whereupon her husband struck her again; but she said, “I truly laugh to think what a joy it is to change this vale of tears for that better land, where there is no more sorrow, but pleasures for evermore.” Their next visit was to a wedding, where the bride was young, and the man old, and she said aloud, “It is the devil’s compact. The bride has sold herself for gold.” The farmer again struck her, and bade her hold her peace; but she vanished away, and never again returned.--_Welsh Mythology._

=Vanbeest Brown= (_Captain_) _alias_ Dawson, _alias_ Dudley, _alias_ Harry Bertram, son of Mr. Godfrey Bertram, laird of Ellangowan.

_Vanbeest Brown_, lieutenant of Dirk Hatteraick.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Vanberg= (_Major_), in _Charles XII._, by J. R. Planché (1826).

=Vanda=, wife of Baldric. She is the spirit with the red hand, who appears in the haunted chamber to the Lady Eveline Berenger, “the betrothed.”--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Van´dunke= (2 _syl._), burgomaster of Bruges, a drunken merchant, friendly to Gerrard, king of the beggars, and falsely considered to be the father of Bertha. His wife’s name is Margaret. (Bertha is in reality the daughter of the duke of Brabant.)--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggars’ Bush_ (1622).

=Vandyck= (_The English_), William Dobson, painter (1610-1647).

=Vandyck in Little=, Samuel Cooper. In his epitaph in old St. Pancras Church he is called “the Apellês of his age” (1609-1672).

=Vandyck of France=, Hyacinth Rigaud y Ros (1659-1743).

=Vandyck of Sculpture=, Antoine Coysevox (1640-1720).

=Vane= (_Ellery_), a coquettish girl, who has method in her coquetry, beguiles Ellery Vane to the loss of his heart by tying on her hat in his presence.

“Ah! Ellery Vane, you little thought, An hour ago, when you besought This country lass to walk with you, After the sun had dried the dew, What perilous danger you’d be in As she tied her bonnet under her chin!” Nora Perry, _After the Ball and Other Poems_ (1875).

_Vane_ (_Henry_), a man who begins life as a flippant young fellow with a French education; settles down into an astute money-maker; falls in love seriously when he meant to flirt, and, finding that the girl with whom he is enamored has played a sharper game than he, and is engaged to another man, blows out his own brains.--Frederic Jesup Stimson, _The Crime of Henry Vane_.

=Vanessa=, Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a young lady who proposed marriage to Dean Swift. The dean declined the proposal in a poetical trifle called _Cadēnus and Vanessa_.

Essa, _i.e._, Esther, and Van, the pet form of Vanhomrigh; hence Van-essa.

=Vanity=, the usher of Queen Lucifĕra.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 4 (1590).

_Vanity_, a town through which Christian and Faithful had to pass on their way to the Celestial City.

Almost five thousand years agone, there were pilgrims walking to the Celestial City,... and Beëlzebub, Apollyon, and Legion ... perceived, by the path that the pilgrims made, that their way to the city lay through this town of Vanity.--Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, i. (1678).

=Vanity Fair=, a fair established by Beëlzebub, Apollyon and Legion, for the sale of earthly “vanities,” creature comforts, honors, decorations and carnal delights. It was held in Vanity town, and lasted all the year round. Christian and Faithful had to pass through the fair, which they denounced, and were consequently arrested, beaten and put into a cage. Next day, being taken before Justice Hate-good, Faithful was condemned to be burnt alive.--Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, i. (1678).

⁂ A looking-glass is called Vanity Fair.

_Vanity Fair_ is the name of a periodical noted for its caricatures signed “Ape,” and set on foot by Signor Pellegrini.

_Vanity Fair_, a novel by W. M. Thackeray (1848). Becky (Rebecca) Sharp, the daughter of a poor painter, dashing, selfish, unprincipled, and very clever, contrives to marry Rawdon Crawley, afterwards his excellency Colonel Crawley, C.B., governor of Coventry Island. Rawdon expected to have a large fortune left him by his aunt, Miss Crawley, but was disinherited on account of his marriage with Becky, then a poor governess. Becky contrives to live in splendor on “nothing a year,” gets introduced at court, and is patronized by Lord Steyne, earl of Gaunt; but, this intimacy giving birth to a great scandal, Becky breaks up her establishment, and is reduced to the lowest Bohemian life. Afterwards she becomes the “female companion” of Joseph Sedley, a wealthy “collector,” of Boggley Wollah, in India. Having insured his life and lost his money, he dies suddenly under very suspicions circumstances, and Becky lives for a time in splendor on the Continent. Subsequently she retires to Bath, where she assumes the character of a pious, charitable Lady Bountiful, given to all good works. The other part of the story is connected with Amelia Sedley, daughter of a wealthy London stock-broker, who fails, and is reduced to indigence. Captain George Osborne, the son of a London merchant, marries Amelia, and old Osborne disinherits him. The young people live for a time together, when George is killed in the battle of Waterloo. Amelia is reduced to great poverty, but is befriended by Captain Dobbin, who loves her to idolatry, and after many years of patience and great devotion, she consents to marry him. Becky Sharp rises from nothing to splendor, and then falls; Amelia falls from wealth to indigence, and then rises.

=Vanhorne= (_Miss_), “an old woman with black eyes, a black wig, shining false teeth, a Roman nose and a high color,” who munches aromatic seeds coated with sugar, and tries to make or mar the fortunes of everybody she knows. Lonely, crabbed and rich.--Constance Fenimore Woolson, _Anne_ (1882).

=Van Ness= (_Aunt_), sentimental, worldly old woman, who succeeds in marrying her niece, Constance Varley, to the man she does not want to accept.--Julia Constance Fletcher, _Mirage_ (1878).

=Vanoc=, son of Merlin, one of the knights of the Round Table.

Young Vanoc, of the beardless face (Fame spoke the youth of Merlin’s race), O’erpowered, at Gyneth’s footstool bled, His heart’s blood dyed her sandals red. Sir W. Scott, _Bridal of Triermain_, ii. 25 (1813).

=Vantom= (_Mr._). Sir John Sinclair tells us that Mr. Vantom drank in twenty-three years 36,688 bottles (_i.e._, 59 pipes) of wine.--_Code of Health and Longevity_ (1807).

⁂ Between four and five bottles a day.

=Vanwelt= (_Ian_), the supposed suitor of Rose Flammock.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Vapians= (_The_), a people of Utopia, who passed the equinoctial of Queūbus, “a torrid zone lying somewhere beyond three o’clock in the morning.”

In sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling last night, when thou spokest ... of the Vapians passing the equinoctial of Queubus.--Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_, act ii. sc. 3 (1602).

=Vapid=, the chief character in _The Dramatist_, by F. Reynolds, and said to be meant for the author himself. He goes to Bath “to pick up characters.”

=Varbel=, “the lowly but faithful squire” of Floreski, a Polish count. He is a quaint fellow, always hungry.--J. P. Kemble, _Lodoiska_ (1719).

=Varden= (_Gabriel_), locksmith, Clerkenwell; a round, red-faced, sturdy yeoman, with a double chin, and a voice husky with good living, good sleeping, good humor and good health. He was past the prime of life, but his heart and spirits were in full vigor. During the Gordon riots Gabriel refused to pick the lock of Newgate prison, though at the imminent risk of his life.

_Mrs. Varden_ [_Martha_], the locksmith’s wife and mother of Dolly, a woman of “uncertain temper” and a self-martyr. When too ill-disposed to rise, especially from that domestic sickness, ill temper, Mrs. Varden would order up “the little black teapot of strong mixed tea, a couple of rounds of hot buttered toast, a dish of beef and ham cut thin without skin, and the _Protestant Manual_ in two octavo volumes. Whenever Mrs. Varden was most devout, she was always the most ill-tempered.” When others were merry, Mrs. Varden was dull; and when others were sad, Mrs. Varden was cheerful. She was, however, plump and buxom, her handmaiden and “comforter” being Miss Miggs. Mrs. Varden was cured of her folly by the Gordon riots, dismissed Miggs, and lived more happily and cheerfully ever after.

_Dolly Varden_, the locksmith’s daughter; a pretty, laughing girl, with a roguish face, lighted up by the loveliest pair of sparkling eyes, the very impersonation of good humor and blooming beauty. She married Joe Willet, and conducted with him the Maypole inn, as never country inn was conducted before. They greatly prospered, and had a large and happy family. Dolly dressed in the Watteau style; and modern Watteau costume and hats were, in 1875-6, called “Dolly Vardens.”--C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

=Vari´na=, Miss Jane Waryng, to whom Dean Swift had a _penchant_ when he was a young man. Varina is a Latinized form of “Waryng.”

=Varney= (_Richard_, afterwards _Sir Richard_), master of the horse to the earl of Leicester.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Varro= (_The British_). Thomas Tusser, of Essex, is so called by Warton (1515-1580).

=Vasa= (_Gustavus_), a drama, by H. Brooke (1730). Gustavus, having effected his escape from Denmark, worked for a time as a common laborer in the copper mines of Dalecarlia [_Dah´.le.karl´.ya_]; but the tyranny of Christian II. of Denmark having driven the Dalecarlians into revolt, Gustavus was chosen their leader. The revolters made themselves masters of Stockholm; Christian abdicated; and Sweden became an independent kingdom (sixteenth century).

=Vashti.= When the heart of the king [Ahasuerus] was merry with wine, he commanded his chamberlains to bring Vashti, the queen, into the banquet hall, to show the guests her beauty; but she refused to obey the insulting order, and the king, being wroth, divorced her.--_Esther_ i. 10, 19.

O Vashti, noble Vashti! Summoned out She kept her state, and left the drunken king To brawl at Shushan underneath the palms. Tennyson, _The Princess_, iii. (1830).

=Vatel=, the cook who killed himself, because the lobster for his turbot sauce did not arrive in time to be served up at the banquet at Chantilly, given by the Prince de Condé to the king.

=Vath´ek=, the ninth caliph of the race of the Abassides, son of Motassem, and grandson of Haroun-al-Raschid. When angry, “one of his eyes became so terrible that whoever looked at it either swooned or died.” Vathek was induced by a malignant genius to commit all sorts of crimes. He abjured his faith, and bound himself to Eblis, under the hope of obtaining the throne of the pre-Adamite sultans. This throne eventually turned out to be a vast chamber in the abyss of Eblis, where Vathek found himself a prisoner without hope. His wife was Nouron´ihar, daughter of the Emir Fakreddin, and his mother’s name was Catharis.--W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1784).

=Vathek’s Draught=, a red-and-yellow mixture given him by an emissary of Eblis, which instantaneously restored the exhausted body, and filled it with unspeakable delight.--W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1784).

=Vato=, the wind-spirit.

Even Zoroaster imagined there was an evil spirit called Vato, that could excite violent storms of wind.--T. Rowe [_i.e._, Dr. Pegge], _Gentleman’s Magazine_, January, 1763.

=Vaudeville= (_Father of The_), Oliver Basselin (fifteenth century).

=Vaughan=, the bogie of Bromyard exorcised by nine priests. Nine candles were lighted in the ceremony, and all but one burnt out. The priests consigned Nicholas Vaughan to the Red Sea; and casting the remaining candle into the river Frome, threw a huge stone over it, and forbade the bogie to leave the Red Sea till that candle re-appeared to human sight. The stone is still called “Vaughan’s Stone.”

=Vaugirard= (_The deputies of_). The usher announced to Charles VIII. of France, “The deputies of Vaugirard.” “How many?” asked the king. “Only one, may it please your highness.”

=V. D. M. I. Æ.=, _Verbum Dei manet in æternum_ (“the Word of God endureth for ever”). This was the inscription of the Lutheran bishops, in the diet of Spires. Philip of Hessen said the initials stood for _Verbum diaboli manet in episcopis_ (“the word of the devil abideth in the [_Lutheran_] bishops”).

=Veal= (_Mrs._), an imaginary person, whom Defoe feigned to have appeared, the day after her death, to Mrs. Bargrave, of Canterbury, on September 8, 1705.

Defoe’s conduct in regard to the well-known imposture, Mrs. Veal’s ghost, would justify us in believing him to be, like Gil Bias, “tant soi peu fripon.”--_Encyc. Brit._, Art. “Romance.”

=Veal’s Apparition= (_Mrs._). It is said that Mrs. Veal, the day after her death, appeared to Mrs. Bargrave, at Canterbury, September 8, 1705. This cock-and-bull story was affixed by Daniel Defoe to Drelincourt’s book of _Consolations against the Fears of Death_, and such is the matter-of-fact style of the narrative that most readers thought the fiction was a fact.

=Vec´chio= (_Peter_), a teacher of music and Latin; reputed to be a wizard.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Chances_ (1620).

=Veck= (_Toby_), nicknamed “Trotty;” a ticket-porter, who ran on errands. One New Year’s Eve he ate tripe for dinner, and had a nightmare, in which he fancied he had mounted up to the steeple of a neighboring church, and that goblins issued out of the bells, giving reality to his hopes and fears. He was roused from his sleep by the sound of the bells ringing in the new year. (See MEG.)--C. Dickens, _The Chimes_ (1844).

=Vedder= (_Jan_), a fisherman whose mistaken marriage leads to every evil he does or suffers. One who would become a good man but for his perverse, wrong-headed wife. He is desperately wounded in a quarrel, and his condition, working upon all that is best in his wife, changes her temper and behavior to him.--Amelia E. Barr, _Jan Vedder’s Wife_ (1885).

=Vegliantino= [_Val.yan.tee´no_], Orlando’s horse.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516). Also called Veillantif.

=Vehmgericht=, or THE HOLY VEHME, a secret tribunal of Westphalia, the principal seat of which was in Dortmund. The members were called “Free Judges.” It took cognizance of all crimes in the lawless period of the Middle Ages, and those condemned by the tribunal were made away with by some secret means, but no one knew by what hand. Being despatched, the dead body was hung on a tree to advertise the fact and deter others. The tribunal existed at the time of Charlemagne, but was at its zenith of power in the twelfth century. Sir W. Scott has introduced it in his _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

Was Rebecca guilty or not? The Vehmgericht of the servant’s hall pronounced against her.--Thackeray, _Vanity Fair_, xliv. (1848).

=Vehmique Tribunal= (_The_), or the Secret Tribunal, or the court of the Holy Vehme, said to have been founded by Charlemagne.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Veil of St. Agatha=, a miraculous veil belonging to St. Agatha, and deposited in the church of the city of Catania, in Sicily, where the saint suffered martyrdom. “It is a sure defence against the eruptions of Mount Etna.” It is very true that the church itself was overwhelmed with lava in 1693, and some 20,000 of the inhabitants perished; but that was no fault of the veil, which would have prevented it if it could. Happily, the veil was recovered, and is still believed in by the people.

=Veilchen= (_Annette_), attendant of Anne of Geierstein.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Veiled Prophet of Khorassan= (_The_), Hakim ben Allah, surnamed Mokanna, or “The Veiled,” founder of an Arabic sect, in the eighth century. He wore a veil to conceal his face, which had been greatly disfigured in battle. He gave out that he had been Adam, Noah, Abraham, and Moses. When the Sultan Mahadi marched against him, he poisoned all his followers at a banquet, and then threw himself into a cask containing a burning acid, which entirely destroyed his body.

⁂Thomas Moore has made this the subject of a poetical tale, in his _Lalla Rookh_ (“The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan,” 1817).

There, on that throne, ... sat the prophet-chief, The great Mokanna. O’er his features hung The veil, the silver veil, which he had flung In mercy there, to hide from mortal sight His dazzling brow, till man could bear its light. * * * * * * * * * “’Tis time these features were uncurtained, This brow whose light--oh, rare celestial light!-- Hath been reserved to bless thy favored sight ... Turn now and look; then wonder, if thou wilt, That I should hate, should take revenge by guilt, Upon the hand whose mischief or whose mirth Sent me thus maimed and monstrous upon earth ... Here--judge if hell, with all its power to damn, Can add one curse to the foul thing I am!” He raised the veil; the maid turned slowly round, Looked at him, shrieked, and sunk upon the ground. _The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan._

=Velasquez=, the Spanish governor of Portugal in 1640, when the people, led by Don Juan, duke of Braganza, rose in rebellion, shook off the Spanish yoke, and established the duke on the throne, under the name and title of Juan or John IV. The same dynasty still continues. Velasquez was torn to pieces by the mob. The duchess calls him a

Discerning villain, Subtle, insidious, false, and plausible; He can with ease assume all outward forms ... While with the lynx’s beam he penetrates The deep reserve of every other breast. R. Jephson, _Braganza_, ii. 2 (1785).

=Velinspeck=, a country manager, to whom Matthew Stuffy makes application for the post of prompter.--Charles Mathews, _At Home_ (1818).

=Vellum=, in Addison’s comedy, _The Drummer_ (1715).

=Velvet= (_The Rev. Morphine_), a popular preacher, who feeds his flock on _eau sucrée_ and wild honey. He assures his hearers that the way to heaven might once be thorny and steep, but now “every hill is brought low, every valley is filled up, the crooked ways are made straight, and even in the valley of the shadow of death, they need fear no evil, for One will be with them to support and comfort them.”

=Veneering= (_Mr._), a new man, “forty, wavy-haired, dark, tending to corpulence, sly, mysterious, filmy; a kind of well-looking veiled prophet, not prophesying.” He was a drug merchant of the firm of Chicksey, Stobbles and Veneering. The two former were his quondam masters, but their names had “become absorbed in Veneering, once their traveller or commission agent.”

_Mrs. Veneering_, a new woman, “fair, aquiline-nosed and fingered, not so much light hair as she might have, gorgeous in raiment and jewels, enthusiastic, propitiatory, conscious that a corner of her husband’s veil is over herself.”

Mr. and Mrs. Veneering were bran-new people, in a bran-new house, in a bran-new quarter of London. Everything about the Veneerings was spick and span new. All their furniture was new, all their friends were new, all their servants were new, their plate was new, their carriage was new, their harness was new, their horses were new, their pictures were new, they themselves were new, they were as newly married as was lawfully compatible with their having a bran-new baby.

In the Veneering establishment, from the hall chairs, with the new coat of arms, to the grand pianoforte with the new action, and upstairs again to the new fire-escape, all things were in a state of high varnish and polish.--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_, ii. (1864).

=Veneerings of Society= (_The_), flashy, rich merchants, who delight to overpower their guests with the splendor of their furniture, the provisions of their tables and the jewels of their wives and daughters.

=Venerable Bede= (_The_). Two accounts are given respecting the word _venerable_ attached to the name of this “wise Saxon.” One is this: When blind, he preached once to a heap of stones, thinking himself in a church, and the stones were so affected by his eloquence that they exclaimed, “Amen, venerable Bede!” This, of course, is based on the verse, _Luke_ xix. 40.

The other is that his scholars, wishing to honor his name, wrote for epitaph:

Hæc sunt in fossa, Bedæ presbyteri ossa;

but an angel changed the second line into “Bedæ venerabilis ossa” (672-735).

⁂The chair in which he sat is still preserved at Jarrow. Some years ago a sailor used to show it, and always called it the chair of the “Great Admiral Bede.”

=Venerable Doctor= (_The_), William de Champeaux (*-1121).

=Venerable Initiator= (_The_), William of Occam (1276-1347).

=Venetian Glass=, an antique goblet with a tragic history, bought in Venice of a _vertu_ dealer, by John Manning, to whose remote ancestor it had belonged. Manning goes into the army, is wounded at Gettysburg, and nursed back to life by a beautiful woman. He marries her, and falls into a lingering decline. One day the Venetian goblet arrives from Italy, and his wife, in a freak, pours his medicine into it. In passing it to her husband the glass drops, and is shivered, “as its fellow had been shivered three centuries ago,” and more. She still stared steadily before her; then her lips parted, and she said, “The glass broke! The glass broke! then the tale is true!” Then, with one hysterical shriek, she fell forward amid the fragments of the Venetian goblet, unconscious thereafter of all things.--Brander Matthews, _Venetian Glass_ (1884).

=Venery.= Sir Tristram was the inventor of the laws and terms of venery. Hence a book of venery was called _A Book of Tristram_.

Of Sir Tristram came all the good terms of venery and of hunting; and the sizes and measures of blowing of an horn. And of him we had first all the terms of hawking; and which were beasts of chase and beasts of venery, and which were vermin; and all the blasts that belong to all manner of games. First to the uncoupling, to the seeking, to the rechase, to the flight, to the death and to the strake; and many other blasts and terms shall all manner of gentlemen have cause to the world’s end to praise Sir Tristram, and to pray for his soul.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, ii. 138 (1470).

=Venice Preserved=, a tragedy by T. Otway (1682). A conspiracy was formed by Renault, a Frenchman, Elliot, an Englishman, Bedamar, Pierre and others, to murder the Venetian senate. Jaffier was induced by his friend, Pierre, to join the conspirators, and give his wife as hostage of his good faith. As Renault most grossly insulted the lady, Jaffier took her away, when she persuaded her husband to reveal the plot to her father, Priuli, under the promise of a general amnesty. The senate violated the promise made by Priuli, and commanded all the conspirators except Jaffier to be broken on the wheel. Jaffier, to save his friend, Pierre, from the torture, stabbed him, and then himself. Belvidera went mad and died.

=Venner= (_Dudley_), sad and studious father of _Elsie Venner_, in O. W. Holmes’s novel of that name (1863).

=Ventid´ius=, an Athenian imprisoned for debt. Timon paid his debt, and set him free. Not long after, the father of Ventidius died, leaving a large fortune, and the young man offered to refund the loan, but Timon declined to take it, saying that the money was a free gift. When Timon got into difficulties he applied to Ventidius for aid; but Ventidius, like the rest, was “found base metal,” and “denied him.”--Shakespeare, _Timon of Athens_ (1609).

_Ventidius_, the general of Marc Antony.

⁂ The master scene between Ventidius and Antony in this tragedy is copied from _The Maid’s Tragedy_ (by Beaumont and Fletcher), Ventidius being the “Melantius” of Beaumont and Fletcher’s drama.--Dryden, _All for Love, or the World Well Lost_ (1678).

=Ventriloquist.= The best that ever lived was Brabant, the engastrimisth of François I. of France.

=Venus= (_Paintings of_). VENUS ANADYOM´ENÊ, or Venus rising from the sea and wringing her golden tresses, by Apellês. Apellês also put his name to a “Sleeping Venus.” Tradition says that Campaspê (afterwards his wife) was the model of his Venus.

THE RHODIAN VENUS, referred to by Campbell, in his _Pleasures of Hope_, ii., is the Venus spoken of by Pliny, xxxv. 10, from which Shakespeare has drawn his picture of Cleopatra in her barge (_Antony and Cleopatra_, act ii. sc. 2). The Rhodian was Protog´enês.

When first the Rhodian’s mimic art arrayed The queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade, The happy master mingled in his piece Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece ... Love on the picture smiled. Expression poured Her mingling spirit there, and Greece adored. _Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).

_Venus_ (_Statues of_). THE CNIDIAN VENUS, a nude statue, bought by the CNIDIANS. By Praxitĕlês.

THE COAN VENUS, a draped statue, bought by the Coans. By Praxitelês.

THE VENUS DE’ MEDICI, a statue dug up in several pieces at Hadrian’s villa, near Tiv´oli (seventeenth century), and placed for a time at the Medici palace at Rome, whence its name. It was the work of Cleom´enês, the Athenian. All one arm and part of the other were restored by Bandinelli. In 1680 this statue was removed to the Uffizi gallery at Florence. It was removed to Paris by Napoleon, but was afterwards restored.

THE VENUS OF ARLES, with a mirror in the right hand and an apple in the left. This statue is ancient, but the mirror and apple are by Girardin.

THE VENUS OF MILO. The “Venus Victorious” is called the “Venus of Milo,” because it was brought from the island of Milo, in the Ægēan Sea, by Admiral Dumont d’Urville, in 1820. It is one of the _chefs d’œuvre_ of antiquity, and is now in the Louvre of Paris.

THE PAULINE VENUS, by Canōva. Modelled from Pauline Bonaparte, Princess Borghese.

I went by chance into the room of the Pauline Venus; my mouth will taste bitter all day. How venial! how gaudy and vile she is with her gilded upholstery! It is the most hateful thing that ever wasted marble.--Ouida, _Ariadnê_, i. 1.

THE VENUS PANDĒMOS, the sensual and vulgar Venus (Greek, _pan-dêmos_, for the vulgar or populace generally); as opposed to the “Uranian Venus,” the beau-ideal of beauty and loveliness.

Amongst the deities from the upper chamber a mortal came, the light, lewd woman, who had bared her charms to live for ever here in marble, in counterfeit of the Venus Pandēmos.--Ouida, _Ariadnê_, i. 1.

GIBSON’S VENUS, slightly tinted, was shown in the International Exhibition of 1862.

_Venus_, the highest throw with the four _tali_ or three _tesseræ_. The best cast of the _tali_ (or four-sided dice) was four different numbers; but the best cast of the _tesseræ_ (or ordinary dice) was three sixes. The worst throw was called _canis_--three aces in _tesseræ_ and four aces in _tali_.

_Venus_ (_The Isle of_), a paradise created by “Divine Love” for the Lusian heroes. Here Uranian Venus gave Vasco de Gama the empire of the sea. This isle is not far from the mountains of Imāus, whence the Ganges and Indus derive their source.--Camoens, _Lusiad_, ix. (1572).

⁂Similar descriptions of paradise are: “the gardens of Alcinŏus” (_Odyssey_, vii.); “the island of Circê” (_Odyssey_, x.); Virgil’s “Elysium” (_Æneid_, vi.); “the island and palace of Alci´na” (_Orlando Furioso_, vi., vii.); “the country of Logistilla” (_Orlando Furioso_, x.); “Paradise,” visited by Astolpho (_Orlando Furioso_, xxxiv.); “the island of Armi´da” (_Jerusalem Delivered_); “the bower of Acrasia” (_Faëry Queen_); “the palace with its forty doors” (_Arabian Nights_, “Third Calendar”), etc.

_Venus_ (_Ura´nian_), the impersonation of divine love; the presiding deity of the Lusians.--Camoens, _Lusiad_ (1572).

=Venus and Adonis.= Adōnis, a most beautiful boy, was greatly beloved by Venus and Proserpine. Jupiter decided that he should live four months with one and four months with the other goddess, and the rest of the year he might do what he liked. One day he was killed by a wild boar during a chase, and Venus was so inconsolable at the loss that the infernal gods allowed the boy to spend six months of the year with Venus on the earth, but the other six he was to spend in hell. Of course, this is an allegory of the sun, which is six months above and six months below the equator.

⁂ Shakespeare has a poem called _Venus and Adonis_ (1593), in which Adonis is made cold and passionless, but Venus ardent and sensual.

=Venus of Cleom´enes= (4 _syl._), now called the “Venus de’ Medici” or “Venus de Medicis.”

=Venusberg=, the mountain of fatal delights. Here Tannhäuser tarried, and when Pope Urban refused to grant him absolution, he returned thither, to be never more seen.--_German Legend._

=Ver´done= (2 _syl._), nephew to Champernal, the husband of Lami´ra.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Little French Lawyer_ (1647).

=Verdugo=, captain under the governor of Segovia.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Pilgrim_ (1621).

=Vere= (_Mr. Richard_), laird of Ellieslaw, a Jacobite conspirator.

_Miss Isabella Vere_, the laird’s daughter. She marries young Patrick Earnscliffe, laird of Earnscliffe.--Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

_Vere_ (_Sir Arthur de_), son of the earl of Oxford. He first appears under the assumed name of Arthur Philipson.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Verges= (2 _syl._), an old-fashioned constable and night-watch, noted for his blundering simplicity.--Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_ (1600).

=Vergob´retus=, a dictator, selected by the druids, and possessed of unlimited power, both in war and state, during times of great danger.

This temporary king or vergobretus, laid down his office at the end of the war.--_Dissertation on the Era of Ossian._

=Verinder= (_Rachel_), pretty, strong-willed, imperious, warm-hearted young Englishwoman, the legatee of a diamond of immense value. She receives it upon her twenty-first birthday, wears it all the evening and insists upon keeping it in her room that night. She sees from the adjoining apartment, her lover, Franklin Blake, purloin the gem, and hides the name of the thief, while discarding him.--Wilkie Collins, _The Moonstone_.

=Verisopht= (_Lord Frederick_), weak and silly, but far less vicious than his bear-leader, Sir Mulberry Hawk. He drawled in his speech, and was altogether “very soft.” Ralph Nickleby introduced his niece, Kate, to the young nobleman at a bachelor’s dinner-party, hoping to make of the introduction a profitable investment, but Kate was far too modest and virtuous to aid him in his scheme.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

=Vernon= (_Diana_), niece of Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone. She has great beauty, sparkling talents, an excellent disposition, high birth, and is an enthusiastic adherent of an exiled king. Diana Vernon marries Frank Osbaldistone.

_Sir Frederick Vernon_, father of Diana, a political intriguer called “his excellency the earl of Beauchamp.” He first appears as Father Vaughan [_Vawn_].--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

_Vernon_ (_Elinor_), “a student, enthusiastic and devoted, and one of rare attainments, both in character and degree.” She becomes an author of note. Her betrothed, Walter Mayward, would wean her from devotion to letters, and loses her thereby. Frederic St. Clair appreciates the glory of her perfected womanhood, loves and marries her, and her “poetry finds in his love its triumph, its crowning, its glorious apotheosis.”--Grace Greenwood, _Heart Histories_ (1850).

=Ver´olame= (3 _syl._) or VERULAM, “a stately nymph” of Isis. Seeing her stream besmeared with the blood of St. Alban, she prayed that it might be diverted into another channel, and her prayer was granted. The place where St. Alban was executed was at that time called Holmhurst.--Robert of Gloucester. _Chronicle_ (in verse), 57 (thirteenth century).

⁂ A poetical account of this legend is also given by W. Browne in his _Britannia’s Pastorals_, iv (1613).

=Veron´ica=, the maiden who handed her handkerchief to Jesus on His way to Calvary. The “Man of Sorrows” wiped His face with it, returned it to the maiden, and it ever after had a perfect likeness of the Saviour photographed on it. The handkerchief and the maiden were both called Veronica (_i.e._, _vera iconica_, “the true likeness”).

⁂ One of these handkerchiefs is preserved in St. Peter’s of Rome, and another in Milan Cathedral.

=Verrina=, the republican who murders Fiesco.--Schiller, _Fiesco_ (1783).

=Versatile= (_Sir George_), a scholar, pleasing in manners, warm-hearted, generous, with the seeds of virtue and the soul of honor, but being deficient in stability, he takes his color, like the chameleon, from the objects at hand. Thus, with Maria Delaval, he is manly, frank, affectionate, and noble; with Lord Vibrate, hesitating, undecided, and tossed with doubts; with Lady Vibrate, boisterously gay, extravagant, and light-hearted. Sir George is betrothed to Maria Delaval, but the death of his father delays the marriage. He travels, and gives a fling to youthful indulgences. After a time, he meets Maria Delaval by accident, his better nature prevails, and he offers her his hand, his heart, his title, and his fortune.--Holcroft, _He’s Much to Blame_ (1790).

=Vertaigne= (2 or 3 _syl._), a nobleman and judge, father of Lamīra and Beaupré.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Little French Lawyer_ (1647).

=Vesey= (_Sir John_), a baronet, most worldly wise, and, being poor, gives himself the nickname of “Stingy Jack,” that he may be thought rich. Forthwith his £10,000 was exaggerated into £40,000. Sir John wanted his daughter to marry Alfred Evelyn, but feeling very uncertain about the stability of the young man’s money, shilly-shallied about it; and in the mean time, Georgina married Sir Frederick Blount, and Evelyn was left free to marry Clara Douglas, whom he greatly loved.--Lord L. Bulwer Lytton, _Money_ (1840).

=Vestris=, called “The God of Dancing,” used to say, “Europe contains only three truly great men--myself, Voltaire, and Frederick of Prussia” (1729-1808).

=Vesuvian Bay:=

“My soul to-day Is far away, Sailing the Vesuvian Bay; My wingéd boat, A bird afloat, Swims ’round the purple peaks remote.”

The English language does not contain a more exquisite bit of word-painting than the poem embodying the above-quoted lines.--Thomas Buchanan Read, _Drifting_ (1867).

=Veto= (_Monsieur and Madame_), Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette. The king had the power of putting his _veto_ on any decree of the National Assembly (1791), in consequence of which he was nicknamed “Capet Veto.”

⁂ The name occurs in the celebrated song called _La Carmagnole_, which was sung to a dance of the same name.

=Vetus=, in the _Times_ newspaper, is the _nom de plume_ of Edward Sterling (1773-1847), “The Thunderer” (1812-13).

=Vexhalia=, wife of Osmond, an old Varangian guard.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

=Vholes= (1 _syl._), a lawyer who draws Richard Carstone into his toils. He is always closely buttoned up, and speaks in a lifeless manner, but is pre-eminently a “most respectable man.”--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1852).

=Vibrate= (_Lord_), a man who can never make up his mind to anything, and, “like a man on double business bent, he stands in pause, which he shall first begin, and both neglects.” Thus, he would say to his valet, “Order the coachman at eleven. No; order him at one. Come back! order him in ten minutes. Stay! don’t order him at all. Why don’t you go and do as I bid you?” or, “Tell Harry to admit the doctor. No, not just yet; in five minutes. I don’t know when. Was ever man so tormented?” So with everything.

_Lady Vibrate_, wife of the above. Extravagant, contradictious, fond of gaiety, hurry, noise, embarrassment, confusion, disorder, uproar, and a whirl of excitement. She says to his lordship:

I am all gaiety and good humor; you are all turmoil and lamentation. I sing, laugh, and welcome pleasure wherever I find it; you take your lantern to look for misery, which the sun itself cannot discover. You may think proper to be as miserable as Job; but don’t expect me to be a Job’s wife.--Act. ii. 1.

_Lady Jane Vibrate_, daughter of Lord and Lady Vibrate. An amiable young lady, attached to Delaval, whom she marries.--Holcroft, _He’s Much to Blame_ (1790).

=Vicar of Bray= (_The_). Mr. Brome says the noted vicar was Simon Alleyn, vicar of Bray, in Berkshire, for fifty years. In the reign of Henry VIII. he was _catholic_ till the Reformation; in the reign of Edward VI. he was =calvanist=; in the reign of Mary he was _papist_; in the reign of Elizabeth he was _protestant_. No matter who was king, he resolved to die the vicar of Bray.--D’Israeli, _Curiosities of Literature_.

Another statement gives the name of Pendleton as the true vicar. He was afterwards rector of St. Stephen’s, Walbrook (Edward VI. to Elizabeth).

Hadyn says the vicar referred to in the song was Simon Symonds, who lived in the Commonwealth, and continued vicar till the reign of William and Mary. He was _independent_ in the protectorate, _episcopalian_ under Charles II., _papist_ under James II., _moderate protestant_ under William and Mary.

⁂ The song called _The Vicar of Bray_ was written in the reign of George I., by Colonel Fuller, or an officer in Fuller’s regiment, and does not refer to Alleyn, Pendleton, or Symonds, but to some real or imaginary person, who was vicar of Bray, from Charles II. to George I. The first verse begins: “In good King Charles’s golden days” I was a zealous high-church*-man. Ver. 2: “When royal James obtained the crown,” I found the Church of Rome would fit my constitution. Ver. 3: “When William was our king declared,” I swore to him allegiance. Ver. 4: “When gracious Anne became our queen,” I became a tory. Ver. 5: “When George, in pudding-time came o’er,” I became a whig. And “George my lawful king shall be--until the times do alter.”

I have had a long chase after the vicar of Bray, on whom the proverb ... Mr. Fuller, in his _Worthies_ ... takes no notice of him.... I am informed it is Simon Alleyn or Allen who was vicar of Bray about 1540, and died, 1588.--_Brome to Rawlins_, June 14, 1735. (See _Letters from the Bodleian_, II. i. 100.)

=Vicar of Wakefield= (_The_), Dr. Primrose, a simple-minded, pious clergyman, with six children. He begins life with a good fortune, a handsome house, and wealthy friends, but is reduced to utter poverty without any fault of his own, and, being reduced like Job, like Job he is restored. First, he loses his fortune through the rascality of the merchant who held it. His next great sorrow was the elopement of his eldest daughter, Olivia, with Squire Thornhill. His third was the entire destruction by fire of his house, furniture and books, together with the savings which he had laid by for his daughters’ marriage portions. His fourth was being incarcerated in the county jail by Squire Thornhill for rent, his wife and family being driven out of house and home. His fifth was the announcement that his daughter, Olivia, “was dead,” and that his daughter, Sophia, had been abducted. His sixth was the imprisonment of his eldest son, George, for sending a challenge to Squire Thornhill. His cup of sorrow was now full, and comfort was at hand: (1) Olivia was not really dead, but was said to be so in order to get the vicar to submit to the squire, and thus obtain his release. (2) His daughter, Sophia, had been rescued by Mr. Burchell (_Sir William Thornhill_), who asked her hand in marriage. (3) His son, George, was liberated from prison, and married Miss Wilmot, an heiress. (4) Olivia’s marriage to the squire, which was said to have been informal, was shown to be legal and binding. (5) The old vicar was released, re-established in his vicarage, and recovered a part of his fortune.--Goldsmith, _The Vicar of Wakefield_ (1766).

⁂ This novel has been dramatized several times: In 1819 it was performed in the Surrey Theatre; in 1823 it was turned into an opera; in 1850 Tom Taylor dramatized it; in 1878 W. G. Wills converted it into a drama of four acts, entitled _Olivia_.

The real interest of the story lies in the development of the character of the amiable vicar, so rich in heavenly, so poor in earthly wisdom; possessing little for himself, yet ready to make that little less, whenever misery appeals to his compassion. With enough of worldly vanity about him to show that he shares the weakness of our nature; ready to be imposed upon by cosmogonies and fictitious bills of exchange, and yet commanding, by the simple and serene dignity of goodness, the respect even of the profligate.--_Encyc. Brit._, Art. “Romance.”

=Victor Amade´us= (4 _syl._), king of Sardinia (1665, 1675-1732), noted for his tortuous policy. He was fierce, audacious, unscrupulous and selfish, profound in dissimulation, prolific in resources, and a “breaker of vows both to God and man.” In 1730 he abdicated, but a few months later wanted to regain the throne, which his son, Charles Emmanuel, refused to resign. On again plotting to recover the crown, he was arrested by D’Ormēa, the prime minister, and died.--R. Browning, _King Victor and King Charles Emmanuel_.

=Victoria= (_Donna_), the young wife of Don Carlos. Don Carlos had given to Donna Laura (a courtezan) the deeds of his wife’s estate; and Victoria, to get them back, dressed in man’s apparel, assumed the name of Florio, and made love to Laura. Having secured a footing, she introduced Gasper as the rich uncle of Victoria, and Gasper persuaded Laura that the deeds were wholly worthless, whereupon Laura tore them to pieces. By this manœuvre the estate was saved, and Don Carlos rescued from ruin.--Mrs. Cowley, _A Bold Stroke for a Husband_ (1782).

=Victorious= (_The_). Almanzor means “victorious.” The Caliph Almanzor was the founder of Bagdad.

Thou, too, art fallen, Bagdad, city of peace! Thou, too, hast had thy day!... Thy founder The Victorious. Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_, v. 6 (1797).

=Victory= (_The_), Nelson’s ship.

At the head of the line goes the Victory, With Nelson on the deck, And on his breast the orders shine Like the stars on a shattered wreck. Lord Lytton, _Ode_, iii. 9 (1839).

=Vidar=, the god of wisdom, noted for his thick shoes, and not unfrequently called “The god with the thick shoes.”--_Scandinavian Mythology._

=Vienne= (_The archbishop of_), chancellor of Burgundy.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Vifell=, father of Viking, famous for being the possessor of Angurva´del, the celebrated sword made in the East by dwarfs. Vifell won it from Björn Blœtand, and killed with it the giant Iernhös, whom he cleft from head to waist with a single stroke. Vifell left it to Viking, Viking to Thorsten, and Thorsten to his son, Frithjof. The hilt of the sword was gold, and the blade written with runes, which were dull in times of peace, but in war glittered “red as the crest of a cock when he fighteth.”--Tegnér, _Frithjof Saga_, iii. (1825).

=Villalpando= (_Gaspar Cardillos de_), a Spanish theologian, controversialist and commentator (1505-1570).

“Truly,” replied the canon, “I am better acquainted with books of chivalry than with Villalpando’s divinity.”--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iv. 17 (1605).

=Ville´rius=, in Davenant’s _Siege of Rhodes_ (1656).

... pale with envy, Singleton foreswore The lute and sword, which he in triumph bore, And vowed he ne’er would act Villerius more. Dryden, _MacFlecknoe_ (1682).

⁂ This was a favorite part of Singleton.

=Villers= (_Mr._), a gentleman who professed a supreme contempt for women, and declared, if he ever married, he should prefer Widow Racket to be his executioner.--Mrs. Cowley, _The Belle’s Stratagem_ (1780).

=Villiard=, a villain from whose hands Charles Belmont rescued Fidelia.--E. Moore, _The Foundling_ (1748).

=Vincent= (_Jenkin_), or “Jin Vin,” one of old Ramsay’s apprentices, in love with Margaret Ramsay.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

=Vincent de la Rosa=, a boastful, vain, heartless adventurer, son of a poor laborer, who had served in the Italian wars. Coming to the village in which Leandra lived, he induced her to elope with him, and, having spoiled her of her jewels, money and other valuables, deserted her, and she was sent to a convent till the affair had blown over.

He wore a gay uniform, bedecked with glass buttons and steel ornaments; to-day he dressed himself in one piece of finery, and to-morrow in another. He would seat himself upon a bench under a large poplar, and entertain the villagers with his travels and exploits, assuring them there was not a country in the whole world he had not seen, nor a battle in which he had not taken part. He had slain more Moors than ever Tunis or Morocco produced; and as to duels, he had fought more than ever Gante had, or Luna, Diego Garcia de Paredez, or any other champion, always coming off victorious, and without losing one drop of blood.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iv. 20 (“The Goat-herd’s Story,” 1605).

=Vincen´tio=, duke of Vienna. He delegates his office to Angelo, and leaves Vienna for a time, under the pretence of going on a distant journey; but, by assuming a monk’s hood, he observes, incognito, the conduct of his different officers. Angelo tries to dishonor Isabella, but the duke re-appears in due time and rescues her, while Angelo is made to marry Mariana, to whom he was already betrothed.--Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_ (1603).

⁂ Mariana was Angelo’s wife by civil contract, or, as the duke says to her, “He is thy husband by pre-contract,” though the Church had not yet sanctified the union and blessed it. Still, the duke says that it would be “no sin” in her to account herself his wife, and to perform towards him the duties of a wife. Angelo’s neglect of her was “a civil divorce,” which would have been a “sin” if the Church had sanctified the union, but which, till then, was only a moral or civil offence. Mariana also considered herself Angelo’s “wife,” and calls him “her husband.” This is an interesting illustration of the “civil contract” of matrimony long before “The Marriage Registration Act,” in 1837.

_Vincentio_, an old gentleman of Pisa, in Shakespeare’s comedy called _The Taming of the Shrew_ (1593).

_Vincentio_, the troth-plight of Evadne, sister of the marquis of Colonna. Being himself without guile, he is unsuspicious, and when Ludovico, the traitor, tells him that Evadne is the king’s wanton, he believes it and casts her off. This brings about a duel between him and Evadne’s brother, in which Vincentio falls. He is not, however, killed; and when the villainy of Ludovico is brought to light, he re-appears and marries Evadne.--Sheil, _Evadne_, or _The Statue_ (1820).

_Vincentio_ (_Don_), a young man who was music mad, and said that the _summum bonum_ of life is to get talked about. Like Queen Elizabeth, he loved a “crash” in music, plenty of noise and fury. Olivia de Zuniga disgusted him by maintaining the jew’s-harp to be the prince of musical instruments.--Mrs. Cowley, _A Bold Stroke for a Husband_ (1782).

=Vi´ola=, sister of Sebastian; a young lady of Messaline. They were twins, and so much alike that they could be distinguished only by their dress. Viola and her brother were shipwrecked off the coast of Illyria, Viola was brought to shore by the captain, but her brother was left to shift for himself. Being a stranger in a strange land, Viola dressed as a page, and, under the name of Cesario, entered the service of Orsīno, duke of Illyria. The duke greatly liked his beautiful page, and, when he discovered her true sex, married her.--Skakespeare, _Twelfth Night_ (1602).

=Vi´ola and Hono´ra=, daughter of General Archas, “the loyal subject” of the great-duke of Muscovia.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Loyal Subject_ (1618).

=Violan´te= (4 _syl._), the supposed wife of Don Henrique (2 _syl._), an uxorious Spanish nobleman.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Spanish Curate_ (1622).

_Violante_, the betrothed of Don Alonzo, of Alcazar, but given in marriage by King Sebastian to Henri´quez. This caused Alonzo to desert and join the emperor of Barbary. As renegade, he took the name of Dorax, and assumed the Moorish costume. In the war which followed, he saved Sebastian’s life, was told that Henriquez had died in battle, and that Violante, who never swerved from his love, being a young widow, was free and willing to be his wife.--Dryden, _Don Sebastian_ (1690).

_Violante_, an attendant on the Princess Anna Comnēna, the historian.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

_Violante_, (4 _syl._), wife of Pietro (2 _syl._), and putative mother of Pompilia. Violantê provided this suppositious child partly to please old Pietro, and partly to cheat the rightful heirs.--R. Browning, _The Ring and the Book_, ii.

_Violante_ (_Donna_), daughter of Don Pedro, a Portuguese nobleman, who intends to make her a nun; but she falls in love with Don Felix, the son of Don Lopez. Isabella (sister of Don Felix), in order to escape a hateful marriage, takes refuge with Donna Violantê (4 _syl._), who “keeps the secret” close, even at the risk of losing her sweetheart, for Felix discovers that a Colonel Briton calls at the house, and supposes Violantê to be the object of his visits. Ultimately the mystery is cleared up, and a double marriage takes place.--Mrs. Centlivre, _The Wonder_ (1714).

Mrs. Yates (in the last act), with Garrick as “Don Felix,” was admirable. Felix, thinking he has gone too far, applies himself to soothe his Violantê. She turns from him and draws away her chair; he follows, and she draws further away. At length, by his winning, entreating, and cajoling, she is gradually induced to melt, and finally makes it up with him. Her condescension ... was admirable; her dignity was great and lofty, ... and when by degrees she laid aside her frown, and her lips relaxed into a smile, ... nothing could be more lovely and irresistible.... It laid the whole audience, as well as the lover, at her feet.--William Goodwin.

=Violen´ta=, any young lady nonentity; one who contributes nothing to the amusement or conversation of a party. Violenta is one of the _dramatis personæ_ of Shakespeare’s _All’s Well that Ends Well_, but she only enters once, and then she neither speaks nor is spoken to (1598). (See ROGERO.)

_Violenta_, the fairy mother, who brought up the young princess, who was metamorphosed into a white cat for refusing to marry Migonnet (a hideously misshapen fairy).--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The White Cat,” 1682).

=Violet=, the ward of Lady Arundel. She is in love with Norman, the “sea-captain,” who turns out to be the son of Lady Arundel by her first husband, and heir to the title and estates.--Lord Lytton, _The Sea-Captain_ (1839).

_Violet_ (_Father_), a sobriquet of Napoleon I.; also called “Corporal Violet” (1769, 1804-1815, died, 1821).

⁂ Violets were the flowers of the empire, and when, in 1879, the ex-empress Eugénie was visited at Chislehurst by those who sympathized with her in the death of her son, “the prince imperial,” they were worn as symbols of attachment to the imperial family of France. The name was given to Napoleon on his banishment to Elba (1815), and implied that “he would return to France with the violets”.

=Violet-Crowned City= (_The_). Athens is so called by Aristophănês, (ιοστέφανος) (see _Equites_, 1323 and 1329; and _Acharnians_, 637). Macaulay refers to Athens as “the violet-crowned city.” Ion (_a violet_) was a representative king of Athens, whose four sons gave names to the four Athenian classes; and Greece, in Asia Minor, was called Ionia. Athens was the city of “Ion crowned its king,” and hence was the “Ion crowned” or King Ion’s city. Translating the word Ion into English, Athens was the “Violet-crowned” or King Violet’s city. Of course, the pun is the chief point, and was quite legitimate in comedy.

Similarly, Paris is called the “city of lillies,” by a pun between Louis and lys (_the flower-de-luce_), and France is _l’empire des lys_ or _l’empire des Louis_.

By a similar pun, London might be called “the noisy town,” from _hlúd_, “noisy.”

=Violetta=, a Portuguese, married to Belfield, the elder brother, but deserted by him. The faithless husband gets betrothed to Sophia (daughter of Sir Benjamin Dove), who loves the younger brother. Both Violetta and the younger brother are shipwrecked and cast on the coast of Cornwall, in the vicinity of Squire Belfield’s estate; and Sophia is informed that her “betrothed” is a married man. She is therefore free from her betrothal, and marries the younger brother, the man of her choice; while the elder brother takes back his wife, to whom he becomes reconciled.--R. Cumberland, _The Brothers_ (1769).

=Violin= (_The Angel with the_). Rubens’s “Harmony” is an angel of the male sex playing a bass-viol.

The angel with the violin, Painted by Raphael, (?) he seemed. Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (1863).

=Violin-Makers= (_The best_): Gasparo di Salo (1560-1610); Nicholas Amati (1596-1684); Antonio Stradivari (1670-1728); Joseph A. Guarneri (1683-1745).

⁂ Of these, Stradivari was the best, and Nicholas Amati the next best.

The following are eminent, but not equal to the names given above:--Joseph Steiner (1620-1667); Matthias Klotz (1650-1696). (See Otto, _On the Violin_.)

=Vipont= (_Sir Ralph de_) a knight of St. John. He is one of the knights challengers.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Virgil=, in the _Gesta Romanorum_, is represented as a mighty but benevolent enchanter, and this is the character that Italian romances give him.

Similarly, Sir Walter Scott is called “The Great Wizard of the North.”

_Virgil_, in Dantê, is the personification of human wisdom, Beatrice of the wisdom which comes of faith, and St. Bernard of spiritual wisdom. Virgil conducts Dantê through the Inferno and through Purgatory too, till the seven P’s (_peccata_ “sins”) are obliterated from his brow, when Beatrice becomes his guide. St. Bernard is his guide through a part of Paradise. Virgil says to Dantê:

What _reason_ here discovers, _I_ have power To show thee; that which lies beyond, expect From Beatrice----_faith_ not reason’s task. Dantê, _Purgatory_, xviii. (1308).

_Virgil._ The inscription on his tomb (said to have been written by himself) was:

Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc Parthenope; cecini pascua, rura, duces.

In Mantua was I born; Calabria saw me die; Of sheep, fields, wars I sung; and now in Naples lie.

_Virgil_ (_The Christian_), Giacomo Sannazaro (1458-1530).

Marco Girolamo Vida, author of _Christias_ (in six books), is also called “The Christian Virgil” (1490-1566).

⁂ Aurelius Clemens Prudentius, of Spain, is called by Bentley “The Virgil and Horace of Christians” (348-*).

=Virgil of our Dramatic Poets= (_The_). Ben Jonson is so called by Dryden (1574-1637).

Shakespeare was the Homer or father of our dramatic poets; Jonson was the Virgil, and pattern of elaborate writing. I admire rare Ben, but I love Shakespeare.--Dryden.

=Virgil of the French Drama= (_The_). Jean Racine is so called by Sir Walter Scott (1639-1699).

=Virgil’s Courtship.= Godfrey Gobilyve told Graunde Amoure that Virgil, the poet, once made proposals to a lady of high rank in the Roman court, who resolved to punish him for his presumption. She told him that if he would appear on a given night before her window, he should be drawn up in a basket. Accordingly he kept his appointment, got into the basket, and, being drawn some twenty feet from the ground, was left there dangling till noon the next day, the laugh and butt of the court and city.--Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-tyme of Plesure_, xxix. (1515).

=Virgil’s Gnat= (the _Culex_, ascribed to Virgil). A shepherd, having fallen asleep in the open air, was on the point of becoming the prey of a serpent, when a gnat stung him on the eyelid. The shepherd crushed the gnat, but at the same time alarmed the serpent, which the shepherd saw and beat to death. Next night the gnat appeared to the shepherd in a dream, and reproached him for ingratitude, whereupon he raised a monument in honor of his deliverer. Spenser has a free translation of this story, which he calls _Virgil’s Gnat_ (1580). (See USE OF PESTS.)

=Virgile du Rabut= (_Le_), “The Virgil of the Plane,” Adam Bellaut, the joiner-poet, who died, 1662. He was pensioned by Richelieu, patronized by the “Great Condé,” and praised by Pierre Corneille.

=Virgil´ia= is made by Shakespeare the _wife_ of Coriolanus, and Volumnia his _mother_; but historically Volumnia was his wife, and Vetu´ria his mother.--_Coriolanus_ (1610).

The old man’s merriment in Menenius; the lofty lady’s dignity in Volumnia; the bridal modesty in Virgilia; the patrician and military haughtiness in Coriolanus; the plebeian malignity and tribunitian insolence in Brutus and Sicinius, make a very pleasing and interesting variety.--Dr. Johnson, _On Coriolanus_.

=Virgil´ius=, Feargil, bishop of Saltzburg, an Irishman. He was denounced as a heretic for asserting the existence of antipodês (*-784). (See HERESY.)

⁂ Metz, in France, was so called in the Franco-Prussian war (1870-1).

=Virgin Martyr= (_The_), a tragedy by Philip Massinger (1622).

”

=Virgin Mary= (_The_), is addressed by the following titles:--“Empress and Queen of Heaven;” “Empress and Queen of Angels;” “Empress and Queen of the Earth;” “Lady of the Universe or of the World;” “Mistress of the World;” “Patroness of all Men;” “Advocate for Sinners;” “Mediatrix;” “Gate of Paradise;” “Mother of Mercies and of Divine Grace;” “Goddess;” “The only Hope of Sinners,” etc., etc.

It is said that Peter Fullo, in 480, was the first to introduce invocations to the Virgin.

=Virgin Modesty.= John Wilmot, earl of Rochester, was so called by Charles II., because of his propensity to blushing (1647-1680).

=Virgin Queen= (_The_), Elizabeth (1533, 1558-1603).

=Virgin Unmasked= (_The_), a farce by H. Fielding. Goodwill had acquired by trade £10,000, and resolved to give his daughter Lucy to one of his relations, in order to keep the money in the family. He sent for her bachelor relations, and told them his intention; they were Blister (the apothecary), Coupee (the dancing-master), and Quaver (the singing-master). They all preferred their professions to the young lady, and while they were quarrelling about the superiority of their respective callings, Lucy married Thomas, the footman. Old Goodwill says, “I don’t know but that my daughter has made a better choice than if she had married one of these booby relations.”

=Virginians= (_The_), a sequel to Henry Esmond. It gives the story of Colonel Esmond’s twin grandsons, George and Harry Warrington, born and brought up in Virginia. George joins Braddock’s expedition, and is reported killed, Harry goes to England. George, escaping from Indian captivity, joins his brother, whom everybody had supposed the head of the family. Harry enters the army and George marries. One of the characters introduced in the book is George Washington, whom the twins believe to be in love with their widowed mother.--W. M. Thackeray, _The Virginians_.

=Virgins= (_The Eleven Thousand_). Ursul or Hörsel in Swabia, like Hulda in Scandinavia, means “the moon,” and her eleven thousand virgins are the stars. The bones shown in Cologne, as those of the eleven thousand virgins are those of males and females of all ages, and were taken from an old Roman cemetery across which the wall of Cologne ran (1106).

=Virginia=, a young Roman plebeian of great beauty, coveted by Appius Claudius, one of the decemvirs, and claimed as his slave. Her father, Virginius, being told of it, hastened to the forum, and arrived at the moment when Virginia was about to be delivered up to Appius. He seized a butcher’s knife, stabbed his daughter to the heart, rushed from the forum, and raised a revolt.

This has been the subject of a host of tragedies. In _French_, by Mairet (1628), by Leclerc (1645), by Campistron (1683), by La Beaumelle (1760), by Chabanon (1769), by Laharpe (1786), by Leblanc du Guillet (1786), by Guiraud (1827), by Latour St. Ybars (1845), etc. In _Italian_, by Alfieri (1783). In _German_, by Gotthold Lessing (eighteenth century). In _English_, by John Webster, entitled _Appius and Virginia_ (1654); by Miss Brooke (1760); J. S. Knowles (1820), _Virginius_.

It is one of Lord Macaulay’s lays (1842), supposed to be sung in the forum on the day when Sextus and Licinius were elected tribunes for the fifth time.

_Virginia_, the daughter of Mde. de la Tour. Madame was of a good family in Normandy, but, having married beneath her social position, was tabooed by her family. Her husband died before the birth of his first child, and the widow went to live at Port Louis, in the Mauritius, where Virginia was born. Their only neighbor was Margaret, with her love-child, Paul, an infant. The two children grew up together, and became strongly attached; but when Virginia was 15 years old, her wealthy great-aunt adopted her and requested that she might be sent immediately to France to finish her education. The aunt wanted her to marry a French count, and as Virginia refused to do so, disinherited her and sent her back to the Mauritius. When within a cable’s length of the island, a hurricane dashed the ship to pieces, and the corpse of Virginia was cast on the shore. Paul drooped, and died within two months.--Bernardin de St. Pierre, _Paul and Virginia_ (1788).

⁂ In Cobb’s dramatic version of this story, Virginia’s mother is of Spanish origin, and dies committing Virginia to the charge of Dominique, a faithful old negro servant. The aunt is Donna Leonora de Guzman, who sends Don Antonio de Guardes to bring Virginia to Spain, and there to make her his bride. She is carried to the ship by force; but scarcely is she set on board when a hurricane dashes the vessel to pieces. Antonio is drowned, but Virginia is rescued by Alhambra, a runaway slave, whom she has befriended. The drama ends with the marriage between Virginia and Paul (1756-1818).

=Virginius=, father of the Roman Virginia, the title of a tragedy by S. Knowles (1820). (For the tale, see VIRGINIA.)

Macready (1793-1873) made the part of “Virginius” in Knowles’s drama so called, but the first to act it was John Cooper, in Glasgow (1820).

=Visin=, a Russian who had the power of blunting weapons by a look. Starchat´erus, the Swede, when he went against him, covered his sword with thin leather, and by this means obtained an easy victory.

=Vision of Judgment= (_The_), a poem in twelve parts, by Southey, written in hexameter verse (1820). The laureate supposes that he has a vision of George III., just dead, tried at the bar of heaven. Wilkes is his chief accuser, and Washington his chief defender. Judgment is given by acclamation in favor of the king, and in heaven he is welcomed by Alfred, Richard Cœur de Lion, Edward III., Queen Elizabeth, Charles I. and William III., Bede, Friar Bacon, Chaucer, Spenser, the duke of Marlborough and Berkeley the sceptic, Hogarth, Burke the infidel, Chatterton, who made away with himself, Canning, Nelson and all the royal family who were then dead.

⁂ Of all the literary productions ever issued from the press, never was one printed of worse taste than this. Byron wrote a quiz on it called _The Vision of Judgment_, in 106 stanzas of eight lines each (1820).

=Visines, De= (_The_). The uncle, an emigrant abbé who teaches French in Philadelphia, to private pupils. One of these is Marguerite Howard, with whom the nephew, Henri De Visines, speedily falls in love. The girl, in skating, finds herself upon a floating cake of ice from which she is rescued by Henri De Visines. A series of revelations brings about the truth that Marguerite is of the De Visine blood, and in due time she marries her newly-found cousin.--S. Weir Mitchell, _Hephzibah Guinness_ (1880).

=Vita´lis=, the pseudonym of Eric Sjöberg, a Swedish poet. (Latin, _vita lis_, “life is a strife.”)

=Viti´za= or =Witi´za=, king of the Visigoths, who put out the eyes of Cordŏva, the father of Roderick. He was himself dethroned and blinded by Roderick.--Southey, _Roderick, the Last of the Goths_ (1814).

=Vitruvius= (_The English_), Inigo Jones (1572-1652).

=Vivian=, brother of Maugis d’Agremont, and son of Duke Bevis of Agremont. He was stolen in infancy by Tapinel, and sold to the wife of Sorgalant.--_Roman de Maugis d’Agremont et de Vivian son Frère._

_Vivian_, son of Buovo (2 _syl._), of the house of Clarmont, and brother of Aldiger and Malagigi.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Viviane= (3 _syl._), daughter of Dyonas, a vavasour of high lineage, and generally called the “Lady of the Lake.” Merlin, in his dotage, fell in love with her, and she imprisoned him in the forest of Brécéliande, in Brittany. Viviane induced Merlin to show her how a person could be imprisoned by enchantment without walls, towers, or chains, and after he had done so, she fondled him into a sleep under a whitethorn laden with flowers. While thus he slept, she made a ring with her wimple round the bush, and performed the other needful ceremonies, whereupon he found himself enclosed in a prison stronger than the strongest tower, and from that imprisonment was never again released.--_Merlin_ (a romance).

⁂ See the next article.

=Viv´ien= or =Vivian=, the personification of shameless harlotry, or the crowning result to be expected from the infidelity of Queen Guin´evere. This wily wanton in Arthur’s court hated all the knights, and tried without success to seduce “the blameless king.” With Merlin, she succeeded better, for, being pestered with her importunity, he told her the secret of his power, as Samson told Delilah the secret of his strength. Having learnt this, Vivien enclosed the magician in a hollow oak, where he was confined as one dead, “lost to life, and use, and name, and fame.”--Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ (“Vivien,” 1858-9). (See VIVIANE.)

⁂ In Malory’s _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 60, Nimue (? _Ninive_) is the fée who inveigled Merlin out of his secret:

And so upon a time it happened that Merlin shewed to her [_Nimue_] in a rock, whereas was a great wonder, and wrought by enchantment, which went under a stone. So by her subtle craft and working, she made Merlin to go under that stone, to let her wit of the marvels there; but she wrought so there for him that he came never out, for all his craft. And so she departed and left him there.

=Voadic´ia= or =Boadice´a=, queen of the British Icēni. Enraged against the Romans, who had defiled her two daughters, she excited an insurrection against them, and while Suetonius Paulīnus, the Roman governor, was in Mona (_Anglesea_), she took Colchester and London, and slew 70,000 Romans. Being at length defeated by Suetonius Paulinus, she put an end to her life by poison (A.D. 61).

Cowper has an ode on _Boadicea_ (1790).

Brave Voadicĭa made with her resolvedest men To Virolam [_St. Alban’s_], whose siege with fire and sword she plyed Till levelled with the earth ... etc. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612).

=Voadine= (2 _syl._), bishop of London, who reproved Vortiger[n] for loving another man’s wife and neglecting his own queen, for which reproof the good bishop was murdered.

... good Voadine, who reproved Proud Vortiger, his king, unlawfully that loved Another’s wanton wife, and wronged his nuptial bed, For which by that stern prince unjustly murdered. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

⁂ This is very like the story of John the Baptist and Herod.

=Voice= (_Human_). The following animals possessed both human voice and articulate speech, speaking in the language of their masters:--

AL BORAK, the animal which conveyed Mahomet to the seventh heaven. He not only spoke good Arabic, but had also a human face.

ARION, the wonderful horse which Herculés gave to Adrastos. It not only spoke good Greek, but both his near feet were those of a man.

BALAAM’S ASS spoke Hebrew to Balaam on one occasion.--_Numb._ xxii.

THE BLACK PIGEONS, one of which gave the responses in the temple of Ammon, and the other in Dodōna.--_Classic Story_.

The BULBUL-HEZAR, which had not only human speech, but was oracular also.--_Arabian Nights_ (“The Two Sisters”).

COMRADE, Fortunio’s horse, spoke with the voice of a man.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Fortunio”).

The little GREEN BIRD which Fairstar obtained possession of, not only answered in words any questions asked it, but was also prophetic and oracular.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Cherry and Fairstar”).

KATMÎR, the dog of the Seven Sleepers, spoke Greek.--_Al Korân_, xviii.

SÄLEH’S CAMEL used to go about crying, in good Arabic, “Ho! every one that wanteth milk, let him come, and I will give it him.”--Sale, _Al Korân_, vii. (notes).

The SERPENT which tempted Eve to eat of the forbidden fruit.--_Gen._ iii.

TEMLIHA, the king of serpents, had the gift of human speech.--Comte de Caylus, _Oriental Tales_ (“History of Aboutaleb”).

XANTHOS, one of the horses of Achillês, announced to the hero, in good Greek, his approaching death.--_Classic Fable._

=Voiture= (2 _syl._), a French poet, idolized by his contemporaries in the reign of Louis XIV., but now only known by name (1598-1648).

E’en rival wits did Voiture’s death deplore, And the gay mourned, who never mourned before; The truest hearts for Voiture heaved with sighs, Voiture was wept by all the brightest eyes. Pope, _Epistle to Miss Blount_ (1715).

=Voland= (_Squire_), the devil. (German, _Junker Voland_.)

=Volan´te= (3 _syl._), one of the three daughters of Balthazar. Lively, witty, sharp as a needle and high-spirited. She loves the Count Montalban; but when the count disguises himself as a father confessor, in order to sound her love for him, she sees the trick in a moment, and says to him, “Come, count, pull off your lion’s hide, and confess yourself an ass.” Subsequently, all ends happily and well.--J. Tobin, _The Honeymoon_ (1804).

=Volet´ta=, Free-will personified.

Voletta, Whom neither man, nor fiend, nor God constrains. Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, vi. (1633).

=Volksmährchen= (“_popular tales_”), in German, the best exponents being Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853), Musäus (1735-1787), De la Motte Fouqué (see UNDINE), Chamisso (see SCHLEMIHL, PETER), Wilhelm Hauff (1802-1827), Achim von Arnim (1781-1831), Clemens Brentano (1777-1842), Zschokke (1771-1848), Hoffmann (1776-1822), Gustav Freytag, “The German Dickens” (1816-1878), and the brothers Grimm.

=Vol´pone= (2 _syl._), or THE FOX, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1605). Volpone, a rich Venetian nobleman, without children, feigns to be dying, in order to draw gifts from those who pay court to him under the expectation of becoming his heirs. Mosca, his knavish confederate, persuades each in turn that he is named for the inheritance, and by this means exacts many a costly present. At the end, Volpone is betrayed, his property forfeited, and he is sentenced to lie in the worst hospital in all Venice.

Jonson has three great comedies: _Volpone_, or _The Fox_, _Epicene, or The Silent Woman_, and _The Alchemist_.--R. Chambers, _English Literature_, i. 192.

=Volscius= (_Prince_), a military hero, who falls in love with the fair Parthenŏpê, and disputes with Prince Prettyman upon the superiority of his sweetheart to Cloris, whom Prince Prettyman sighs for.--Duke of Buckingham, _The Rehearsal_ (1671).

Why, this is worse than Prince Volscius in love!--Sir W. Scott.

Oh, be merry, by all means. Prince Volscius in love! Ha, ha, ha!--W. Congreve, _The Double Dealer_ (1694).

=Volsunga Saga= (_The_), a collection of tales in verse about the early Teutonic heroes, compiled by Sæmund Sigfusson in the eleventh century. A prose version was made some 200 years later by Snorro Sturleson. This saga forms a part of the _Rhythmical_, or _Elder Edda_, and of the _Prose_, or _Younger Edda_.

=Voltaire= (_The German_), Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1838).

Christoph Martin Wieland is also called “The German Voltaire” (1733-1813).

_Voltaire_ (_The Polish_), Ignatius Krasicki (1774-1801).

_Voltaire_ (_The Russian_), Alex P. Sumorokof (1727-1777).

=Vol´timand=, a courtier in the court of Claudius, king of Denmark.--Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596).

=Volumnia= was the _wife_ of Coriolanus, and Vetu´ria his _mother_; but Shakespeare makes Virgilia the wife, and Volumnia the mother.--_Coriolanus_ (1610).

The old man’s merriment in Menenius; the lofty lady’s dignity in Volumnia; the bridal modesty in Virgilia; the patrician and military haughtiness in Coriolanus; the plebeian malignity and tribunitian insolence in Brutus and Sicinius, make a very pleasing and interesting variety.--Dr. Johnson.

=Voluspa Saga= (_The_), the prophecy of Völa. It contains between 200 and 300 verses, and resembles the Sibylline books of ancient Rome. The _Voluspa_ Saga gives, in verse, a description of chaos, the formation of the world, the creation of all animals (including dwarfs and giants, genii and devils, fairies and goblins), the final conflagration of the world and its renewal, when it will appear in celestial beauty, like the new Jerusalem described in the book of the _Revelation_.

=Vorst= (_Peterkin_), the sleeping sentinel at Powys Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Vortigern=, counsel of the Gewisseans, who crowned Constans, king of Britain, although he was a monk, but treacherously contrived to get him assassinated afterwards, and then usurped the crown. He married Rowen’a, daughter of Hengist, and was burnt to death in a tower set on fire during a siege by Ambrosius.--Geoffrey, _British History_, vi. 6; viii. 1 (1142).

_Vortigern_, a drama put forward by Henry W. Ireland (1796) as a newly discovered play by Shakespeare. It was brought out at Drury Lane Theatre, by John Kemble. Dr. Parr declared it to be his opinion that the play was genuine.

=Vortigern and Hengist.= The account of the massacre of the Long-Knives, given by Geoffrey, in his _British History_, vi. 15, differs greatly from that of the _Welsh Triads_ (See STONEHENGE, A TROPHY). Geoffrey says that Hengist came over with a large army, at which King Vortigern was alarmed. To allay this suspicion, Hengist promised to send back all the men that the king did not require, and begged Vortigern to meet him in conference at Ambrius (_Ambresbury_), on May-day. Hengist, in the meantime, secretly armed a number of his soldiers with “long-knives,” and told them to fall on the Britons during the conference, when he uttered the words, “Nemet oure Saxas.” This they did, and 460 “barons and consuls” fell. It does not appear from this narrative that the slaughter was due “to the treachery of Vortigern,” but was wholly the work of Hengist. Geoffrey calls the earl of Gloucester “Eldol,” and not “Eidiol.”

=Vortigern’s Tower=, like Penelopê’s web, is a work ever beginning, and never ending. Vortigern was told by his magicians to build a strong tower for his own security; so he commanded his workmen to build one on Mount Erir, but whatever they built one day, was wholly swallowed up by the earth during the night.--Geoffrey, _British History_, vi. 17 (1142).

=Vos non Vobis.= The tale is that Virgil wrote an epigram on Augustus Cæsar, which so much pleased the emperor that he desired to know who was the author. As Virgil did not claim the lines, one Bathyllus declared they were his. This displeased Virgil, and he wrote these four words, _Sic vos non vobis_ ... four times as the commencement of four lines, and Bathyllus was requested to finish them. This he could not do, but Virgil completed the lines thus:

Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves; Sic vos non vobis villera fertis oves; Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes; Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves.

Not for yourselves your nests ye song-birds build; Not for yourselves ye sheep your fleeces bear; Not for yourselves your hives ye bees have filled; Not for yourselves ye oxen draw the share.

=Vox et præterea Nihil.= A Spartan, pulling a nightingale, and finding only a very small body, exclaimed, φωνὰ τύ τις ἐσσι, καὶ οὐδὲν ἄλλο (“Voice art thou, and nothing more”).--Plutarch, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.

=Vox= (_Valentine_), enterprising ventriloquist, who figures in the novel called by his name.--Henry Cochton (1840).

=Vran= (_Bendigeid_, _i.e._, “Blessed”), king of Britain, and father of Caradawc (_Caractacus_). He was called “Blessed,” because he introduced Christianity into this island. Vran had shared the captivity of his son, and had learned the Christian faith during his seven years’ detention in Rome.

Vran or Bran the Blessed, son of Llyr, first brought the faith of Christ to the nation of the Cymry, from Rome, where he was seven years a hostage for his son, Caradawc, whom the Romans made prisoner, through craft and the treachery of Aregwedd Fôeddawg [_Cartismandua_] _Welsh Triads_, xxxv.

=Vran’s Caldron= restored to life whoever was put therein, but the revivified never recovered speech. (See MEDEA’S KETTLE.)

“I will give thee,” said Bendigeid Vran, “a caldron, the property of which is that if one of thy men be slain to-day, and be cast therein to-morrow, he will be as well as he was at the best, except that he will not regain his speech.”--_The Mabinogion_ (“Branwen,” etc., twelfth century).

=Vrience= (_King_), one of the knights of the Round Table. He married Morgan le Fay, half-sister of King Arthur.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470).

=Vulcan= was the lawful offspring of Jupiter and Juno, but the former, upon beholding his homely son, kicked him out of heaven.

“From morn To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve, A summer’s day, and with the setting sun Drop’t from the zenith like a falling star On Lemnos, the Ægean isle.” Milton, _Paradise Lost_, I.

His leg was broken, and he remained lame forever after. He was a blacksmith, and employed by the Cyclops to forge their thunderbolts.

=Vulcan’s Badge=, the badge of cuckoldom. Vulcan was the husband of Venus, with whom Mars intrigued.

We know Better than he have worn Vulcan’s badge. Shakespeare, _Titus Andronicus_, act ii. sc. 1 (1593).

=Vulnerable Parts.=

ACHILLES was vulnerable only in the heel. When his mother, Thetis, dipped him in the river Styx, she held him by the heel, and the water did not touch this part.--_A Post-Homeric Story._

AJAX, son of Telamon, could be wounded only behind the neck; some say only in one spot of the breast. As soon as he was born Alcīdês covered him with a lion’s skin, which rendered the whole body invulnerable, except in a part where the skin had been pierced by Herculês.

ANTÆOS was wholly charmed against death so long as he touched the earth.--Lucan, _Pharsalia_, iv.

FERRACUTE (3 _syl._) was only vulnerable in the navel.--Turpin, Chronicle of Charlemagne.

He is called Ferrau, son of Landfūsa, by Ariosto, in his _Orlando Furioso_.

MEGISSOGWON was only vulnerable at one tuft of hair on his head. A woodpecker revealed the secret to Hiawatha, who struck him there and killed him.--Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, ix.

ORILLO was impervious to death unless one particular hair was cut off; wherefore Astolpho, when he encountered the robber, only sought to cut off this magic hair.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_.

ORLANDO was invulnerable except in the sole of his foot, and even there nothing could injure him except the prick of a pin.--ITALIAN CLASSIC FABLE.

SIEGFRIED was invulnerable except in one spot between the shoulders, on which a leaf stuck when he dipped his body in the dragon’s blood.--_The Nibelungen Lied._

⁂ The Promethĕan unguent rendered the body proof against fire and wounds of any sort. Medea gave Jason some of this unguent.--_Classic Story._

=Vulture= (_The Black_), emblem of the ancient Turk, as the crescent is of the modern Ottoman empire.

And that black vulture, which with dreadful wing O’ershadows half the earth, whose dismal sight Frightened the Muses from their native spring, Already stoops, and flags with weary wing. Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, vii. (1633).

=Vulture Hopkins.= John Hopkins was so called from his rapacious mode of acquiring money. He was the architect of his own fortune, and died worth £300,000 (in 1732).

⁂ Pope refers to John Hopkins in the lines:

When Hopkins dies, a thousand lights attend The wretch who, living, saved a candle end.

=Wabster= (_Michael_), a citizen of Perth.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Wabun=, son of Mudjekeewis; the Indian Apollo. He chases darkness over hill and dale with his arrows, wakes man, and brings the morning. He married Wabun-Annung, who was taken to heaven at death, and became the morning star.--Longfellow, _Hiawatha_ (1855).

=Wabun-Annung=, the morning star, a country maiden who married Wabun, the Indian Apollo.--Longfellow, _Hiawatha_ (1855).

=Wackbairn= (_Mr._), the schoolmaster at Libberton.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

=Wackles= (_Mrs._ and the _Misses_), of Chelsea, keepers of a “Ladies’ Seminary.” English grammar, composition, geography, and the use of dumb-bells, by Miss Melissa Wackles; writing, arithmetic, dancing, music, and general fascination, by Miss Sophy Wackles; needlework, marking, and samplery, by Miss Jane Wackles; corporal punishment and domestic duties, by Mrs. Wackles. Miss Sophy was a fresh, good-natured, buxom girl of 20, who owned to a soft impeachment for Mr. Swiveller, but as he held back, she married Mr. Cheggs, a well-to-do market gardener.--C. Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_, viii. (1840).

=Wade= (_Miss_), a handsome young woman, brought up by her grandmother, with a small independence. She looked at every act of kindness, benevolence, and charity with a jaundiced eye, and attributed it to a vile motive. Her manner was suspicious, self-secluded, and repellant; her temper proud, fiery, and unsympathetic. Twice she loved--in one case she jilted her lover, in the other she was herself jilted. The latter was Henry Gowan, who married Pet, the daughter of Mr. Meagles, and in consequence of this marriage Miss Wade hated Gowan, his wife, the Meagleses, and all their friends. She enticed Tattycoram away from Mr. Meagles, and the two beautiful young women lived together for a time, nursing their hatred of man to keep it warm.--C. Dickens, _Little Dorrit_, ii. 21 (1857).

=Waddell= (_James_), the Blind Preacher, as he was familiarly called, was a marked character in the central counties of Virginia in the latter part of the eighteenth century. He performed all the offices of a clergyman up to the time of his death, preaching with power and unction every week. “I have never,” says William Wirt, “seen in any other orator such a union of simplicity and majesty. He has not a gesture, an attitude or an accent, to which he does not seem forced by the sentiment which he is expressing.... He is not only a very polite scholar, but a man of extensive and profound erudition.”--William Wirt, _The British Spy_ (1803).

=Wadman= (_Widow_), a comely widow, who would full fain secure Uncle Toby for her second husband. Amongst other wiles, she pretends to have something in her eye, and gets Uncle Toby to look for it. As the kind-hearted hero of Namur does so, the gentle widow gradually places her face nearer and nearer the captain’s mouth, under the hope that he will kiss and propose.--Sterne, _The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy_ (1759).

=Wagner=, the faithful servant and constant companion of Faust, in Marlowe’s drama called _The Life and Death of Dr. Faustus_ (1589); in Goethe’s _Faust_ (German, 1798); and in Gounod’s opera of _Faust_ (1859).

Wagner is a type of the pedant. He sacrifices himself to books as Faust does to knowledge ... the dust of folios is his element, parchment the source of his inspiration.... He is one of those who, in the presence of Niagara, would vex you with questions about arrow-headed inscriptions ... or the origin of the Pelasgi.--Lewes.

=Wa´hela=, Lot’s wife, who was confederate with the men of Sodom, and gave them notice when a stranger came to visit her husband. Her sign was smoke by day and fire by night. Wahela was turned into a pillar of salt.--Jallâlo´ddin, _Al Zamakh_.

=Wa´ila= (3 _syl._), wife of Noah, who told the people her husband was distraught.

The wife of Noah [_Wâïla_] and the wife of Lot [_Wâhela_] were both unbelievers, ... and it shall be said unto them at the last day, “Enter ye into hell fire, with those who enter therein.”--_Al Korân_, lxvi.

=Wainamoi´nen=, the Orpheus of Finnish mythology. His magic harp performed similar wonders to that of Orpheus (2 _syl._). It was made of the bones of a pike; that of Orpheus was of tortoiseshell. The “beloved” of Wainamoinen was a treasure called Sampo, which was lost as the poet reached the verge of the realms of darkness; the “beloved” of Orpheus was Eurydi´cê, who was lost just as the poet reached the confines of earth, after his descent into hell.

⁂ See Kalewala, _Rune_, xxii. It is very beautiful. An extract is given in Baring Gould’s _Myths of the Middle Ages_, 440-444.

=Waitwell=, the lackey of Edward Mirabell, and husband of Foible, governante of the household of Lady Wishfort. By his master’s request, Waitwell personates Sir Roland, and makes love to Lady Wishfort, but the trick is discovered before much mischief is done.--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700).

=Wakefield= (_Harry_), the English drover killed by Robin Oig.--Sir W. Scott, _The Two Drovers_ (time, George III.).

=Wakeman= (_Sir George_), physician to Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Waldeck= (_Martin_), the miner, and hero of a story read by Lovel to a picnic party at the ruins of St. Ruth’s Priory.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Walde´grave= (2 _syl._), leader of the British forces which joined the Hurons in extirpating the Snake Indians, but he fell in the fray (pt. i. 18).

_Julia Waldegrave_, wife of the above. She was bound to a tree with her child by some of the Indians during the attack. Outalissi, a Snake Indian, unbound them, took them home, and took care of them; but the mother died. Her last request was that Outalissi would carry her child to Albert of Wy´oming, her friend, and beg him to take charge of it.

_Henry Waldegrave_, the boy brought by Outalissi to Albert. After staying at Wyoming for three years, his English friends sent for him (he was then 12 years old). When grown to manhood, he returned to Wyoming, and was married to Gertrude; but three months afterwards Outalissi appeared, and told them that Brandt was coming with his English soldiers to destroy the village. Both Albert and Gertrude were shot in the attack; and Henry joined the army of Washington.--Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_ (1809).

=Waldemar Fitzurse= (_Lord_), a baron following Prince John of Anjou (brother of Richard Cœur de Lion).--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Waldstetten= (_The countess of_), a relative of the baron. He is one of the characters in Donnerhugel’s narrative.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Walk= (_Knave_) is meant for colonel Hewson, generally called “Walk, Knave, Walk,” from a tract written by Edmund Gayton, to satirize the party, and entitled _Walk, Knaves, Walk_.--S. Butler, _Hudibras_ (1663-78).

=Walker= (_Dr._), one of the three great quacks of the eighteenth century, the others being Dr. Rock and Dr. Timothy Franks. Goldsmith, in his _Citizen of the World_, has a letter (lxviii.) wholly upon these three worthies (1759).

_Walker_ (_Helen_), the prototype of Jeanie Deans. Sir W. Scott caused a tombstone to be erected over her grave in Irongray churchyard, Kirkcudbright [_Ke.koo´.bry_].

_Walker_ (_Hookey_), John Walker, outdoor clerk to Longman, Clementi and Co., Cheapside. He was noted for his hooked nose, and disliked for his official duties, which were to see that the men came and left at the proper hour, and that they worked during the hours of work. Of course, the men conspired to throw discredit on his reports; and hence when any one draws the “long-bow,” the hearer exclaims, “Hookey Walker!” as much as to say, “I don’t believe it.”

=Walking Gentleman= (_A_). Thomas Colley Grattan published his _Highways and Byeways_ under this signature (1825).

=Walking Stewart=, John Stewart, an English traveller, who walked through Hindûstan, Persia, Nubia, Abyssinia, the Arabian Desert, Europe, and the North American states; “crazy beyond the reach of hellebore, yet sublime and divinely benignant.... He had seen more of the earth’s surface, and had communicated more with the children of the earth, than any man before or since.”--De Quincey, (1856).

=Walking-Stick= (_Henry VIII.’s_), the great Danish club shown in the armory of the Tower.

=Walkingshaw= (_Miss_), mistress of the chevalier Charles Edward, the Young Pretender.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Wallace’s Larder=, the dungeon of Ardrossan, in Ayrshire, where Wallace had the dead bodies thrown when the garrison was surprised by him in the reign of Edward I.

“Douglas’s Larder” is a similar phrase, meaning that horrible compound of dead bodies, barrels of flour, meal, wheat, malt, wine, ale, and beer, all mixed together in Douglas Castle, by the order of Lord James Douglas, when, in 1306, the garrison was surprised by him.

=Wallenrode= (_The earl of_), an Hungarian crusader.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Wallenstein= (_Max_), German baron and general, eminent in the Thirty Years’ War. He was assassinated in 1634 by order of Ferdinand II. of Germany.--Schiller, _Wallenstein_ (1799).

=Waller=, in love with Lydia, lady’s-maid to Widow Green. His love at first was not honorable, because his aristocratic pride revolted at the inferior social position of Lydia; but when he knew her real worth, he loved her, proposed marriage, and found that she was the sister of Trueworth, who had taken service to avoid an obnoxious marriage.--S. Knowles, _The Love-Chase_ (1837).

=Waller’s Plot=, a plot organized in 1643 by Waller, the poet, against the parliamentary party. The object was to secure the king’s children, to seize the most eminent of the parliamentarians, to capture the Tower, and resist all taxes imposed for the support of the parliamentary army.

=Walley= (_Richard_), the regicide, whose story is told by Major Bridgenorth (a roundhead) at his dinner-table.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Walnut Web.= When the three princes of a certain king were sent to find out “a web of cloth which would pass through the eye of a fine needle,” the White Cat furnished the youngest of the three with one spun by the cats of her palace.

The prince ... took out of his box a walnut, which he cracked ... and saw a small hazel nut, which he cracked also ... and found therein a kernel of wax.... In this kernel of wax was hidden a single grain of wheat, and in the grain a small millet seed.... On opening the millet, he drew out a web of cloth 400 yards long, and in it was woven all sorts of birds, beasts, and fishes; fruits and flowers; the sun, moon, and stars; the portraits of kings and queens, and many other wonderful designs.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The White Cat,” 1682).

=Walpurgis=, saint who converted the Saxons to Christianity.

=Walpurgis Night.= May 1, when witches dance upon the Brocken in the Hartz Mountains.

=Walsingham=, the affianced of Helen Mowbray. Deceived by appearances, he believed that Helen was the mistress of Lord Athunree, and abandoned her; but when he discovered his mistake he married her.--S. Knowles, _Woman’s Wit, etc._ (1838).

_Walsingham_ (_Lord_) of Queen Elizabeth’s court.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Walter=, marquis of Saluzzo, in Italy, and husband of Grisilda, the peasant’s daughter (_q.v._).--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Clerk’s Tale,” 1388).

⁂ This tale, of course, is allegorical; Lord Walter takes the place of deity, and Grisilda typifies the true Christian. In all her privations, in all her sorrows, in all her trials, she says to her lord and master, “Thy will be done.”

_Walte_ (_Master_), “the hunchback,” guardian of Julia. A worthy man, liberal and charitable, frank and honest, who turns out to be the earl of Rochdale and father of Julia.--S. Knowles, _The Hunchback_ (1831).

=Walter Debree=, a Protestant clergyman, who, driven as he imagines, by conscience, takes orders in the Roman Catholic Church. His wife seeks him out and makes an eloquent appeal to him in the name of their former love, their dead child, and their once common faith. His heart and conscience thus aroused, combine to urge reconsideration of his belief. He resolves to return to the Mother Church, and makes his plans to take the Lord’s Supper with his wife on a certain Sabbath. On his way to church, he is overtaken by a fierce snow-storm and buried in the drifts. It is his lifeless body which is taken to the waiting wife. “Is this all, Walter?” she sobbed. “Is this the end? Yes, and it is a good end.... I did not seek you for myself. It never was for myself!” The effort to subdue the human love to the Divine triumphed in the midst of tears.--Robert Lowell, _The New Priest of Conception Bay_ (1858).

=Walter= [=Furst=], father-in-law of Tell.--Rossini, _Guglielmo Tell_ (opera, 1829).

=Walter Hartwright=, drawing-teacher and lover of Laura Fairlie. When the report of her death has been circulated by her husband, Sir Percival Glyde, Walter unravels the plot, restores Laura to her rightful place, and after the baronet’s death, marries her.--Wilkie Collins, _The Woman in White_.

=Walter von der Vogelweide=, one of the German _minnesingers_, flourished in 1206.

=Waltheof= (_The abbot_), abbot of St. Withold’s Priory.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

_Waltheof_ (_Father_), a grey friar, confessor to the duchess of Rothesay.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Walton= (_Lord_), father of Elvi´ra, who promised his daughter in marriage to Sir Richard Forth, a puritan officer; but Elvira had already plighted her love to Lord Arthur Talbot, a cavalier. The betrothal was set aside, and Elvira married Arthur Talbot at last.--Bellini, _Il Puritani_ (opera, 1834).

_Walton_ (_Sir John de_), governor of Douglas Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

=Wamba=, “the son of Witless,” the jester of Cedric, the Saxon, of Rotherwood.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Wampum=, a string or belt of whelk-shells, current with the North American Indians as a medium of exchange, and always sent as a present to those with whom an alliance or treaty is made.

Peace be to thee! my words this belt approve. Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_, i. 14 (1809).

Our wampum league thy brethren did embrace. Ibid, i. 15.

=Wanda=, proud, high-bred German beauty, who loves and weds a man, believing him to be of noble birth. Accident reveals the mistake, and she drives him from her in anger. After long separation, he rescues their child from death, and dies in the arms of his remorseful wife.--Ouida, _Wanda_.

=Wanderers.= It is said that gypsies are doomed to be wanderers on the face of the earth, because they refused hospitality to the Virgin and Child, when the holy family fled into Egypt. (See WILD HUNTSMAN.)--Aventinus, _Annalium Boiorum, libri septem_ (1554).

=Wandering Jew= (_The_), Kartaph´ilos (in Latin, _Cartaphilus_), the door-keeper of the judgment hall, in the service of Pontius Pilate. The tradition is that this porter, while haling Jesus before Pilate, struck Him, saying, “Get on faster!” whereupon Jesus replied, “I am going fast enough; but thou shalt tarry till I come again.”

⁂ The earliest account of this tradition is in the _Book of the Chronicles of the Abbey of St. Alban’s_, copied and continued by Matthew Paris (1228). In 1242 Philip Mouskes, afterwards bishop of Tournay, wrote the “rhymed chronicle.”

Kartaphilos, we are told, was baptized by Ananias, who baptized Paul, and received the name of Joseph.--See _Book of the Chronicles of the Abbey of St. Alban’s_.

Another tradition says the Jew was Ahasue´rus, a cobbler, and gives the story thus: Jesus, overcome by the weight of the cross, stopped at the door of Ahasuerus, when the man pushed Him away, saying, “be off with you!” Jesus replied, “I am going off truly, as it is written; but thou shalt tarry till I come again.”

⁂ This legend is given by Paul von Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig, in 1547.--See Greve, _Memoirs of Paul von Eitzen_, Hamburgh (1744).

In _Germany_, the Wandering Jew is associated with John Buttadæus, who was seen at Antwerp in the thirteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, and at Brussels in 1774.

⁂ Leonard Doldius of Nürnberg, in his _Praxis Alchymiæ_ (1604), says the Jew Ahasuerus is sometimes called Buttadæus.

In _France_, the name given to the Jew is Isaac Laquedem, or Lakedion.

⁂ See Mitternacht, _Dissertatio in Johan._, xxi. 19.

Salathiel ben Sadi is the name of the Wandering Jew, in Croly’s novel entitled _Salathiel_ (1827).

Eugène Sue introduces a Wandering Jew in his novel called _Le Juif Errant_ (1845). Galt has also a novel called _The Wandering Jew_.

Poetical versions of the legend have been made by A. W. von Schlegal, _Die Warnung_; by Schubert, _Ahasuer_; by Goethe, _Aus Meinem Leben_, all in German. By Mrs. Norton, _The Undying One_, in English, etc. The legend is based on St. John’s _Gospel_ xxi. 22. “If I will that _he_ tarry till I come, what is that to thee?” The apostles thought the words meant that John would not die, but tradition has applied them to some one else.

=Wandering Knight= (_The_), El Donzel del Febo (“the Knight of the Sun”), is so called in the Spanish romance entitled _The Mirror of Knighthood_. Eumen´edês is so called in Peele’s _Old Wives’ Tale_ (1590).

=Wandering Willie=, the blind fiddler, who tells the tale about Sir Robert Redgauntlet, and his son, Sir John.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Wandering Wood= which contained the den of Error. Error was a monster, like a woman upwards, but ending in a huge dragon’s tail with a venomous sting. The first encounter of the Red Cross Knight was with this monster whom he slew.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 1 (1590).

⁂ When piety (_the Red Cross Knight_) once forsakes the oneness of truth (_Una_), it is sure to get into “Wandering Wood,” where it will be attacked by “Error.”

=Wantley= (_Dragon of_), a monster slain by More of More Hall, who procured a suit of armor studded with spikes, and, proceeding to the lair, kicked the dragon in its mouth, where alone it was vulnerable.--Percy, _Reliques of Ancient Poetry_.

One of Carey’s farces is entitled _The Dragon of Wantley_.

=War of Wartburg=, a poetic contest at Wartburg’s Castle, in which Vogelweid triumphed over Heinrich von Ofterdingen.

They renewed the war of Wartburg, Which the bard had fought before. Longfellow, _Walter von der Vogelweid_.

=Warbeck= (_Perkin_) assumed himself to be Richard, duke of York, the younger son of Edward IV., supposed to be murdered by order of Richard III., in the Tower.

_Parallel Instances._ The youngest son of Ivan IV. of Russia was named Dīmitri, _i.e._, Demetrius. He was born in 1581, and was mysteriously assassinated in 1591, some say by Godounov, the successor to the throne. Several impostors assumed to be Dimitri, the most remarkable appeared in Poland in 1603, was recognized as Czar in 1605, but perished the year following.

Martin Guerre, in the sixteenth century, left his wife, to whom he had been married ten years, to join the army in Spain. In the eighth year of his absence one Arnaud du Tilh assumed to be Martin Guerre, and was received by the wife as her husband. For three years he lived with her, recognized by all her friends and relations, but the return of Martin himself dispelled the illusion, and Arnaud was put to death.

The great Tichborne case was a similar imposition. One Orton assumed to be Sir Roger Tichborne, and was even acknowledged to be so by Sir Roger’s mother; but after a long and patient trial it was proved that the claimant of the Tichborne estates was no other than one Orton, of Wapping.

In German history, Jakob Rehback, a miller’s man, assumed, in 1345, to be Waldemar, an Ascanier margraf. Jakob was a menial in the service of the margraf.

=Warburton= (_Lord_), handsome, well-bred and commonplace young nobleman, in love with Isabel Archer.--Henry James, Jr., _Portrait of a Lady_ (1881).

=Ward= (_Artĕmus_), Charles F. Browne, of America, author of _His Book of Goaks_ (1865). He died in London in 1867.

_Ward_ (_Dr._), a footman, famous for his “friars’ balsam.” He was called to prescribe for George II., and died, 1761. Dr. Ward had a claret stain on his left cheek, and in Hogarth’s famous picture, “The Undertakers’ Arms,” the cheek is marked gules. He forms one of the three figures at the top, and occupies the right hand side of the spectator. The other two figures are Mrs. Mapp and Dr. Taylor.

=Warden= (_Henry_), _alias_ HENRY WELLWOOD, the Protestant preacher. In the _Abbot_ he is chaplain of the Lady Mary at Avenel Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Warden_ (_Michael_), a young man of about 30, well-made and good-looking, light-hearted, capricious, and without ballast. He had been so wild and extravagant, that Snitchey and Craggs told him it would take six years to nurse his property into a healthy state. Michael Warden told them he was in love with Marion Jeddler, and her, in due time, he married.--C. Dickens, _The Battle of Life_ (1846).

=Wardlaw=, land-steward at Osbaldistone Hall.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

_Wardlaw_ (_Henry of_), archbishop of St. Andrew’s.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Wardle= (_Mr._), an old country gentleman, who had attended some of the meetings of “The Pickwick Club,” and felt a liking for Mr. Pickwick and his three friends, whom he occasionally entertained at his house.

_Miss_ [_Isabella_] _Wardle_, daughter of Mr. Wardle. She marries Augustus Snodgrass, M.P.C.

_Miss Emily Wardle_, daughter of Mr. Wardle. She marries Mr. Trundle.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

=Wardour= (_Sir Arthur_), of Knockwinnock Castle.

_Isabella Wardour_, daughter of Sir Arthur. She marries Lord Geraldin.

_Captain Reginald Wardour_, son of Sir Arthur. He is in the army.

_Sir Richard Wardour_ or “Richard with the Red Hand,” an ancestor of Sir Arthur.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Ware= (_Bed of_), a great bed, twelve feet square, assigned by tradition to the earl of Warwick, the “king maker.”

A mighty large bed [_the bed of honor_], bigger by half than the great bed of Ware; ten thousand people may lie in it together and never feel one another.--G. Farquhar, _The Recruiting Officer_ (1707).

_The bed of Og, king of Bashan,_ which was fourteen feet long, and a little more than six feet wide, was considerably smaller than the great bed of Ware.

His bedstead was a bedstead of iron ... nine cubits was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man.--_Deut._ iii. 11.

=Waring= (_Sir Walter_), a justice of the peace, whose knowledge of the law was derived from Matthew Medley, his factotum. His sentences were justices’ justice, influenced by prejudice and personal feeling. An ugly old hag would have found from him but scant mercy, while a pretty girl could hardly do wrong in Sir Walter’s code of law.--Sir H. B. Dudley, _The Woodman_ (1771).

=Warman=, steward of Robin Hood, while earl of Huntingdon. He betrayed his master into the hands of Gilbert Hoode (or Hood), a prior, Robin’s uncle. King John rewarded Warman for this treachery by appointing him high sheriff of Nottingham.

The ill-fac’d miser, bribed on either hand, Is Warman, one the steward of his house, Who, Judas-like, betraies his liberall lord Into the hands of that relentlesse prior Calde Gilbert Hoode, uncle of Huntington. Skelton, _Downfall of Robert, earl of Huntington_ (Henry VIII.).

=Warming-Pan Hero= (_The_), James Francis Edward Stuart (the first Pretender). According to the absurd story set afloat by the disaffected at the time of his birth, he was not the son of Mary d’Este, the wife of James II., but a natural child of that monarch by Mary Beatrice, of Modena, and he had been conveyed to the royal bed in a warming-pan, with the intention of palming him off upon the British people as the legitimate heir to the throne.

=Warner=, the old steward of Sir Charles Cropland, who grieves to see the timber of the estate cut down to supply the extravagance of his young master.--G. Colman, _The Poor Gentleman_ (1802).

=Warning-Givers.=

ALASNAM’S MIRROR. This mirror remained unsullied when it reflected a chaste and pure-minded woman, but became dim when the woman reflected by it was faithless, wanton, or light.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Prince Zeyn Alasnam”).

ANTS. Alexander Ross says that the “cruel battle between the Venetians and Insubrians, and also that between the Liegeois and the Burgundians, in which 30,000 men were slain, were both presignified by combats between two swarms of ants.”--_Arcana Microcosmi._

BAHMAN’S KNIFE (_Prince_). When Prince Bahman started on his exploits, he gave his sister, Parizādê, a knife which, he told her, would remain bright and clean so long as he was safe and well, but, immediately he was in danger, or dead, would become dull or drop gouts of blood.--_Arabian Nights_ (“The Two Sisters”).

BAY TREES. The withering of bay trees prognosticates a death.

’Tis thought the king is dead ... The bay trees in our country are all withered. Shakespeare, _Richard II_. (1597).

N.B.--The bay was called by the Romans “the plant of the good angel,” because “neyther falling sicknes, neyther devyll, wyll infest or hurt one in that place whereas a bay tree is.”--Thomas Lupton, _Syxt Book of Notable Thinges_ (1660).

BEE. The buzzing of a bee in a room indicates that a stranger is about to pay the house a visit.

BIRTHA’S EMERALD RING. The Duke Gondibert gave Birtha an emerald ring which, he said, would preserve its lustre so long as he remained faithful and true, but would become dull and pale if he proved false to her.--Wm. Davenant, _Gondibert_.

BRAWN’S HEAD (_The_). A boy brought to King Arthur’s court a brawn’s head, over which he drew his wand thrice, and said, “There’s never a traitor or a cuckold who can carve that head of brawn.”--Percy, _Reliques_ (“The Boy and the Mantle”).

CANACE’S MIRROR indicated, by its lustre, if the person whom the inspector loved was true or false.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Squire’s Tale”).

CANDLES. The shooting forth of a parcel of tallow, called a winding-sheet, from the top of a lighted candle, gives warning to the house of an approaching death; but a bright spark upon the burning wick is the promise of a letter.

CATS on the deck of a ship are said to “carry a gale of wind in their tail,” or to presage a coming storm. When cats are very assiduous in cleaning their ears and head, it prognosticates rain.

CATTLE give warning of an earthquake by their uneasiness.

CHILDREN PLAYING SOLDIERS on a road is said to forebode approaching war.

COALS. A cinder bounding from the fire is either a purse or a coffin. Those which rattle when held to the ear are tokens of wealth; those which are mute and solid indicate sickness or death.

CORPSE CANDLES. The _ignis fatuus_, called by the Welsh _canhwyll cyrph_, or “corpse candle,” prognosticates death. If small and of pale blue, it denotes the death of an infant; if large and yellow, the death of one of full age.

Captain Leather, chief magistrate of Belfast, in 1690, being shipwrecked on the Isle of Man, was told that thirteen of his crew were lost, for thirteen corpse candles had been seen moving towards the churchyard. It is a fact that thirteen of the men were drowned in this wreck.--Sacheverell, _Isle of Man_, 15.

CRADLE. It forebodes evil to the child if any one rocks its cradle when empty.--_American Superstition._

CRICKETS. Crickets in a house are a sign of good luck, but if they suddenly leave, it is a warning of death.

CROW (_A_). A crow appearing to one on the left hand side indicates some impending evil to the person; and flying over a house, foretells evil at hand to some of the inmates. (See “Raven.”)

Sæpe sinistra cava prædixit ab ilice cornex. Virgil, _Eclogue_, i.

CROWING OF A COCK. Themistoclês was assured of his victory over Xerxes by the crowing of a cock, on his way to Artemisium the day before the battle.--Lloyd, _Stratagems of Jerusalem_, 285.

_Crowing of a hen_ indicates approaching disaster.

DEATH-WARNINGS IN PRIVATE FAMILIES.

1. _In Germany._ Several princes of Germany have their special warning-givers of death. In some it is the roaring of a lion, in others the howling of a dog. In some it is the tolling of a bell or striking of a clock at an unusual time, in others it is a bustling noise about the castle.--_The Living Library_, 284 (1621).

2. _In Berlin._ A White Lady appears to some one of the household or guard, to announce the death of a prince of Hohenzollern. She was duly seen on the eve of Prince Waldemar’s death in 1879.

3. _In Bohemia._ “Spectrum fœminium vestitu lugubri apparere solet in arce quadam illustris familiæ, antequam una ex conjugibus dominorum illorum e vita decebat.”--Debrio, _Disquisitiones Magicæ_, (592).

4. _In Great Britain._ In Wales the corpse candle appears to warn a family of impending death. In Carmarthen scarcely any person dies but some one sees his light or candle.

In Northumberland the warning light is called the person’s _waff_, in Cumberland a _swarth_, in Ross a _task_, in some parts of Scotland a _fye-token_.

King James tells us that the wraith of a person newly dead, or about to die, appears to his friends.--_Demonology_, 125.

Edgewell Oak indicates the coming death of an inmate of Castle Dalhousie by the fall of one of its branches.

5. _In Scotland._ The family of Rothmurchas have the Bodachau Dun, or the Ghost of the Hill.

The Kinchardines have the Spectre of the Bloody Hand.

Gartinbeg House used to be haunted by Bodach Gartin.

The house of Tulloch Gorms used to be haunted by Maug Monlach, or the Girl with the Hairy Left Hand.

DEATH-WATCH (_The_). The tapping made by a small beetle called the death-watch is said to be a warning of death.

The chambermaids christen this worm a “Death-watch,” Because, like a watch, it always cries “click;” Then woe be to those in the house who are sick, For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost, If the maggot cries “click” when it scratches a post. Swift.

DIVINING-ROD (_The_). A forked hazel rod, suspended between the balls of the thumbs, was at one time supposed to indicate the presence of water-springs and precious metals by inclining towards the earth beneath which these things might be found. Dousterswivel obtained money by professing to indicate the spot of buried wealth by a divining-rod.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_.

DOGS. The howling of a dog at night forebodes death.

A cane præviso funere disce mori. R. Keuchen, _Crepundia_, 113 (1662).

Capitolīnus tells us that the death of Maximīnus was presaged by the howling of dogs. Pausanias (in his _Messenĭa_) says the dogs brake into a fierce howl just before the overthrow of the Messenians. Fincelius says the dogs in Mysinia flocked together and howled just before the overthrow of the Saxons in 1553. Virgil says the same thing occurred just previous to the battle of Pharsalia.

Dogs give warning of death by scratching on the floor of a house.

DOTTERELS.

When dotterels do first appear, It shows that frost is very near; But when that dotterels do go, Then you may look for heavy snow. _Salisbury Saying._

DREAMS. It will be remembered that Joseph, the husband of Mary, was warned by a dream to flee from Judæa, and when Herod was dead he was again warned by a dream to “turn aside into the parts of Galilee.”--_Matt._ ii. 13, 19, 22.

In the Old Testament, Pharaoh had a warning dream of a famine which he was enabled to provide against.--_Gen._ xli. 15-36.

Pharaoh’s butler and baker had warning dreams, one being prevised thereby of his restoration to favor, and the other warned of his execution.--_Gen._ xl. 5-23.

Nebuchadnezzar had an historic dream, which Daniel explained.--_Dan._ ii. 1, 31-45.

Abimelech, king of Egypt was warned by a dream that Sarah was Abraham’s wife and not his sister.--_Gen._ xx. 3-16.

Jacob had an historic dream on his way to Haran.--_Gen._ xxviii. 12-15.

Joseph, son of Jacob, had an historic dream, revealing to him his future greatness.--_Gen._ xxxvii. 5-10.

Daniel had an historic dream about four beasts which indicated four kingdoms (_Dan._ vii.). Whether his “visions” were also dreams is uncertain (see chs. viii. x.).

It would require many pages to do justice to this subject. Bland, in his _Popular Antiquities_, iii. 134, gives “A Dictionary of Dreams” in alphabetic order, extracted from _The Royal Dream-Book_.

DRINKING-HORNS. King Arthur had a horn from which no one could drink who was either unchaste or unfaithful. The cuckold’s horn, brought to King Arthur’s court by a mysterious boy, gave warning of infidelity, inasmuch as no one unfaithful in love or unleal to his liege lord could drink therefrom without spilling the liquor. The _coupe enchantée_ possessed a similar property.

EAGLE. Tarquinius Priscus was assured that he would be king of Rome by an eagle, which stooped upon him, took off his cap, rose in the air, and let the cap fall again upon his head.

Aristander assured Alexander of his victory over Darius at the battle of Arbĕla, by the flight of an eagle.--Lloyd, _Stratagems of Jerusalem_, 290.

EAR (_The_). If the left ear tingles or burns, it indicates that some one is talking evil of you; if the right ear, some one is praising you. The foreboded evil may be averted by biting the little finger of the left hand.

Laudor et adverso, sonat auris, lædor ab ore; Dextra bono tinnit murmure, læva malo. R. Keuchen, _Crepundia_, 113 (1662).

EPITAPHS (_Reading_). If you would preserve your memory, be warned against reading epitaphs. In this instance the American superstition is the warning-giver, and not the act referred to.

FIR TREES. “If a firr tree be touched, withered, or burned with lighting, it is a warning to the house that the master or mistress thereof shall shortly dye.”--Thomas Lupton, _Syxt Book of Notable Thinges_, iii. (1660).

FIRE. The noise occasioned when the enclosed gas in a piece of burning coal matches fire, is a sure indication of a quarrel between the inmates of the house.

FLORIMEL’S GIRDLE would loosen or tear asunder if any woman unfaithful or unchaste attempted to put it on.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_.

GATES OF GUNDOF´ORUS (_The_). No one carrying poison could pass these gates. They were made of the horn of the horned snake, by the apostle Thomas, who built a palace of sethym wood for this Indian king, and set up the gates.

GROTTO OF EPHESUS (_The_) contained a reed, which gave forth musical sounds when the chaste and faithful entered it, but denounced others by giving forth harsh and discordant noises.--Lord Lytton, _Tales of Miletus_, iii.

HARE CROSSING THE ROAD (_A_). It was thought by the ancient Romans that if a hare ran across the road on which a person was travelling, it was a certain omen of ill luck.

Lepus quoque occurrens in via, infortunatum iter præsagit et ominosum.--Alexander ab Alexandro, _Genialium Dierum, libri VI._ v. 13 p. 685.

Nor did we meet, with nimble feet, One little fearful _lepus_, That certain sign, as some divine, Of fortune bad to keep us. Ellison, _Trip to Benwell_, lx.

HOOPOE (_The_). The country people of Sweden consider the appearance of the hoopoe as a presage of war.--Pennant, _Zoölogy_, i. 258.

LIZARDS warn men of the approach of a serpent.

LOOKING-GLASSES. If a looking-glass is broken, it is a warning that some one in the house will ere long lose a friend. Grose says it “betokens a mortality in the family, commonly the master.”

To break a looking-glass is prophetic that the person will never get married; or, if married, will lose the person wedded.

MAGPIES are prophetic birds. A common Lincolnshire proverb is, “One for sorrow, two for mirth, three for a wedding, four for death;” or thus: “One for sorrow, two for mirth, three a wedding, four a birth.”

Augurs and understood relations have, By magotpies and choughs and rooks, brought forth The secret’st man of blood. Shakespeare, _Macbeth_ (1606).

Alexander Ross tells us that the battle between the British and French, in which the former were overthrown in the reign of Charles VIII., was foretold by a skirmish between magpies and jackdaws.--_Arcana Microcosmi._

MANTLE (_The Test_). A boy brought to King Arthur’s court a mantle which no one could wear who was unfaithful in love, false in domestic life, or traitorous to the king. If any such attempted to put it on, it puckered up, or hung slouchingly, or tumbled to pieces.--Percy, _Reliques_ (“The Boy and the Mantle”).

METEORS. Falling stars, eclipses, comets, and other signs in the heavens, portend the death or fall of princes.

Meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven; The pale-faced moon looks bloody on the earth ... These signs forerun the death or fall of kings. Shakespeare, _Richard II._, act ii. sc. 4 (1597).

Consult _Matt._ xxiv. 29; _Luke_ xxi. 25.

MICE AND RATS. If a rat or mouse, during the night, gnaw our clothes, it is indicative of some impending evil, perhaps even death.

Nos autem ita leves, atque inconsiderati sumus, ut si mures corroserint aliquid quorum est opus hoc unum, monstrum putemus? Ante vero Marsicum bellum quod Clypeos Lanuvii--mures rosissent, maxumum id portentum haruspices esse dixerunt. Quasi vero quicquam intersit, mures diem noctem aliquid rodentes, scuta an cribra corroserint ... cum vestis a soricibus roditur, plus timere suspicionem futuri mali, quam præsens damnum dolere. Unde illud eleganter dictum est Catonis, qui cum esset consultus a quodam, qui sibi erosas esse Caligas diceret a soricibus, respondit; non esset illud monstrum; sed vere monstrum habendum fuisse, si sorices a Caligis roderentur.--Cicero, _Divinatio_, ii. 27.

MOLE-SPOTS. A mole-spot on the _armpit_ promises wealth and honor; on the _ankle_ bespeaks modesty in men, courage in women; on the right _breast_ is a sign of honesty, on the left forebodes poverty; on the _chin_ promises wealth; on the right _ear_, respect; on the left forebodes dishonor; on the centre of the _forehead_ bespeaks treachery, sullenness and untidiness; on the right _temple_ foreshows that you will enjoy the friendship of the great; on the left _temple_ forebodes distress; on the right _foot_ bespeaks wisdom, on the left, rashness; on the right side of the _heart_ denotes virtue, on the left side, wickedness; on the _knee_ of a man denotes that he will have a rich wife, if on the left knee of a woman she may expect a large family; on the _lip_ is a sign of gluttony and talkativeness; on the _neck_ promises wealth; on the _nose_ indicates that a man will be a great traveller; on the _thigh_ forebodes poverty and sorrow; on the _throat_, wealth and health; on the _wrist_, ingenuity.

MOON (_The_). When the “mone lies sair on her back, or when her horns are pointed towards the zenith, be warned in time, for foul weather is nigh at hand.”--Dr. Jamieson.

Foul weather may also be expected “when the new moon appears with the old one in her arms.”

Late yestreen I saw the new moone Wi’ the auld moone in her arme, And I feir, I feir, my deir master, That we will come to harme. _The Ballad of Sir Patrick Spens._

To see a new moon for the first time on the right hand, and direct before you, is lucky; but to see it on the left hand or to turn round and see it behind you, is the contrary.

If you first see a new moon through glass, your wish will come to pass.

NAILS. A white spot on the _thumb_ promises a present; on the _index finger_ denotes a friend; on the _long finger_, a foe; on the _third finger_, a letter or sweetheart; on the _little finger_, a journey to go.

In America, white spots on the nails are considered lucky.

NOURGEHAN’S BRACELET gave warning of poison by a tremulous motion of the stones, which increased as the poison approached nearer and nearer.--Comte de Caylus, _Oriental Tales_ (“The Four Talismans”).

OPAL turns pale at the approach of poison.

OWLS. The screeching of an owl forebodes calamity, sickness, or death. On one occasion an owl strayed into the Capitol, and the Romans, to avert the evil, underwent a formal lustration.

The Roman senate, when within The city walls an owl was seen, Did cause their clergy with lustrations ... The round-faced prodigy t’ avert. Butler, _Hudibras_, II. iii. 707 (1664).

The death of Augustus was presaged by an owl singing [screeching] upon the top of the Curia.--Xiphilinus, _Abridgment of Dion Cassius_.

The death of Commŏdus Antonius, the emperor, was forboded by an owl sitting on the top of his chamber, at Lanuvium.--Julius Obsequens, _Prodigies_, 85.

The murder of Julius Cæsar was presaged by the screeching of owls.

The bird of night did sit, Even at noonday, upon the market-place, Hooting and shrieking. Shakespeare, _Julius Cæsar_, act i. sc. 3 (1607).

The death of Valentinian was presaged by an owl, which perched on the top of a house where he used to bathe.--Alexander Boss, _Arcana Microcosmi_.

Antony was warned of his defeat in the battle of Actium by an owl flying into the temple of Concord.--Xiphilinus, _Abridgment of Dion Cassius_.

The great plague of Würtzburg, in Franconia, in 1542, was foreboded by the screeching of an owl.

Alexander Ross says: “About twenty years ago I did observe that, in the house where I lodged, an owl groaning in the window presaged the death of two eminent persons, who died there shortly after.”--_Arcana Microcosmi._

PEACOCKS give warning of poison by ruffling their feathers.

PERVIZ’S STRING OF PEARLS (_Prince_). When Prince Perviz went on his exploit, he gave his sister, Parizādê, a string of pearls, saying, “So long as these pearls move readily on the string, you may feel assured that I am alive and well; but if they stick fast, they will indicate to you that I am dead.”--_Arabian Nights_ (“The Two Sisters”).

PIGEONS. It is considered by many a sure sign of death in a house if a white pigeon perches on the chimney.

PIGS running about with straws in their mouths give warning of approaching rain.

RATS forsaking a ship forebode its wreck, and forsaking a house indicate that it is on the point of falling down. (See “Mice.”)

RAVENS. The raven is said to be the most prophetic of “inspired birds.” It bodes both private and public calamities. “To have the foresight of a raven” is a proverbial expression.

The great battle fought between Beneventum and Apicium, was portended by a skirmish between ravens and kites on the same spot.--Jovianus Pontanus.

An irruption of the Scythians into Thrace was presaged by a skirmish between crows and ravens.--Nicetas.

Cicero was warned of his approaching death by some ravens fluttering about him just before he was murdered by Popilius Cænas.--Macaulay, _History of St. Kilda_, 176.

Alexander Ross says: “Mr. Draper, a young gentleman, and my intimate friend, about four or five years ago had one or two ravens, which had been quarrelling on the chimney, fly into his chamber, and he died shortly after.”--_Arcana Microcosmi._

RHINOCEROS’S HORNS. Cups made of this material will give warning of poison in a liquid by causing it to effervesce.

SALT spilt towards a person indicates contention, but the evil may be averted by throwing a part of the spilt salt over the left shoulder.

Prodige, subverso casu leviore salino, Si mal venturum conjicis omen; adest. R. Keuchen, _Crepundia_, 215 (1662).

SHEARS AND SIEVE (_The_), ordeals by fire, water, etc., single combats, the corsned or cursed morsel, the Urim and Thummim, the casting of lots, were all employed as tests of innocence or guilt in olden times, under the notion that God would direct the lot aright. (See JONAH, i. 7.)

SHOES. It was thought by the Romans a bad omen to put a shoe on the wrong foot.

Augustus, having b’ oversight, Put on his left shoe for his right, Had like to have been slain that day By soldiers mutin’ing for pay. Butler, _Hudibras_.

Auguste ... restoit immobile et consterné lorsqu’il lui arrivoit par mégarde de mettre le soulier droit au pied gauche.--ST. FOIX, _Essais sur Paris_, v. 145.

SHOOTING PAINS. All sudden pains are warnings of evil at hand.

Timeo quod rerum gesserim hic, ita dorsus totus prurit.--Plautus, _Miles Gloriosus_.

By the pricking of my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes. Shakespeare, _Macbeth_ (1606).

SNEEZING. Once, a wish, twice, a kiss, thrice, a letter, and oftener than thrice, something better.

_Sneezing before breakfast_ is a forecast that a stranger or a present is coming.

_Sneezing at night-time_. To sneeze twice for three successive nights denotes a death, a loss, or a great gain.

Si duæ sternutationes fiant omni nocte ab aliquo, et illud continuitur per tres noctes, signo est quod aliquis vel aliqua de domo morietur vel aliud damnum domui continget, vel maximum lucrum.--Hornmannus, _De Miraculis Mortuorum_, 163.

Eustathius says that sneezing to the left is unlucky, but to the right lucky. Hence, when Themistoclês was offering sacrifice before his engagement with Xerxes, and one of the soldiers on his right hand sneezed, Euphrantīdês, the soothsayer, declared the Greeks would surely gain the victory.--Plutarch, _Lives_ (“Themistoclês”).

SOOT ON BARS. Flakes of sheeted soot hanging from the bars of a grate foretell the introduction of a stranger.

Nor less amused have I quiescent watched The sooty films that play upon the bars Pendulous, and foreboding ... some stranger’s near approach. Cowper, _Winter Evening_.

SOPHIA’S PICTURE, given to Mathias, turned yellow if the giver was in danger or in temptation; and black if she could not escape from the danger, or if she yielded to the temptation.--Massinger, _The Picture_ (1629).

SPIDERS indicate to gold-searchers where it is to be found.

STAG’S HORN is considered in Spain to give warning of an evil eye, and to be a safeguard against its malignant influences.

STONE. To find a perforated stone is a presage of good luck.

SWALLOWS forecast bad weather by flying low, and the fine weather by flying high.

TEETH WIDE APART warn a person to seek his fortune away from his native place.

THUNDER. Thunder on Sunday portends the death of some learned man, judge, or author; on Monday, the death of women; on Tuesday, plenty of grain; on Wednesday, the death of harlots, or bloodshed; on Thursday, plenty of sheep, cattle, and corn; on Friday, the death of some great man, murder, or battle; on Saturday it forebodes pestilence or sickness.--Leonard Digges, _A Prognostication Everlasting of Ryght Good Effecte_ (1556).

TOLLING BELL. You will be sure of tooth-ache if you eat while a funeral bell is tolling. Be warned in time by this American superstition, or take the consequences.

VEIPSEY, a spring in Yorkshire, called “prophetic,” gives due warning of a dearth by rising to an unusual height.

VENETIAN GLASS. If poison is put into liquor contained in a vessel made of Venetian glass, the vessel will crack and fall to pieces.

WARNING STONES. Bakers in Wiltshire and in some other counties used to put a certain kind of pebble in their ovens, to give notice when the oven was hot enough for baking. When the stone turned white, the oven was fit for use.

WATER OF JEALOUSY (_The_). This was a beverage which the Jews used to assert no adulteress could drink without bursting.--_Five Philosophical Questions Answered_ (1653).

WHITE ROSE (_The_). A white rose gave assurance to a twin-brother of the safety or danger of his brother during his absence. So long as it flourished and remained in its pride of beauty, it indicated that all went well, but as it drooped, faded, or died, it was a warning of danger, sickness, or death.--_The Twin-Brothers._

WITCH HAZEL. A forked twig of witch hazel, made into a divining-rod, was supposed, in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, to give warning of witches, and to be efficacious in discovering them.

WORMS. If, on your way to a sick person, you pick up a stone and find no living thing under it, it tells you that the sick person will die, but if you find there an ant or worm, it presages the patient’s recovery.

Si visitans ægrum, lapidem inventum per viam attollat, et sub lapide inveniatur vermis se movens, aut formica vivens, faustum omen est, et indicium fore ut æger convalescat, si nihil invenitur res est conclamata et certa mors.--Buchardus, _Drecretorum, lib._ xix.

=Warren= (_Widow_), “twice married and twice a widow.” A coquette of 40, aping the airs of a girl; vain, weak, and detestable. Harry Dornton, the banker’s son, is in love with her daughter, Sophia Freelove; but the widow tries to win the young man for herself, by advancing money to pay off his friend’s debts. When the father hears of this he comes to the rescue, returns the money advanced, and enables the son to follow his natural inclinations by marrying the daughter instead of the designing mother.

A girlish, old coquette, who would rob her daughter, and leave her husband’s son to rot in a dungeon, that she might marry the first fool she could find.--Holcroft, _The Road to Ruin_, v. 2, (1792).

=Wart= (_Thomas_), a poor, feeble, ragged creature, one of the recruits in the army of Sir John Falstaff.--Shakespeare, _2 Henry IV._, act iii. sc. 2 (1598).

=Warwick= (_The earl of_), a tragedy by Dr. T. Franklin. The theme is the last days and death of the “king maker” (1767).

=Washington of Africa= (_The_). William Wilberforce is so called by Lord Byron. As Washington was the chief instrument in liberating America, so Wilberforce was the chief instigator of slave emancipation.

Thou moral Washington of Africa. _Don Juan_, xiv. 82 (1824).

=Washington of Colombia=, Simon Bolivar (1785-1831).

=Wasky=, Sir Iring’s sword.

Right through the head-piece straight The knight Sir Hagan paid, With his resistless Wasky, That sharp and peerless blade. _Nibelungen Lied_, 35 (1210).

=Wasp=, in the drama called _Bartholomew Fair_, by Ben Jonson (1574-1637).

Benjamin Johnson, an actor [1665-1742], commonly called Ben Johnson, ... seemed to be proud to wear the poet’s name, being particularly great in all that author’s plays that were usually performed, viz., “Wasp,” “Corbaccio,” “Morose,” and “Ananias.”--Chetwood, _History of the Stage_.

⁂ “Corbaccio,” in _The Fox_; “Morose,” in _The Silent Woman_; and “Ananias,” in _The Alchemist_.

=Waste Time Utilized.=

BAXTER wrote his _Saints’ Everlasting Rest_ on a bed of sickness (1615-1691).

BLOOMFIELD composed _The Farmer’s Boy_ in the intervals of shoemaking (1766-1823).

BRAMAH (_Joseph_), a peasant’s son, occupied his spare time when a mere boy in making musical instruments, aided by the village blacksmith. At the age of 16 he hurt his ankle while ploughing, and employed his time while confined to the house in carving and making woodwares. In another forced leisure from a severe fall, he employed his time in contriving and making useful inventions, which ultimately led him to fame and fortune (1749-1814).

BUNYAN wrote his _Pilgrim’s Progress_ while confined in Bedford jail (1628-1688).

BURRITT (_Elihu_) made himself acquainted with ten languages while plying his trade as a village blacksmith (Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Spanish, Bohemian, Polish, Danish, Persian, Turkish, and Ethiopic). His father was a village cobbler, and Elihu had only six months’ education, and that at the school of his brother (1811-1879).

CAREY, the missionary and Oriental translator, learnt the rudiments of Eastern languages while employed in making and mending shoes (1761-1834).

CLEMENT (_Joseph_), son of a poor weaver, was brought up as a thatcher, but, by utilizing his waste moments in self-education and works of skill, raised himself to a position of great note, giving employment to thirty workmen (1779-1844).

COBBETT learnt grammar in the waste time of his service as a common soldier (1762-1835).

D’AGUESSEAU, the great French chancellor, observing that Mde. D’Aguesseau always delayed ten or twelve minutes before she came down to dinner, began and completed a learned book of three volumes (large quarto), solely during these “waste minutes.” This work went through several editions (1668-1751).

ETTY utilized indefatigably every spare moment he could pick up when a journeyman printer (1787-1849).

FERGUSON taught himself astronomy while tending sheep in the service of a Scotch farmer (1710-1776).

FRANKLIN, while working as a journeyman printer, produced his _Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain_ (1706-1790).

MILLER (_Hugh_) taught himself geology while working as a mason (1802-1856).

PAUL worked as a tentmaker in intervals of travel and preaching.

⁂ This brief list must be considered only as a hint and heading for enlargement. Henry Cort, William Fairbairn, Fox of Derby, H. Maudslay, David Mushet, Murray of Leeds, J. Nasmyth, J. B. Neilson, Roberts of Manchester, Whitworth, and scores of others will occur to every reader. Indeed, genius for the most part owes its success to the utilization of waste time.

=Wastle= (_William_), pseudonym of John Gibson Lockhart, in _Blackwood’s Magazine_ (1794-1854).

=Wat Dreary=, _alias_ BROWN WILL, a highwayman, in Captain Macheath’s gang. Peachum says, “he has an underhand way of disposing of the goods he stole,” and therefore he should allow him to remain a little longer “upon his good behavior.”--Gay, _The Beggar’s Opera_, i. (1727).

=Water-Poet= (_The_), John Taylor, a Thames waterman (1580-1654).

=Water-Wraith=, the evil spirit of the waters.

By this the storm grew loud apace, The water-wraith was shrieking. Campbell, _Lord Ullin’s Daughter_.

=Waterman= (_The_), Tom Tug. It is the title of a ballad opera by Charles Dibdin (1774). (For the plot, see WILELMINA BUNDLE.)

=Watkins= (_William_), the English attendant on the prince of Scotland.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Watts= (_Dr. Isaac_). It is said that Isaac Watts, being beaten by his father for wasting his time in writing verses, exclaimed:

O, father, pity on me take, And I will no more verses make.

A similar anecdote is told of Ovid, the Latin poet:

Parce, precor, genitor, posthac non versificabo.

=Wauch= (_Mansie_), fictitious name of D. M. Moir, author of _The Life of Mansie Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith, written by himself_ (1828).

=Waverley=, the first of Scott’s historical novels, published in 1814. The materials are Highland feudalism, military bravery, and description of natural scenery. There is a fine vein of humor, and a union of fiction with history. The chief characters are Charles Edward, the Chevalier, the noble old baron of Bradwardine, the simple, faithful clansman, Evan Dhu, and the poor fool, Davie Gellatley, with his fragments of song and scattered gleams of fancy.

Scott did not prefix his name to _Waverley_, being afraid that it might compromise his poetical reputation.--Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 586.

_Waverley_ (_Captain Edward_), of Waverley Honor, and hero of the novel called by his name. Being gored by a stag, he resigned his commission, and proposed marriage to Flora M’Ivor, but was not accepted. Fergus M’Ivor (Flora’s brother) introduced him to Prince Charles Edward. He entered the service of the Young Chevalier, and in the battle of Preston Pans saved the life of Colonel Talbot. The colonel, out of gratitude, obtained the pardon of young Waverley, who then married Rose Bradwardine, and settled down quietly in Waverley Honor.

_Mr. Richard Waverley_, the captain’s father, of Waverley Honor.

_Sir Everard Waverley_, the captain’s uncle.

_Mistress Rachel Waverley_, sister of Sir Everard.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Wax= (_A lad o’_), a spruce young man, like a model in wax. Lucretius speaks of _persona cerea_, and Horace of the waxen arms of Telĕphus, meaning beautiful in shape and color.

A man, young lady! Lady, such a man As all the world----Why, he’s a man o’ wax! Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet_ (1595).

=Way of the World= (_The_), a comedy by W. Congreve (1700). The “way of the world” is to tie up settlements to wives, to prevent their husbands squandering their wives’ fortunes. Thus, Fainall wanted to get into his power the fortune of his wife, whom he hated, but found it was “in trust to Edward Mirabell,” and consequently could not be tampered with.

=Way to Keep Him= (_The_), a comedy by A. Murphy (1760). The object of this drama is to show that women, after marriage, should not wholly neglect their husbands, but should try to please them, and make home agreeable and attractive. The chief persons are Mr. and Mrs. Lovemore. Mr. Lovemore has a virtuous and excellent wife, whom he esteems and loves; but, finding his home insufferably dull, he seeks amusement abroad; and those passions which have no play at home lead him to intrigue and card-playing, routes and dubious society. The under-plot is this: Sir Bashful Constant is a mere imitator of Mr. Lovemore, and Lady Constant suffers neglect from her husband and insult from his friends, because he foolishly thinks it is not _comme il faut_ to love after he has married the woman of his choice.

=Ways and Means=, a comedy by Colman, the younger (1788). Random and Scruple meet at Calais two young ladies, Harriet and Kitty, daughters of Sir David Dunder, and fall in love with them. They come to Dover, and accidentally meet Sir David, who invites them over to Dunder Hall, where they are introduced to the two young ladies. Harriet is to be married next day, against her will, to Lord Snolts, a stumpy, “gummy” nobleman of five and forty; and, to avoid this hateful match, she and her sister agree to elope at night with the two young guests. It so happens that a series of blunders in the dark occur, and Sir David himself becomes privy to the whole plot, but, to prevent scandal, he agrees to the two marriages, and discovers that the young men, both in family and fortune, are quite suitable to be his sons-in-law.

=Wayland= (_Launcelot_), or WAYLAND SMITH, farrier in the vale of Whitehorse. Afterwards disguised as a pedlar at Cumnor Place.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Wealtheow= (2 _syl._), wife of Hrothgar, king of Denmark.

Wealtheow went forth; mindful of their races, she ... greeted the men in the hall. The freeborn lady first handed the cup to the prince of the East Danes.... The lady of the Helmings then went about every part ... she gave treasure-vessels, until the opportunity occurred that she (a queen hung round with rings) ... bore forth the mead-cup to Beowolf ... and thanked God that her will was accomplished, that an earl of Denmark was a guarantee against crime.--_Beowulf_ (Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth century).

=Wealthy Hoogs.= Yankee housewife, “hungry for books, full of keen thought, energetic to preëminence even among Yankee notables”--“she lived here, simply where she had been put, made and packed her butter, wove her homespun, and loved faithfully--and forbearingly, for the most part--(were it praise worth a woman’s having to say more?) the man whose name and home she shared.”--A. D. T. Whitney, _The Gayworthys_ (1865).

=Wealthy= (_Sir William_), a retired City merchant, with one son of prodigal propensities. In order to save the young man from ruin, the father pretends to be dead, disguises himself as a German baron, and, with the aid of coadjutors, becomes the chief creditor of the young scapegrace.

_Sir George Wealthy_, the son of Sir William. After having run out his money, Lucy is brought to him as a courtezan; but the young man is so moved with her manifest innocence and tale of sorrow that he places her in an asylum where here distresses would be sacred, “and her indigent beauty would be guarded from temptation.” Afterwards she becomes his wife.

_Mr. Richard Wealthy_, merchant, the brother of Sir William; choleric, straightforward, and tyrannical. He thinks obedience is both law and gospel.

_Lucy Wealthy_, daughter of Richard. Her father wants her to marry a rich tradesman, and, as she refuses to do so turns her out of doors. She is brought to Sir George Wealthy as a _fille de joie_; but the young man, discerning her innocence and modesty, places her in safe-keeping. He ultimately finds out that she is his cousin, and the two parents rejoice in consummating a union so entirely in accordance with both their wishes.--Foote, _The Minor_ (1760).

=Weary-all Hill=, above Glastonbury, to the left of Tor Hill. This spot is the traditional landing-place of Joseph of Arimathea; and here is the site (marked by a stone bearing the letters A. I. A.D. xxxi.) of the holy thorn.

When the saint arrived at Glastonbury, _weary_ with his long journey, he struck his staff into the ground, and the staff became the famous thorn, the site being called “Weary-all Hill.”

=Weatherport= (_Captain_), a naval officer.--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

=Weaver-Poet of Inverary= (_The_), William Thom (1799-1850).

=Wea´zel= (_Timothy_), attorney-at-law at Lestwithiel, employed as the agent of Penruddock.--Cumberland, _The Wheel of Fortune_ (1778).

=Wedding Day= (_The_), a comedy by Mrs. Inchbald (1790). The plot is this: Sir Adam Contest lost his first wife by shipwreck, and “twelve or fourteen years” afterwards he led to the altar a young girl of 18, to whom he was always singing the praises of his first wife--a phœnix, a paragon, the _ne plus ultra_ of wives and women. She did everything to make him happy. She loved him, obeyed him; ah! “he would never look upon her like again.” On the wedding day this pink of wives and women made her appearance, and told how she had been rescued, and Sir Adam was dumfounded. “He was happy to bewail her loss,” but to rejoice in her restoration was quite another matter.

=Weeping Philosopher= (_The_), Heraclītos, who looked at the folly of man with grief (fl. B.C. 500). (See JEDDLER).

=Wegg= (_Silas_), wooden-legged ballad-monger and humbug, who “reads” for the confiding Boffins, and does his best to ruin them.--Charles Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_.

=Weir= (_Major_), the favorite baboon of Sir Robert Redgauntlet. In the tale of “Wandering Willie,” Sir Robert’s piper went to the infernal regions to obtain the knight’s receipt of rent, which had been paid; but no receipt could be found, because the monkey had carried it to the castle turret.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Weird Sisters.= The three witches in Shakespeare’s play _Macbeth_.

=Weissnichtwo= [_Vice-neckt-vo_], nowhere. The word is German for “I know not where,” and was coined by Carlyle (_Sartor Resartus_, 1833). Sir W. Scott has a similar Scotch compound, “Kennaquhair” (“I know not where”). Cervantes has the “island of Trapoban” (_i.e._, of “dish-clouts,” from _trapos_, the Spanish for “a dish-clout”). Sir Thomas More has “Utopia” (Greek, _ou topos_, “no place”). We might add the “island of Medăma” (Greek, “nowhere”), “the peninsular of Udamogês” (Greek, “nowhere on earth”), the country of “Kennahtwhar,” etc., and place them in the great “Nullibian” ocean (“nowhere”), in any degree beyond 180º long. and 90º lat.

=Wel´ford=, one of the suitors of “the Scornful Lady” (no name is given to the lady).--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Scornful Lady_ (1616).

=Well.= Three of the most prominent Bible characters met their wives for the first time by wells of water, viz., Isaac, Jacob, and Moses.

Eliezer met Rebekah by a well, and arranged with Bethuel for her to become Isaac’s wife.--_Gen._ xxiv.

Jacob met Rachel by the well of Haran.--_Gen._ xxix.

When Moses fled from Egypt into the land of Midian, he “sat down by a well,” and the seven daughters of Jethro came there to draw water, one of whom, named Zipporah, became his wife.--_Exod._ ii. 15-21.

The Princess Nausicăa, daughter of Alcinŏos, king of the Phæacians, was with her maidens washing the household linen on the seashore when she first encountered Ulysses.--Homer, _Odyssey_, vi.

=Well of English Undefiled.= So Spenser calls Chaucer.

Dan Chaucer, well of English undefiled, On Fame’s eternal bead-roll worthy to be filed. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 2 (1596).

=Well-Beloved= (_The_), Charles IV. of France, Le Bien-Aimé (1368, 1380-1422).

Louis XV. of France, _Le Bien-Aimé_ (1710, 1715-1774).

=Well-Founded Doctor= (_The_), Ægidius de Colonna; also called “The Most Profound Doctor” (Doctor _Fundatissimus et Theologorum Princeps_); sometimes surnamed “Romānus,” because he was born in the Campagna di Roma, but more generally “Colonna,” from a town in the Campagna (1247-1316).

=Wellborn= (_Francis_, usually called _Frank_), nephew of Sir Giles Overreach, and son of Sir John Wellborn, who “bore the whole sway” of Northamptonshire, kept a large estate, and was highly honored. Frank squandered away the property, and got greatly into debt, but induced Lady Allworth to give him her countenance out of gratitude and respect to his father. Sir Giles fancies that the rich dowager is about to marry his nephew, and, in order to bring about this desirable consummation, not only pays all his debts, but supplies him liberally with ready money. Being thus freed from debt, and having sown his wild oats, young Wellborn reforms, and Lord Lovell gives him a “company.”--Massinger, _A New Way to Pay Old Debts_ (1625).

=Weller= (_Samuel_), boots at the White Hart, and afterwards servant to Mr. Pickwick, to whom he becomes devotedly attached. Rather than leave his master when he is sent to the Fleet, Sam Weller gets his father to arrest him for debt. His fun, his shrewdness, his comparisons, his archness, and his cunning on behalf of his master are unparalleled.

_Tony Weller_, father of Sam; a coachman of the old school, who drives a coach between London and Dorking. Naturally portly in size, he becomes far more so in his great-coat of many capes. Tony wears top-boots, and his hat has a low crown and broad brim. On the stage-box he is a king, elsewhere he is a mere greenhorn. He marries a widow, landlady of the “Marquis of Granby inn,” and his constant advice to his son is, “Sam, beware of the vidders.”--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

=Wellington of Gamblers= (_The_). Lord Rivers was called in Paris _Le Wellington des Joueurs_.

=Wellington’s Horse=, Copenhagen. It died at the age of 27.

=Wellon= (_Mr._), rector of English church at Conception Bay, and Mrs. Barre’s (Debrée’s) firm friend. He performs the service over her husband’s grave.--Robert Lowell, _The New Priest of Conception Bay_ (1858).

=Wemmick=, clerk of Mr. Jaggers, the lawyer. He lived at Walworth. Wemmick was a dry man, rather short in stature, with square, wooden face. “There were some marks in the face which might have been dimples if the material had been softer.” His linen was frayed; he wore four mourning rings, and a brooch representing a lady, a weeping willow and a cinerary urn. His eyes were small and glittering; his lips small, thin and mottled; his age was between 40 and 50 years. Mr. Wemmick wore his hat on the back of his head, and looked straight before him, as if nothing was worth looking at. Mr. Wemmick at home and Mr. Wemmick in his office were two distinct beings. At home he was his “own engineer, his own carpenter, his own plumber, his own gardener, his own Jack-of-all-trades,” and had fortified his little wooden house like Commodore Trunnion (_q.v._) His father lived with him, and he called him “The Aged.” The old man was very deaf, but heated the poker with delight to fire off the nine o’clock signal, and chuckled with joy because he could hear the bang. The house had a “real flag-staff,” and a plank which crossed the ditch some four feet wide and two feet deep was the drawbridge. At nine o’clock P.M., Greenwich time, the gun (called “The Stinger”) was fired.

The piece of ordnance was mounted in a separate fortress, constructed of lattice-work. It was protected from the weather by an ingenious little tarpaulin contrivance in the nature of an umbrella.--C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_, xxv. (1860).

=Wenlock= (_Wild Wenlock_), kinsman of Sir Hugo de Lacy, constable of Chester. His head is cut off by the insurgents.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time Henry II).

=Weno´nah=, mother of Hiawatha and daughter of Noko´mis. Nokomis was swinging in the moon, when some of her companions, out of jealousy, cut the ropes, and she fell to the earth “like a falling star.” That night was born her first child, a daughter, whom she named Wenonah. In due time, this lovely daughter was wooed and won by Mudjekee´wis (the west wind), and became the mother of Hiawatha. The false West Wind deserted her, and the young mother died.

Fair Nokomis bore a daughter, And she called her name Wenonah. Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, iii. (1855).

=Wentworth= (_Eva_), the beau-ideal of female purity. She was educated in strict seclusion. De Courcy fell in love with her, but deceived her; whereupon she died calmly and tranquilly, elevated by religious hope. (See ZAIRA).--Rev. C. R. Maturin, _Women_ (a romance, 1822).

=Werburg= (_St._), born a princess. By her prayer, she drove the wild geese from Weedon.

She falleth in her way with Weedon, where, ’tis said, St. Werburg, princely born--a most religious maid-- From those peculiar fields, by prayer the wild geese drove. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiii. (1622).

=Were-wolf= (2 _syl._), a man-wolf, a man transformed into a wolf temporarily or otherwise.

Oft through the forest dark, Followed the weir-wolf’s bark. Longfellow, _The Skeleton in Armor_.

=Werner=, the boy said to have been crucified at Bacharach, on the Rhine, by the Jews. (See HUGH OF LINCOLN.)

The innocent boy who, some years back, Was taken and crucified by the Jews In that ancient town of Bacharach. Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_ (1851).

=Werner= or =Kruitzner= (_Count of Siegendorf_), father of Ulric. Being driven from the dominions of his father, he wandered about for twelve years as a beggar, hunted from place to place by Count Stral´enheim. At length, Stralenheim, travelling through Silesia, was rescued from the Oder by Gabor (_alias_ Ulric), and was lodged in an old tumble-down palace, where Werner had been lodging for some few days. Here Werner robbed the count of a rouleau of gold, the next day the count was murdered by Ulric (without the connivance or even knowledge of Werner). When Werner succeeded to the rank and wealth of Count Siegendorf, he became aware that his son, Ulric, was the murderer, and denounced him. Ulric departed, and Werner said, “The race of Siegendorf is past.”--Byron, _Werner_ (1821).

(This drama is borrowed from “Kruitzner, or The German’s Tale,” in Miss H. Lee’s _Canterbury Tales_, 1797-1805).

=Werner.= (See TRUMPETER OF SACKINGEN.)

=Werther=, a young German student, of poetic fancy and very sensitive disposition, who falls in love with Lotte (2 _syl._), the betrothed and afterwards the wife of Albert. Werther becomes acquainted with Lotte’s husband, who invites him to stay with him as a guest. In this visit his love blazes out into a terrible passion, and after vainly striving to fight it down, he puts an end to his misery by shooting himself.--Goethe, _The Sorrows of Young Werther_ (1774).

⁂ Goethe represents himself, or rather one of the moods of his mind, in the character of Werther. The catastrophe, however, is borrowed from the fate of a schoolfellow of his named Jerusalem, who shot himself on account of a hopeless passion for a married woman. “Albert” and “Lotte” were sketched from his friends Albert and Charlotte Kestner, a young couple with whom he had relations not unlike those of Werther in the early part of the story with the fictitious characters.

=Werther of Politics.= The marquis of Londonderry is so called by Lord Byron. Werther, the personification of maudlin sentimentality, is the hero of Goethe’s romance entitled _The Sorrows of Young Werther_ (1774).

It is the first time since the Normans that England has been insulted by a _minister_ who could not speak English, and that parliament permitted itself to be dictated to in the language of Mrs. Malaprop.... Let us hear no more of this man, and let Ireland remove the ashes of her Grattan from the sanctuary of Westminster. Shall the Patriot of Humanity repose by the Werther of Politics?--Byron, _Don Juan_ (preface to canto vi., etc., 1824).

=Wessel= (_Peder_), a tailor’s apprentice, who rose to the rank of vice-admiral of Denmark, in the reign of Christian V. He was called Tor´denskiold (3 _syl._), corrupted into Tordenskiol (the “Thunder Shield”), and was killed in a duel.

North Sea! a glimpse of Wessel rent Thy murky sky ... From Denmark thunders Tordenskiol; Let each to heaven commend his soul, And fly. Longfellow, _King Christian_ [_V._].

=West Indian= (_The_), a comedy by R. Cumberland (1771). Mr. Belcour, the adopted son of a wealthy Jamaica merchant, on the death of his adopted father came to London, to the house of Mr. Stockwell, once the clerk of Mr. Belcour, senior. This clerk had secretly married Belcour’s daughter, and when her boy was born it was “laid as a foundling at her father’s door.” Old Belcour brought the child up as his own son, and at death “bequeathed to him his whole estate.” The young man then came to London as the guest of Mr. Stockwell, the rich merchant, and accidentally encountered in the street Miss Louisa Dudley, with whom he fell in love. Louisa, with her father, Captain Dudley, and her brother, Charles, all in the greatest poverty, were lodging with a Mr. Fulmer, a small bookseller. Belcour gets introduced, and, after the usual mistakes and hairbreadth escapes, makes her his wife.

=Western= (_Squire_), a jovial, fox-hunting country gentleman, supremely ignorant of book-learning, very prejudiced, selfish, irascible and countrified; but shrewd, good-natured, and very fond of his daughter, Sophia.

Philip, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, was in character a Squire Western, choleric, boisterous, illiterate, selfish, absurd and cowardly.--Osborne, _Secret History_, i. 218.

Squire Western stands alone; imitated from no prototype, and in himself an inimitable picture of ignorance, prejudice, irascibility and rusticity, united with natural shrewdness, constitutional good humor, and an instinctive affection for his daughter.--_Encyc. Brit._, Art. “Fielding.”

_Sophia Western_, daughter of Squire Western. She becomes engaged to Tom Jones, the foundling.--Fielding, _Tom Jones_ (1749).

There now are no Squire Westerns, as of old; And our Sophias are not so emphatic, But fair as them or fairer to behold. Byron, _Don Juan_, xiii. 110 (1824).

=Westlock= (_John_), a quondam pupil of Mr. Pecksniff (“architect and land surveyor”). John Westlock marries Ruth, the sister of Tom Pinch.--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1843).

=Westmoreland=, according to fable, is West-Mar-land. Mar or Marius, son of Arvirăgus, was king of the British, and overthrew Rodric, the Scythian, in the north-west of England, where he set up a stone with an inscription of this victory, “both of which remain to this day.”--Geoffrey, _British History_, iv. 17 (1142).

=Westward Hoe=, a comedy by Thomas Dekker (1607). The Rev. Charles Kingsley published a novel in 1854, entitled _Westward Ho!_ or _The Voyages and Adventures of Sir Amyas Leigh in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth_. (See EASTWARD HOE.)

=Wetheral= (_Stephen_), surnamed “Stephen Steelheart,” in the troop of Lord Waldemar Fitzurse (a baron following Prince John).--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Wetherell= (_Elizabeth_), Miss Susan Warner, authoress of _The Wide, Wide World_ (1852), _Queechy_ (1853), etc.

=Wetzweiler= (_Tid_), or _Le Glorieux_, the court jester of Charles, “The Bold,” duke of Burgundy.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Whachum=, journeyman to Sidrophel. He was Richard Green, who published a pamphlet of base ribaldry, called _Hudibras in a Snare_ (1667).

A paltry wretch he had, half-starved, That him in place of zany served, Hight Whachum. S. Butler, _Hudibras_, ii. 3 (1664).

=Whang=, an avaricious Chinese miller, who, by great thrift, was pretty well off, but, one day, being told that a neighbor had found a pot of money which he had dreamt of, began to be dissatisfied with his slow gains, and longed for a dream also. At length the dream came. He dreamt there was a huge pot of gold concealed under his mill, and set to work to find it. The first omen of success was a broken mug, then a house-tile, and at length, after much digging, he came to a stone so large that he could not lift it. He ran to tell his luck to his wife, and the two tugged at the stone, but, as they removed it, down fell the mill in utter ruins.--Goldsmith, _A Citizen of the World_, lxx. (1759).

=Wharton= (_Eliza_), heroine of one of the first novels published in the United States, under the title of _The Coquette_, or _The History of Eliza Wharton_, by Hannah Webster Foster (1797).

=Whartons= (_The_). _Henry Wharton_, young royalist captain, arrested as a spy while visiting his father’s house, which is within the American lines. He is assisted to escape by Harvey Birch.

_Sarah Wharton_, the elder daughter, has royalist proclivities; _Frances_ is loyal to the colonial cause, and betrothed to Major Dunwoodie.

_Mr. Wharton_ (_père_), fine specimen of the old English gentleman.--James Fenimore Cooper, _The Spy_ (1821).

=What Next?= A farce by T. Dibdin. Colonel Clifford meets at Brighton two cousins, Sophia and Clarissa Touchwood, and falls in love with the latter, who is the sister of Major Touchwood, but thinks her Christian name is Sophia, and so is accepted by Sophia’s father, who is Colonel Touchwood. Now, it so happens that Major Touchwood is in love with his cousin, Sophia, and looks on Colonel Clifford as his rival. The major tries to outwit his supposed rival, but finds they are both in error, that it is Clarissa whom the colonel wishes to marry, and that Sophia is quite free to follow the bent of her own and the major’s choice.

=Wheel of Fortune= (_The_), a comedy by R. Cumberland (1779).

⁂ For the plot and tale, see PENRUDDOCK.

=Whetstone Cut by a Razor.= Accius Navius, the augur, cut a whetstone with a razor in the presence of Tarquin, the elder.

In short, ’twas his fate, unemployed or in place, sir, To eat mutton cold, and cut blocks with a razor. Goldsmith, _Retaliation_ (“Burke” is referred to, 1774).

=Whims= (_Queen_), the monarch of Whimdom, or country of whims, fancies, and literary speculations. Her subjects were alchemists, astrologers, fortune-tellers, rhymers, projectors, schoolmen, and so forth. The best way of reaching this empire is “to trust to the whirlwind and the current.” When Pantagruel’s ship ran aground, it was towed off by 7,000,000 drums quite easily. These drums are the vain imaginings of whimsyists. Whenever a person is perplexed at any knotty point of science or doctrine, some drum will serve for a nostrum to pull him through.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, v. 18, etc. (1545).

=Whim´sey=, a whimsical, kind-hearted old man, father to Charlotte and “young” Whimsey.

As suspicious of everybody above him, as if he had been bred a rogue himself.--Act i. 1.

_Charlotte Whimsey_, the pretty daughter of old Whimsey; in love with Monford.--James Cobb, _The First Floor_.

=Whip with Six Lashes=, the “Six Articles” of Henry VIII. (1539).

=Whipping Boy.= A boy kept to be whipped when a prince deserved chastisement.

BARNABY FITZPATRICK stood for Edward VI.

D’OSSAT and DUPERRON, afterwards cardinals, were whipped by Clement VIII. for Henry IV. of France.--Fuller, _Church History_, ii. 342 (1655).

MUNGO MURRAY stood for Charles I.

RAPHAEL was flogged for the son of the marquis de Leganez, but, not seeing the justice of this arrangement, he ran away.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, v. 1 (1724).

=Whisker=, the pony of Mr. Garland, Abel Cottage, Finchley.

/# There approached towards him a little, clattering, jingling, four-wheeled chaise, drawn by a little obstinate-looking, rough-coated pony, and driven by a little, fat, placid-faced old gentleman. Beside the little old gentleman sat a little old lady, plump and placid like himself, and the pony was coming along at his own pace, and doing exactly as he pleased with the whole concern. If the old gentleman remonstrated by shaking the reins, the pony replied by shaking his head. It was plain that the utmost the pony would consent to do was to go in his own way ... after his own fashion, or not at all.--C. Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_, xiv. (1840).

=Whiskerandos= (_Don Fero´lo_), the sentimental lover of Tilburina.--Sheridan, _The Critic_, ii. 1 (1779).

=Whist= (_Father of the game of_), Edmond Hoyle (1672-1769).

=Whistle= (_The_). In the train of Anne of Denmark, when she went to Scotland with James VI., was a gigantic Dane of matchless drinking capacity. He had an ebony whistle, which, at the beginning of a drinking bout, he would lay on the table, and whoever was last able to blow it, was to be considered the “Champion of the Whistle.” In Scotland the Dane was defeated by Sir Robert Laurie, of Maxwelton, who, after three days’ and three nights’ hard drinking, left the Dane under the table, and “blew on the whistle his requiem shrill.” The whistle remained in the family several years, when it was won by Sir Walter Laurie, son of Sir Robert; and then by Walter Riddel, of Glenriddel, brother-in-law of Sir Walter Laurie. The last person who carried it off was Alexander Ferguson of Craigdarroch, son of “Annie Laurie” so well known.

⁂ Burns has a ballad on the subject, called _The Whistle_.

_Whistle._ The blackbird, says Drayton, is the only bird that whistles.

Upon his dulcet pipe the merle doth only play. _Polyolbion_, xiii. (1613).

=Whistler= (_The_), a young thief, natural son of Sir G. Staunton, whom he shot after his marriage with Effie Deans.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

=Whistling.= Mr. Townley, of Hull, says, in _Notes and Queries_, August 2, 1879, that a Roman Catholic checked his wife, who was whistling for a dog: “If you please, ma’am, don’t whistle. Every time a woman whistles, the heart of the blessed Virgin bleeds.”

Une poule qui chante, le coq et une fille qui siffle, portent malheur dans la maison. La poule ne doit point chanter devant le coq.

A whistling woman and a crowing hen Are neither good for God or men.

=Whitaker= (_Richard_), the old steward of Sir Geoffrey Peveril.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Whitchurch=, in Middlesex (or Little Stanmore), is the parish, and William Powell was the blacksmith, made celebrated by Händel’s _Harmonious Blacksmith_. Powell died in 1780.

=White Cat= (_The_). A certain queen, desirous of obtaining some fairy fruit, was told she might gather as much as she would if she would give to them the child about to be born. The queen agreed, and the new-born child was carried to the fairies. When of marriageable age, the fairies wanted her to marry Migonnet, a fairy-dwarf, and, as she refused to do so, changed her into a white cat. Now comes the second part. An old king had three sons, and promised to resign the kingdom to that son who brought him the smallest dog. The youngest son wandered to a palace, where he saw a white cat endowed with human speech, who gave him a dog so tiny that the prince carried it in an acorn shell. The father then said he would resign his crown to that son who brought him home a web, 400 yards long, which would pass through the eye of a needle. The White Cat gave the prince a web 400 yards long packed in the shale of a millet grain. The king then told his sons he would resign his throne to that son who brought home the handsomest bride. The White Cat told the prince to cut off its head and tail. On doing so, the creature resumed her human form, and was acknowledged to be the most beautiful woman on earth.

Her eyes committed theft upon all hearts, and her sweetness kept them captive. Her shape was majestic, her air noble and modest, her wit flowing, her manners engaging. In a word, she was beyond everything that was lovely.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The White Cat,” 1682).

=White Clergy= (_The_), the parish priests, in contradistinction to _The Black Clergy_ or monks, in Russia.

=White Cross Knights=, the Knights Hospitallers. The Knights Templar wore a _red_ cross.

The White Cross Knights of the adjacent isle. Robert Browning, _The Return of the Druses_, i.

=White Devil of Wallachia.= George Castriota, known as “Scanderbeg,” was called by the Turks “The White Devil of Wallachia” (1404-1467).

=White Elephant= (_King of the_) a title of the kings of Ava and Siam.

=White Friars= (_The_), the Carmelites, who dress in white.

⁂ There is a novel by Miss Robinson called _White Friars_.

=White Heron.= Maurice Thompson thus describes the shooting of a white heron:

“Like twenty serpents bound together, Hissed the flying arrow’s feather. A thud, a puff, a feathery ring, A quick collapse, a quivering-- A whirl, a headlong downward dash, A heavy fall, a sullen plash, And, like white foam, or giant flake Of snow, he lay upon the lake!” Maurice Thompson, _The Death of the White Heron, Songs of Fair Weather_ (1883).

=White Hoods= (or _Chaperons Blancs_); the insurgents of Ghent, led by Jean Lyons, noted for their fight at Minnewater to prevent the digging of a canal which they fancied would be injurious to trade.

Saw the fight at Minnewater, saw the “White Hoods” moving west. Longfellow, _The Belfry of Bruges_.

=White Horse= (_Lords of The_), the old Saxon chiefs, whose standard was a white horse.

And tampered with the lords of the White Horse. Tennyson, _Guinevere_.

=White Horse of the Peppers=, a sprat to catch a mackerel. After the battle of the Boyne, the estates of many of the Jacobites were confiscated, and given to the adherents of William III. Amongst others, the estate of the Peppers was forfeited, and the Orangeman to whom it was awarded went to take possession. “Where was it, and what was its extent?” These were all-important questions; and the Orangeman was led up and down, hither and thither, for several days, under pretence of showing him the land. He had to join the army by a certain day, but was led so far afield that he agreed to forego his claim if supplied with means of reaching his regiment within the given time. Accordingly, the “white horse,” the pride of the family, and the fastest animal in the land, was placed at his disposal, the king’s grant was revoked, and the estate remained in the possession of the original owner.--S. Lover, _Stories and Legends of Ireland_ (1832-34).

=White Horse of Wantage= (Berkshire), cut in the chalk hills. The horse is 374 feet long, and may be seen at the distance of fifteen miles. It commemorates a great victory obtained by Alfred, over the Danes, called the battle of Æscesdun (_Ashdown_), during the reign of his brother Ethelred in 871. (See RED HORSE.)

In this battle all the flower of the barbarian youth was there slain, so that neither before nor since was ever such a destruction known since the Saxons first gained Britain by their arms.--Ethelwerd, _Chronicle_, ii. A. 871. (See also Asser, _Life of Alfred_, year 871.)

=White King=, the title of the emperor of Muscovy, from the white robes which these kings were accustomed to use.

Sunt qui principem Moscoviæ _Album Regem_ noncupant. Ego quidem causam diligenter quærebam, cur _regis albi_ nomine appellaretur cum nemo principum Moscoviæ eo titulo antea [_Basilius Ivanwich_] esset usus.... Credo autem ut Persam nunc propter _rubea_ tegumenta capitis “Kissilpassa” (_i.e._, rubeum caput) vocant; ita reges Moscoviæ propter _alba_ tegumenta “Albos Reges” appellari.--Sigismund.

⁂ Perhaps it may be explained thus: Muscovy is always called “Russia Alba,” as Poland is called “Black Russia.”

_White King._ So Charles I. is called by Herbert. His robe of state was white instead of purple. At his funeral the snow fell so thick upon the pall that it was quite white.--Herbert, _Memoirs_ (1764).

=White Lady= (_The_), “La Dame d’Aprigny,” a Norman fée, who used to occupy the site of the present Rue de St. Quentin, at Bayeux.

La Dame Abonde, also a Norman fée.

Vocant dominam Abundiam pro eo quod domibus quas frequentant, abundantiam bonorum temporalium præstare, putantur non aliter tibi sentiendum est neque aliter quam quemadmodum de illis audivisti.--William of Auvergne (1248).

_White Lady_ (_The_), a ghost seen in different castles and palaces belonging to the royal family of Prussia, and supposed to forebode the death of some of the royal family, especially one of the children. The last appearance was in 1879, just prior to the death of Prince Waldemar. Twice she has been heard to speak, _e.g._: In December, 1628, she appeared in the palace at Berlin, and said in Latin, “I wait for judgment;” and once at the castle of Neuhaus, in Bohemia, when she said to the princess, in German, “It is ten o’clock;” and the lady addressed died in a few weeks.

There are two white ladies, in fact--one the Countess Agnes, of Orlamunde, and the other the Princess Bertha von Rosenberg, who lived in the fifteenth century. The former was buried alive in a vault in the palace. She was the mistress of a margrave of Brandenburgh, by whom she had two sons. When the prince became a widower, Agnes thought he would marry her, but he made the sons an objection, and she poisoned them, for which crime she was buried alive. Another version is that she fell in love with the prince of Parma, and made away with her two daughters, who were an obstacle to her marriage, for which crime she was doomed to “walk the earth” as an apparition.

The Princess Bertha is troubled because an annual gift, which she left to the poor, has been discontinued. She appears dressed in white, and carrying at her side a bunch of keys.

It may interest those who happen to be learned in Berlin legends, to know that the White Lady, whose visits always precede the death of some member of the royal family, was seen on the eve of Prince Waldemar’s death. A soldier on guard at the old castle was the witness of the apparition, and in his fright fled to the guard-room, where he was at once arrested for deserting his post.--_Brief_, April 4, 1879.

=White Lady of Avenel= (2 _syl._), a tutelary spirit.--Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

=White Lady of Ireland= (_The_), the banshee or domestic spirit of a family, who takes an interest in its condition, and intimates approaching death by wailing or shrieks.

=White Moon= (_Knight of the_), Samson Carrasco. He assumed this cognizance when he went as a knight-errant to encounter Don Quixote. His object was to overthrow the don in combat, and then impose on him the condition of returning home, and abandoning the profession of chivalry for twelve months. By this means he hoped to cure the don of his craze. It all happened as the barber expected; the don was overthrown, and returned to his home, but soon died.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iv. 12, etc. (1615).

=White Queen= (_The_), Mary Queen of Scots (_La Reine Blanche_); so called by the French, because she dressed in white, in mourning for her husband.

=White Rose= (_The_), the house of York, whose badge it was. The badge of the house of Lancaster was the Red Rose.

Richard de la Pole is often called “The White Rose.”

=White Rose of England= (_The_). Perkin Warbeck was so called by Margaret of Burgundy, sister of Edward IV. (*-1499).

=White Rose of Raby= (_The_), Cecily, wife of Richard, duke of York, and mother of Edward IV. and Richard III. She was the youngest of twenty-one children.

⁂ A novel entitled _The White Rose of Raby_ was published in 1794.

=White Rose of Scotland= (_The_), Lady Katherine Gordon, the [? fifth] daughter of George, second earl of Huntly, by his second wife, Princess Annabella Stuart, youngest daughter of James I. of Scotland. She married Perkin Warbeck, the pretender, self-styled Richard, duke of York. (See WARBECK.) She had three husbands after the death of Warbeck.

As Margaret of York, duchess of Burgundy, who out of jealousy of the Lancastrian Henry VII., adopted the cause of Perkin Warbeck, always called him “The White Rose of York;” his wife, Lady Katharine Gordon, was called The White Rose of Scotland.

=White Rose of York= (_The_), Edward Courtney, earl of Devon, son of the marquis of Exeter. He died at Padua, in Queen Mary’s reign (1553).

=White Surrey=, the favorite charger of Richard III.

Saddle White Surrey for the field to-morrow. Shakespeare, _Richard III._ act v. sc. 3 (1597).

=White Tsar of His People.= The emperor of Russia is so called, and claims the empire of seventeen crowns.

=White Widow= (_The_), the duchess of Tyrconnel, wife of Richard Talbot, lord deputy of Ireland under James II. After the death of her husband she supported herself by her needle. She wore a white mask, and dressed in white.--Pennant, _Account of London_, 147 (1790).

=White Witch= (_A_), a “witch” who employs her power and skill for the benefit and not the harm of her fellow-mortals.

=Whites= (_The_), an Italian faction of the fourteenth century. The Guelphs of Florence were divided into the _Blacks_, who wished to open their gates to Charles de Valois, and the _Whites_, who opposed him. The poet Dantê, was a “White,” and when the “Blacks,” in 1302, got the upper hand, he was exiled. During his exile he composed his immortal epic, the _Divina Commedia_.

=Whitecraft= (_John_), innkeeper and miller at Altringham.

_Dame Whitecraft_, the pretty wife of the above.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Whitfield of the Stage= (_The_). Quin was so called by Garrick (1716-1779). Garrick himself is sometimes so denominated also.

=Whitney= (_James_), the Claude Duval of English highwaymen. He prided himself on being “the glass of fashion and the mould of form.” Executed at Porter’s Block, near Smithfield (1660-1694).

=Whittington= (_Dick_), a poor orphan country lad, who heard that London was “paved with gold,” and went there to get a living. When reduced to starving point a kind merchant gave him employment in his family to help the cook, but the cook so ill treated him that he ran away. Sitting to rest himself on the roadside, he heard Bow bells, and they seemed to him to say, “Turn again, Whittington, thrice lord mayor of London;” so he returned to his master. By-and-by the master allowed him, with the other servants, to put in an adventure in a ship bound for Morocco. Richard had nothing but a cat, which, however, he sent. Now it happened that the king of Morocco was troubled by mice, which Whittington’s cat destroyed; and this so pleased his highness that he bought the mouser at a fabulous price. Dick commenced business with this money, soon rose to great wealth, married his master’s daughter, was knighted, and thrice elected lord mayor of London--in 1398, 1406 and 1419.

⁂ A cat is a brig built on the Norwegian model, with narrow stern, projecting quarters and deep waist.

Another solution is the word _achat_, “barter.”

KEIS, the son of a poor widow of Siraf, embarked for India with his sole property, a cat. He arrived at a time when the palace was so infested by mice and rats that they actually seized the king’s food. This cat cleared the palace of its vermin, and was purchased for a large sum of money, which enriched the widow’s son.--Sir William Ouseley (a Persian story).

ALPHONSO, a Portuguese, being wrecked on the coast of Guinea, had a cat, which the king bought for its weight in gold. With this money Alphonso traded, and in five years made £6000, returned to Portugal, and became in fifteen years the third magnate of the kingdom.--_Description of Guinea._

⁂ See Keightley, _Tales and Popular Fictions_, 241-266.

=Whittle= (_Thomas_), an old man of 63, who wants to cajole his nephew out of his lady-love, the Widow Brady, only 23 years of age. To this end he assumes the airs, the dress, the manners, and the walk of a beau. For his thick flannels he puts on a cambric shirt, open waist-coat, and ruffles; for his Welsh wig he wears a pigtail and chapeau bras; for his thick cork soles he trips like a dandy in pumps. He smirks, he titters, he tries to be quite killing. He discards history and solid reading for the _Amorous Repository_, _Cupid’s Revels_, _Hymen’s Delight_, and Ovid’s _Art of Love_. In order to get rid of him, the gay young widow assumes to be a boisterous, rollicking, extravagant, low Irishwoman, deeply in debt, and utterly reckless. Old Whittle is thoroughly alarmed, induces his nephew to take the widow off his hands, and gives him £5000 for doing so.--Garrick, _The Irish Widow_ (1757).

=Who’s The Dupe?= Abraham Doiley is a retired slop-seller, with £80,000 or more. Being himself wholly uneducated, he is a great admirer of “larning,” and resolves that his daughter Elizabeth shall marry a great scholar. Elizabeth is in love with Captain Granger, but the old slop-seller has fixed his heart on a Mr. Gradus, an Oxford pedant. The question is how to bring the old man round. Gradus is persuaded to change his style of dress to please the lady, and Granger is introduced as a learned pundit. The old man resolves to pit together the two aspirants, and give Elizabeth to the best scholar. Gradus quotes two lines of Greek, in which the word panta occurs four times; Granger gives some three or four lines of English fustian. Gradus tells the old man that what Granger said was mere English; but Doiley, in the utmost indignation, replies, “Do you think I don’t know my own mother tongue? Off with your _pantry_, which you call Greek! t’other is the man for my money;” and he gives his daughter to the captain.--Mrs. Cowley, _Who’s the Dupe?_

=Whole Duty of Man= (_The_). Sir James Wellwood Moncrieff, bart., was so called by Jeffrey (1776-1851).

=Wickfield= (_Mr._), a lawyer, father of Agnes. The “’umble” Uriah Heep was his clerk.

_Agnes Wickfield_, daughter of Mr. Wickfield; a young lady of sound sense and domestic habits, lady-like and affectionate. She is the second wife of David Copperfield.--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849).

=Wickam= (_Mrs._), a waiter’s wife. Mrs. Wickam was a meek, drooping woman, always ready to pity herself or to be pitied, and with a depressing habit of prognosticating evil. She succeeded Polly Toodles as nurse to Paul Dombey.--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

=Wicliffe=, called “The Morning Star of the Reformation” (1324-1384).

=Widdrington= (_Roger_), a gallant squire, mentioned in the ballad of Chevy Chase. He fought “upon his stumps,” after he lost his legs. (See BENBOW.)

=Widenostrils= (in French _Bringuenarilles_), a huge giant, who had swallowed every pan, skillet, kettle, frying-pan, dripping-pan, saucepan and caldron in the land, for want of windmills, his usual food. He was ultimately killed by eating a lump of fresh butter at the mouth of a hot oven, by the advice of his physician.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, iv. 17 (1545).

=Widerolf=, bishop of Strasbourg (997), was devoured by mice in the seventeenth year of his episcopate, because he suppressed the convent of Seltzen on the Rhine. (See HATTO.)

=Widow=, in the _Deserted Village_ (_Goldsmith_). “All the bloomy flush of life is fled” from Auburn:

All but yon widowed, solitary thing, That feebly bends beside the plashy spring; She, wretched matron, forced in age, for bread, To strip the brook, with mantling cresses spread, To pick her wintry faggot from the thorn, To seek her nightly shed, and weep till morn; She only left of all the harmless train, The sad historian of the pensive plain.

Her name was Catherine Geraghty.

_Widow_ (_The_), courted by Sir Hudibras, was the relict of Amminadab Wilmer or Willmot, an independent, slain at Edgehill. She was left with a fortune of £200 a year. The knight’s “Epistle to the Lady” and the “Lady’s Reply,” in which she declines his offer, are usually ap pended to the poem entitled _Hudibras_.

=Widow Bedott=, relict of Hezekiah, and willing to be consoled. Garrulous, silly and full of sentimental affectations.--Francis M. Whitcher (1856).

=Widow Blackacre=, a perverse, bustling, masculine, pettifogging, litigious woman.--Wycherly, _The Plain Dealer_ (1677).

=Widow Flockhart=, landlady at Waverley’s lodgings in the Canongate.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Wieland’s Sword=, Balmung. It was so sharp that it cleft Amilias in twain without his knowing it; when, however, he attempted to stir, he fell into two pieces.--_Scandinavian Mythology._

=Wiever= (_Old_), a preacher and old conspirator.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Wife= (_The_), a drama by S. Knowles (1833). Mariana, daughter of a Swiss burgher, nursed Leonardo in a dangerous sickness--an avalanche had fallen on him, and his life was despaired of, but he recovered, and fell in love with his young and beautiful nurse. Leonardo intended to return to Mantua, but was kept a prisoner by a gang of thieves, and Mariana followed him, for she found life intolerable without him. Here Count Florio fell in love with her, and obtained her guardian’s consent to marry her; but Mariana refused to do so, and was arraigned before the duke (Ferrardo), who gave judgment against her. Leonardo was at the trial disguised, but, throwing off his mask, was found to be the real duke supposed to be dead. He assumed his rank, and married Mariana; but, being called to the wars, left Ferrardo regent. Ferrardo, being a villain, hatched up a plot against the bride, of infidelity to her lord, but Leonardo would give no credit to it, and the whole scheme of villainy was fully exposed.

⁂ Shakespeare’s _Measure for Measure_ probably gave Knowles some hints for his plot.

=Wife for a Month= (_A_), a drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1624). The “wife” is Evanthê (3 _syl._), the chaste wife of Valerio, pursued by Frederick, the licentious brother of Alphonso, king of Naples. She repels his base advances, and, to punish her, he offers to give her to any one for one month, at the end of which time whoever accepts her is to die. No one appears, and the lady is restored to her husband.

=Wife of Bath=, one of the pilgrims to the shrine of Thomas à Becket.--Chaucer. _Canterbury Tales_ (1388).

=Wife of Bath’s Tale.= One of King Arthur’s knights was condemned to death for ill-using a lady, but Guinever interceded for him, and the king gave him over to her to do what she liked. The queen said she would spare his life, if, by that day twelve months, he would tell her “What is that which woman loves best?” The knight seeks far and wide for a solution, but in his despair he meets a hideous old woman who promises to give him the answer if he will grant her one request, which is, to marry her. The knight could not bring himself to embrace so gruesome a bride, but she persuaded him that it was better to have a faithful wife even if she were old and ugly, than one young and beautiful, but untrue. The knight yields, and in the morning he wakes to find a lovely woman by his side, who tells him that what a woman likes best is to have her own way.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Wife of Bath’s Tale,” 1388).

⁂ This tale is a very old one, and appears in various languages; European and Oriental. It is one of those told by Gower in his _Confessio Amantis_, where Florent promises to marry a deformed old hag, who in reward for his complaisance helps him to the solution of a riddle.

=Wigged Prince= (_The Best_). The guardian, uncle-in-law and first cousin of the duke of Brunswick was called “The Best Wigged Prince in Christendom.”

=Wild= (_Jonathan_), a cool, calculating, heartless villain, with the voice of a Stentor. He was born at Wolverhampton, in Staffordshire, and, like Jack Sheppard, was the son of a carpenter.

He had ten maxims: (1) Never do more mischief than is absolutely necessary for success; (2) Know no distinction, but let self-interest be the one principle of action; (3) Let not your shirt know the thoughts of your heart; (4) Never forgive an enemy; (5) Shun poverty and distress; (6) Foment jealousies in your gang; (7) A good name, like money, must be risked in speculation; (8) Counterfeit virtues are as good as real ones, for few know paste from diamonds; (9) Be your own trumpeter, and don’t be afraid of blowing loud; (10) Keep hatred concealed in the heart, but wear the face of a friend.

Jonathan Wild married six wives. Being employed for a time as a detective, he brought to the gallows thirty-five highwaymen, twenty-two burglars and ten returned convicts. He was himself executed at last at Tyburn for house-breaking (1682-1725).

Daniel Defoe has made _Jonathan Wild_ the hero of a romance (1725). Fielding did the same in 1743. The hero in these romances is a coward, traitor, hypocrite and tyrant, unrelieved by human feeling, and never betrayed into a kind or good action. The character is historic, but the adventures are in a measure fictitious.

=Wild Boar of Ardennes=, William de la Marck.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

⁂ The Count de la Marck was third son of John, count de la Marck and Aremberg. He was arrested at Utrecht, and beheaded by order of Maximilian, emperor of Austria, in 1485.

=Wild Boy of Hameln=, a human being found in the forest of Hertswold, in Hanover. He walked on all fours, climbed trees like a monkey, fed on grass and leaves, and could never be taught to articulate a single word. He was discovered in 1725, was called “Peter, the Wild Boy,” and died at Broadway Farm, near Berkhampstead, in 1785.

⁂ Mdlle. Lablanc was a wild girl found by the villagers of Soigny, near Chalons, in 1731. She died in Paris in 1780.

=Wild Goose Chase= (_The_), a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1652). The “wild goose” is Mirabel, who is “chased” and caught by Oriana, whom he once despised.

=Wild Horses= (_Death by_). The hands and feet of the victim were fastened to two or four wild horses, and the horses, being urged forward, ran in different directions, tearing the victim limb from limb.

METTIUS SUFFETIUS was fastened to two chariots, which were driven in opposite directions. This was for deserting the Roman standard (B.C. 669).--Livy, _Annals_, i. 28.

SALCĒDE, a Spaniard, employed by Henri III. to assassinate Henri de Guise, failed in his attempt, and was torn limb from limb by four wild horses.

NICHOLAS DE SALVADO was torn to pieces by wild horses for attempting the life of William, prince of Orange.

BALTHAZAR DE GERRARD was similarly punished for assassinating the same prince (1584).

JOHN CHASTEL was torn to pieces by wild horses for attempting the life of Henri IV. of France (1594).

FRANÇOIS RAVAILLAC suffered a similar death for assassinating the same prince (1610).

=Wild Huntsman= (_The_), a spectral hunter with dogs, who frequents the Black Forest to chase wild animals.--Sir W. Scott, _Wild Huntsman_ (from Bürger’s ballad).

⁂ The legend is that this huntsman was a Jew, who would not suffer Jesus to drink from a horse-trough, but pointed to some water collected in a hoof-print, and bade Him go there and drink.--Kuhn von Schwarz, _Nordd. Sagen_, 499.

The French story of _Le Grand Veneur_ is laid in Fontainbleau Forest, and is supposed to refer to St. Hubert.--Father Matthieu.

The English name is “Herne, the Hunter,” once a keeper in Windsor Forest.--Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_, act iv. sc. 4.

The Scotch poem called _Albania_ contains a full description of the wild huntsman.

⁂ The subject has been made into a ballad by Burger, entitled _Der Wilde Jäger_.

=Wild Man of the Forest=, Orson, brother of Valentine, and nephew of King Pepin.--_Valentine and Orson_ (fifteenth century).

=Wild Oats=, a drama by John O’Keefe (1798).

=Wild Wenlock=, kinsman of Sir Hugo de Lacy, besieged by insurgents, who cut off his head.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Wildair= (_Sir Harry_), the hero of a comedy so called by Farquhar (1701). The same character had been introduced in the _Constant Couple_ (1700), by the same author. Sir Harry is a gay profligate, not altogether selfish and abandoned, but very free and of easy morals. This was Wilks’s and Peg Woffington’s great part.

Their Wildairs, Sir John Brutes, Lady Touchwoods and Mrs. Frails are conventional reproductions of those wild gallants and demireps which figure in the licentious dramas of Dryden and Shadwell.--Sir W. Scott.

⁂ “Sir John Brute,” in _The Provoked Wife_ (Vanbrugh); “Lady Touchwood,” in _The Belle’s Stratagem_ (Mrs. Cowley); “Mrs. Frail,” in Congreve’s _Love for Love_.

=Wildblood of the Vale= (_Young Dick_), a friend of Sir Geoffrey Peveril.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Wilde= (_Johnny_), a small farmer of Rodenkirchen, in the isle of Rügen. One day he found a little glass slipper belonging to one of the hill-folk. Next day a little brownie, in the character of a merchant, came to redeem it, and Johnny Wilde demanded as the price “that he should find a gold ducat in every furrow he ploughed.” The bargain was concluded, but before the year was over he had worked himself to death looking for ducats in the furrows which he ploughed.--_Rügen Tradition._

=Wildenhaim= (_Baron_), father of Amelia. In his youth he seduced Agatha Friburg, whom he deserted. Agatha bore a son, Frederick, who in due time became a soldier. Coming home on furlough, he found his mother on the point of starvation, and, going to beg alms, met the baron with his gun, asked alms of him, and received a shilling. He demanded more money, and, being refused, collared the baron, but was soon seized by the keepers, and shut up in the castle dungeon. Here he was visited by the chaplain, and it came out that the baron was his father. As the baron was a widower, he married Agatha, and Frederick became his heir.

_Amelia Wildenhaim_, daughter of the baron. A proposal was made to marry her to Count Cassel, but, as the count was a conceited puppy, without “brains in his head or a heart in his bosom,” she would have nothing to say to him. She showed her love to Anhalt, a young clergyman, and her father gave his consent to the match.--Mrs. Inchbald, _Lovers’ Vows_ (altered from Kotzebue, 1800).

=Wildfire= (_Madge_), the insane daughter of old Meg Murdochson, the gypsy thief. Madge had been seduced when a girl, and this, with the murder of her infant, had turned her brain.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

=Wilding= (_Jack_), a young gentleman fresh from Oxford, who fabricates the most ridiculous tales, which he tries to pass off for facts; speaks of his adventures in America, which he has never seen; of his being entrapped into marriage with a Miss Sibthorpe, a pure invention. Accidentally meeting a Miss Grantam, he sends his man to learn her name, and is told it is Miss Godfrey, an heiress. On this incident the humor of the drama hinges. When Miss Godfrey is presented to him he does not know her, and a person rushes in who declares she is his wife, and that her maiden name was Sibthorpe. It is now Wilding’s turn to be dumbfounded, and, wholly unable to unravel the mystery, he rushes forth, believing the world is a Bedlam let loose.--S. Foote, _The Liar_ (1761).

_Wilding_ (_Sir Jasper_), an ignorant but wealthy country gentleman, fond of fox-hunting. He dresses in London like a foxhunter, and speaks with a “Hoic! tally-ho!”

_Young Wilding_, son of Sir Jasper, about to marry the daughter of old Philpot for the dot she will bring him.

_Maria Wilding_, the lively, witty, high-spirited daughter of Sir Jasper, in love with Charles Beaufort. Her father wants her to marry George Philpot, but she frightens the booby out of his wits by her knowledge of books and assumed eccentricities.--Murphy, _The Citizen_, (1757 or 1761).

=Wildrake=, a country squire, delighting in horses, dogs, and field sports. He was in love with “neighbor Constance,” daughter of Sir William Fondlove, with whom he used to romp and quarrel in childhood. He learned to love Constance; and Constance loved the squire, but knew it not till she feared he was going to marry another. When they each discovered the state of their hearts, they agreed to become man and wife.--S. Knowles, _The Love-Chase_ (1837).

_Wildrake_ (_Roger_), a dissipated royalist.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

=Wilhelmi´na= [BUNDLE], daughter of Bundle, the gardener. Tom Tug, the waterman, and Robin, the gardener, sought her in marriage. The father preferred honest Tom Tug, but the mother liked better the sentimental and fine-phrased Robin. Wilhelmina said he who first did any act to deserve her love should have it. Tom Tug, by winning the waterman’s badge, carried off the bride.--C. Dibdin, _The Waterman_ (1774).

=Wilfer= (_Reginald_), called by his wife R. W., and by his fellow clerks Rumty. He was clerk in the drug-house of Chicksey, Stobbles and Veneering. In person Mr. Wilfer resembled an overgrown cherub; in manner he was shy and retiring.

Mr. Reginald Wilfer was a poor clerk, so poor indeed that he had never yet attained the modest object of his ambition, which was to wear a complete new suit of clothes, hat and boots included, at one time. His black hat was brown before he could afford a coat; his pantaloons were white at the seams and knees before he could buy a pair of boots; his boots had worn out before he could treat himself to new pantaloons; and by the time he worked round to the hat again, that shining modern article roofed in an ancient ruin of various periods.--Ch. iv.

_Mrs. Wilfer_, wife of Mr. Reginald. A most majestic woman, tall and angular. She wore gloves, and a pocket-handkerchief tied under her chin. A patronizing, condescending woman was Mrs. Wilfer, with a mighty idea of her own importance. “Viper!” “Ingrate!” and such like epithets were household words with her.

_Bella Wilfer_, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Wilfer. A wayward, playful, affectionate, spoilt beauty, “giddy from the want of some sustaining purpose, and capricious because she was always fluttering among little things.” Bella was so pretty, so womanly, and yet so childish that she was always captivating. She spoke of herself as “the lovely woman,” and delighted in “doing the hair of the family.” Bella Wilfer married John Harmon (John Rokesmith), the secretary of Mr. Boffin, “the golden dustman.”

_Lavinia Wilfer_, youngest sister of Bella, and called “The Irrepressible.” Lavinia was a tart, pert girl, but succeeded in catching George Samson in the toils of wedlock.--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864).

=Wilford=, in love with Emily, the companion of his sister, Miss Wilford. This attachment coming to the knowledge of Wilford’s uncle and guardian, was disapproved of by him; so he sent the young man to the Continent, and dismissed the young lady. Emily went to live with Goodman Fairlop, the woodman, and there Wilford discovered her in an archery match. The engagement Was renewed, and ended in marriage.--Sir H. B. Dudley, _The Woodman_ (1771).

_Wilford_, secretary of Sir Edward Mortimer, and the suitor of Barbara Rawbold (daughter of a poacher). Curious to know what weighed on his master’s mind, he pried into an iron chest in Sir Edward’s library; but while so engaged, Sir Edward entered and threatened to shoot him. He relented, however, and having sworn Wilford to secrecy, told him how and why he had committed murder. Wilford, unable to endure the watchful and jealous eye of his master, ran away; but Sir Edward dogged him from place to place, and at length arrested him on the charge of theft. Of course, the charge broke down, Wilford was acquitted, Sir Edward confessed himself a murderer, and died. (See WILLIAMS, CALEB.)--G. Colman, _The Iron Chest_ (1796).

⁂ This is a dramatic version of Godwin’s novel called _Caleb Williams_ (1794). Wilford is “Caleb Williams,” and Sir Edward Mortimer is “Falkland.”

_Wilford_, supposed to be earl of Rochdale. Three things he had a passion for: “the finest hound, the finest horse, and the finest wife in the three kingdoms.” It turned out that Master Walter, “the hunchback,” was the earl of Rochdale, and Wilford was no one.--S. Knowles, _The Hunchback_ (1831).

_Wilford_ (_Lord_), the truant son of Lord Woodville, who fell in love with Bess, the daughter of the “blind beggar of Bethnal Green.” He saw her by accident in London, lost sight of her, but resolved not to rest night or day till he found her; and, said he, “If I find her not, I’m tenant of the house the sexton builds.” Bess was discovered in the Queen’s Arms inn, Romford, and turned out to be his cousin.--S. Knowles, _The Beggar of Bethnal Green_ (1834).

=Wilfred=, “the fool,” one of the sons of Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone, of Osbaldistone Hall.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

=Wilfrid=, son of Oswald Wycliffe; in love with Matilda, heiress of Rokeby’s knight. After various villainies, Oswald forced from Matilda a promise to marry Wilfrid. Wilfrid thanked her for the promise, and fell dead at her feet.--Sir W. Scott, _Rokeby_ (1813).

=Wilfrid= or =Wilfrith= (_St._). In 681, the Bishop Wilfrith, who had been bishop of York, being deprived of his see, came to Sussex, and did much to civilize the people. He taught them how to catch fish generally, for before they only knew how to catch eels. He founded the bishopric of the South Saxons at Selsey, afterwards removed to Chichester, founded the monastery of Ripon, built several ecclesiastical edifices, and died in 709.

St. Wilfrid, sent from York into the realms received (Whom the Northumbrian folk had of his see bereaved), And on the south of Thames a seat did him afford, By whom the people first received the saving word. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xi. (1613).

=Wilhelm Meister= [_Mice.ter_], the hero and title of a philosophic novel by Goethe. This is considered to be the first true German novel. It consists of two parts published under two titles, viz., _The Apprenticeship of Wilhelm Meister_ (1794-96), and _The Travels of Wilhelm Meister_ (1821).

=Wilkins= (_Peter_), Robert Pultock, of Clement’s inn, author of _The Life and Adventures of Peter Wilkins, a Cornish Man_ (1750).

The tale is this: Peter Wilkins is a mariner, thrown on a desert shore. In time he furnishes himself from the wreck with many necessaries, and discovers that the country is frequented by a beautiful winged race called glumms and gawreys, whose wings when folded, serve them for dress, and when spread, are used for flight. Peter marries a gawrey, by name Youwarkee, and accompanies her to Nosmnbdsgrsutt, a land of semi-darkness, where he remains many years.

_Peter Wilkins_ is a work of uncommon beauty.--Coleridge, _Table Talk_ (1835).

=Wilkinson= (_James_), servant to Mr. Fairford, the lawyer.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Will= (_Belted_), William, Lord Howard, warden of the western marches (1563-1640).

His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt, Hung in a broad and studded belt; Hence, in rude phrase, the Borderers still Called noble Howard “Belted Will.” Sir W. Scott, _Lay of the Last Minstrel_ (1805).

=Will Laud=, a smuggler, with whom Margaret Catchpole (_q.v._) falls in love. He persuades her to escape from Ipswich jail, and supplies her with a seaman’s dress. The two are overtaken, and Laud is shot in attempting to prevent the recapture of Margaret.--Rev. R. Cobbold, _Margaret Catchpole_.

=Will and Jean=, a poetic story by Hector Macneill (1789). Willie Gairlace was once the glory of the town, and he married Jeanie Miller. Just about this time Maggie Howe opened a spirit shop in the village, and Willie fell to drinking. Having reduced himself to beggary, he enlisted as a soldier, and Jeanie had “to beg her bread.” Willie, having lost his leg in battle, was put on the Chelsea “bounty list;” and Jeanie was placed, by the duchess of Buccleuch, in an alms-cottage. Willie contrived to reach the cottage and

Jean ance mair, in fond affection, Clasped her Willie to her breast.

=Willet= (_John_), landlord of the Maypole inn. A burly man, large-headed, with a flat face, betokening profound obstinacy and slowness of apprehension, combined with a strong reliance on his own merits. John Willet was one of the most dogged and positive fellows in existence, always sure that he was right, and that every one who differed from him was wrong. He ultimately resigned the Maypole to his son, Joe, and retired to a cottage in Chigwell, with a small garden, in which Joe had a Maypole erected for the delectation of his aged father. Here at dayfall assembled his old chums, to smoke, and prose, and doze, and drink the evenings away; and here the old man played the landlord, scoring up huge debits in chalk to his heart’s delight. He lived in the cottage a sleepy life for seven years, and then slept the sleep which knows no waking.

_Joe Willet_, son of the landlord, a broad-shouldered, strapping young fellow of 20. Being bullied and brow-beaten by his father, he ran away and enlisted for a soldier, lost his right arm in America, and was dismissed the service. He returned to England, married Dolly Varden, and became landlord of the Maypole, where he prospered and had a large family.--C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

=William=, archbishop of Orange, an ecclesiastic who besought Pope Urban on his knees to permit him to join the crusaders, and, having obtained permission, led 400 men to the siege of Jerusalem.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

_William_, youngest son of William Rufus. He was the leader of a large army of British bowmen and Irish volunteers in the crusading army.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, iii. (1575).

⁂ William Rufus was never married.

_William_, footman to Lovemore, sweet upon Muslin, the lady’s maid. He is fond of cards, and is a below-stairs imitation of the high-life vices of the latter half of the eighteenth century.--A. Murphy, _The Way to Keep Him_ (1760).

_William_, a serving-lad at Arnheim Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

_William_ (_Lord_), master of Erlingford. His elder brother, at death, committed to his charge Edmund, the rightful heir, a mere child; but William cast the child into the Severn, and seized the inheritance. One anniversary, the Severn overflowed its banks, and the castle was surrounded; a boat came by, and Lord William entered. The boatman thought he heard the voice of a child--nay, he felt sure he saw a child in the water, and bade Lord William stretch out his hand to take it in. Lord William seized the child’s hand; it was lifeless and clammy, heavy and inert. It pulled the boat under water, and Lord William was drowned, but no one heard his piercing cry of agony.--R. Southey, _Lord William_ (a ballad, 1804).

=William and Margaret=, a ballad by Mallet. William promised marriage to Margaret, deserted her, and she died “consumed in early prime.” Her ghost reproved the faithless swain, who “quaked in every limb,” and, raving,

He hy’d him to the fatal place, Where Margaret’s body lay; And stretch’d him on the grass-green turf That wrapt her breathless clay.

And thrice he call’d on Margaret’s name, And thrice he wept full sore; Then laid his cheek to her cold grave, And word spake never more.

=William, king of Scotland=, introduced by Sir W. Scott in _The Talisman_ (1825).

=William of Cloudesley= (3 _syl._), a north country outlaw, associated with Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough (_Clement of the Cliff_). He lived in Englewood Forest, near Carlisle. Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough were single men, but William had a wife named Alyce, and “children three,” living at Carlisle. The three outlaws went to London to ask pardon of the king, and the king, at the queen’s intercession, granted it. He then took them to a field to see them shoot. William first cleft in two a hazel wand at a distance of 200 feet; after this he bound his eldest son to a stake, put an apple on his head, and, at a distance of “six score paces,” cleft the apple in two without touching the boy. The king was so delighted that he made William “a gentlemen of fe,” made his son a royal butler, the queen took Alyce for her “chief gentlewoman,” and the two companions were appointed yeoman of the bed-chamber.--Percy, _Reliques_ (“Adam Bell,” etc.), I. ii. 1.

=William of Goldsbrough=, one of the companions of Robin Hood, mentioned in Grafton’s _Olde and Auncient Pamphlet_ (sixteenth century).

=William of Norwich= (_Saint_), a child said to have been crucified by the Jews in 1137. (See HUGH OF LINCOLN and WERNER.)

Two boys of tender age, those saints ensue, Of Norwich, William was, of Lincoln, Hugh. Whom th’ unbelieving Jews (rebellious that abide), In mockery of our Christ, at Easter crucified. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

=William-with-the-Long-Sword=, the earl of Salisbury. He was the natural brother of Richard Cœur de Lion.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Williams= (_Caleb_), a lad in the service of Falkland. Falkland, irritated by cruelty and insult, commits a murder, which is attributed to another. Williams, by accident, obtains a clue to the real facts; and Falkland, knowing it, extorts from him an oath of secrecy, and then tells him the whole story. The lad, finding life in Falkland’s house insupportable, from the ceaseless suspicion to which he is exposed, makes his escape, and is pursued by Falkland with relentless persecution. At last Williams is accused by Falkland of robbery, and, the facts of the case being disclosed, Falkland dies of shame and a broken spirit. (See WILFORD.)--W. Godwin, _Caleb Williams_ (1794).

⁂ The novel was dramatized by G. Colman, under the title of _The Iron Chest_ (1796). Caleb Williams is called “Wilford,” and Falkland is “Sir Edward Mortimer.”

_Williams_ (_Ned_), the sweetheart of Cicely Jopson, farmer, near Clifton.

_Farmer Williams_, Ned’s father.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Willie=, clerk to Andrew Skurliewhitter, the scrivener.--Sir W. Scott, =Fortunes of Nigel= (time, James I.).

=Willieson= (_William_), a brig-owner, one of the Jacobite conspirators under the laird of Ellieslaw.--Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

=Williewald of Geierstein= (_Count_), father of Count Arnold of Geierstein, _alias_ Arnold Biederman (landamman of Unterwalden).--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Will-o’-the-Flat=, one of the huntsmen near Charlie’s Hope farm.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Willoughby= (_Lord_), of Queen Elizabeth’s court.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Willy=, a shepherd to whom Thomalin tells the tale of his battle with Cupid (Ecl. iii). (See THOMALIN.) In Ecl. viii. he is introduced again, contending with Perigot for the prize of poetry, Cuddy being chosen umpire. Cuddy declares himself quite unable to decide the contest, for both deserve the prize.--Spenser, _The Shepheardes Calendar_ (1579).

=Wilmot.= There are three of the name in _Fatal Curiosity_ (1736), by George Lillo, viz., old Wilmot, his wife, Agnes, and their son, young Wilmot, supposed to have perished at sea. The young man, however, is not drowned, but goes to India, makes his fortune, and returns, unknown to any one of his friends. He goes in disguise to his parents, and deposits with them a casket. Curiosity induces Agnes to open it, and when she sees that it contains jewels, she and her husband resolve to murder the owner and appropriate the contents of the casket. No sooner have they committed the fatal deed than they discover it is their own son whom they have killed; whereupon the old man stabs first his wife and then himself.

The harrowing details of this tragedy are powerfully depicted; and the agonies of old Wilmot constitute one of the most appalling and affecting incidents in the drama.--R. Chambers, _English Literature_, i. 592.

Old Wilmot’s character, as the needy man who had known better days, exhibits a mind naturally good, but prepared for acting evil.--Sir W. Scott, _The Drama_.

_Wilmot_ (_Miss Arabella_), a clergyman’s daughter, beloved by George Primrose, eldest son of the vicar of Wakefield, whom ultimately she marries.--Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_ (1766).

_Wilmot_ (_Lord_), earl of Rochester, of the court of Charles II.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

=Wilsa=, the mulatto girl of Dame Ursley Suddlechop, the barber’s wife.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

=Wilson= (_Alison_), the old housekeeper of Colonel Silas Morton of Milnwood.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

_Wilson_ (_Andrew_), smuggler; the comrade of Geordie Robertson. He was hanged.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

_Wilson_ (_Bob_), groom of Sir William Ashton, the lord keeper of Scotland.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

_Wilson_ (_Christie_), a character in the introduction of the _Black Dwarf_, by Sir W. Scott.

_Wilson_ (_John_), groom of Mr. Godfrey Bertram, laird of Ellangowan.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Wilton= (_Ralph de_), the accepted suitor of Lady Clare, daughter of the earl of Gloucester. When Lord Marmion overcame Ralph de Wilton in the ordeal of battle, and left him for dead on the field, Lady Clare took refuge in Whitby Convent. By Marmion’s desire she was removed from the convent to Tantallon Hall, where she met Ralph, who had been cured of his wounds. Ralph, being knighted by Douglas, married the Lady Clare.--Sir W. Scott, _Marmion_ (1808).

=Wimble= (_Will_), a character in Addison’s _Spectator_, simple, good-natured, and officious.

⁂ Will Wimble in the flesh was Thomas Morecroft, of Dublin (*-1741).

=Wimbledon= (_The Philosopher of_), John Horne Tooke, who lived at Wimbledon, near London (1736-1812).

=Winchester= (_The bishop of_), Lancelot Andrews. The name is not given in the novel, but the date of the novel is 1620, and Dr. Andrews was translated from Ely to Winchester in February, 1618-19; and died in 1626.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

=Wind Sold.= At one time the Finlanders and Laplanders drove a profitable trade by the sale of winds. After being paid they knitted three magical knots, and told the buyer that when he untied the first he would have a good gale; when the second, a strong wind; and when the third, a severe tempest.--Olaus Magnus, _History of the Goths, etc._, 47 (1658).

King Eric of Sweden was quite a potentate of these elements, and could change them at pleasure by merely shifting his cap.

Bessie Millie, of Pomo´na, in the Orkney Islands, helped to eke out her living (even so late as 1814) by selling favorable winds to mariners, for the small sum of sixpence per vessel.

Winds were also at one time sold at Mont St. Michel, in Normandy, by nine druidesses, who likewise sold arrows to charm away storms. These arrows were to be shot off by a young man 25 years of age.

⁂ Witches generally were supposed to sell wind.

’Oons! I’ll marry a Lapland witch as soon, and live upon selling contrary winds and wrecked vessels.--W. Congreve, _Love for Love_, iii. (1695).

In Ireland and in Denmark both, Witches for gold will sell a man a wind, Which, in the corner of a napkin wrapped, Shall blow him safe unto what coast he will. Summer, _Last Will and Test_. (1600).

⁂ See note to the _Pirate_: “Sale of Winds” (_Waverley Novels_, xxiv. 136).

When Ulysses left the island of Æolus, whom Jupiter had made keeper of the winds, Æolus bound the storm-winds in an ox’s bladder, and tied it in the ship that not even a little breath might escape. Then he sent the west wind to waft the ship onward. While Ulysses was asleep his companions, thinking a treasure was concealed in the bladder, loosed the skin, and all the winds rushed out. The ship was driven back to the island of Æolus, who refused to let them land, believing that they must be hated by the gods.

=Winds= (_The_), according to Hesiod, were the sons of Astræus and Aurora.

You nymphs, the winged offspring which of old Aurora to divine Astræus bore. Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_(1767).

=Winds and Tides.= Nicholas of Lyn, an Oxford scholar and friar, was a great navigator. He “took the height of mountains with his astrolobe,” and taught that there were four whirlpools like the Maelström of Norway--one in each quarter of the globe, from which the four winds issue, and which are the cause of the tides.

One Nicholas of Lyn The whirlpools of the seas did come to understand, ... For such immeasured pools, philosophers agree, I’ the four parts of the world undoubtedly there be, From which they have supposed nature the winds doth raise, And from them too proceed the flowing of the seas. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xix. (1622).

=Windmill With a Weather-Cock Atop= (_The_). Goodwyn, a puritan divine, of St. Margaret’s, London, was so called (1593-1651).

=Windmills.= Don Quixote, seeing some thirty or forty windmills, insisted that they were giants, and, running a tilt at one of them, thrust his spear into the sails; whereupon the sail raised both man and horse into the air, and shivered the knight’s lance into splinters. When Don Quixote was thrown to the ground, he persisted in saying that his enemy, Freston, had transformed the giants into windmills merely to rob him of his honor, but notwithstanding, the windmills were in reality giants in disguise. This is the first adventure of the knight.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. i. 8 (1605).

_Windmills._ The giant Widenostrils lived on windmills. (See WIDENOSTRILS.) Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, iv. 17 (1545).

=Windsor= (_The Rev. Mr._), a friend of Master George Heriot, the king’s goldsmith.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

=Windsor Beauties= (_The_), Anne Hyde, duchess of York, and her twelve ladies in the court of Charles II., painted by Sir Peter Lely, at the request of Anne Hyde. Conspicuous in her train of Hebês was Frances Jennings, eldest daughter of Richard Jennings of Standridge, near St. Alban’s.

=Windsor Sentinel= (_The_), who heard St. Paul’s clock strike thirteen, was John Hatfield, who died at his house in Glasshouse Yard, Aldersgate, June 18, 1770, aged 102.

=Wingate= (_Master Jasper_), the steward at Avenel Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Wingfield=, a citizen of Perth, whose trade was feather-dressing.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

_Wingfield_ (_Ambrose_), employed at Osbaldistone Hall.

_Lancie Wingfield_, one of the men employed at Osbaldistone Hall.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

=Wing-the-Wind= (_Michael_), a servant at Holyrood Palace, and the friend of Adam Woodcock.--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Winifred=, heroine of _The Last Meeting_, by Brander Matthews. In defiance of all innuendoes and arguments, she remains true to her lover throughout the period of his mysterious absence.

=Winifrid= (_St._), patron saint of virgins; beheaded by Caradoc, for refusing to marry him. The tears she shed became the fountain called “St. Winifrid’s Well,” the waters of which not only cure all sorts of diseases, but are so buoyant that nothing sinks to the bottom. St. Winifrid’s blood stained the gravel in the neighborhood red, and her hair became moss. Drayton has given this legend in verse in his _Polyolbion_ x. (1612).

=Winkle= (_Nathaniel_), M.P.C., a young cockney sportsman, considered by his companions to be a dead shot, a hunter, skater, etc. All these acquirements are, however, wholly imaginary. He marries Arabella Allen.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

_Winkle_ (_Rip Van_), a Dutch colonist of New York, who met a strange man in a ravine of the Catskill Mountains. Rip helped the stranger to carry a keg to a wild retreat among rocks, where he saw a host of strange personages playing skittles in mysterious silence. Rip took the first opportunity of tasting the keg, fell into a stupor, and slept for twenty years. On waking, he found that his wife was dead and buried, his daughter married, his village remodelled, and America had become independent.--Washington Irving, _Sketch-Book_ (1820).

The tales of Epimenidês, of Peter Klaus, of the Sleeping Beauty, the Seven Sleepers, etc., are somewhat similar. (See SLEEPER.)

=Winklebred= or =Winklebrand= (_Louis_), lieutenant of Sir Maurice de Bracy, a follower of Prince John.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Winnie=, (_Annie_), an old sibyl, who makes her appearance at the death of Alice Gray.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

=Winter=, the head servant of General Witherington, _alias_ Richard Tresham.--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.).

_Winter._ (See SEASONS.)

=Winterbourne=, travelling American who makes a “study” of Daisy Miller.--Henry James, Jr., _Daisy Miller_ (1878).

=Winter King= (_The_), Frederick V., the rival of Ferdinand II. of Germany. He married Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, and was king of Bohemia for just one winter, the end of 1619 and the beginning of 1620 (1596-1632). (See SNOW KING.)

=Winter Queen= (_The_), Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, and wife of Frederick V. “The Winter King.” (See SNOW QUEEN.)

=Winter’s Tale= (_The_), by Shakespeare (1604). Leontês, king of Sicily, invites his friend Polixenês to visit him. During this visit the king becomes jealous of him, and commands Camillo to poison him; but Camillo only warns Polixenês of the danger, and flees with him to Bohemia. When Leontês hears thereof, his rage is unbounded; and he casts his queen, Hermi´onê, into prison, where she gives birth to a daughter, which Leontês gives direction shall be placed on a desert shore to perish. In the mean time, he is told that Hermionê, the queen, is dead. The vessel containing the infant daughter being storm-driven to Bohemia, the child is left there, and is brought up by a shepherd, who calls it Perdĭta. One day, in a hunt, Prince Florizel sees Perdita and falls in love with her; but Polixenês, his father, tells her that she and the shepherd shall be put to death if she encourages the foolish suit. Florizel and Perdita now flee to Sicily, and being introduced to Leontês, it is soon discovered that Perdita is his lost daughter. Polixenês tracks his son to Sicily, and being told of the discovery, gladly consents to the union he had before forbidden. Pauli´na now invites the royal party to inspect a statue of Hermionê in her house, and the statue turns out to be the living queen.

The plot of this drama is borrowed from the tale of _Pandosto_, or _The Triumph of Time_, by Robert Greene (1583).

We should have him back Who told the _Winter’s Tale_ to do it for us. Tennyson, Prologue of _The Princess_.

=Winterblossom= (_Mr. Philip_), “the man of taste,” on the managing committee at the Spa.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

=Wintersen= (_The count_), brother of Baron Steinfort, lord of the place, and greatly beloved.

_The Countess Wintersen_, wife of the above. She is a kind friend to Mrs. Haller, and confidante of her brother, the Baron Steinfort.--Benjamin Thompson, _The Stranger_ (1797).

=Winterton= (_Adam_), the garrulous old steward of Sir Edward Mortimer, in whose service he had been for forty-nine years. He was fond of his little jokes, and not less so of his little nips, but he loved his master and almost idolized him.--G. Colman, _The Iron Chest_ (1796).

=Win-the-Fight= (_Joachin_), the attorney employed by Major Bridgenorth, the roundhead.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Winthrop= (_Madam_). One of the oddest chapters in a bona fide courtship is found in the diary of Judge Samuel Sewall, wherein he sets down in order the several stages of his wooing of Madame Winthrop. One extract must suffice.

“I think I repeated again that I would go home and bewail my rashness in making more haste than good speed. I would endeavor to contain myself and not go on to solicit her to do that which she could not consent to. Took leave of her. As came down the steps, she bid me have a care. Treated me courteously. Told her she had entered the fourth year of her widowhood. I had given her the newsletter before. I did not bid her draw off her glove as sometime I had done. Her dress was not so clean as sometime it had been. Jehovah jireh!”--_Sewall Papers_ (173——).

=Wisdom= (_Honor paid to_).

ANACHARSIS went from Scythia to Athens to see Solon.--Ælian, _De Varia Historia_, v.

APOLLONIOS TYANÆUS (Cappadocia) travelled through Scythia and into India as far as the river Phison to see Hierarchus.--Philostrătos, _Life of Apollonios_.

BEN JONSON, in 1619, travelled on foot from London to Scotland merely to see W. Drummond, the Scotch poet, whose genius he admired.

LIVY went from the confines of Spain to Rome to hold converse with the learned men of that city.--Pliny the Younger, _Epistle_, iii 2.

PLATO travelled from Athens to Egypt to see the wise men or magi, and to visit Archytas of Tarentum, inventor of several automatons, as the flying pigeon, and of numerous mechanical instruments, as the screw and crane.

PYTHAGORAS went from Italy to Egypt to visit the vaticinators of Memphis.--Porphyry, _Life of Pythagoras_.

SHEBA (_The queen of_) went from “the uttermost parts of the earth” to hear and see Solomon, whose wisdom and greatness had reached her ear.

=Wisdom Persecuted.=

ANAXAGORAS of Clazomēnæ held opinions in natural science so far in advance of his age that he was accused of impiety, cast into prison, and condemned to death. It was with great difficulty that Perĭclês got the sentence commuted to fine and banishment.

AVERROIS, the Arabian philosopher, was denounced as a heretic, and degraded, in the twelfth Christian century (died 1226).

BACON (_Friar_) was excommunicated and imprisoned for diabolical knowledge, chiefly on account of his chemical researches (1214-1294).

BRUNO (_Giordano_) was burnt alive for maintaining that matter is the mother of all things (1550-1600).

CROSSE (_Andrew_), electrician, was shunned as a profane man, because he asserted that certain minute animals of the genus _Acarus_ had been developed by him out of inorganic elements (1784-1855).

DEE (_Dr. John_) had his house broken into by a mob, and all his valuable library, museum, and mathematical instruments destroyed, because he was so wise that “he must have been allied with the devil” (1527-1608).

FEARGIL. (See “Virgilius.”)

GALILEO was imprisoned by the Inquisition for daring to believe that the earth moved round the sun and not the sun round the earth. In order to get his liberty, he was obliged to “abjure the heresy;” but as the door closed he muttered, _E pur si muove_ (“But it does move, though”), (1564-1642).

GERBERT, who introduced algebra into Christendom, was accused of dealing in the black arts, and was shunned as a “son of Belial.”

GROSTED or GROSSETESTE, bishop of Lincoln, author of some two hundred works, was accused of dealing in the black arts, and the pope wrote a letter to Henry III., enjoining him to disinter the bones of the too-wise bishop, as they polluted the very dust of God’s acre (died 1253).

FAUST (_Dr._), the German philosopher, was accused of diabolism for his wisdom so far in advance of the age.

PEYRERE was imprisoned in Brussels for attempting to prove that man existed before Adam (seventeenth century).

PROTAGORAS, the philosopher, was banished from Athens, for his book _On the Gods_.

SOCRATÉS was condemned to death as an atheist, because his wisdom was not in accordance with that of the age.

VIRGILIUS, bishop of Saltzburg, was compelled by Pope Zachary to retract his assertion that there are other “worlds” besides our earth, and other suns and moons besides those which belong to our system (died 784).

Geologists had the same battle to fight, and so had Colenso, bishop of Natal.

=Wise= (_The_).

Albert II., duke of Austria, “The Lame and Wise” (1289, 1330-1358).

Alfonso X. of Leon and Castile (1203, 1252-1284).

Charles V. of France, _Le Sage_ (1337, 1364-1380).

Che-Tsou of China (*, 1278-1295).

Comte de las Casas, _Le Sage_ (1766-1842).

Frederick, elector of Saxony (1463, 1544-1554).

James I., the “Solomon” of England (1566, 1603-1625).

John V., duke of Brittany, “The Good and Wise” (1389, 1399-1442).

=Wise Men= (_The Seven_): (1) Solon of Athens, (2) Chilo of Sparta, (3) Thalês of Milētos, (4) Bias of Priēnê, (5) Cleobūlos of Lindos, (6) Pittăcos of Mitylēnê, (7) Periander of Corinth, or, according to Plato, Myson of Chenæ. All flourished in the sixth century B.C.

First SOLON, who made the Athenian laws; While CHILO, in Sparta, was famed for his saws; In Milētos did THALES astronomy teach; BIAS used in Priēnê his morals to preach; CLEOBULOS, of Lindos, was handsome and wise; Mitylenê ’gainst thraldom saw PITTACOS rise; PERIANDER is said to have gained, thro’ his court, The title that MYSON, the Chenian, ought.

One of the chapters in Plutarch’s _Moralia_ is entitled, “The Banquet of the Seven Wise Men,” in which Periander is made to give an account of a contest at Chalcis between Homer and Hesiod. The latter won the prize, and caused this inscription to be engraved on the tripod presented to him:

This Hesiod vows to the Heliconian nine, In Chalcis won from Homer the divine.

=Wise Men of the East.= Klopstock, in _The Messiah_, v., says there were six “Wise Men of the East,” who, guided by the star, brought their gifts to Jesus, “the heavenly babe,” viz., Ha´dad, Selima, Zimri, Mirja, Be´led and Sun´ith. (See COLOGNE, THREE KINGS OF.)

=Wisest Man.= So the Delphic oracle pronounced Soc´ratês to be. Socratês modestly made answer, ’Twas because he alone had learnt this first element of truth, that he knew nothing.

Not those seven sages might him parallel; For he whom Pythian maid did whilome tell To be the wisest man that then on earth did dwell. Phin. Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, vi. (1633).

=Wisheart= (_The Rev. Dr._), chaplain to the earl of Montrose.--Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I.).

=Wishfort= (_Lady_), widow of Sir Jonathan Wishfort; an irritable, impatient, decayed beauty, who painted and enamelled her face to make herself look blooming, and was afraid to frown lest the enamel might crack. She pretended to be coy, and assumed, at the age of 60, the airs of a girl of 16. A trick was played upon her by Edward Mirabell, who induced his lackey, Waitwell, to personate Sir Rowland, and make love to her; but the deceit was discovered before much mischief was done. Her pet expression was, “As I’m a person.”--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700).

=Wishing-Cap= (_The_), a cap given to Fortunatus. He had only to put the cap on and wish, and whatever he wished he instantly obtained.--Straparola, _Fortunatus_.

=Wishing-Rod= (_The_), a rod of pure gold, belonging to the Nibelungs. Whoever possessed it could have anything he desired to have, and hold the whole world in subjection.--_The Nibelungen Lied_, 1160 (1210).

=Wishing-Sack= (_The_), a sack given by our Lord to a man named “Fourteen,” because he was as strong as fourteen men. Whatever he wished to have he had only to say, “Come into my sack,” and it came in.

⁂ This is a Basque legend. In Gascoigne it is called _Le Sac de la Ramée_ (“Ramée’s Sack”).

=Wit--Simplicity.= It was said of John Gay that he was

In wit a man, simplicity a child.

⁂ The line is often flung at Oliver Goldsmith, to whom, indeed, it equally applies.

=Witch.= The last person prosecuted before the lords or justiciary (in Scotland) for witchcraft was Elspeth Rule. She was tried May 3, 1709, before Lord Anstruther, and condemned to be burned on the cheek, and banished from Scotland for life.--Arnot, _History of Edinburgh_, 366, 367.

=Witch-Finder=, Matthew Hopkins (seventeenth century). In 1645 he hanged sixty witches in his own county (Essex) alone, and received 20s. a head for every witch he could discover.

Has not the present parliament Mat Hopkins to the devil sent, Fully empowered to treat about, Finding revolted witches out? And has not he within a year Hanged three score of them in one shire? S. Butler, _Hudibras_, ii. 3 (1664).

=Witch of Atlas=, the title and heroine of one of Shelley’s poems.

=Witch of Balwer´y=, Margaret Aikens, a Scotchwoman (sixteenth century).

=Witch of Edmonton= (_The_), called “Mother Sawyer.” This is the true traditional witch; no mystic hag, no weird sister, but only a poor, deformed old woman, the terror of villagers, and amenable to justice.

Why should the envious world Throw all their scandalous malice upon me? Because I’m poor, deformed, and ignorant, And, like a bow, buckled and bent together By some more strong in mischiefs than myself. _The Witch of Edmonton_, (by Rowley, Dekker and Ford, 1658).

=Witch’s Blood.= Whoever was successful in drawing blood from a witch, was free from her malignant power. Hence Talbot, when he sees La Pucelle, exclaims, “Blood will I draw from thee; thou art a witch!”--Shakespeare, _1 Henry VI._ act i. sc. 5 (1592).

=Witherington= (_General_), _alias_ Richard Tresham, who first appears as Mr. Matthew Middlemas.

_Mrs. Witherington_, wife of the general, alias Mrs. Middlemas (born Zelia de Monçada). She appears first as Mrs. Middlemas.--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.).

=Wititterly= (_Mr. Henry_), an important gentleman, 38 years of age; of rather plebeian countenance, and with very light hair. He boasts everlastingly of his grand friends. To shake hands with a lord was a thing to talk of, but to entertain one was to be in the seventh heaven.

_Mrs. Wititterly_ [_Julia_], wife of Mr. Wititterly, of Cadŏgan Place, Sloane Street, London; a faded lady living in a faded house. She calls her page Alphonse (2 _syl._), “although he has the face and figure of Bill.” Mrs. Wititterly toadies the aristocracy, and, like her husband, boasts of her grand connections and friends.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838). (See TIBBS).

=Witling of Terror=, Bertrand Barère; also called “The Anacreon of the Guillotine” (1755-1841).

=Wittenbold=, a Dutch commandant in the service of Charles II.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

=Witterington= (_Roger_). (See WIDDRINGTON.)

=Wittol= (_Sir Joseph_), an ignorant, foolish simpleton, who says that Bully Buff “is as brave a fellow as Cannibal.”--Congreve, _The Old Bachelor_ (1693).

=Witwould= (_Sir Wilful_), of Shropshire, half-brother of Anthony Witwould, and nephew of Lady Wishfort. A mixture of bashfulness and obstinacy, but when in his cups as loving as the monster in the _Tempest_. He is “a superannuated old bachelor,” who is willing to marry Millamant; but as the young lady prefers Edward Mirabell, he is equally willing to resign her to him. His favorite phrase is, “Wilful will do it.”

_Anthony Witwould_, half-brother to Sir Wilful. “He has good nature and does not want wit.” Having a good memory, he has a store of other folks’ wit, which he brings out in conversation with good effect.--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700).

=Wives as they Were and Maids as they Are=, a comedy by Mrs. Inchbald (1797). Lady Priory is the type of the former, and Miss Dorrillon of the latter. Lady Priory is discreet, domestic, and submissive to her husband; but Miss Dorrillon is gay, flighty, and fond of pleasure. Lady Priory, under false pretences, is allured from home by a Mr. Bronzely, a man of no principle and a rake; but her quiet, innocent conduct quite disarms him, and he takes her back to her husband, ashamed of himself, and resolves to amend. Miss Dorrillon is so involved in debt that she is arrested, but her father from the Indies pays her debts. She also repents, and becomes the wife of Sir George Evelyn.

=Wives of Literary Men.= According to popular rumor the following were _unhappy_ in their wives:--Addison, Byron, Dickens, Dryden, Albert Dürer, Hooker, Ben Jonson, W. Lilly, Milton (first wife), Molière, More, Saadi, Scaliger, Shakespeare, Shelley, Socratês, Wycherly, etc. The following were _happy_ in their choice:--Thomas Moore, Sir W. Scott, Wordsworth, William Howitt, Robert Browning, S. C. Hall, Disraeli, Gladstone, etc., in England, and in America a great majority of literary men:--Longfellow, Lowell, Emerson, Hawthorne, to name only a few.

=Wizard of the North=, Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832).

=Wobbler= (_Mr._), of the Circumlocution Office. When Mr. Clennam, by the direction of Mr. Barnacle, in another department of the office, called on this gentleman, he was telling a brother clerk about a rat-hunt, and kept Clennam waiting a considerable time. When at length Mr. Wobbler chose to attend, he politely said, “Hallo, there! What’s the matter?” Mr. Clennam briefly stated his question; and Mr. Wobbler replied, “Can’t inform you. Never heard of it. Nothing at all to do with it. Try Mr. Clive.” When Clennam left, Mr. Wobbler called out, “Mister! Hallo, there! Shut the door after you. There’s a devil of a draught!”--Charles Dickens, _Little Dorrit_, x. (1857).

=Woeful Countenance= (_Knight of the_). Don Quixote was so called by Sancho Panza, but after his adventure with the lions he called himself “The Knight of the Lions.”--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iii. 5; II. i. 17 (1605-15).

=Wolf.= The NEURI, according to Herodŏtus, had the power of assuming the shape of wolves once a year.

One of the family of ANTÆUS, according to Pliny, was chosen annually, by lot, to be transformed into a wolf, in which shape he continued for nine years.

LYCA´ON, king of Arcādia, was turned into a wolf because he attempted to test the divinity of Jupiter by serving up to him “human flesh at table.”--Ovid.

VERET´ICUS, king of Wales, was turned by St. Patrick into a wolf.

_Wolf._ When Dantê, in the first Canto of the _Divina Commedia_, describes the ascent of the hill (of fame?) he is met, first by a panther (_pleasure?_) then by a lion (_ambition?_) then by a she-wolf (_avarice?_)

A she-wolf, ... who in her leanness seemed Full of all wants, ... with such fear O’erwhelmed me ... that of the height all hope I lost. Dantê, _Inferno_, i. (1300).

_Wolf_ (_To cry_), to give a false alarm.

YÖW-WÂNG, emperor of China, was greatly enamoured of a courtezan named Pao-tse, whom he tried, by sundry expedients, to make laugh. At length he hit upon the following plan:--He caused the tocsins to be rung, the drums to be beaten, and the signal-fires to be lighted, as if some invader was at the gates. Pao-tse was delighted, and laughed immoderately to see the vassals and feudatory princes pouring into the city, and all the people in consternation. The emperor, pleased with the success of his trick, amused his favorite over and over again by repeating it. At length an enemy really did come, but when the alarm was given no one heeded it, and the emperor was slain (B.C. 770).

=Wolf duke of Gascony=, one of Charlemagne’s paladins. He was the originator of the plan of tying wetted ropes round the temples of his prisoners, to make their eye-balls start from their sockets. It was he also who had men sewn up in freshly stripped bulls’ hides, and exposed to the sun till the hides, in shrinking, crushed their bones.--L’Epine, _Croquemitaine_, iii.

=Wolf of France= (_She-_), Isabella _la Belle_, wife of Edward II. She murdered her royal husband “by tearing out his bowels with her own hands.”

She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs, Thou tear’st the bowels of thy mangled mate. Gray, _The Bard_ (1757).

=Wol´fort=, usurper of the earldom of Flanders.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggars’ Bush_ (1622).

=Wolfort Webber=, Old Knickerbocker, searcher for treasure buried by buccaneers.--Washington Irving, _Tales of a Traveller_.

=Wolsey= (_Cardinal_), introduced by Shakespeare in his historic play of _Henry VIII._ (1601).

=Woman Changed to a Man.= Iphis, daughter of Lygdus and Telethusa, of Crete. The story is that the father gave orders if the child about to be born proved to be a girl, it was to be put to death; and that the mother, unwilling to lose her infant, brought it up as a boy. In due time the father betrothed his child to Ianthê, and the mother, in terror, prayed for help, when Isis, on the day of marriage, changed Iphis to a man.--Ovid, _Metaph._ ix. 12; xiv, 699.

CÆNEUS [_Se.nuce_], was born of the female sex, but Neptune changed her into a man. Ænēas, however, found her in the infernal regions restored to her original sex.

TIRE´SIAS, was converted into a woman for killing one of two serpents he met in a wood and was restored to his original sex by killing the other serpent met again after seven years.

D’EON DE BEAUMONT, the Chevalier, was believed to be a woman.

HERMAPHRODITOS was of both sexes.

=Woman killed with Kindness= (_A_), a tragedy by Thos. Heywood (1600). The “woman” was Mrs. Frankford, who was unfaithful to her marriage vow. Her husband sent her to live on one of his estates, and made her a liberal allowance; she died, but on her death-bed her husband came to see her, and forgave her.

=Woman made of Flowers.= Gwydion, son of Don, “formed a woman out of flowers,” according to the Bard Taliesin. Arianrod had said that Llew Llaw Gyffes (_i.e._, “The Lion with the Steady Hand”), should never have a wife of the human race. So Math and Gwydion, two enchanters,

Took blossoms of oak, and blossoms of broom, and blossoms of meadow-sweet, and produced therefrom a maiden, the fairest and most graceful ever seen, and baptized her Blodeuwedd, and she became his bride.--_The Mabinogion_ (“Math,” etc., twelfth century).

=Woman’s Wit=, or =Love’s Disguises=, a drama by S. Knowles (1838). Hero Sutton loved Sir Valentine de Grey, but offended him by waltzing with Lord Athunree. To win him back she assumed the disguise of a Quakeress, called herself Ruth, and pretended to be Hero’s cousin. Sir Valentine fell in love with Ruth, and then found out that Ruth and Hero were one and the same person. The secondary plot is that of Helen and Walsingham, lovers. Walsingham thought Helen had played the wanton with Lord Athunree, and he abandoned her. Whereupon Helen assumed the garb of a young man named Eustace, became friends with Walsingham, said she was Helen’s brother; but in the brother he discovers Helen herself, and learnt that he had been wholly misled by appearances.

=Women= (_The Nine Worthy_): (1) Minerva, (2) Semiramis, (3) Tomyris, (4) Jael, (5) Debŏrah, (6) Judith, (7) Britomart, (8) Elizabeth or Isabella of Aragon, (9) Johanna of Naples.

By’r lady, maist story-man, I am well afraid thou hast done with thy talke. I had rather have herd something sayd of gentle and meeke women, for it is euill examples to let them understand of such studye manlye women as those have been which erewhile thou hast tolde of. They are quicke enow, I warrant you, noweadays, to take hart-a-grace, and dare make warre with their husbandes. I would not vor the price o’ my coate, that Jone, my wife had herd this yeare; she would haue carried away your tales of the nine worthy women a dele zoner than our minister’s tales anent Sarah, Rebekah, Ruth, and the ministering women, I warrant you.--John Ferne, _Dialogue on Heraldry_ (“Columel’s reply to Torquatus”).

⁂ “Hart-a-grace,” a hart permitted by royal proclamation to run free and unharmed for ever, because it has been hunted by a king or queen.

=Women of Abandoned Morals.=

BARBARA of Cilley, second wife of the Emperor Sigismund, called “The Messalīna of Germany.”

BERRI (_Madame de_), wife of the Duc de Berri (youngest grandson of Louis XIV.).

CATHERINE II. of Russia, called “The Modern Messalina” (1729-1796).

GIOVANNA or JEAN of Naples. Her first love was James, count of March, who was beheaded. Her second was Camicioli, whom she put to death. Her next was Alfonso of Aragon. Her fourth was Louis d’Anjou, who died. Her fifth was René, the brother of Louis.

ISABELLE of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI., and mistress of the duke of Burgundy.

ISABELLE of France, wife of Edward II., and mistress of Mortimer.

JULIA, daughter of the Emperor Augustus.

MAROZIA, the daughter of Theodora, and mother of Pope John XI. The infamous daughter of an infamous mother (ninth century.)

MESSALI´NA, the wife of Claudius, the Roman emperor.

=Wonder= (_The_), a comedy by Mrs. Centlivre; the second title being _A Woman Keeps a Secret_ (1714). The woman referred to is Violantê, and the secret she keeps is that Donna Isabella, the sister of Don Felix, has taken refuge under her roof. The danger she undergoes in keeping the secret is this: Her lover, Felix, who knows that Colonel Briton calls at the house, is jealous, and fancies that he calls to see Violantê. The reason why Donna Isabella has sought refuge with Violantê is to escape a marriage with a Dutch gentleman whom she dislikes. After a great deal of trouble and distress, the secret is unravelled, and the comedy ends with a double marriage, that of Violantê with Don Felix, and that of Isabella with Colonel Briton.

=Wonder of the World= (_The_).

GERBERT, a man of prodigious learning. When he was made pope, he took the name of Sylvester II. (930, 999-1003).

OTTO III. of Germany, a pupil of Gerbert. What he did deserving to be called _Mirabilia Mundi_ nobody knows (980, 983-1002).

FREDERICK II. of Germany (1194, 1215-1250).

=Wonderful Doctor=, Roger Bacon (1214-1292).

=Wood= (_Babes in the_), a baby boy and girl left by a gentleman of Norfolk on his death-bed to the care of his brother. The boy was to have £300 a year on coming of age, and little Jane £500 as a wedding portion. The uncle promised to take care of the children, but scarcely had a year gone by when he hired two ruffians to make away with them. The hirelings took the children on horseback to Wayland Wood, where they were left to die of cold and hunger. The children would have been killed, but one of the fellows relented, expostulated with his companion, and finally slew him. The survivor compromised with his conscience by leaving the babes alive in the wood. Everything went ill with the uncle from that hour; his children died, his cattle died, his barns were set on fire, and he himself died in jail.

⁂ The prettiest version of this story is one set to a Welsh tune; but Percy has a version in his _Reliques of Ancient English Poetry_.

=Woodcock= (_Adam_), falconer of the Lady Mary at Avenel Castle. In the revels he takes the character of the “abbot of Unreason.”--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Woodcock_ (_Justice_), a gouty, rheumatic, crusty, old country gentleman, who invariably differed with his sister, Deb´orah, in everything. He was a bit of a Lothario in his young days, and still retained a somewhat licorous tooth. Justice Woodcock had one child, named Lucinda, a merry girl, full of frolic and fun.

_Deborah Woodcock_, sister of the justice; a starch, prudish old maid, who kept the house of her brother, and disagreed with him in everything.--Isaac Bickerstaff, _Love in a Village_ (1762).

=Woodcocks= (_The_). _John Woodcock_, a rough, reckless colonist, who seems harsh to his motherless girl while she is a child, but subsequently betrays the depths of fatherly affection when she is persecuted by others.

_Mary Woodcock_, wild, wayward, passionate girl, in trouble from her youth up. She marries a gentle-hearted fellow, Hugh Parsons; is tried for slandering a neighbor, and, driven insane by ill-treatment, murders her baby, believing it to be a changeling. She is tried for witchcraft, and acquitted; for child-murder, and sentenced to death, but dies before the sentence is carried into execution. Her father says over her lifeless body:

“If I didn’t think the Lord would see just how she’s been abused and knocked round, and would allow for the way she was brung up, and would strike out all He’s got agin her, excepting that that didn’t come from bein’ meddled with and insulted and plagued, I should want to have her an’ me an’ everybody else I care anything about, blown into a thousand flinders, body and soul, and all the pieces lost.”--J. G. Holland, _The Bay Path_ (1857).

=Woodcourt= (_Allan_), a medical man, who married Esther Summerson. His mother was a Welsh woman, apt to prose on the subject of Morgan-ap-Kerrig.--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1852).

=Wooden Horse= (_The_). Virgil tells us that Ulysses had a monster wooden horse, made by Epēos after the death of Hector, and gave out that it was an offering to the gods to secure a prosperous voyage back to Greece. By the advice of Sinon, the Trojans dragged the horse into Troy for a palladium; but at night the Grecian soldiers concealed therein were released by Sinon from their concealment, slew the Trojan guards, opened the city gates, and set fire to Troy. Arctīnos of Milētus, in his poem called _The Destruction of Troy_, furnished Virgil with the tale of “the Wooden Horse” and “the burning of Troy” (fl. B.C. 776).

A remarkable parallel occurred in Saracenic history. Arrestan, in Syria, was taken in the seventh century by Abu Obeidah by a similar stratagem. He obtained leave of the governor to deposit in the citadel some old lumber which impeded his march. Twenty large boxes filled with men were carried into the castle. Abu marched off; and, while the Christians were returning thanks for the departure of the enemy, the soldiers removed the sliding bottoms of the boxes and made their way out, overpowered the sentries, surprised the great church, opened the city gates, and Abu, entering with his army, took the city without further opposition.--Ockley, _History of the Saracens_, i. 185 (1718).

The capture of Sark affords another parallel. Sark was in the hands of the French. A Netherlander, with one ship, asked permission to bury one of his crew in the chapel. The French consented, provided the crew came on shore wholly unarmed. This was agreed to, but the coffin was full of arms, and the crew soon equipped themselves, overpowered the French, and took the island.--Percy, _Anecdotes_, 249.

Swoln with hate and ire, their huge, unwieldy force Came clustering like the Greeks out of the wooden horse. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xii. (1613).

_Wooden Horse_ (_The_), Clavilēno, the wooden horse on which Don Quixote and Sancho Panza got astride to disenchant Antonomas´ia and her husband, who were shut up in the tomb of Queen Maguncia of Candaya.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iii. 4, 5 (1615).

Another _wooden horse_ was the one given by an Indian to the shah of Persia as a New Year’s gift. It had two pegs; by turning one it rose into the air, and by turning the other it descended wherever the rider wished. Prince Firouz mounted the horse, and it carried him instantaneously to Bengal.--_Arabian Nights_ (“The Enchanted Horse”).

Reynard says that King Crampart made for the daughter of King Marcadigês a wooden horse which would go a hundred miles an hour. His son, Clamadês, mounted it, and it flew out of the window of the king’s hall, to the terror of the young prince.--Alkman, _Reynard the Fox_ (1498). (See CAMBUSCAN.)

=Wooden Walls=, ships made of wood. When Xerxes invaded Greece, the Greeks sent to ask the Delphic oracle for advice, and received the following answer (B.C. 480):--

Pallas hath urged, and Zeus, the sire of all, Hath safety promised in a wooden wall; Seed-time and harvest, sires shall, weeping, tell How thousands fought at Salamis, and fell.

=Woodman= (_The_), an opera by Sir H. Bate Dudley (1771). Emily was the companion of Miss Wilford, and made with Miss Wilford’s brother “a mutual vow of inviolable affection;” but Wilford’s uncle and guardian, greatly disapproving of such an alliance, sent the young man to the Continent, and dismissed the young lady from his service. Emily went to live with Goodman Fairlop, the woodman, and there Wilford discovered her in an archery match. The engagement was renewed, and terminated in marriage. The woodman’s daughter, Dolly, married Matthew Medley, the factotum of Sir Walter Waring.

=Woodstal= (_Henry_), in the guard of Richard Cœur de Lion.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Woodstock=, a novel by Sir W. Scott (1826). It was hastily put together, but is not unworthy of the name it bears.

=Woodville= (_Harry_), the treacherous friend of Penruddock, who ousted him of the wife to whom he was betrothed. He was wealthy, but reduced himself to destitution by gambling.

_Mrs. Woodville_ (whose Christian name was Arabella), wife of Harry Woodville, but previously betrothed to Roderick Penruddock. When reduced to destitution Penruddock restored to her the settlement which her husband had lost in play.

_Captain Henry Woodville_, son of the above; a noble soldier, brave and high-minded, in love with Emily Tempest, but, in the ruined condition of the family, unable to marry her. Penruddock makes over to him all the deeds, bonds and obligations which his father had lost in gambling.--Cumberland, _The Wheel of Fortune_ (1779).

_Woodville_ (_Lord_), a friend of General Brown. It was Lord Woodville’s house that was haunted by the “lady in the Sacque.”--Sir W. Scott, _The Tapestered Chamber_ (time, George III.).

=Woolen.= It was Mrs. Oldfield, the actress, who revolted at the idea of being shrouded in woolen. She insisted on being arrayed in chintz trimmed with Brussels lace, and on being well rouged to hide the pallor of death. Pope calls her “Narcissa.”

“Odious! In woolen! ’Twould a saint provoke!” Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke. “No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face; One would not, sure, be frightful when one’s dead! And, Betty, give this cheek a little red.” Pope, _Moral Essays_, i. (1731).

=Wopsle= (_Mr._), parish clerk. He had a Roman nose, a large, shining, bald forehead, and a deep voice, of which he was very proud. “If the Church had been thrown open,” _i.e._, free to competition, Mr. Wopsle would have chosen the pulpit. As it was, he only punished the “Amens” and gave out the psalms; but his face always indicated the inward thought of “Look at this and look at that,” meaning the gent in the reading-desk. He turned actor in a small metropolitan theatre.--C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860).

=Work= (_Endless_), Penelopê’s web; Vortigern’s Tower; washing the blackamoor white; etc.

=Work-room= (_My_).

“Yet the world is thy field, thy garden, On earth art Thou still at home. When thou bendest hither thy hallowing eye, My narrow work-room seems vast and high, Its dingy ceiling, a rainbow dome-- Stand ever thus at my wide swung door, And toil will be toil no more.” Lucy Larcom, _Poetical Works_ (1885).

=World= (_End of the_). This ought to have occurred, according to Cardinal Nicolas de Cusa, in 1704. He demonstrates it thus: The Deluge happened in the thirty-fourth jubilee of fifty years from the Creation (A.M. 1700), and therefore the end of the world should properly occur on the thirty-fourth jubilee of the Christian era, or A.D. 1704. The four grace years are added to compensate for the blunder of chronologists respecting the first year of grace.

The most popular dates of modern times for the end of the world, or what is practically the same thing, the Millennium, are the following:--1757, Swedenborg; 1836, Johann Albrecht Bengel, _Erklärte Offenbarung_; 1843, William Miller, of America; 1866, Dr. John Cumming; 1881, Mother Shipton.

It was very generally believed in France, Germany, etc., that the end of the world would happen in the thousandth year after Christ; and therefore much of the land was left uncultivated, and a general famine ensued. Luckily, it was not agreed whether the thousand years should date from the birth or the death of Christ, or the desolation would have been much greater. Many charters begin with these words, _As the world is now drawing to its close_. Kings and nobles gave up their state: Robert of France, son of Hugh Capet, entered the monastery of St. Denis; and at Limoges, princes, nobles, and knights proclaimed “God’s Truce,” and solemnly bound themselves to abstain from feuds, to keep the peace towards each other, and to help the oppressed.--Hallam, _The Middle Ages_ (1818).

Another hypothesis is this: As one day with God equals a thousand years (_Psalm_ xc. 4), and God labored in creation six days, therefore the world is to labor 6000 years, and then to rest. According to this theory, the end of the world ought to occur A.M. 6000, or A.D. 1996 (supposing the world to have been created 4004 years before the birth of Christ). This hypothesis, which is widely accepted, is quite safe for another century at least.

=Worldly Wiseman= (_Mr._), one who tries to persuade Christian that it is very bad policy to continue his journey towards the Celestial City. Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, i. (1678).

=Worms= (_Language of_). Melampos the prophet was acquainted with the language of worms, and when thrown into a dungeon, heard the worms communicating to each other that the roof overhead would fall in, for the beams were eaten through. He imparted this intelligence to his jailers, and was removed to another dungeon. At night the roof did fall, and the king, amazed at this foreknowledge, released Melampos, and gave him the oxen of Iphiklos.

=Worse than a Crime.= Talleyrand said of the murder of the Duc d’Enghien by Napoleon I. “It was worse than a crime, it was a blunder.”

=Worthies= (_The Nine_). Three _Gentiles_: Hector, Alexander, Julius Cæsar; three _Jews_: Joshua, David, Judas Maccabæus; three _Christians_: Arthur, Charlemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon.

=Worthies of London.= (_The Nine_).

1. SIR WILLIAM WALWORTH, fishmonger, who stabbed Wat Tyler, the rebel. For this service King Richard II. gave him the “cap of maintenance” and a “dagger” for the arms of London (_Lord Mayor_, 1374, 1380).

2. SIR HENRY PRITCHARD or PICARD, vintner, who feasted Edward III., the Black Prince, John, king of Austria, the king of Cyprus, and David of Scotland, with 5000 guests, in 1356, the year of his mayoralty.

3. SIR WILLIAM SEVENOKE, grocer. “A foundling, found under seven oaks.” He fought with the dauphin, and built twenty almshouses, etc. (_Lord Mayor_, 1418).

4. SIR THOMAS WHITE, merchant tailor, who, during the mayoralty in 1553, kept London faithful to Queen Mary during Wyatt’s rebellion. Sir Thomas White was the son of a poor clothier, and began trade as a tailor with £100. He was the founder of St. John’s College, Oxford, on the spot where two elms grew from one root.

5. SIR JOHN BONHAM, mercer, commander of the army which overcame Solyman the Great, who knighted him on the field after the victory, and gave him chains of gold, etc.

6. SIR CHRISTOPHER CROKER, vintner, the first to enter Bordeaux, when it was besieged. Companion and friend of Edward the Black Prince.

7. SIR JOHN HAWKWOOD, tailor, knighted by the Black Prince. He is immortalized in Italian history as _Giovanni Acuti Cavaliero_. He died in Padua.

8. SIR HUGH CAVERLEY, silk-weaver, famous for ridding Poland of a monstrous bear. He died in France.

9. SIR HENRY MALEVERER, grocer, generally called “Henry of Cornhill,” a crusader in the reign of Henry IV., and guardian of “Jacob’s Well.”--R. Johnson, _The Nine Worthies of London_ (1592).

=Worthington= (_Lieutenant_), “the poor gentleman;” a disabled officer and a widower, very poor, “but more proud than poor, and more honest than proud.” He was for thirty years in the king’s army, but was discharged on half-pay, being disabled at Gibraltar by a shell which crushed his arm. His wife was shot in his arms when his daughter was but three years old. The lieutenant put his name to a bill for £500; but his friend dying before he had effected his insurance Worthington became responsible for the entire sum, and if Sir Robert Bramble had not most generously paid the bill the poor lieutenant would have been thrown into jail.

_Emily Worthington_, the lieutenant’s daughter; a lovely, artless, affectionate girl, with sympathy for every one, and a most amiable disposition. Sir Charles Cropland tried to buy her, but she rejected his proposals with scorn, and fell in love with Frederick Bramble, to whom she was given in marriage.--C. Colman, _The Poor Gentleman_ (1802).

=Worthy=, in love with Melinda, who coquets with him for twelve months, and then marries him.--G. Farquhar, _The Recruiting Officer_ (1705).

_Worthy_ (_Lord_), the suitor of Lady Reveller, who was fond of play. She became weary of gambling, and was united in marriage to Lord Worthy.--Mrs. Centlivre, _The Basset Table_ (1706).

=Wouvermans= (_The English_), Abraham Cooper. One of his best pieces is “The Battle of Bosworth Field.”

Richard Cooper is called “The British Poussin.”

=Wrangle= (_Mr. Caleb_), a hen-pecked young husband, of oily tongue and plausible manners, but smarting under the nagging tongue and willful ways of his fashionable wife.

_Mrs. Wrangle_, his wife, the daughter of Sir Miles Mowbray. She was for ever snubbing her young husband, wrangling with him, morning, noon, and night, and telling him most provokingly “to keep his temper.” This couple lead a cat-and-dog life: he was sullen, she quick tempered; he jealous, she open and incautious.--Cumberland, _First Love_ (1796).

=Wrath’s Hole= (_The_), Cornwall. Bolster, a gigantic wrath, wanted St. Agnes to be his mistress. She told him she would comply when he filled a small hole, which she pointed out to him, with his blood. The wrath agreed, not knowing that the hole opened into the sea; and thus the saint cunningly bled the wrath to death, and then pushed him over the cliff. The hole is called “The Wrath’s hole” to this day, and the stones about it are colored with blood-red streaks all over.--Polwhele, _History of Cornwall_, i. 176 (1813).

=Wray= (_Enoch_), “the village patriarch,” blind, poor, and 100 years old; but reverenced for his meekness, resignation, wisdom, piety, and experience.--Crabbe, _The Village Patriarch_ (1783).

=Wrayburn= (_Eugene_), barrister-at-law; an indolent, idle, moody, whimsical young man, who loves Lizzie Hexam. After he is nearly killed by Bradley Headstone, he reforms, and marries Lizzie, who saved his life.--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864).

=Wren= (_Jenny_), whose real name was Fanny Cleaver, a doll’s dressmaker, and the friend of Lizzie Hexam, who at one time lodged with her. Jenny was a little, deformed girl, with a sharp, shrewd face, and beautiful golden hair. She supported herself and her drunken father, whom she reproved as a mother might reprove a child. “Oh,” she cried to him, pointing her little finger, “you bad, old boy! Oh, you naughty, wicked creature! What do you mean by it?”--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864).

=Wrong= (_All in the_), a comedy by A. Murphy (1761). The principal characters are Sir John and Lady Restless, Sir William Bellmont and his son, George, Beverley and his sister, Clarissa, Blandford and his daughter, Belinda. Sir John and Lady Restless were wrong in suspecting each other of infidelity, but this misunderstanding made their lives wretched. Beverley was deeply in love with Belinda, and was wrong in his jealousy of her, but Belinda was also wrong in not vindicating herself. She knew that she was innocent, and felt that Beverley ought to trust her, but she gave herself and him needless torment by permitting a misconception to remain which she might have most easily removed. The old men were also wrong: Blandford in promising his daughter in marriage to Sir William Bellmont’s son, seeing she loved Beverley; and Sir William, in accepting the promise, seeing his son was plighted to Clarissa. A still further complication of wrong occurs. Sir John wrongs Beverley in believing him to be intriguing with his wife; and Lady Restless wrongs Belinda in supposing that she coquets with her husband; both were pure mistakes, all were in the wrong, but all in the end were set right.

=Wronghead= (_Sir Francis_), of Bumper Hall, and M.P. for Guzzledown; a country squire, who comes to town for the season, with his wife, son, and eldest daughter. Sir Francis attends the House, but gives his vote on the wrong side; and he spends his money on the hope of obtaining a place under Government. His wife spends about £100 a day on objects of no use. His son is on the point of marrying the “cast mistress” of a swindler, and his daughter of marrying a forger; but Manly interferes to prevent these fatal steps, and Sir Francis returns home to prevent utter ruin.

_Lady Wronghead_, wife of Sir Francis; a country dame, who comes to London, where she squanders money on worthless objects, and expects to get into “society.” Happily, she is persuaded by Manly to return home before the affairs of her husband are wholly desperate.

_Squire Richard_ [_Wronghead_], eldest son of Sir Francis, a country bumpkin.

_Miss Jenny_ [_Wronghead_], eldest daughter of Sir Francis; a silly girl, who thinks it would be a fine thing to be called a “countess,” and therefore becomes the dupe of one Basset, a swindler, who calls himself a “count.”--Vanbrugh and Cibber, _The Provoked Husband_ (1726).

=Wyat.= Henry Wyat was imprisoned by Richard III., and when almost starved a cat appeared at the window-grating and dropped a dove into his hand. This occurred day after day, and Wyat induced the warder to cook for him the doves thus wonderfully obtained.

Elijah, the Tishbite, while he lay hidden at the brook Cherith, was fed by ravens, who brought “bread and flesh” every morning and evening.--_1 Kings_ xvii. 6.

=Wylie= (_Andrew_), ex-clerk of bailie Nicol Jarvie.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

_Wylie_ (_Joe_), mate of the _Proserpine_, hired by Arthur Wardlaw to scuttle that vessel, that the insurance-money may be used to conceal the fact of Wardlaw’s defalcations.--Charles Reade, _Foul Play_.

=Wynebgwrthucher=, the shield of King Arthur.--_The Mabinogion_ (“Kilhwch and Olwen,” twelfth century).

=Wynkyn de Worde=, the second printer in London (from 1491-1534). The first was Caxton (from 1476-1491). Wynkyn de Worde assisted Caxton in the new art of printing.

=Wynken.=

Wynken, Blynken and Nod one night, Sailed off in a wooden shoe-- Sailed on a river of misty light Into a sea of dew. “Where are you going, and what do you wish?” The old moon asked the three. “We have come to fish for the herring-fish That live in this beautiful sea, Nets of silver and gold have we,” Said Wynken, Blynken and Nod. Eugene Field, _A Little Book of Western Verse_, (1889).

=Wyo´ming=, in Pennsylvania, purchased by an American company from the Delaware Indians. It was settled by an American colony, but being subject to constant attacks from the savages the colony armed in self-defence. In 1778 most of the able-bodied men were called to join the army of Washington, and in the summer of that year an army of British and Indian allies, led by Colonel Butler, attacked the settlement, massacred the inhabitants, and burnt their houses to the ground.

⁂ Campbell has made this the subject of a poem entitled _Gertrude of Wyoming_, but he pronounces the name Wy´oming, and makes Brant, instead of Butler, the leader of the attack.

=Wyvill= (_William de_), a steward of the field at the tournament.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Xan´adu=, a city mentioned by Coleridge in his fragment, _Kubla Khan_. The idea of this poem is borrowed from the _Pilgrimage_ by Purchas (1613), where Xanadu is called “Xaindu.” Coleridge says that he composed the poem in a dream, after reading Purchas’ _Pilgrimage_.

=Xanthos=, the horse of Achillês. He spoke with a human voice, like Balaam’s ass, Adrastos’s horse (Arīon), Fortunio’s horse (Comrade), Mahomet’s “horse” (Al Borak), Sâleh’s camel, the dog of the seven sleepers (Katmîr), the black pigeons of Dodona and Ammon, the king of serpents (Temliha), the serpent which was cursed for tempting Eve, the talking-bird called bulbul-hēzar, the little green bird of Princess Fairstar, the White Cat _cum quibusdam aliis_.

The mournful Xanthus (says the bard of old) Of Peleus’ warlike son the fortune told. Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcott], _The Lousiad_, v. (1809).

=Xantippe= (3 _syl._), wife of Socrătês; proverbial for a scolding, nagging, peevish wife. One day, after storming at the philosopher, she emptied a vessel of dirty water on his head, whereupon Socratês simply remarked, “Aye, aye, we always look for rain after thunder.”

_Xantippe_ (3 _syl._), daughter of Cimo´nos. She preserved the life of her old father in prison by suckling him. The guard marvelled that the old man held out so long, and, watching for the solution, discovered the fact.

Euphra´sia, daughter of Evander, preserved her aged father while in prison in a similar manner. (See GRECIAN DAUGHTER.)

=Xavier= (_François_), Florentine priest, son of a cameo cutter, who finds on the shore of Lake Superior an uncut onyx stone, called by Black Beaver, the Indian owner, “the devil-stone.” Black Beaver will not sell it, but his daughter, Marie, in love with Xavier, persuades him to offer it to the Virgin. Xavier engraves upon it an exquisite representation of Venus rising from the sea. Black Beaver, seeing his daughter pining for love of Xavier, offers her to the chief priest of the mission as Xavier’s wife, and learns that Romish priests cannot marry. He drinks heavily all night, and the next day departs on a journey “for stores.” That evening Marie, kneeling at prayer, sees that the cameo has disappeared from the Virgin’s breast. Next day François Xavier is found dead in the forest, an arrow in his heart. When the shaft is withdrawn, the arrow-head remains in his bosom. A century later, within the skeleton of a man exhumed near Starved Rock, Illinois, is found a rarely beautiful cameo. “The uncanny thing rattled within the white ribs.”--Elizabeth W. Champney, _The Heartbreak Cameo_.

=Xavier de Belsunce= (_H. François_), immortalized by his self-devotion in administering to the plague-stricken at Marseilles (1720-22).

⁂ Other similar examples are Charles Borro´meo, cardinal and archbishop of Milan (1538-1584). St. Roche, who died in 1327 from the plague caught by him in his indefatigable labors in ministering to the plague-stricken at Piacenza. Mompesson was equally devoted to the people of Eyam. Sir John Lawrence, lord mayor of London, is less known, but ought to be held in equal honor, for supporting 40,000 dismissed servants in the great plague.

=Xenoc´rates= (4 _syl._), a Greek philosopher. The courtezan Laïs made a heavy bet that she would allure him from his philosophy; but after she had tried all her arts on him without success, she exclaimed, “I thought he had been a living man, and not a mere stone.”

Do you think I am Xenocrates, or like the Sultan with marble legs? There you leave me tête-à-tête with Mrs. Haller, as if my heart were a mere flint.--Benjamin Thompson, _The Stranger_, iv. 2 (1797).

=Xerxes denounced.=--See Plutarch, _Life of Themistoclês_, art. “Sea-Fights of Artemisium and Salamis.”

Minerva on the bounding prow Of Athens stood, and with the thunder’s voice Denounced her terrors on their impious heads [_the Persians_]. And shook her burning ægis. Xerxes saw From Heracle´um on the mountain’s height, Throned in her golden ear, he knew the sign Celestial, felt unrighteous hope forsake His faltering heart, and turned his face with shame. Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_ (1767).

=Xime´na=, daughter of Count de Gormez. The count was slain by the Cid for insulting his father. Four times Ximēna demanded vengeance of the king; but the king, perceiving that the Cid was in love with her, delayed vengeance, and ultimately she married him.

=Xit=, the royal dwarf of Edward VI.

=Xury=, a Moresco boy, servant to Robinson Crusoe.--Defoe, _Adventures of Robinson Crusoe_ (1719).

=Ya´hoo=, one of the human brutes subject to the Houyhnhnms [_Whin.hims_], or horses possessed of human intelligence. In this tale the horses and men change places; the horses are the chief and ruling race, and man the subject.--Swift, _Gulliver’s Travels_ (1726).

=Yajûi and Majûj=, the Arabian form of Gog and Magog. Gog is a tribe of Turks, and Magog of the Gilân (the Geli or Gelæ of Ptolemy and Strabo). Al Beidâwi says they were man-eaters. Dhu´lkarnein made a rampart of red-hot metal to keep out their incursions.

He said to the workmen, “Bring me iron in large pieces till it fill up the space between these two mountains ... [_then_] blow with your bellows till it make the iron red hot.” And he said further, “Bring me molten brass that I may pour upon it.” When this wall was finished Gog and Magog could not scale it, neither could they dig through it.--_Al Korán_, xviii.

=Yakutsk=, in Siberia, affords an exact parallel to the story about Carthage. Dido, having purchased in Africa as much land as could be covered with a bull’s hide, ordered the hide to be cut into thin slips, and thus enclosed land enough to build Byrsa upon. This Byrsa (“bull’s hide”) was the citadel of Carthage, round which the city grew.

So with Yakutsk. The settlers bought as much land as they could encompass with a cow-hide, but, by cutting the hide into slips, they encompassed enough land to build a city on.

=Yama=, a Hindû deity, represented by a man with four arms, riding on a bull. He gave the horse to India.

Whether thou didst first spring from the firmament or from the water, thy great birth, O horse, is to be glorified, inasmuch as thou hast neighed, thou hast the wings of the falcon, thou hast the limbs of the deer. Trita harnessed the horse which was given by Yama; Indra first mounted him; Gandharba seized his reins. Vasus, you fabricated the horse from the sun. Thou, O horse, art Yama; thou art Aditya; thou art Trita; thou art Soma.--_The Rig Veda_, ii.

=Ya´men=, lord and potentate of Pandălon (_hell_).--_Hindû Mythology._

What worse than this hath Yamen’s hell in store? Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, ii. (1809).

=Yar´ico=, a young Indian maiden with whom Thomas Inkle fell in love. After living with her as his wife, he despicably sold her in Barbadoes as a slave.

⁂ The story is told by Sir Richard Steele in _The Spectator_, 11; and has been dramatized by George Colman under the title of _Inkle and Yarico_ (1787).

=Yarrow= (_The Flower of_). Mary Scott was so called.

=Yathreb=, the ancient name of Medīna.

When a party of them said, “O, inhabitants of Yathreb, there is no place of security for you here, wherefore return home;” a part of them asked leave of the prophet to depart.--_Al Korân_, xxxiii.

=Yeardley= (_Lady_), an Englishwoman, living in the American colonies, receives on Christmas Eve as a guest, an Indian, who brings his four-year-old boy “to be made like English children.” The lady takes her dark-skinned visitors to church next day, and a tumult arises that the Indian father is a spy. A rush is made upon him, but Lady Yeardley shields the chief, claiming him as her guest.

“They dropped, at her word, their weapons, Half-shamed as the lady smiled, And told them the red man’s story, And showed them the red man’s child; And pledged them her broad plantations, That never would such betray The trust that a Christian woman Had shown on a Christmas-Day.” Margaret Junkin Preston, _Lady Yeardley’s Guest_ (1887).

=Yellow Dwarf= (_The_), a malignant, ugly imp, who claimed the Princess Allfair as his bride; and carried her off to Steel Castle on his Spanish cat, the very day she was about to be married to the beautiful king of the Gold-Mines. The king of the Gold-Mines tried to rescue her, and was armed by a good siren with a diamond sword of magic power, by which he made his way through every difficulty to the princess. Delighted at seeing his betrothed, he ran to embrace her, and dropped his sword. Yellow Dwarf, picking it up, demanded that Gold-Mine should resign the lady, and, on his refusing to do so, slew him with the magic sword. The princess, rushing forward to avert the blow, fell dead on the body of her dying lover.

Yellow Dwarf was so called from his complexion and the orange tree he lived in.... He wore wooden shoes, a coarse, yellow stuff jacket, and had no hair to hide his large ears.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The Yellow Dwarf,” 1682).

=Yellowley= (_Mr. Triptolemus_), the factor, an experimental agriculturist of Stourburgh or Harfra.

_Mistress Baby_ or _Barbary Yellowley_, sister and housekeeper of Triptolemus.

_Old Jasper Yellowley_, father of Triptolemus and Barbary.--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

=Yenadiz´ze=, an idler, a gambler; also an Indian fop.

With my nets you never help me; At the door my nets are hanging. Go and wring them, Yenadizze. Longfellow, _Hiawatha_, vi. (1855).

=Yendys= (_Sydney_), the _nom de plume_ of Sydney Dobell (1824-1874).

⁂ “Yendys” is merely the word _Sydney_ reversed.

=Yeru´ti=, son of Quiāra and Monnĕma. His father and mother were of the Guarāni race, and the only ones who escaped a small-pox plague which infested that part of Paraguay. Yerūti was born after his parents migrated to the Mondai woods, but his father was killed by a jagŭar just before the birth of Mooma (his sister). When grown to youthful age a Jesuit pastor induced the three to come and live at St. Joăchin, where was a primitive colony of some 2000 souls. Here the mother soon died from the confinement of city life. Mooma followed her ere long to the grave. Yeruti now requested to be baptized, and no sooner was the rite over, than he cried, “Ye are come for me! I am quite ready!” and instantly expired.--Southey, _A Tale of Paraguay_ (1814).

=Yezad= or =Yezdam=, called by the Greeks Oroma´zês (4 _syl._), the principle of good in Persian mythology, opposed to Ahriman or Arimannis, the principle of evil. Yezad created twenty-four good spirits, and, to keep them from the power of the evil one, enclosed them in an egg; but Ahriman pierced the shell, and hence there is no good without some admixture of evil.

=Ygerne= [_E-gern´_], wife of Gorloïs, lord of Tintag´il Castle, in Cornwall. King Uther tried to seduce her, but Ygerne resented the insult; whereupon Uther and Gorloïs fought, and the latter was slain. Uther then besieged Tintagil Castle, took it, and compelled Ygerne to become his wife. Nine months afterwards Uther died, and on the same day was Arthur born.

Then Uther, in his wrath and heat, besieged Ygerne within Tintagil ... and entered in ... Enforced she was to wed him in her tears, And with a shameful swiftness. Tennyson, _Coming of Arthur_.

=Yguerne.= (See YGERNE.)

=Yn´iol=, an earl of decayed fortune, father of Enid. He was ousted from his earldom by his nephew, Ed´yrn (son of Nudd), called “The Sparrow-Hawk.” When Edyrn was overthrown by Prince Geraint, in single combat, he was compelled to restore the earldom to his uncle. He is described in the _Mabinogion_ as “a hoary-headed man, clad in tattered garments.”--Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ (“Enid”).

He says to Geraint: “I lost a great earldom as well as a city and castle, and this is how I lost them: I had a nephew, ... and when he came to his strength he demanded of me his property, but I withheld it from him. So he made war upon me, and wrested from me all that I possessed,”--_Mabinogion_ (“Geraint, the Son of Erbin,” twelfth century).

=Yoglan= (_Zacharias_), the old Jew chemist, in London.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Yohak=, the giant guardian of the caves of Babylon.--Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_, v. (1797).

=Yone=, bewitching heroine of Edward H. House’s story, “_A Child of Japan_” (1888).

=Yone=, diminutive of Giorgione Willoughby, a self-willed, selfish, fascinating woman, who deliberately allures her cousin’s lover away from her, and finds when he has married her (Yone) that she has dazzled his fancy, not won his heart.--Harriet Prescott Spofford, _The Amber Gods_ (1863).

=Yor´ick=, the king of Denmark’s jester; “a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy.”--Shakespeare, _Hamlet, Prince of Denmark_ (1596).

_Yorick_ (_Mr._) is the name used by the Rev. Laurence Sterne, 1713-1768, in _A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy_ (1768) as that of the author. In his other book, _The Life and Opinions of Mr. Tristram Shandy_ (1759), where the _Sentimental Journey_ appears, as it were, in embryo, Yorick is the name of one of the principal characters, and, as Sir Walter Scott remarks, “Yorick, the lively, witty, sensible and heedless parson is--Sterne himself.” The name was borrowed by Sterne from the Yorick of Shakespeare’s _Hamlet_.

=York= (_Geoffrey, archbishop of_), one of the high justiciaries of England in the absence of Richard Cœur de Lion.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time Richard I.).

_York_ (_James, duke of_), introduced by Sir W. Scott, in _Woodstock_ and in _Peveril of the Peak_.

=Yorke= (_Oliver_), pseudonym of Francis Sylvester Mahony, editor of _Fraser’s Magazine_. It is still edited under the same name.

=Yorkshire Tragedy= (_The_), author unknown (1604), was at one time printed with the name of Shakespeare.

=Young America.= J. G. Holland says: “What we call _Young America_ is made up of about equal parts of irreverence, conceit, and that popular moral quality familiarly known as _brass_.”

=Young Chevalier= (_The_), Charles Edward Stuart, grandson of James II. He was the second pretender (1720-1788).

=Young England=, a set of young aristocrats, who tried to revive the courtly manners of the Chesterfield school. They wore white waistcoats, patronized the pet poor, looked down upon shopkeepers, and were imitators of the period of Louis XIV. Disraeli has immortalized their ways and manners.

=Young Germany=, a literary school, headed by Heinrich Heine [_Hi.ny_], whose aim was to liberate politics, religion, and manners from the old conventional trammels.

=Young Ireland=, followers of Daniel O’Connell in politics, but wholly opposed to his abstention from war and insurrection in vindication of “their country’s rights.”

=Young Italy=, certain Italian refugees, who associated themselves with the French republican party, called the _Carbonnerie Democratique_. The society was first organized at Marseilles by Mazzini, and its chief object was to diffuse republican principles.

=Young Roscius=, William Henry West Betty. When only 12 years old he made £34,000 in fifty-six nights. He appeared in 1803, and very wisely retired from the stage in 1807 (1791-1874).

=Young-and-Handsome=, a beautiful fairy, who fell in love with Alidōrus, “the lovely shepherd.” Mordicant, an ugly fairy, also loved him, and confined him in a dungeon. Zephyrus loved Young-and-Handsome, but when he found no reciprocity he asked the fairy how he could best please her. “By liberating the lovely shepherd,” she replied. “Fairies, you know, have no power over fairies, but you, being a god, have full power over the whole race.” Zephyrus complied with this request, and restored Alidorus to the Castle of Flowers, when Young-and-Handsome bestowed on him perpetual youth, and married him.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Young-and-Handsome,” 1682).

=Youwarkee=, the name of the gawrey that Peter Wilkins married. She introduced the seaman to Nosmnbdsgrsutt, the land of flying men and women.--R. Pultock, _Peter Wilkins_ (1750).

=Ysaie le Triste= [_E.say´ lĕ Treest_], son of Tristram and Ysolde (wife of King Mark of Cornwall). The adventures of this young knight form the subject of a French romance called _Isaie le Triste_ (1522).

I did not think it necessary to contemplate the exploits ... with the gravity of Isaie le Triste.--Dunlop.

=Ysolde= or =Ysonde= (2 _syl._), surnamed “The Fair,” daughter of the king of Ireland. When Sir Tristram was wounded in fighting for his uncle, Mark, he went to Ireland, and was cured by the Fair Ysolde. On his return to Cornwall he gave his uncle such a glowing account of the young princess that he was sent to propose offers of marriage, and to conduct the lady to Cornwall. The brave young knight and the fair damsel fell in love with each other on their voyage, and, although Ysolde married King Mark, she retained to the end her love for Sir Tristram. King Mark, jealous of his nephew, banished him from Cornwall, and he went to Wales, where he performed prodigies of valor. In time his uncle invited him back to Cornwall, but, the guilty intercourse being renewed, he was banished a second time. Sir Tristram now wandered over Spain, Ermonie, and Brittany, winning golden opinions by his exploits. In Brittany he married the king’s daughter, Ysolde or Ysonde _of the White Hand_, but neither loved her nor lived with her. The rest of the tale is differently told by different authors. Some say he returned to Cornwall, renewed his love with Ysolde _the Fair_, and was treacherously stabbed by his uncle Mark. Others say he was severely wounded in Brittany, and sent for his aunt, but died before her arrival. When Ysolde _the Fair_ heard of his death, she died of a broken heart, and King Mark buried them both in one grave, over which he planted a rose bush and a vine.

=Ysolde= or =Ysonde= or =Ysolt= _of the White Hand_, daughter of the king of Brittany. Sir Tristram married her for her _name’s_ sake, but never loved her nor lived with her, because he loved his aunt, Ysolde _the Fair_ (the young wife of King Mark), and it was a point of chivalry for a knight to love only one woman, whether widow, wife, or maid.

=Yuhid´thiton=, chief of the Az´tecas, the mightiest in battle and wisest in council. He succeeded Co´anocot´zin (5 _syl._), as king of the tribe, and led the people from the south of the Missouri to Mexico.--Southey, _Madoc_ (1805).

=Yvetot= [_Eve.toe_], a town in Normandy; the lord of the town was called _le roi d’Yvetot_. The tale is that Clotaire, son of Clovis, having slain the lord of Yvetot before the high altar of Soissons, made atonement to the heirs by conferring on them the title of _king_. In the sixteenth century the title was exchanged for that of _prince souverain_, and the whole fiction was dropped not long after. Béranger has a poem called “Le Roi d’Yvetot,” which is understood to be a satirical fling at the great Napoleon. The following is the first stanza:

Il était un roi d’Yvetot Peu connu dans l’histoire; Se levant tard, se couchant tôt, Dormant, fort bien sans gloire, Et couronné par Jeanneton D’un simple bonnet de coton. Dit on: Oh! oh! oh! oh! Ah! ah! ah! ah! Quel bon petit roi c’etait; là! là! là! Béranger.

It was a King of Yvetot Whom few historians name; A sleeper sound, a waker slow, No dreams had he of fame. By Betty’s hand with nightcap crown’d, He snored in state the whole clock round Profound. Ha! ha! ha! ha! Ho! ho! ho! ho! A Kingdom match for Yvetot! Ho! ho!

=Ywaine and Gawin=, the English version of “Owain and the Lady of the Fountain.” The English version was taken from the French of Chrestien de Troyes (twelfth century), and was published by Ritson. The Welsh tale is in the _Mabinogion_. There is also a German version by Hartman von der Aue, a minnesinger (beginning of thirteenth century). There are also Bavarian and Danish versions.

=Zabarell=, a learned Italian commentator on works connected with the Aristotelian system of philosophy (1523-1589).

And still I held converse with Zabarell ... Stufft noting-books; and still my spaniel slept. At length he waked and yawned; and by yon sky For aught I know, he knew as much as I. Marston (died 1634).

=Zabidius=, the name in Martial for which “Dr. Fell” was substituted by Tom Brown, when sent by the dean of Christ Church to translate the lines;

Non amo te, Zabidi, nec possum dicere quare, Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te.

I love thee not, Zabidius-- Yet cannot tell thee why; But this I may most truly say, I love thee not, not I.

Imitated thus:

I do not like thee, Dr. Fell-- The reason why, I cannot tell; But this I know, and know full well, I do not like thee, Dr. Fell. Tom Brown (author of _Dialogues of the Dead_).

=Zab´ulon=, a Jew, the servant of Hippolyta, a rich lady wantonly in love with Arnoldo. Arnoldo is contracted to the chaste Zeno´cia, who, in turn, is basely pursued by the governor, Count Clo´dio.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647).

=Zab´ulus=, same as Diabolus.

Gay sport have we had to-night with Zabulus. Lord Lytton, _Harold_, viii. (1850).

=Zaccoc´ia=, king of Mozambique, who received Vasco da Gama and his crew with great hospitality, believing them to be Mahommedans; but when he ascertained that they were Christians he tried to destroy them.--Camoens, _Lusiad_, i., ii. (1569).

=Zacharia=, one of the three anabaptists who induced John of Leyden to join the revolt of Westphalia and Holland. On the arrival of the emperor, the anabaptists betrayed their dupe but perished with him in the flames of the burning palace.--Meyerbeer, _Le Prophète_ (1849).

=Zadig=, the hero and title of a novel by Voltaire. Zadig is a wealthy young Babylonian, and the object of the novel is to show that the events of life are beyond human control.

=Zad´kiel= (3 _syl._), angel of the planet Jupiter.--_Jewish Mythology._

_Zadkiel_, the pseudonym of Lieutenant Richard James Morrison, author of _Prophetic Almanac_, _Handbook of Astrology_, etc.

=Zadoc=, in Dryden’s satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, is Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury.

Zadoc, the priest whom, shunning power and place, His lowly mind advanced to David’s grace. Pt. i. (1681).

=Zadoc Pine=, man who makes a good living by attending to his own business and disregarding the admonitions of “Trades Unions” and officious wiseacres. “Man must earn his bread in the sweat of his brow; but some men sweat inside o’ their heads, an’ some outside. I’m workin’ my brain.”--H. C. Bunner, _Zadoc Pine_ (1891).

=Zaïde= (2 _syl._), a young slave who pretends to have been ill-treated by Adraste (2 _syl._), and runs to Don Pèdre for protection. Don Pèdre sends her into the house while he expostulates with Adraste “for his brutality.” Now, Adraste is in love with Isidore, a Greek slave kept by Don Pèdre, and when Zaïde is called forth, Isidore appears, dressed in Zaïde’s clothes. “There,” says Don Pèdre, “take her home and use her well.” “I will,” says Adraste, and leads off Isidore.--Molière, _Le Sicilien_ ou _L’Amour Peintre_ (1667).

=Zaira=, the mother of Eva Wentworth. She is a brilliant Italian, courted by de Courcy. When deceived by him she meditates suicide, but forbears, and sees Eva die tranquilly, and the faithless de Courcy perish of remorse.--Rev. C. R. Maturin, _Women_ (a novel, 1822).

=Zambullo= (_Don Cleophas Leandro Perez_), the person carried through the air by Asmodēus to the steeple of St. Salvādor, and shown, in a moment of time, the interior of every private dwelling around.--Lesage, _The Devil on Two Sticks_ (1707).

Cleaving the air at a greater rate than Don Cleophas Leandro Perez Zambullo and his familiar.--C. Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_ (1840).

=Zam´ora=, youngest of the three daughters of Balthazar. She is in love with Rolando, a young soldier, who fancies himself a woman-hater, and, in order to win him she dresses in boy’s clothes and becomes his page, under the name of Eugenio. In this character Zamōra wins the heart of the young soldier by her fidelity, tenderness and affection. When the proper moment arrives she assumes her female attire, and Rolando, declaring she is no woman, but an angel, marries her.--J. Tobin, _The Honeymoon_ (1804).

=Zamti=, the Chinese mandarin. His wife was Mandănê, and his son Hamet. The emperor of China, when he was about to be put to death by Ti´murkan´, the Tartar, committed to Zamti’s charge his infant son, Zaphimri, and Zamti brought up this “orphan of China” as his own son, under the name of Etan. Twenty years afterwards Zamti was put to the rack by Timurkan, and died soon afterwards.--Murphy, _The Orphan of China_ (1761).

=Zanga=, the revengeful Moor, the servant of Don Alonzo. The Moor hates Alonzo for two reasons: (1) because he killed his father, and (2) because he struck him on the cheek; and, although Alonzo has used every endeavor to conciliate Zanga, the revengeful Moor nurses his hate and keeps it warm. The revenge he wreaks is: (1) to poison the friendship which existed between Alonzo and Don Carlos by accusations against the don, and (2) to embitter the love of Alonzo for Leonora, his wife. Alonzo, out of jealousy, has his friend killed, and Leonora makes away with herself. Having thus lost his best beloved, Zanga tells his dupe he has been imposed upon, and Alonzo, mad with grief, stabs himself. Zanga, content with the mischief he has done, is taken away to execution.--Edward Young, _The Revenge_ (1721).

⁂ “Zanga” was the great character of Henry Mossop (1729-1773). It was also a favorite part with J. Kemble (1757-1823).

=Zanoné=, Jepththa’s daughter, doomed by her father’s rash vow, to perpetual celibacy.--Margaret J. Preston, _Old Song and New_ (1870).

=Zano´ni=, hero and title of a novel by Lord Bulwer Lytton. Zanoni is supposed to possess the power of communicating with spirits, prolonging life, and producing gold, silver, and precious stones (1842).

=Zany of Debate.= George Canning was so called by Charles Lamb in a sonnet printed in _The Champion_ newspaper. Posterity has not endorsed the judgment or wit of this ill-natured satire (1770-1827).

=Zaphimri=, the “orphan of China,” brought up by Zamti, under the name of Etan.

Ere yet the foe burst in, “Zamti,” said he, “preserve my cradled infant; Save him from ruffians; train his youth to virtue....” He could no more; the cruel spoiler seized him, And dragged my king, from yonder altar dragged him, Here on the blood-stained pavement; while the queen And her dear fondlings, in one mangled heap, Died in each other’s arms. Murphy, _The Orphan of China_, iii. 1 (1761).

=Zaphna=, son of Alcānor, chief of Mecca. He and his sister, Palmira, being taken captives in infancy, were brought up by Mahomet, and Zaphna, not knowing Palmira was his sister, fell in love with her, and was in turn beloved. When Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, he employed Zaphna to assassinate Alcanor, and when he had committed the deed discovered that it was his own father he had killed. Zaphna would have revenged the deed on Mahomet, but died of poison.--James Miller, _Mahomet the Impostor_ (1740).

=Zara=, an African queen, widow of Al-buca´cim, and taken captive by Manuel, king of Grana´da, who fell in love with her. Zara, however, was intensely in love with Osmyn (_alias_ Prince Alphonso of Valentia), also a captive. Alphonso, being privately married to Alme´ria, could not return her love. She designs to liberate Osmyn; but, seeing a dead body in the prison, fancies it to be that of Osmyn, and kills herself by poison.--W. Congreve, _The Mourning Bride_ (1697).

⁂ “Zara” was one of the great characters of Mrs. Siddons (1755-1831).

_Zara_ (in French _Zaïre_), the heroine and title of a tragedy by Voltaire (1733), adapted for the English stage by Aaron Hill (1735). Zara is the daughter of Lusignan d’Outremer (king of Jerusalem) and sister of Nerestan. Twenty years ago Lusignan and his two children had been taken captives. Nerestan was four years old at the time; and Zara, a mere infant, was brought up in the seraglio. Osman the sultan fell in love with her, and promised to make her his sultana; and as Zara loved him for himself, her happiness seemed complete. Nerestan, having been sent to France to obtain ransoms, returned at this crisis, and Osman fancied that he observed a familiarity between Zara and Nerestan, which roused his suspicions. Several things occurred to confirm them, and at last a letter was intercepted, appointing a rendezvous between them in a “secret passage” of the seraglio. Osman met Zara in the passage, and stabbed her to the heart. Nerestan was soon seized, and being brought before the sultan, told him he had slain his sister, and the sole object of his interview was to inform her of her father’s death, and to bring her his dying blessing. Osman now saw his error, commanded all the Christian captives to be set at liberty, and stabbed himself.

=Zaramilla=, wife of Tinacrio, king of Micomicon, in Egypt. He was told that his daughter would succeed him, that she would be dethroned by the giant Pandafilando, but that she would find in Spain the gallant knight of La Mancha, who would redress her wrongs, and restore her to her throne.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iv. 3 (1605).

=Zaraph=, the angel who loved Nama. It was Nama’s desire to love intensely and to love holily, but as she fixed her love on an angel and not on God, she was doomed to abide on earth till the day of consummation; then both Nama and Zaraph will be received in the realms of everlasting love.--T. Moore, _Loves of the Angels_ (1822).

=Zauberflöte= (_Die_), a magic flute, which had the power of inspiring love. When bestowed by the powers of darkness, the love it inspired was sensual love; but when by the powers of light, it became subservient to the very highest and holiest purposes. It guided Tami´no and Pami´na through all worldly dangers to the knowledge of divine truth (or the mysteries of Isis).--Mozart, _Die Zauberflöte_ (1791).

=Zayde=, the chief character in a French romance by Mde. Lafayette (seventeenth century).

=Zeal= (_Arabella_), in Shadwell’s comedy _The Fair Quaker of Deal_ (1617).

This comedy was altered by E. Thompson in 1720.

=Zedekiah=, one of General Harrison’s servants.--Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

=Ze´gris and the Abencerra´ges= [_A´.ven.ce.rah´.ke_], an historical romance, professing to be history, and printed at Alca´la in 1604. It was extremely popular, and had a host of imitations.

=Zeid=, Mahomet’s freedman. “The prophet” adopted him as his son, and gave him Zeinab (or Zenobia) for a wife; but falling in love with her himself, Zeid gave her up to the prophet. She was Mahomet’s cousin, and within the prohibited degrees, according to the _Korân_.

=Zeinab= or ZENOBIA, wife of Zeid, Mahomet’s freedman and adopted son. As Mahomet wished to have her, Zeid resigned her to the prophet. Zeinab was the daughter of Amîma, Mahomet’s aunt.

_Zei´nab_ (2 _syl._), wife of Hodei´rah (3 _syl._), an Arab. She lost her husband and all her children, except one, a boy named Thal´aba. Weary of life, the angel of death took her, while Thalaba was yet a youth.--Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_ (1797).

=Zeleu´cus= or =Zaleucus=, a Locrensian lawgiver, who enacted that adulterers should be deprived of their eyes. His own son being proved guilty, Zeleucus pulled out one of his own eyes, and one of his son’s eyes, that “two eyes might be paid to the law.”--Valerius Maximus, _De Factis Dictisque_, v. 5, exl. 3.

How many now will tread Zeleucus’ steps? G. Gascoigne, _The Steele Glas_ (died 1577).

=Zeli´ca=, the betrothed of Azim. When it was rumored that he had been slain in battle, Zelĭca joined the harem of the Veiled Prophet as “one of the elect of paradise.” Azim returned from the wars, discovered her retreat, and advised her to flee with him, but she told him that she was now the prophet’s bride. After the death of the prophet Zelica assumed his veil, and Azim, thinking the veiled figure to be the prophet, rushed on her and killed her.--T. Moore, _Lalla Rookh_ (“The Veiled Prophet,” etc., 1817).

=Zelis=, the daughter of a Persian officer. She was engaged to a man in the middle age of life, but just prior to the wedding he forsook her for a richer bride. The father of Zelis challenged him, but was killed. Zelis now took lodging with a courtezan, and went with her to Italy; but when she discovered the evil courses of her companion she determined to become a nun, and started by water for Rome. She was taken captive by corsairs, and sold from master to master, till at length Hingpo rescued her, and made her his wife.--Goldsmith, _A Citizen of the World_ (1759).

=Zelma´ne= (3 _syl._), the assumed name of Pyr´oclês, when he put on female attire.--Sir Philip Sidney, _Arcadia_ (1590).

Sir Philip has preserved such a matchless decorum that Pyroclês’ manhood suffers no stain for the effeminacy of Zelmanê.--C. Lamb.

=Zelu´co=, the only son of a noble Sicilian family, accomplished and fascinating, but spoilt by maternal indulgence, and at length rioting in dissipation. In spite of his gayety of manner, he is a standing testimony that misery accompanies vice.--Dr. John Moore, _Zeluco_ (a novel, 1786).

=Ze´mia=, one of the four who, next in authority to U´riel, preside over our earth.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748).

=Zemzem=, a fountain at Mecca. The Mohammedans say it is the very spring which God made to slake the thirst of Ishmael, when Hagar was driven into the wilderness by Abraham. A bottle of this water is considered a very valuable present, even by princes.

There were also a great many bottles of water from the fountain of Zemzem, at Mecca.--_Arabian Nights_ (“The Purveyor’s Story”).

=Zenel´ophon=, the beggar-girl who married King Cophet´ua of Africa. She is more generally called Penel´ophon.--Tennyson, _King Cophetua and the Beggar-maid_.

=Zenobia=, queen of Palmyra, who claimed the title of “Queen of the East.” She was defeated by Aurelian and taken prisoner in A.D. 273.

_Zenobia_, brilliant and beautiful woman, the most striking figure in the group of remarkable people who compose the Blithedale Farm household. She has a dark history which she would forget in a later love. This fails her and she drowns herself. “Being the woman that she was, could Zenobia have foreseen all these ugly circumstances of death, how ill it would become her ... she would no more have committed the dreadful act than have exhibited herself to a public assembly in a badly-fitting garment.... She was not quite simple in her death.”--Nathaniel Hawthorne, _The Blithedale Romance_ (1850).

=Zeno´cia=, daughter of Chari´no, and the chaste troth-plight wife of Arnoldo. While Arnoldo is wantonly loved by the rich Hippol´yta, Zenocia is dishonorably pursued by the governor, Count Clo´dio.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647).

=Zephalinda=, a young lady who has tasted the delights of a London season, but is taken back to her home in the country, to find enjoyment in needlework, dull aunts, and rooks.

She went from opera, park, assembly, play, To morning walk, and prayers three hours a day; To part her time ’twixt reading and Bohea, To muse, and spill her solitary tea, O’er her cold coffee trifle with her spoon, Count the slow clock and dine exact at noon. Pope, _Epistle to Miss Blount_ (1715).

=Zeph´on=, a cherub who detected Satan squatting in the garden, and brought him before Gabriel, the archangel. The word means “searcher of secrets.” Milton makes him “the guardian angel of paradise.”

Ithuriel and Zephon, with winged speed Search thro’ this garden, leave unsearched no nook; But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge, Now laid perhaps asleep, secure of harm. Milton, _Paradise Lost_ (1665).

=Zephyr.= (See MORGANE.)

=Zerbinette= (3 _syl._), the daughter of Argante (2 _syl._), stolen from her parents by gypsies when four years old, and brought up by them. Léandre, the son of Seigneur Géronte fell in love with her, and married her; but the gypsies would not give her up without being paid £1500. Scapin wrung this money from Géronte, pretending it was to ransom Léandre, who had been made a prisoner by some Turks who intended to sell him in Algiers for a slave unless his ransom was brought within two hours. The old man gave Scapin the money grudgingly, and Scapin passed it over to the gypsies, when a bracelet led to the discovery that Zerbinette was the daughter of Seigneur Argante, a friend of Léandre’s father, and all parties were delighted at the different revelations.--Molière, _Les Fourberies de Scapin_ (1671).

⁂ In the English version, called _The Cheats of Scapin_, by Thomas Otway, Zerbinette is called “Lucia,” her father, Argante, is called “Thrifty,” Léandre is Anglicized into “Leander,” Géronte becomes “Gripe” and the sum of money is £200.

=Zerbi´no=, son of the king of Scotland, and intimate friend of Orlando.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Zerli´na=, a rustic beauty, about to be married to Massetto, when Don Giovanni allures her away under the promise of making her a fine lady.--Mozart, _Don Giovanni_ (opera, 1787).

_Zerlina_, in Auber’s opera of _Fra Diavolo_ (1830).

=Zesbet=, daughter of the sage Oucha, of Jerusalem. She had four husbands at the same time, viz., Abdal Motallab (the sage), Yaarab (the judge), Abou´teleb (a doctor of law), and Temimdari (a soldier). Zesbet was the mother of the Prophet Mahomet. Mahomet appeared to her before his birth, in the form of a venerable old man, and said to her:

“You have found favor before Allah. Look upon me; I am Mahomet, the great friend of God, he who is to enlighten the earth. Thy virtues, Zesbet, and thy beauty have made me prefer thee to all the daughters of Mecca. Thou shalt for the future be named Aminta [_sic_].” Then, turning to the husbands, he said, “You have seen me; she is yours, and you are hers. Labor then with a holy zeal to bring me into the world to enlighten it. All men who shall follow the law which I shall preach may have four wives; but Zesbet shall be the only woman who shall be lawfully the wife of four husbands at once. It is the least privilege I can grant the woman of whom I choose to be born.”--Comte Caylus, _Oriental Tales_ (“History of the Birth of Mahomet,” 1743).

(The mother of Mahomet is generally called Amina, not Aminta.)

=Zethus=, son of Jupiter and Antiope.

=Zeus= (1 _syl._), the Greek Jupĭter. The word was once applied to the blue firmament, the upper sky, the arch of light; but in Homeric mythology Zeus is king of gods and men; the conscious embodiment of the central authority and administrative intelligence which holds states together; the supreme ruler; the sovereign source of law and order; the fountain of justice, and final arbiter of disputes.

=Zeuxis and Parrhas´ios.= In a contest of skill Zeuxis painted some grapes so naturally that birds pecked at them. Confident of success, Zeuxis said to his rival, “Now let Parrhasios draw aside his curtain, and show us _his_ production.” “You behold it already,” replied Parrhasios, “the curtain is the picture.” Whereupon, the prize was awarded to him, for Zeuxis had deceived the _birds_, but Parrhasios had deceived _Zeuxis_.

MYRON’S statue of a cow was mistaken by a herd of bulls for a living animal; and Apellês’s painting of the horse Bucephalos deceived several mares, who ran about it neighing.

QUINTIN MATSYS, of Antwerp, fell in love with Lisa, daughter of Johann Mandyn; but Mandyn vowed his daughter should marry only an artist. Matsys studied painting, and brought his first picture to show Lisa. Mandyn was not at home, but had left a picture of his favorite pupil, Frans Floris, representing the “fallen angels,” on the easel. Quintin painted a bee on an outstretched leg, and when Mandyn returned he tried to brush it off, whereupon the deception was discovered. The old man’s heart was moved, and he gave Quintin his daughter in marriage, saying, “You are a true artist, greater than Johann Mandyn.” The painting is in Antwerp Cathedral.

VELASQUEZ painted a Spanish admiral so true to life that King Philip IV., entering the studio, thought the painting was the admiral, and spoke to it as such, reproving the supposed officer for being in the studio wasting his time, when he ought to have been with the fleet.

=Zillah=, beloved by Hamuel, a brutish sot. Zillah rejected his suit, and Hamuel vowed vengeance. Accordingly, he gave out that Zillah had intercourse with the devil, and she was condemned to be burnt alive. God averted the flames, which consumed Hamuel, but Zillah stood unharmed, and the stake to which she was bound threw forth white roses, “the first ever seen on earth since paradise was lost.”--Southey. (See ROSE.)

=Zimmerman= (_Adam_), the old burgher of Soleure, one of the Swiss deputies to Charles “the Bold” of Burgundy.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Zim´ri=, one of the six Wise Men of the East led by the guiding star to Jesus.

Zimri taught the people, but they treated him with contempt; yet, when dying, he prevailed on one of them, and then expired.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, v. (1771).

_Zimri_, in Dryden’s satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, is the second duke of Buckingham. As Zimri conspired against Asa, king of Judah, _1 Kings_, xvi. 9, so the duke of Buckingham “formed parties and joined factions.”

Some of the chiefs were princes in the land: In the first rank of these did Zimri stand-- A man so various that he seemed to be Not one, but all mankind’s epitomê; Stiff in opinion, always in the wrong, Was everything by turns, and nothing long. Pt. i. (1681).

=Zine´bi= (_Mohammed_), king of Syria, tributary to the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid; of very humane disposition.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Ganem, the Slave of Love”).

=Zineu´ra=, in Boccaccio’s _Decameron_ (day 11, Nov. 9), is the “Imogen” of Shakespeare’s _Cymbeline_. She assumed male attire with the name of Sicurano da Finalê (Imogen assumed male attire and the name Fidelê); Zineura’s husband was Bernard Lomellin, and the villain was Ambrose (Imogen’s husband was Posthŭmus Leonātus, and the villain Iachimo). In Shakespeare, the British king Cymbeline takes the place assigned by Boccaccio to the sultan.

=Ziska= or =Zizka=, John of Trocznov, a Bohemian nobleman, leader of the Hussites. He fought under Henry V. at Agincourt. His sister had been seduced by a monk; and whenever he heard the shriek of a Catholic at the stake, he called it “his sister’s bridal song.” The story goes that he ordered his skin at death to be made into a drum-head (1360-1427).

⁂ Some say that John of Trocznov was called “Ziska” because he was “one-eyed;” but that is a mistake--Ziska was a family name, and does not mean “one-eyed,” either in the Polish or Bohemian language.

For every page of paper shall a hide Of yours be stretched as parchment on a drum Like Ziska’s skin, to beat alarm to all Refractory vassals. Byron, _Werner_, i. (1822).

But be it as it is, the time may come His name [_Napoleon’s_] shall beat th’ alarm like Ziska’s drum. Byron, _Age of Bronze_, iv. (1819).

=Zobeide= [_Zo-bay´de_], half-sister of Amīnê. She had two sisters, who were turned into little black dogs by way of punishment for casting Zobeidê and the prince from the petrified city into the sea. Zobeidê was rescued by the fairy serpent, who had metamorphosed the two sisters, and Zobeidê was enjoined to give the two dogs a hundred lashes every day. Ultimately, the two dogs were restored to their proper forms, and married two calenders, sons of kings; Zobeidê married the Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid; and Aminê was restored to Amin, the caliph’s son, to whom she was already married.--_Arabian Nights_ (“History of Zobeidê”).

While the caliph was absent from Bagdad, Zobeidê caused his favorite (named Fetnab) to be buried alive, for which she was divorced.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Ganem, the Slave of Love”).

=Zohak=, the giant who keeps the “mouth of hell.” He was the fifth of the Pischdadian dynasty, and was a lineal descendant of Shedâd, king of Ad. He murdered his predecessor, and invented both flaying men alive and killing them by crucifixion. The devil kissed him on the shoulders, and immediately two serpents grew out of his back and fed constantly upon him. He was dethroned by the famous blacksmith of Ispahan´, and appointed by the devil to keep hell-gate.--D’Herbelot, _Bibliothèque Orientale_ (1697).

=Zohara=, the queen of love, and mother of mischief. When Harût and Marût were selected by the host of heaven to be judges on earth, they judged righteous judgment till Zohara, in the shape of a lovely woman, appeared before them with her complaint. They then both fell in love with her and tried to corrupt her, but she flew from them to heaven; and the two angel-judges were for ever shut out.

The Persian Magi have a somewhat similar tradition of these two angels, but add that after their “fall,” they were suspended by the feet, head downwards, in the territory of Babel.

The Jews tell us that Shamhozai, “the judge of all earth,” debauched himself with women, repented, and by way of penance was suspended by the feet, head downwards, between heaven and earth.--Bereshit rabbi (in _Gen._ vi. 2).

=Zohauk=, the Nubian slave; a disguise assumed by Sir Kenneth.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Zoilos= (in Latin _Zoïlus_), a grammarian, witty, shrewd and spiteful. He was nicknamed “Homer’s Scourge” (_Homēro-mastix_), because he assailed the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ with merciless severity. He also flew at Plato, Isoc´ratês, and other high game.

_The Sword of Zoïlos_, the pen of a critic.

=Zoilus.= J. Dennis, the critic whose attack on Pope produced _The Dunciad_, was so called (1657-1733).

=Zoleikha= (3 _syl._), Potiphar’s wife.--Sale, _Al Korân_, xii. (note).

=Zophiel= [_Zo.fel_], “of cherubim the swiftest wing.” The word means “God’s spy.” Zophiel brings word to the heavenly host that the rebel crew are preparing a second and fiercer attack.

Zophiel, of cherubim the swiftest wing, Came flying, and in mid-air aloud thus cried: “Arm, warriors, arm for fight.” Milton, _Paradise Lost_ (1665).

=Zorai´da= (3 _syl._), a Moorish lady, daughter of Agimora´to, the richest man in Barbary. On being baptized she had received the name of Maria; and, eloping with a Christian captive, came to Andalusi´a.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iv. 9-11 (“The Captive,” 1605).

=Zorphee= (2 _syl._), a fairy in the romance of _Amadis de Gaul_ (thirteenth century).

=Zosimus=, the patriarch of the Greek Church.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

=Zuleika= [_Zu.lee´.kah_], daughter of Giaffer [_Djaf´fir_], pacha of Aby´dos. Falling in love with Selim, her cousin, she flees with him, and promises to be his bride; but the father tracks the fugitives and shoots Selim, whereupon Zuleika dies of a broken heart.--Byron, _Bride of Abydos_ (1813).

Never was a faultless character more delicately or more justly delineated than that of Lord Byron’s “Zuleika.” Her piety, her intelligence, her strict sense of duty, and her undeviating love of truth, appear to have been originally blended in her mind, rather than inculcated by education. She is always natural, always attractive, always affectionate; and it must be admitted that her affections are not unworthily bestowed.--George Ellis.

=Zulichium= (_The enchanted princess of_), in the story told by Agelastes, the cynic, to Count Robert.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

=Zulzul=, the sage whose life was saved in the form of a rat by Gedy, the youngest of the four sons of Corcud. Zulzul gave him, in gratitude, two poniards, by the help of which he could climb the highest tree or most inaccessible castle.--Gueulette, _Chinese Tales_ (“Corcud and His Four Sons,” 1723).

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX I.

----------

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.

=Abbott= (Edwin Abbott), London, 1838- Bible Lessons, 1872. Cambridge Sermons, 1875. Concordance to Pope, 1875. Parables for Children, 1880. Shakesperian Grammar (A), 1870. Through Nature to Christ, 1877. =Abbott= (Jacob), born at Hallowel, Maine, 1803-1879. Corner Stone (The), 1826. Way to do good (The), 1836. Young Christian (The), 1825. =Abbott= (Rev. John S. C.), brother of Jacob Abbott, 1806-1877. Kings and Queens, or Life in a Palace, 1839. Life of Napoleon, 1855. Mother at Home (The), 1845. =Abercrombie= (John), Aberdeen, 1781-1844. Inquiry Concerning the Intellectual Powers, 1830, 1833. Philosophy of Moral Feeling, 1833. Researches on Diseases of the Brain, etc., 1828. =Addison= (Joseph), born at Milston, in Wiltshire, 1672-1719. Freeholder (The), 1715-16. Guardian (The), 1713. Spectator (The), 1711-12, 1714. Tatler (The), 1709-11. Cato (a tragedy), 1713. Divine Poems, 1728. Evidences of the Christian Religion, 1807. Poems, 1712, 1719. =Agassiz= (Louis), born at Orbe, in Switzerland, 1807-1873. Elements of Zoölogy, 1854. Essay on Classification, 1859. Fossil Fish, 1833-42. Lake Superior; its Physical character, Vegetables and Animals, 1850. Salmonidæ, 1839. Studies on Glaciers, 1840. System of Glaciers, or Researches on Glaciers, 1847. Zoölogical Bibliography, 1848-50. =Ainsworth= (William Harrison), Manchester, 1805-1882. Auriol and other Tales, 1880. Beatrice Tyldesley, 1878. Beau Nash, 1880. Boscobel, or the Royal Oak, 1872. Cardinal Pole, 1863. Chetwynd Calverley, 1876. Constable de Bourbon, 1866. Constable of the Tower, 1861. Crichton, 1837. Fall of Somerset, 1877. Flitch of Bacon (The), 1854. Goldsmith’s Wife (The), 1875. Good Old Times (The), 1873. Guy Fawkes, 1841. Hilary St. Ives, 1869. Jack Sheppard, 1839. John Law, the Projector, 1864. Lancashire Witches, 1848. Leaguer of Lathom (The), 1876. Lord Mayor of London (The), 1862. Manchester Rebels (The), 1873. Merry England, 1874. Mervyn Clitheroe, 1857. Miser’s Daughter (The), 1842. Myddleton Pomfret, 1865. Old Court (The), 1867. Old St. Paul’s, 1841-43. Ovingdean Grange, 1850. Preston Fight (The), 1875. Rookwood, 1834. St. James’s, or Court of Queen Anne, 1844. Sir John Chiverton, 1825. South Sea Bubble, 1868. Spanish Match (The), 1865. Spendthrift (The), 1856. Stanley Brereton, 1881. Star Chamber (The), 1854. Talbot Harland, 1870. Tale of the Plague, 1841. Tower Hill, 1871. Tower of London, 1843. Windsor Castle, 1843. =Akenside= (Mark), born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1721-1770. British Philippic, 1738. Epistle to Curio, 1744. Naiades (Hymn to the), 1746. Odes, 1740. Pleasures of the Imagination, 1744. =Aldrich= (Thomas Bailey), born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 1836. Ballad of Baby Bell, and other Poems, 1856. Cloth of Gold, and other Poems, 1874. Marjorie Daw, 1873. Prudence Palfrey, 1874. Queen of Sheba, 1877. Story of a Bad Boy, 1870. =Alford= (Henry), dean of Canterbury, London, 1810-1871. Chapters on the Poets of Greece, 1841. Greek Testament edited, 1841-61. New Testament for English Readers, 1863-69. Queen’s English (The), 1864. Abbot of Muchelnage, and other Poems, 1841. Poems and Poetical Fragments, 1831. School of the Heart, and other Poems, 1835. =Alison= (Sir Archibald), born at Kenley, in Shropshire, 1792-1867. Essays, 1850. History of Europe during the French Revolution, 1833-1842. History of Europe from the fall of Napoleon, 1853-59. Life of Marlborough, 1848. Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir C. Stewart, 1861. =Alleine= (Joseph), Devizes, 1633-1668. Alarm to the Unconverted, 1672. =Allibone= (Samuel Austen), born in Philadelphia, 1816-1889. A Critical Dictionary of English Literature, and British and American Authors, 1858-1875. =Allingham= (William), Ballyshannon, 1824-1889. Day and Night Songs, 1854-55. Fifty Modern Poems, 1865. Music-master (The), and other Poems, 1857. Poems, 1850. Songs, Ballads, and Stories, 1877. (Editor of _Frazer’s Magazine_, 1874.) =Argyll= (George John Douglas Campbell, duke of), 1823- Primeval Man, 1869. Reign of Law (The), 1867. =Arnold= (Sir Edwin), 1832- Feast of Belshazzar (Newdegate prize), 1852. Griselda (a drama), 1856. Poems, Narrative and Lyrical, 1853. Indian Song of Songs, 1875; the Gîta Govinda. Light of Asia, 1879. Poets of Greece, 1869. =Arnold= (Matthew), born at Laleham, Middlesex, 1822-1888. New Poems, 1868. Poems, 1854-1877. Essays on Criticism, 1865. God and the Bible, 1875. Last Words on Translating Homer, 1863. Literature and Dogma, 1873. Popular Education of France, 1864. Schools and Universities on the Continent, 1868. St. Paul and Protestantism, 1870. Study of Celtic Literature, 1867. Three Lectures on Translating Homer, 1861-1862. =Arnold= (Thomas), born at West Cowes, Isle of Wight, 1795-1842. History of Rome, 1838-42. Lectures on Modern History, 1842. Sermons. =Ascham= (Roger), born at Kirby-Wiske, Yorkshire, 1515-1568. Scholemaster (The), 1570. =Audubon= (John James), born in Louisiana, 1780-1851. American Ornithological Biography, 1831-39. Birds of America, 1830-39, 1844. Quadrupeds of America (with Dr. Buchanan). =Austen= (Jane), born at Steventon, Hampshire, 1775-1817. Emma, 1816. Mansfield Park, 1814. Northanger Abbey, posthumous, 1818. Persuasion, posthumous, 1818. Pride and Prejudice, 1813. Sense and Sensibility, 1811. =Austin= (Alfred), born at Headingley, near Leeds, 1835- Golden Age (The), 1871. Human Tragedy (The), 1862. Interludes, 1872. Leszko, the Bastard, 1877. Madonna’s Child, 1873. My Satire and its Censors, 1861. Randolf, 1858. Rome or Death, 1873. Season (The), 1861. Tower of Babel (The), 1874. Artist’s Proof (An), 1864. Five Years of it, 1858. Won by a Head, 1866. England’s Policy and Peril, 1877. Note of Admiration, etc., 1861. Poetry of the Period (The), 1870. Russia before Europe, 1876. Tory Horrors, 1876. Vindication of Lord Byron, 1869. =Aytoun= (William Edmonstoune), born in Edinburgh, 1813-1865. Ballads of Scotland, 1858. Bothwell, 1856. Firmilian, 1854. Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, and other Poems, 1849. Poland, and other Poems. Glenmutchkin Railway. How I became a Yeoman. Life and Times of Richard I, 1840. Norman Sinclair, 1861.

=Bacon= (Francis, Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans), London, 1561-1626. Advancement of Learning, 1605. Essays (fifty-eight), 1597; enlarged, 1625. Novum Organum, 1620. =Bacon= (Roger), a friar, born at Ichester, in Somersetshire, 1214-1292. Opus Majus, 1267. =Bailey= (Philip James), Nottingham, 1816- Festus, 1839. =Baillie= (Joanna), born at Bothwell, 1762-1851. Plays of the Passions, 1st series, 1798; 2d series, 1802; 3rd series, 1812. =Bain= (Alexander), born at Aberdeen, 1818- Emotions and the Will, 1859. Senses and the Intellect (The), 1855. =Baird= (Spenser Fullerton), born at Reading, Pennsylvania, 1823-1887. Birds of North America, 1860 (with J. Cassin). Mammals of North America, 1861 (with J. Cassin). Review of American Birds, 1864 (with Dr. T. M. Brewer). Editor and Translator of the _Iconographic Encyclopædia_, 1851. =Baker=, (Sir Samuel White), 1821-1880. Albert N’yanza (The), Great Basin of the Nile, and Exploration of the Nile Sources, (2 vols.), 1866. Cast Up by the Sea, 1869. Eight Year’s Wanderings in Ceylon, 1855. Ismaïlia, 1874. Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia (The), 1867. Rifle and Hound of Ceylon (The), 1854. =Bancroft= (George), born at Worcester, Massachusetts, 1800-1891. History of the United States, vol. 1st, 1834; 3rd, 1840; 7th, 1858; 8th, 1860; 10th, 1874. Plea for the Constitution of the United States, 1886. Martin Van Buren to the End of his Public Career, 1889. =Banim= (John), near Kilkenny, 1800-1842. Tales of the O’Hara Family, 1825. =Barbauld= (Mrs.), born at Kibworth-Harcourt, in Leicestershire, 1743-1825. Devotional pieces, 1775. Early Lessons for Children, 1774. Evenings at Home, 1792-95 (with Dr. Aikin). Female Spectator (The), 1811. Hymns in Prose, 1774. Life of Samuel Richardson, 1805. Miscellaneous Poems, 1773. Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose, 1773. =Barham= (Richard Harris), born at Canterbury, 1788-1845. Ingoldsby Legends (in verse and prose), 1837. =Baring-Gould= (Rev. Sabine), Exeter, 1834- Book of Were Wolves (The), 1865. Curiosities of the Olden Time, 1869. Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, 1866-67. Difficulties of the Faith (The), 1874. Germany, Past and Present, 1879. Golden Gate (The), 1869-70. Iceland, its Scenes and Sagas, 1861. In Exitu Israel, 1870. Life of the Rev. R. S. Hawker, 1876. Lives of the Saints, 1872-77. Lost and Hostile Gospels (The), (1874). Mystery of Suffering (The), 1877. Origin and Development of Religious Belief (The), 1869-70. Path of the Just (The), 1854. Post Mediæval Preachers, 1865. Silver Store (The), 1868. Some Modern Difficulties, 1875. Village Sermons for a Year, 1875. Yorkshire Oddities, 1874. =Barlow= (Joel), born at Reading, Connecticut, 1755-1812. Vision of Columbus (The), a poem, 1787. (Afterwards enlarged into _The Columbiad_, 1805.) =Barnes= (Albert), New York, 1798-1870. Notes on the New Testament, 1832-48. Notes on the Old Testament, 1851. =Barnum= (Phineas Taylor), born at Bethel, Connecticut, 1810-1891. Humbugs of the World, 1865. Struggles and Triumphs, 1869. =Barrow= (Sir John), born near Ulverstone, in Lancashire, 1764-1848. Mutiny of the _Bounty_, 1831. =Baxter= (Richard), born at Rowton, in Shropshire, 1615-1691. Saints’ Everlasting Rest (The), 1650. =Beattie= (James), born at Laurencekirk, in Scotland, 1735-1803. Judgment of Paris, 1765. Minstrel (The), in two parts. Part i. 1771;