act iv. sc. 3.)

Prince Charles Edward, who claimed to be prince of Wales, touched a female child for the disease in 1745.

The French kings claimed the same divine power from Anne of Clovis, A.D. 481. And on Easter Sunday, 1686, Louis XIV. touched 1600, using these words, _Le roy te touche, Dieu te guerisse_.

⁂ Dr. Johnson was the last person touched. The touch-piece given to him has on one side this legend, _Soli Deo gloria_, and on the other side, _Anna D: G. M. BR. F: et H. REG._ (“Anne, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, queen”).

Our good Edward he, the Confessor and king ... That cancred evil cured, bred ’twixt the throat and jaws, When physic could not find the remedy nor cause ... He of Almighty God obtained by earnest prayer, This tumor by a king might curêd be alone, Which he an heir-loom left unto the English throne. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xi. (1613).

=Touchstone=, a clown filled with “quips and cranks and wanton wiles.” The original of this character was Tarlton, the favorite court jester of Queen Elizabeth.--Shakespeare, _As You Like It_ (1598).

His famous speech is “the seven degrees of affront:” (1) the _retort courteous_, (2) the _quip modest_, (3) the _reply churlish_, (4) the _reproof valiant_, (5) the _counter-check quarrelsome_, (6) the _lie circumstantial_, (7) the _lie direct_ (act v. sc. 4).

=Touchwood= (_Colonel_), “the most passionate, impatient, unreasonable, good-natured man in Christendom.” Uncle of Major and Clarissa Touchwood.

_Sophia Touchwood_, the colonel’s daughter, in love with her cousin, Major Touchwood. Her father wants her to marry Colonel Clifford, but the colonel has fixed his heart on Clarissa, the major’s sister.

_Major Touchwood_, nephew of Colonel Touchwood, and in love with his cousin, Sophia, the colonel’s daughter. He fancies that Colonel Clifford is his rival, but Clifford is in love with Clarissa, the major’s sister. This error forms the plot of the farce, and the mistakes which arise when the major dresses up to pass himself off for his uncle constitute its fun and entanglement.

_Clarissa Touchwood_, the major’s sister, in love with Colonel Clifford. They first met at Brighton, and the colonel thought her Christian name was Sophia; hence the major looked on him as a rival.--T. Dibdin, _What Next?_

_Touchwood_ (_Lord_), uncle of Melle´font (2 _syl._).

_Lady Touchwood_, his wife, sister of Sir Paul Pliant. She entertains a criminal passion for her nephew, Mellefont, and, because he repels her advances, vows to ruin him. Accordingly, she tells her husband that the young man has sought to dishonor her, and when his lordship fancies that the statement of his wife must be greatly overstated, he finds Mellefont with Lady Touchwood in her own private chamber. This seems to corroborate the accusation laid to his charge, but it was an artful trick of Maskwell’s to make mischief, and in a short time a conversation which he overhears between Lady Touchwood and Maskwell reveals the whole infamous scheme most fully to the husband.--Congreve, _The Double Dealer_ (1700).

(Lord and Lady Touchwood must not be mistaken for _Sir George_ and _Lady Frances Touchwood_, who are very different characters.)

Their Wildairs, Sir John Brutes, Lady Touchwoods and Mrs Frails, are conventional reproductions of those wild gallants and demireps which figure in the licentious dramas of Dryden and Shadwell.--Sir W. Scott, _The Drama_.

⁂ “Wildair,” in _The Constant Couple_, by Farquhar; “Brute,” in _The Provoked Wife_, by Van Brugh; “Mrs. Frail,” in _Love for Love_, by Congreve.

_Touchwood_ (_Sir George_), the loving husband of Lady Frances, desperately jealous of her, and wishing to keep her out of all society, that she may not lose her native simplicity and purity of mind. Sir George is a true gentleman of most honorable feelings.

_Lady Frances Touchwood_, the sweet, innocent wife of Sir George Touchwood. Before her marriage she was brought up in seclusion in the country, and Sir George tries to keep her fresh and pure in London.--Mrs. Cowley, _The Belle’s Stratagem_ (1780).

_Touchwood_ (_Peregrine_), a touchy old East Indian, a relation of the Mowbray family.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

=Tough= (_Mr._), an old barrister.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Touran.= The death of the children of Touran forms one of the three tragic stories of the ancient Irish. The other two are _The Death of the Children of Lir_ and _The Death of the Children of Usnach_.

=Tournemine= (3 _syl._), a Jesuit of the eighteenth century, fond of the marvellous. “Il aimait le merveilleux et ne renonçait qu’avec peine à y croire.”

Il ressemble à Tournemine, Il croit ce qu’il imagine. _French Proverb._

=Touthope= (_Mr._), a Scotch attorney and clerk of the peace.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

She ordered the fellow to be drawn through a horse-pond, and then to be well rubbed down with an oaken towel.--_The Adventure of My Aunt._

=Tower of Hunger= (_The_), Gualandi, the tower in which Ugolino with his two sons and two grandsons were starved to death in 1288.--Dantê, _Inferno_ (1300).

=Tower of London= (_The_), was really built by Gundulphus, bishop of Rochester, in the reign of William I., but tradition ascribes it to Julius Cæsar.

Ye towers of Julius, London’s lasting shame. Gray, _The Bard_ (1757).

=Tower of Vathek=, built with the intention of reaching heaven, that Vathek might pry into the secrets seen by Mahomet. The staircase contained 11,000 stairs, and when the top was gained, men looked no bigger than pismires, and cities seemed mere bee-hives.--Beckford, _Vathek_ (1784).

=Townley Mysteries=, certain religious dramas; so called, because the MS. containing them belonged to P. Townley. These dramas are supposed to have been acted at Widkirk Abbey, in Yorkshire. In 1831, they were printed for the Surtees Society under the editorship of the Rev. Joseph Hunter, and J. Stevenson. (See COVENTRY MYSTERIES.)

=Townley= (_Colonel_), attached to Berinthia, a handsome young widow, but in order to win her he determines to excite her jealousy, and therefore pretends love to Amanda, her cousin. Amanda, however, repels his attentions with disdain; and the colonel, seeing his folly, attaches himself to Berinthia.--Sheridan, _A Trip to Scarborough_ (1777).

_Townley_ (_Lord_) a nobleman of generous mind and high principle, liberal and manly. Though very fond of his wife, he insists on a separation because she is so extravagant and self-willed. Lady Townly sees at length the folly of her ways, and promises amendment, whereupon the husband relents and receives her into favor again.

_Lady Townly_, the gay, but not unfaithful young wife of Lord Townley, who thinks that the pleasure of life consists in gambling; she “cares nothing for her husband,” but “loves almost everything he hates.” She says:

I dote upon assemblies; my heart bounds at a ball; and at an opera, I expire. Then I love play to distraction; cards enchant me; and dice put me out of my little wits.--Vanbrugh and Cibber, _The Provoked Husband_, iii. 1 (1728).

(Mrs. Pritchard, Margaret Woffington, Miss Brunton, Miss M. Tree, and Miss E. Tree, were all excellent in this favorite part.)

=Tox= (_Miss Lucretia_), the bosom friend of Mr. Dombey’s married sister (Mrs. Chick). Miss Lucretia was a faded lady, “as if she had not been made in fast colors,” and was washed out. She “ambled through life without any opinions, and never abandoned herself to unavailing regrets.” She greatly admired Mr. Dombey, and entertained a forlorn hope that she might be selected by him to supply the place of his deceased wife. Miss Tox lived in Princess’s Place, and maintained a weak flirtation with a Major Bagstock, who was very jealous of Mr. Dombey.--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

=Tozer=, one of the ten young gentlemen in the school of Dr. Blimber, when Paul Dombey was there. A very solemn lad, whose “shirt-collar curled up the lobes of his ears.”--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

=Trabb=, a prosperous old bachelor, a tailor by trade.

He was having his breakfast in the parlor behind the shop.... He had sliced his hot roll into three feather-beds, and was slipping butter in between the blankets.... He was a prosperous old bachelor, and his open window looked into a prosperous little garden and orchard, and there was a prosperous iron safe let into the wall at the side of the fireplace, and without doubt, heaps of his prosperity were put away in it in bags.--Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860).

=Traddles=, a simple, honest young man, who believes in everybody and everything. Though constantly failing, he is never depressed by his want of success. He had the habit of brushing his hair up on end, which gave him a look of surprise.

At the Creakle’s school, when I was miserable, he [_Traddles_] would lay his head on the desk for a little while, and then, cheering up, would draw skeletons all over his slate.--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_, vii.(1849).

=Trade´love= (_Mr._), a broker on ’Change, one of the four guardians of Anne Lovely, the heiress. He was “a fellow that would out-lie the devil, for the advantage of stock, and cheat his own father in a bargain. He was a great stickler for trade, and hated every one that wore a sword” (act. i. 1). Colonel Feignwell passed himself off as a Dutch merchant named Jan van Timtamtirelereletta herr van Feignwell, and made a bet with Tradelove. Tradelove lost, and cancelled the debt by giving his consent to the marriage of his ward to the supposed Dutchman.--Mrs. Centlivre, _A Bold Stroke for a Wife_ (1717).

=Tragedy= (_Father of Greek_), Thespis, a traditional actor of Athens. Æschylos is also called “The Father of Greek Tragedy” (B.C. 525-426).

=Tragedy of Gorboduc=, otherwise entitled the _Tragedy of Ferrex and Porrex_, the earliest English tragedy, was the joint production of Thomas Sackville, afterwards Lord Buckhurst, and earl of Dorset, and Thomas Norton, a Puritan clergyman. It was produced before Queen Elizabeth, at Whitehall, January 18, 1562. Sackville was already known as the most important of the writers who produced “The Mirror for Magistrates,” a collection of narratives of various remarkable English historical personages, which was first published in 1559. Norton had been associated with Sternhold and Hopkins in their metrical version of the _Psalms_. On the title-page of the first edition of Gorboduc, published in 1565, without the consent of the authors, it is stated that the first three acts were written by Norton and the last two by Sackville, but Charles Lamb expresses himself “willing to believe that Lord Buckhurst supplied the more vital parts.”

=Trainband=, the volunteer artillery, whose ground for practice was in Moorfields.

A trainband captain eke was he, Of famous London town. Cowper, _John Gilpin_ (1782).

=Trajan= (_The Second_), Marcus Aurelius Claudius, surnamed Gothĭcus, noted for his valor, justice, and goodness (215, 268-270).

=Trajan and St. Gregory.= It is said that Trajan, although unbaptized, was delivered from hell in answer to the prayers of St. Gregory.

There was storied on the rock The exalted glory of the Roman prince, Whose mighty worth moved Gregory to earn. His mighty conquest--Trajan, the emperor. Dantê, _Purgatory_, xi. (1308).

=Trajan and the Importunate Widow.= One day a mother appeared before the Emperor Trajan, and cried, “Grant vengeance, sire! My son is murdered.” The emperor replied, “I cannot stop now; wait till I return.” “But, sire,” pleaded the widow, “if you do not return, who will grant me justice?” “My successor,” said Trajan. “And can Trajan leave to another the duty that he himself is appointed to perform?” On hearing this the emperor stopped his cavalcade, heard the woman’s cause, and granted her suit. Dantê tells this tale in his _Purgatory_, xi.--John of Salisbury, _Polycraticos de Curialium Nugis_, v. 8 (twelfth century).

Dion Cassius (_Roman Historia_, lxix.) tells the same story of Hadrian. When a woman appeared before him with a suit as he was starting on a journey, the emperor put her off, saying, “I have no leisure now.” She replied, “If Hadrian has no leisure to perform his duties, let him cease to reign!” On hearing this reproof he dismounted from his horse and gave ear to the woman’s cause.

A woman once made her appeal to Philip of Macedon, who, being busy at the time, petulantly exclaimed, “Woman, I have no time now for such matters.” “If Philip has no time to render justice,” said the woman, “then it is high time for Philip to resign!” The king felt the rebuke, heard the cause patiently, and decided it justly.

=Tramecksan and Slamecksan=, the High-heels and Low-heels, two great political factions of Lilliput. The animosity of these Guelphs and Ghibellines of punydom ran so high “that no High-heel would eat or drink with a Low-heel, and no Low-heel would salute or speak to a High-heel.” The king of Lilliput was a High-heel, but the heir-apparent a Low-heel.--Swift, _Gulliver’s Travels_ (“Voyage to Lilliput.” iv., 1726).

=Tramp= (_Gaffer_), a peasant at the execution of old Meg Mudochson.--Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

=Tramtrist= (_Sir_), the name assumed by Sir Tristram, when he went to Ireland to be cured of his wounds after his combat with Sir Marhaus. Here La Belle Isold (or Isold “the Fair”) was his leech, and the young knight fell in love with her. When the queen discovered that Sir Tramtrist was Sir Tristram, who had killed her brother, Sir Marhaus, in combat, she plotted to take his life, and he was obliged to leave the island. La Belle Isold subsequently married King Mark of Cornwall, but her heart was ever fixed on her brave young patient.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, ii. 9-12 (1470).

=Tranchera=, Agricane’s sword which afterwards belonged to Brandimart.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Tra´nio=, one of the servants of Lucentio, the gentleman who marries Bianca (the sister of Kathari´na, “the Paduan shrew”).--Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_ (1594).

=Transfer=, a usurer, who is willing to advance Sir George Wealthy a sum of money on these easy terms: (1) 5 per cent. interest; (2) 10 per cent. premium; (3) 5 per cent. for insuring the young man’s life; (4) a handsome present to himself as broker; (5) the borrower to pay all expenses; and (6) the loan not to be in cash but goods, which are to be taken at a valuation and sold at auction at the borrower’s sole hazard. These terms are accepted, and Sir George promises besides a handsome _douceur_ to Loader for having found a usurer so promptly.--Foote, _The Minor_ (1760).

=Transformations.= In the art of transformation, one of the most important things was a ready wit to adopt in an instant some form which would give you an advantage over your adversary; thus, if your adversary appeared as a mouse, you must change into an owl, then your adversary would become an arrow to shoot the owl, and you would assume the form of fire to burn the arrow, whereupon your adversary would become water to quench the fire; and he who could outwit the other would come off victorious. The two best examples I know of this sort of contest are to be found, one in the _Arabian Nights_, and the other in the _Mabinogion_.

The former is the contest between the Queen of Beauty and the son of the daughter of Eblis. He appeared as a scorpion, she in a moment became a serpent; whereupon he changed into an eagle, she into a more powerful black eagle; he became a cat, she a wolf; she instantly changed into a worm and crept into a pomegranite, which in time burst, whereupon he assumed the form of a cock to devour the seed, but it became a fish; the cock then became a pike, but the princess became a blazing fire, and consumed her adversary before he had time to change.--“The Second Calendar.”

The other is the contest between Caridwen and Gwion Bach. Bach fled as a hare, she changed into a greyhound; whereupon he became a fish, she an otter-bitch, he instantly became a bird, she a hawk; but he became as quick as thought a grain of wheat. Caridwen now became a hen, and made for the wheat-corn and devoured him.--“Taliesin.”

=Translator-General.= Philemon Holland is so called by Fuller, in his _Worthies of England_. Holland translated Livy, Pliny, Plutarch, Suetonius, Xenophon, and several other classic authors (1551-1636).

=Transome= (_Harold_), takes a leading part in George Eliot’s novel _Felix Holt_.

_Transome_ (_Mrs_). Mother of Harold.

=Trapbois= (_Old_), a miser in Alsatia. Even in his extreme age, “he was believed to understand the plucking of a ‘pigeon’ better than any man in Alsatia.”

_Martha Trapbois_, the miser’s daughter, a cold, decisive, masculine woman, who marries Richie Moniplies.--Sir W. Scott, _The Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

=Trapper= (_The_). One of the titles of Natty Bumpo, a character introduced into several of Cooper’s novels. In _The Pioneers_, he bears his own name, in others he is “The Trapper,” “The Deerslayer,” “The Pathfinder,” “The Hawk-eye” and “Leatherstocking.”

=Traveller= (_The_). The scheme of this poem is very simple: The poet supposes himself seated among Alpine solitudes, looking down upon a hundred kingdoms. He would fain find some spot where happiness can be attained, but the natives of each realm think their own the best; yet the amount of happiness in each is pretty well equal. To illustrate this, the poet describes the manners and government of Italy, Switzerland, France, Holland, and England.--O. Goldsmith (1764).

_Traveller_ (_Mr._), the stranger who tried to reason with Mr. Mopes and bring him back to society, but found the truth of the tinker’s remark, “When iron is thoroughly rotten, you cannot botch it.”--C. Dickens, _A Christmas Number_ (1861).

=Travellers’ Tales.= Marco Polo says,

“Certain islands lie so far north in the Northern Ocean, that one going thither actually leaves the pole-star a trifle behind to the south.”

A Dutch skipper told Master Noxon, the hydrographer of Charles II., that he had himself sailed two degrees beyond the pole.

Maundeville says, in Prester John’s country is a sea of sand which ebbs and flows in great waves without one drop of water. This sea, says the knight of St. Alban’s, men find full of right good fish of most delicious eating.

At the time of the discovery of America by Columbus, many marvellous tales were rife in Spain. It was said that in one part of the coast of El Nombre de Dios, the natives had such long ears that one ear served for bed and the other for counterpane. This reminds one of Gwevyl mab Gwestad, one of whose lips hung down to his waist, and the other covered his head like a cowl. Another tale was that one of the crew of Columbus had come across a people who lived on sweet scents alone, and were killed by foul smells. This invention was hardly original, inasmuch as both Plutarch and Pliny tell us of an Indian people who lived on sweet odors, and Democrĭtos lived for several days on the mere effluvia of hot bread. Another tale was that the noses of these smell-feeders were so huge that their heads were all nose. We are also told of one-eyed men; of men who carried their heads under one of their arms; of others whose head was in their breast; of others who were conquered, not by arms, but by their priests holding up before them a little ivory crucifix--a sort of Christian version of the taking of Jericho by the blast of the rams’ horns of the Levites in the time of Joshua.

=Travels ... in Remote Nations=, by “Lemuel Gulliver.” He is first shipwrecked and cast on the coast of Lilliput, a country of pygmies. Subsequently he is thrown among the people of Brobdingnag, giants of tremendous size. In his third expedition he is driven to Lapūta, an empire of quack pretenders to science and knavish projectors. And in his fourth voyage he visits the Houyhnhnms [_Whin´.n´me_], where horses were the dominant powers.--Dean Swift (1726).

=Travers=, a retainer of the earl of Northumberland.--Shakespeare, _Henry IV._ (1598).

_Travers_ (_Sir Edmund_), an old bachelor, the guardian and uncle of Lady Davenant. He is a tedious gossip, fond of meddling, prosy, and wise in his own conceit. “It is surprising,” he says, “how unwilling people are to hear my stories. When in parliament I make a speech, there is nothing but coughing, hemming, and shuffling of feet--no desire of information.” By his instigation, the match was broken off between his niece and Captain Dormer, and she was given in marriage to Lord Davenant, but it turned out that his lordship was already married, and his wife living.--Cumberland, _The Mysterious Husband_ (1783).

=Travia´ta=, an opera, representing the progress of a courtezan. Music by Verdi, and libretto from _La Dame aux Came´lias_, a novel by Alexandre Dumas _fils_ (1856).

=Treachery of the Long-Knives= (_The_). Hengist invited the chief British nobles to a conference at Ambresbury, but arranged that a Saxon should be seated beside each Briton. At the given signal, each Saxon was to slay his neighbor with his long knife, and as many as 460 British nobles fell. Eidiol, earl of Gloucester escaped, after killing seventy (some say 660) of the Saxons.--_Welsh Triads._

Stonehenge was erected by Merlin, at the command of Ambrosius, in memory of the plot of the “Long-Knives.”... He built it on the site of a former circle. It deviates from older bardic circles, as may be seen by comparing it with Avebury, Stanton-Drew, Keswick, etc.--_Cambrian Biography_, art. “Merddin.”

=Trecentisti=, the Italian writers of the “Trecento” (thirteenth century). They were Dantê (1265-1321); Petrarch (1304-1374); Boccaccio (1313-1375), who wrote the _Decameron_. Among the famous artists were Giotto, Lorenzo Ghiberti, and Andre Orcagna. (See CINQUECENTO, SEICENTO.)

In Italy he’d ape the Trecentisti. Byron, _Don Juan_, iii. 86 (1820).

=Tree= (_The Bleeding_). One of the superstitous tales told of the marquis of Argyll, so hated by the royalists for the part he took in the execution of Montrose, was this: “That a tree on which thirty-six of his enemies were hanged was immediately blasted, and when hewn down, a copious stream of blood ran from it, saturating the earth, and that blood for several years flowed out from the roots.”--Laing, _History of Scotland_, ii. 11 (1800); _State Trials_, ii. 422.

_Tree_ (_The Poet’s_), a tree which grows over the tomb of Tan-Sein, a musician at the court of [Mohammed] Akbar. Whoever chews a leaf of this tree, will be inspired with a divine melody of voice.--W. Hunter.

His voice was as sweet as if he had chewed the leaves of that enchanted tree, which grows over the tomb of the musician, Tan-Sein.--Moore, _Lalla Rookh_ (1817).

_Tree_ (_The Singing_), a tree, each leaf of which was musical, and all the leaves joined together in delightful harmony.--_Arabian Nights_ (“The Story of the Sisters who envied their Younger Sister”).

In the _Fairy Tales_ of the Comtesse D’Aunoy, there is a similar tale of a tree which bore “the singing apple,” but whoever ate of this fruit received the inspiration of poetry as well.--“Cherry and Fairstar.”

=Tregeagle=, the giant of Dosmary Pool, on Bodmin Downs (Cornwall). When the wintry winds blare over the downs, it is said to be the giant howling.

=Trelawny Ballad= (_The_), is by the Rev. R. S. Hawker, of Morwenstow.--_Notes and Queries_, 441 (June, 1876).

=Tremor= (_Sir Luke_), a desperate coward, living in India, who made it a rule never to fight, either in his own house, his neighbor’s house, or in the street. This prudent desperado is everlastingly snubbing his wife. (See TRIPPET.)

_Lady Tremor_, daughter of a grocer, and grandchild of a wig-maker. Very sensitive on the subject of her plebeian birth, and wanting to be thought a lady of high family.--Mrs. Inchbald, _Such Things Are_ (1786).

=Tremydd ap Tremhidydd=, the man with the keenest sight of all mortals. He could discern “a mote in the sunbeam in any of the four quarters of the world.” Clustfein ap Clustfeinydd was no less celebrated for his acuteness of hearing, “his ear being distressed by the movement of dew, in June, over a blade of grass.” The meaning of these names is, “Sight, the son of Seer,” and “Ear, the son of Hearer.”--_The Mabinogion_ (“Notes to Geraint,” etc., twelfth century).

=Trenmor=, great-grandfather of Fingal, and king of Morven (north-west of Scotland). His wife was Inibaca, daughter of the king of Lochlin or Denmark.--Ossian, _Fingal_, vi.

In _Temora_, ii. he is called the first king of Ireland, and father of Conar.

=Trent= (_Fred_), the scapegrace brother of little Nell. “He was a young man of one and twenty, well-made, and certainly handsome, but dissipated, and insolent in air and bearing.” The mystery of Fred Trent and little Nell is cleared up in ch. lxix.--C. Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_ (1840).

=Tres= (_Scriptores_): Richardus Corinensis, or Richard of Cirencester (fourteenth century); Gildus Badonicus; and Nennius Banchorensis; published by Professor Bertram (1757).

=Tresham= (_Mr._), senior partner of Mr. Osbaldistone, Sr.--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

_Tresham_ (_Richard_), same as General Witherington, who first appears as Matthew Middlemas.

_Richard Tresham_, the son of General Witherington. He is also called Richard Middlemas.--Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.).

_Tresham_ (_Thorold, Lord_), head of a noble family, whose boast was, that “no blot had ever stained their ’scutcheon,” though the family ran back into pre-historic times. He was a young, unmarried man, with a sister, Mildred, a girl of 14, living with him. His near neighbor, Henry, earl of Mertoun, asked permission to pay his addresses to Mildred, and Thorold accepted the proposal with much pleasure. The old warrener next day told Thorold he had observed for several weeks that a young man climbed into Mildred’s chamber at night-time, and he would have spoken before, but did not like to bring his young mistress into trouble. Thorold wrung from his sister an acknowledgement of the fact, but she refused to give up the name, yet said she was quite willing to marry the earl. This Thorold thought would be dishonorable, and resolved to lie in wait for the unknown visitor. On his approach, Thorold discovered it was the earl of Mertoun, and he slew him, then poisoned himself, and Mildred died of a broken heart.--Robert Browning, _A Blot on the ’Scutcheon_.

=Tressilian= (_Edmund_), the betrothed of Amy Robsart. Amy marries the earl of Leicester, and is killed by falling into a deep pit, to which she has been cruelly inveigled.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Tre´visan= (_Sir_), a knight to whom Despair gave a hempen rope, that he might go and hang himself.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. (1590).

=Tribulation= [WHOLESOME], a pastor of Amsterdam, who thinks “the end will sanctify the means,” and uses “the children of perdition” to promote his own object, which he calls the “work of God.” He is one of the dupes of Subtle, “the alchemist,” and his factotum, Face.--Ben Jonson, _The Alchemist_ (1610).

=Tribune of the People= (_The_), John Bright (1811-1889).

=Tricolor=, the national badge of France since 1789. It consists of the Bourbon _white_ cockade, and the _blue and red_ cockade of the city of Paris combined. It was Lafayette who devised this symbolical union of king and people, and when he presented it to the nation, “Gentlemen,” said he, “I bring you a cockade that shall make a tour of the world.” (See STORNELLO VERSES.)

If you will wear a livery, let it at least be that of the city of Paris--blue and red, my friends.--Dumas, _Six Years Afterwards_, xv. (1846).

=Tricoteuses de Robespierre= (_Les_), Robespierre’s Knitters. During the sittings of the Convention and at those of the popular Clubs and the Revolutionary Tribunal, certain women were always seen knitting. Encouraged by the rabble they carried their insolence so far that they were called the Furies of the Guillotine. They disappeared with the Jacobins.--Bouillet, _Dict. Universel_.

=Triermain= (_The Bridal of_), a poem by Sir Walter Scott, in four cantos, with introduction and conclusion (1813). In the introduction, Arthur is represented as the person who tells the tale to Lucy, his bride. Gyneth, a natural daughter of King Arthur and Guendŏlen, was promised in marriage to the bravest knight in a tournament; but she suffered so many combatants to fall, without awarding the prize, that Merlin threw her into an enchanted sleep, from which she was not to wake till a knight as brave as those who had fallen claimed her in marriage. After the lapse of 500 years, Sir Roland de Vaux, baron of Triermain, undertook to break the spell, but had first to overcome four temptations, viz., fear, avarice, pleasure and ambition. Having come off more than conqueror, Gyneth awoke and became his bride.

=Trifal´di= (_The countess_), called “The Afflicted Duenna” of the Princess Antonomasia (heiress to the throne of Candaya). She was called Trifaldi from her robe, which was divided into three triangles, each of which was supported by a page. The face of this duenna was, by the enchantment of the giant, Malambru´no, covered with a large, rough beard, but when Don Quixote mounted Clavilēno, the Winged, “the enchantment was dissolved.”

The renowned knight, Don Quixote de la Mancha, hath achieved the adventure merely by attempting it. Malambruno is appeased, and the chin of the Dolorida dueña is again beardless.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iii. 4, 5 (1615).

=Trifal´din= of the “Bushy Beard” (white as snow), the gigantic squire of “The Afflicted Duenna,” the Countess Trifaldi.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iii. 4 (1615).

=Trifle= (_Miss Penelopé_), an old maiden sister of Sir Penurious Trifle. Stiff as a ramrod, prim as fine airs and graces could make her, fond of long words, and delighting in phrases modelled in true Johnsonian ponderosity.

_Trifle_ (_Miss Sukey_), daughter of Sir Penurious, tricked into marriage with Mr. Hartop, a young spendthrift, who fell in love with her fortune.

⁂ Sir Penurious Trifle is not introduced, but Hartop assumes his character, and makes him fond of telling stale and pointless stories. He addresses Sir Gregory as “you knight.”--Foote, _The Knights_ (1754).

=Trim= (_Corporal_), Uncle Toby’s orderly. Faithful, simple-minded and most affectionate. Voluble in speech, but most respectful. Half companion, but never forgetting he is his master’s servant. Trim is the duplicate of Uncle Toby in delf. The latter at all times shows himself the officer and the gentleman, born to command and used to obedience, while the former always carries traces of the drillyard, and shows that he has been accustomed to receive orders with deference, and to execute them with military precision. It is a great compliment to say that the corporal was worthy such a noble master.--Sterne, _The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy_ (1759).

=Trimalchi=, a celebrated cook in the reign of Nero, mentioned by Petronius. He had the art of giving to the most common fish the flavor and appearance of the best. Like Ude, in our own day, he said that “sauces are the soul of cookery, and cookery the soul of festivity,” or, as the cat’s-meat man observed, “’tis the seasonin’ as does it.”

=Trin´culo=, a jester.--Shakespeare, _The Tempest_ (1609).

A miscarriage ... would (like the loss of Trinculo’s bottle in the horse-pond) be attended not only with dishonor but with infinite loss.--Sir W. Scott.

=Trin´ket= (_Lord_), a man of fashion and a libertine.

He is just polite enough to be able to be very unmannerly, with a great deal of good breeding; is just handsome enough to make him excessively vain of his person; and has just reflection enough to finish him for a coxcomb; qualifications ... very common among ... men of quality.--G. Colman, _The Jealous Wife_, ii. (1761).

=Tri´nobants=, people of Trinoban´tium, that is, Middlesex and Essex. Their chief town was Trin´ovant, now _London_.

So eastward where by Thames the Trinobants were set, To Trinovant their town ... That London now we term ... The Saxons ... their east kingdom called [_Essex_]. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xvi. (1613).

=Trinquet=, one of the seven attendants of Fortunio. His gift was that he could drink a river and be thirsty again. “Are yon always thirsty?” asked Fortunio. “No,” said the man, “only after eating salt meat or upon a wager.”--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Fortunio,” 1682).

=Trip to Scarborough= (_A_), a comedy by Sheridan (1777), based on _The Relapse_, by Vanbrugh (1697). Lord Foppington goes to Scarborough to marry Miss Hoyden, daughter of Sir Tunbelly Clumsy, but his lordship is not known personally to the knight and his daughter. Tom Fashion, younger brother of Lord Foppington, having been meanly treated by his elder brother, resolves to outwit him; so, passing himself off as Lord Foppington, he gets introduced to Sir Tunbelly, and marries Miss Hoyden before the rightful claimant appears. When at length Lord Foppington arrives he is treated as an impostor, till Tom Fashion explains the ruse. As his lordship behaves contumeliously to the knight, matters are easily arranged, Lord Foppington retires, and Sir Tunbelly accepts Tom Fashion as his son-in-law with good grace.

=Tripe= (1 _syl._), the nickname of Mrs. Hamilton, of Covent Garden Theatre (1730-1788).

=Triple Alliance= (_The_).

1. A treaty between Great Britain, Sweden, and the United Provinces, in 1668, for the purpose of checking the ambition of Louis XIV.

2. A treaty between George I. of England, Philip, duke of Orleans, regent of France, and the United Provinces, for the purpose of counteracting the plans of Alberoni, the Spanish minister, 1717.

=Trippet= (_Beau_), who “pawned his honor to Mrs. Trippet never to draw sword in any cause,” whatever might be the provocation. (See TREMOR.)

_Mrs. Trippet_, the beau’s wife, who “would dance for four and twenty hours together,” and play cards for twice that length of time.--Garrick, _The Lying Valet_ (1740).

=Tripping as an Omen.=

When Julius Cæsar landed at Adrumētum, in Africa, he happened to trip and fall on his face. This would have been considered a fatal omen by his army, but, with admirable presence of mind, he exclaimed, “Thus take I possession of thee, O Africa!”

A similar story is told of Scipio. Upon his arrival in Africa, he also happened to trip, and, observing that his soldiers looked upon this as a bad omen, he clutched the earth with his two hands, and cried aloud, “Now, Africa, I hold thee in my grasp!”--_Don Quixote_, II. iv. 6.

When William the Conqueror leaped on shore at Bulverhythe, he fell on his face, and a great cry went forth that the omen was unlucky; but the duke exclaimed, “I take seisin of this land with both my hands!”

The same story is told of Napoleon in Egypt; of King Olaf, son of Harald, in Norway; of Junius Brutus, who, returning from the oracle, fell on the earth, and cried, “’Tis thus I kiss thee, mother Earth!”

When Captain Jean Cœurpreux tripped in dancing at the Tuileries, Napoleon III. held out his hand to help him up, and said, “Captain, this is the second time I have seen you fall. The first was by my side in the field of Magenta.” Then, turning to the lady, he added, “Madam, Captain Cœurpreux is henceforth commandant of my Guards, and will never fall in duty or allegiance, I am persuaded.”

=Trismegistus= (“_thrice greatest_”), Hermês, the Egyptian philosopher, or Thoth, councillor of Osīris. He invented the art of writing in hieroglyphics, harmony, astrology, magic, the lute and lyre, and many other things.

=Tris´sotin=, a _bel esprit_. Philaminte (3 _syl._), a _femme savante_, wishes him to marry her daughter, Henriette, but Henriette is in love with Clitandre. The difficulty is soon solved by the announcement that Henriette’s father is on the verge of bankruptcy, whereupon Trissotin makes his bow and retires.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

Trissotin is meant for the Abbé Crotin, who affected to be poet, gallant and preacher. His dramatic name was “Tricotin.”

=Tristram= (_Sir_), son of Sir Meliŏdas, king of Li´onês, and Elizabeth, his wife (daughter of Sir Mark, king of Cornwall). He was called Tristram (“sorrowful”) because his mother died in giving him birth. His father also died when Tristram was a mere lad (pt. ii. 1). He was knighted by his uncle, Mark (pt. ii. 5), and married Isond _le Blanch Mains_, daughter of Howell, king of Britain (_Brittany_); but he never loved her, nor would he live with her. His whole love was centered on his aunt, La Belle Isond, wife of King Mark, and this unhappy attachment was the cause of numberless troubles, and ultimately of his death. La Belle Isond, however, was quite as culpable as the knight, for she herself told him, “My measure of hate for Mark is as the measure of my love for thee;” and when she found out that her husband would not allow Sir Tristram to remain at Tintag´il Castle, she eloped with him, and lived three years at Joyous Guard, near Carlisle. At length she returned home, and Sir Tristram followed her. His death is variously related. Thus the _History of Prince Arthur_ says:

When, by means of a treaty, Sir Tristram brought again La Belle Isond unto King Mark from Joyous Guard, the false traitor, King Mark, slew the noble knight as he sat harping before his lady, La Belle Isond, with a sharp-ground glaive, which he thrust into him from behind his back.--Pt. iii. 147 (1470).

Tennyson gives the tale thus: He says that Sir Tristram, dallying with his aunt, hung a ruby carcanet round her throat; and, as he kissed her neck:

Out of the dark, just as the lips had touched, Behind him rose a shadow and a shriek-- “Marks way!” said Mark, and clove him thro’ the brain. Tennyson, _Idylls_ (“The Last Tournament”).

Another tale is this: Sir Tristram was severely wounded in Brittany, and sent a dying request to his aunt to come and see him. If she consented, a white flag was to be hoisted on the mast-head of her ship; if not, a black one. His wife told him the ship was in sight, displaying a black flag, at which words the strong man bowed his head and died. When his aunt came ashore and heard of his death, she flung herself on the body, and died also. The two were buried in one grave, and Mark planted over it a rose and a vine, which became so interwoven it was not possible to separate them.

⁂ Sir Launcelot, Sir Tristram and Sir Lamorake were the three bravest and best of the 150 knights of the Round Table, but were all equally guilty in their amours: Sir Launcelot with the queen; Sir Tristram with his aunt, King Mark’s wife; and Sir Lamorake with his aunt, King Lot’s wife.

=Tristram’s Horse=, Passetreûl, or Passe Brewell. It is called both, but one seems to be a clerical error.

(Passe Brewell is in Sir T. Malory’s _History of Prince Arthur_, ii. 68).

_History of Sir Tristram or Tristan._ The oldest story is by Gotfrit of Strasbourg, a minnesinger (twelfth century), entitled _Tristan and Isolde_. It was continued by Ulrich of Turheim, by Heinrich of Freyburg, and others, to the extent of many thousand verses. The tale of Sir Tristram, derived from Welsh traditions, was versified by Thomas the Rhymer, of Erceldoune.

The second part of the _History of Prince Arthur_, compiled by Sir T. Malory, is almost exclusively confined to the adventures of Sir Tristram, as the third part is to the adventures of Sir Launcelot, and the quest of the Holy Graal (1470).

Matthew Arnold has a poem entitled _Tristram_; and R. Wagner, in 1865, produced his opera of _Tristan and Isolde_.

See Michel, _Tristan; Recueil de ce qui reste des Poèmes relatifs à ses Aventures_ (1835).

=Tristrem l’Hermite=, provost-marshal of France, in the reign of Louis XI. Introduced by Sir W. Scott in _Quentin Durward_ (1823), and in _Anne of Geierstein_ (1829).

=Tritheim= (_J_), chronicler and theologian of Treves, elected abbot of Spanheim at the age of 22 years. He tried to reform the monks, but produced a revolt, and resigned his office. He was then appointed abbot of Würzburg (1462-1516).

Old Tritheim, busied with his class the while. R. Browning, _Paracelsus_, i. (1836).

=Triton=, the sea-trumpeter. He blows through a shell to rouse or allay the sea. A post-Hesiodic fable.

Have sight of Proteus coming from the sea, Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn. Wordsworth.

=Triumvirate= (_The_), in English history: The duke of Marlborough, controlling foreign affairs, Lord Godolphin, controlling council and parliament, and the duchess of Marlborough, controlling the court and queen.

=Triumvirate of England=, (_The_): Gower, Chaucer, and Lydgate, poets.

=Triumvirate of Italian Poets= (_The_): Dantê, Boccaccio, and Petrarch.

Boccaccio wrote poetry, without doubt, but is now chiefly known as “The Father of Italian Prose.” These three are more correctly called the “Trecentisti” (_q.v._).

=Triv´ia=, Diana; so called because she had three faces, Luna in Heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate in Hell.

The noble Brutus went wise Trivia to inquire, To show them where the stock of ancient Troy to place. M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, i. (1612).

=Trog´lodytes= (3 _or_ 4 _syl._). According to Pliny (_Nat. Hist._, v. 8), the Troglodytes lived in caves under ground, and fed on serpents. In modern parlance, we call those who live so secluded as not to be informed of the current events of the day, _troglodytes_. Longfellow calls _ants_ by the same name.

[_Thou the_] nomadic tribes of ants Dost persecute and overwhelm These hapless troglodytes of thy realm. Longfellow, _To a Child_.

_Troglody´tes_ (4 _syl._), one of the mouse heroes in the battle of the frogs and mice. He slew Pelĭon, and was slain by Lymnoc´haris.

The strong Lymnocharis, who viewed with ire A victor triumph, and a friend expire; With heaving arms, a rocky fragment caught, And fiercely flung where Troglodytês fought ... Full on his sinewy neck the fragment fell, And o’er his eyelids, clouds eternal dwell. Parnell, _Battle of the Frogs and Mice_ (about 1712).

=Troil= (_Magnus_), the old udaller of Zetland.

_Brenda Troil_, the udaller’s younger daughter. She marries Mordaunt Mertoun.

_Minna Troil_, the udaller’s elder daughter. In love with the pirate.--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

(A udaller is one who holds his lands by allodial tenure.)

=Tro´ilus= (3 _syl._), a son of Priam, king of Troy. In the picture described by Virgil (_Æneid_, i. 474-478), he is represented as having thrown down his arms and fleeing in his chariot, not equal to meeting Achilles; he is pierced with a lance, and, having fallen backwards, still holding the reins, the lance with which he is transfixed “scratches the sand over which it trails.”

In the _Troilus and Creseide_ of Chaucer, and the _Troilus and Cressida_ of Shakespeare, we have a story unknown to classic fiction. Chaucer pretends to take it from Lollius, but who Lollius was, has never been discovered. In this story Troilus falls in love with Cressid, daughter of the priest Chalchas, and Pandărus is employed as a go-between. After Troilus has obtained a promise of marriage from the priest’s daughter, an exchange of prisoners is arranged, and Cressid, falling to the lot of Diomed, prefers her new master to her Trojan lover.

Chaucer’s _Troilus and Creseide_ is not one of the _Canterbury Tales_, but quite an independent one, in five books. It contains 8246 lines, nearly 3000 of which are borrowed from the _Filostrato_ of Boccaccio.

=Trois Chapitres= (_Les_), or THE THREE CHAPTERS, three theological works on the “Incarnation of Christ and His dual nature.” The authors of these “chapters” are Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and Ibas of Edessa. The work was condemned in 553 as heretical.

=Trois Echelles=, executioner.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ and _Anne of Geierstein_ (time Edward IV.).

=Trojan=, a good boon companion, a plucky fellow or man of spirit. Gadshill says, “There are other Trojans [_men of spirit_] that ... for sport sake are content to do the profession [_of Thieving_] some grace.” So in _Love’s Labor’s Lost_ “Unless you play the honest Trojan, the poor wench is cast away” (unless you are a man of sufficient spirit to act honestly, the girl is ruined).

“He is a regular Trojan,” means he is _un brave homme_, a capital fellow.

=Trompart=, a lazy but wily-witted knave, grown old in cunning. He accompanied Braggadoccio as his squire (bk. ii. 3), but took to his heels when Talus shaved the master, “reft his shield,” blotted out his arms, and broke his sword in twain. Being overtaken, Talus gives him a sound drubbing (bk. v. 3).--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_ (1590-6).

=Trondjem’s Cattle= (_Remember the bishop of_), _i.e._, look sharp after your property; take heed, or you will suffer for it. The story is, that a certain bishop of Trondjem [_Tron´.yem_] lost his cattle by the herdsmen taking his eyes off them to look at an elk. Now this elk was a spirit, and when the herdsman looked at the cattle again they were no bigger than mice; again he turned towards the elk, in order to understand the mystery, and while he did so, the cattle all vanished through a crevice into the earth.--Miss Martineau, _Feats on the Fiord_ (1839).

=Tropho´nios=, the architect of the temple of Apollo, at Delphi. After death he was worshipped, and had a famous cave near Lebadia, called “The Oracle of Trophonios.”

The month of this cave was three yards high and two wide. Those who consulted the oracle had to fast several days, and then to descend a steep ladder till they reached a narrow gullet. They were then seized by the feet, and dragged violently to the bottom of the cave, where they were assailed by the most unearthly noises, howlings, shrieks, bellowings, with lurid lights and sudden glares, in the midst of which uproar and phantasmagoria the oracle was pronounced. The votaries were then seized unexpectedly by the feet, and thrust out of the cave without ceremony. If any resisted, or attempted to enter in any other way, he was instantly murdered.--Plutarch, _Lives_.

=Trotley= (_Sir John_), an old-fashioned country gentleman, who actually prefers the obsolete English notions of domestic life, fidelity to wives and husbands, modesty in maids, and constancy in lovers, to the foreign free and easy manners which allow married people unlimited freedom, and consider licentiousness _bon ton_.--Garrick, _Bon Ton_ (1776). (See PRIORY.)

=Trotter= (_Job_), servant to Alfred Jingle. A sly, canting rascal, who has at least the virtue of fidelity to his master. Mr. Pickwick’s generosity touches his heart, and he shows a sincere gratitude to his benefactor.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

_Trotter_ (_Nelly_) fishwoman at old St. Ronan’s.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

=Trotters=, the Punch and Judy showman; a little, good-natured, unsuspicious man, very unlike his misanthropic companion, Thomas Codlin, who played the panpipes, and collected the money.

His real name was Harris, but it had gradually merged into Trotters, with the prefatory adjective “Short,” by reason of the small size of his legs. Short Trotters, however, being a compound name, inconvenient in friendly dialogue, he was called either Trotters or Short, and never Short Trotters, except on occasions of ceremony.--C. Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_, xvii. (1840).

=Trotty=, the sobriquet of Toby Veck, ticket-porter and jobman.

They called him Trotty from his pace, which meant speed, if it didn’t make it. He could have walked faster, perhaps; most likely; but rob him of his trot, and Toby would have taken to his bed and died. It bespattered him with mud in dirty weather; it cost him a world of trouble; he could have walked with infinitely greater ease; but that was one reason for his clinging to his trot so tenaciously. A weak, small, spare old man; he was a very Herculês, this Toby, in his good intentions.--C. Dickens, _The Chimes_, i. (1844).

=Trotwood= (_Betsey_), usually called “Miss Betsey,” great aunt of David Copperfield. Her idiosyncrasy was donkeys. A dozen times a day would she rush on the green before her house to drive off the donkeys, and donkey-boys. She was a most kind-hearted, worthy woman, who concealed her tenderness of heart under a snappish austerity of manner. Miss Betsey was the true friend of David Copperfield. She married in her young days a handsome man, who ill-used her, and ran away, but preyed on her for money till he died.--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849).

=Trouil´logan=, a philosopher, whose advice was, “Do as you like.” Panurge asked the sage if he advised him to marry. “Yes,” said Trouillogan. “What say you?” asked the prince. “Let it alone,” replied the sage. “Which would you advise?” inquired the prince. “Neither,” said the sage. “Neither?” cried Panurge; “that cannot be.” “Then both,” replied Trouillogan. Panurge then consulted several others, and at last the oracle of the Holy Bottle.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, iii. 35 (1545).

Molière has introduced this joke in his _Marriage Forcé_ (1664). Sganarelle asks his friend Géronimo, if he would advise him to marry, and he answers “No.” “But,” says the old man, “I like the young woman.” “Then marry her, by all means.” “That is your advice?” says Sganarelle. “My advice is, do as you like,” says the friend. Sganarelle next consults two philosophers, then some gypsies, then declines to marry, and is at last compelled to do so, _nolens volens_.

=Trovato´re= (4 _syl._), or “The Troubadour” in Manrico, the supposed son of Azuce´na, the gypsy, but in reality, the son of Garzia (brother of the conte di Luna). The Princess Leono´ra falls in love with the troubadour, but the count, entertaining a base passion for her, is about to put Manrico to death, when Leonora intercedes on his behalf, and promises to give herself to him, if he will spare her lover. The count consents; but while he goes to release his captive Leonora kills herself by sucking poison from a ring. When Manrico discovers this sad calamity, he dies also.--Verdi, _Il Trovatore_ (1853).

(This opera is based on the drama of _Gargia Guttierez_, a fifteenth century story.)

=Troxartas= (3 _syl._), king of the mice, and father of Psycarpax, who was drowned. The word means “bread-eater.”

Fix their counsel ... Where great Troxartas crowned in glory reigns ... Psycarpax’ father, father now no more! Parnell, _Battle of the Frogs and Mice_, i. (about 1712).

=Trudge=, in _Love in a Bottle_, by Farquhar (1698).

=True Thomas=, Thomas the Rhymer. So called from his prophecies, the most noted of which was his prediction of the death of Alexander III. of Scotland, made to the earl of March. It is recorded in the _Scotichronĭcon_ of Fordun (1430).

=Trueworth=, brother of Lydia, and friend of Sir William Fondlove.--S. Knowles, _The Love-Chase_ (1837).

=Trull= (_Dolly_). Captain Macheath says of her, “She is always so taken up with stealing hearts, that she does not allow herself time to steal anything else” (act ii. 1).--Gay, _The Beggar’s Opera_ (1727).

=Trulla=, the daughter of James Spenser, a Quaker. She was first dishonored by her father, and then by Simeon Wait (_or_ Magna´no), the tinker.

He Trulla loved, Trulla more bright Than burnished armor of her knight, A bold virago, stout and tall As Joan of France or English Mall. S. Butler, _Hudibras_, i. 2 (1663).

=Trul´liber= (_Parson_), a fat clergyman; ignorant, selfish, and slothful.--Fielding, _The Adventures of Joseph Andrews_ (1742).

Parson Barnabas, Parson Trulliber, Sir Wilful Witwould, Sir Francis Wronghead, Squire Western, Squire Sullen; such were the people who composed the main strength of the Tory party for sixty years after the Revolution.--Macaulay.

⁂ “Sir Wilful Witwould,” in _The Way of the World_, by Congreve; “Sir Francis Wronghead,” in _The Provoked Husband_, by C. Cibber; “Squire Western,” in _Tom Jones_, by Fielding; “Squire Sullen,” in _The Beaux’ Stratagem_, by Farquhar.

=Trunnion= (_Commodore Hawser_), a one-eyed naval veteran, who has retired from the service in consequence of injuries received in engagements; but he still keeps garrison in his own house, which is defended with drawbridge and ditch. He sleeps in a hammock, and makes his servants sleep in hammocks, as on board ship, takes his turn on watch, and indulges his naval tastes in various other ways. Lieutenant Jack Hatchway is his companion. When he went to be married, he rode on a hunter which he steered like a ship, according to the compass, tacking about, that he might not “go right in the wind’s eye.”--T. Smollett, _The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle_ (1750).

It is vain to criticize the manœuvre of Trunnion, tacking his way to church on his wedding day, in consequence of a head wind.--_Encyc. Brit._, Art. “Romance.”

⁂ Dickens has imitated this in Wemmick’s house, which had flag and drawbridge, fortress and gun in miniature; but the conceit is more suited to “a naval veteran” than a lawyer’s clerk. (See WEMMICK.)

=Truscott= (_Jack_), officer in U. S. Army, and, according to his wife, “gallant, noble, gentle, tender, true, faithful--and--um--_sweet_!” Truscott’s character, said to be drawn from life, is one of the finest in Captain Charles King’s series of military novels. Truscott leads the rescuing party to the cottonwood copse where a handful of U. S. soldiers are penned in by Indians.

“More shots and yells, a trumpet-blare, and then--then, ringing like clarion over the turmoil of the fight, echoing far across the still valley, the sound of a glorious voice shouting the well-known words of command,--Left--front--into line--_gallop_.” And Dana can hold in no longer. Almost sobbing, he cries aloud--

“Jack Truscott, by all that is glorious! I’d know the voice among a million!” Who in the ----th would not? Who in the old regiment had not leaped at its summons, time and again?--Charles King, _Marion’s Faith_ (1886).

=Trusty= (_Mrs._), landlady of the Queen’s Arms, Romford. Motherly, most kind-hearted, a capital caterer, whose ale was noted. Bess, “the beggar’s daughter,” took refuge with her, and was most kindly treated. Mrs. Trusty wished her son, Ralph, to take Bess to wife, but Bess had given her heart to Wilford, the son of Lord Woodville, her cousin.--S. Knowles, _The Beggar of Bethnal Green_ (1834).

=Tryamour= (_Sir_), the hero of an old metrical novel, and the model of all knightly virtues.

=Try´anon=, daughter of the fairy king who lived on the island of Ole´ron. “She was as white as a lily in May, or snow that snoweth on a winter’s day,” and her “haire shone as goldê wire.” This paragon of beauty married Sir Launfal, King Arthur’s steward, whom she carried off to “Oliroun, her jolif isle.”--Thomas Chestre, _Sir Launfal_ (fifteenth century).

=Trygon=, a poisonous fish. Ulysses was accidentally killed by his son Telegŏnos with an arrow pointed with trygon-bone.

The lord of Ithăca, Struck by the poisonous trygon’s bone expired. West, _Triumphs of the Gout_ (“Lucian” 1750).

=Tryphon=, the sea-god’s physician.

They send in haste for Tryphon, to apply Salves to his wounds, and medicines of might; For Tryphon of sea-god’s the sovereign leech is hight. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 4 (1590).

=Tubal=, a wealthy Jew, the friend of Shylock.--Shakespeare, _The Merchant of Venice_ (a drama, 1598).

=Tuck=, a long, narrow sword (Gaelic _tuca_, Welsh _twca_, Italian _stocco_, French _estoc_). In _Hamlet_ the word “tuck” is erroneously printed _stuck_ in Malone’s edition.

If he by chance escape your venomed tuck, Our purpose may hold there. Shakespeare, _Hamlet_, act iv. sc. 7.

_Tuck_, (_Friar_), the “curtal friar of Fountain’s Abbey,” was the father confessor of Robin Hood. He is represented as a sleek-headed, pudgy, paunchy, pugnacious clerical Falstaff, very fat and self-indulgent, very humorous, and somewhat coarse. His dress was a russet habit of the Franciscan order, a red corded girdle with gold tassel, red stockings, and a wallet.

Sir Walter Scott, in his _Ivanhoe_, calls him the holy clerk of Copmanhurst, and describes him as a “large, strong-built man in a sackcloth gown and hood, girt with a rope of rushes.” He had a round, bullet head, and his close-shaven crown was edged with thick, stiff, curly black hair. His countenance was bluff and jovial, eyebrows black and bushy, forehead well-turned, cheeks round and ruddy, beard long, curly and black, form brawny (ch. xv.).

In the May-day morris-dance the friar is introduced in full clerical tonsure, with the chaplet of white and red beads in his right hand, a corded girdle about his waist, and a russet robe of the Franciscan order. His stockings red, his girdle red, ornamented with gold twist and a golden tassel. At his girdle hung a wallet for the reception of provisions, for “Walleteers” had no other food but what they received from begging. Friar Tuck was chaplain to Robin Hood, the May-king. (See MORRIS-DANCE.)

In this our spacious isle, I think there is not one But he hath heard some talk of Hood and Little John; Of Tuck, the merry friar, which many a sermon made, In praise of Robin Hood, his outlaws and their trade. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxvi. (1622).

=Tud= (_Morgan_), chief physician of King Arthur.--_The Mabinogion_ (“Geraint,” twelfth century).

=Tug= (_Tom_), the waterman, a straightforward, honest young man, who loved Wilhelmi´na, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bundle, and, when he won the waterman’s badge in rowing, he won the consent of “the gardener’s daughter” to become his loving and faithful wife.--C. Dibdin, _The Waterman_ (1774).

=Tukely=, the lover of Sophia. As Sophia has a partiality for the Hon. Mr. Daffodil, “the male coquette,” Tukely dresses in woman’s clothes, makes an appointment with Daffodil, and gets him to slander Sophia and other ladies, concealed among the trees. They thus hear his slanders, and, presenting themselves before him, laugh him to scorn.--Garrick, _The Male Coquette_ (1758).

=Tulk´inghorn= (_Mr._), attorney-at-law and legal adviser of the Dedlocks. Very silent and perfectly self-contained, but, knowing Lady Dedlock’s secret, he is like the sword of Dam´oclês over her head, and she lives in ceaseless dread of him.--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1852).

=Tullia=, wicked daughter of Servius Tullius, king of Rome. She conspired with her paramour to compass her father’s death, and drove over his dead body on her way to greet her accomplice as king.

=Tulliver= (_Mr._), honest, irascible miller, whose love for “the little wench,” his daughter, is the gentlest feeling of his nature. His pride is hurt by financial disaster; he becomes a hireling of the man he hates; his fortunes are redeemed by his son, but he dies soon afterward.

_Tulliver_ (_Mrs._), a weak, garrulous woman, vain of her “Dodson blood.”

_Tulliver_ (_Maggie_), fine, upright, imaginative, affectionate girl, understood by few, and passionately loved by two men. She resists her love for her cousin’s almost betrothed, and suffers the loss of reputation patiently. Tom Tulliver, her brother, is the sternest of her censors. The two are drowned together in a river-flood.--George Eliot, _The Mill on the Floss_.

=Tully=, Marcus Tullius Cicero, the great Roman orator (B.C. 106-43). He was proscribed by Antony, one of the triumvirate, and his head and hands, being cut off, were nailed, by the orders of Antony, to the Rostra of Rome.

Ye fond adorers of departed fame, Who warm at Scipio’s worth or Tully’s name. Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, i. (1799).

The Judas who betrayed Tully to the sicarii was a cobbler. The man who murdered him was named Herennius.

=Tungay=, the one-legged man at Salem House.

He generally acted, with his strong voice, as Mr. Creakle’s interpreter to the boys.--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_, ii. (1849).

=Tunstall= (_Frank_), one of the apprentices of David Ramsay, the watchmaker.--Sir W. Scott, _The Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

=Tupman= (_Tracy_), M.P.C., a sleek, fat young man, of very amorous disposition. He falls in love with every pretty girl he sees, and is, consequently, always getting into trouble.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

=Turbulent School of Fiction= (_The_), a school of German romance writers, who returned to the feudal ages, and wrote between 1780 and 1800, in the style of Mrs. Radcliffe. The best known are Cramer, Spiers, Schlenkert, and Veit Weber.

=Turcaret=, a comedy by Lesage (1708), in which the farmers-general of France are gibbeted unmercifully. He is a coarse, illiterate man, who has grown rich by his trade. Any one who has risen from nothing to great wealth, and has no merit beyond money-making, is called a Turcaret.

=Turcos=, native Algerian infantry, officered by Frenchmen. The cavalry are called _Spahis_.

=Turell= (_Jane_), a fair Puritan, whose early precocity and mature accomplishments are related by her husband. Before she was four years old she “could say the Assembly’s Catechism, many of the Psalms, some hundred lines of the best poetry, read distinctly, and make pertinent remarks on many things she read.” In later years she fulfilled the promise thus given of intellectual acquirements, while “her innocence, modesty, ingenuity and devotion charmed all into admiration of her.”--Ebenezer Turell, _Memoirs of the Pious and Ingenious Mrs. Jane Turell_ (1735).

=Turk Gregory=, Gregory VII. (Hildebrand); so called for his furious raid upon royal prerogatives, especially his contest with the emperor [of Germany] on the subject of investiture. In 1075, he summoned the emperor Henry IV. to Rome; the emperor refused to obey the summons, the pope excommunicated him, and absolved all his subjects from their allegiance; he next declared Henry dethroned, and elected a new kaiser, but Henry, finding resistance in vain, begged to be reconciled to the pope. He was now commanded, in the midst of a severe winter, to present himself, with Bertha, his wife, and their infant son, at the castle of Canossa, in Lombardy; and here they had to stand three days in the piercing cold, before the pope would condescend to see him, but at last the proud prelate removed the excommunication, and Henry was restored to his throne.

=Turkish Spy= (_The_). A once popular romance relating the adventures of Mahmut, a Turk who lived forty-five years undiscovered in Paris, unfolding the intrigues of the Christian courts, between 1637 and 1682. The author of this romance is Giovanni Paolo Mara´na, and he makes it the medium of an historical novel of the period (1684).

=Turkomans=, a corruption of _Turk-imâms_ (“Turks of the true faith”). The first chief of the Turks who embraced Islam, called his people so to distinguish them from the Turks who had not embraced that faith.

=Turnbull= (_Michael_), the Douglas’s dark huntsman.--Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

_Turnbull_ (_Mr. Thomas_), also called “Tom Turnpenny,” a canting smuggler and school-master.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Turnip-Hoer=, George I. So called because, when he first came over to England, he proposed planting St. James’s Park with turnips (1660, 1714-1727).

=Turnpenny= (_Mr._), banker at Marchthorn.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

_Turnpenny_ (_Tom_), also called “Thomas Turnbull,” a canting smuggler and school-master.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Turntippit= (_Old lord_), one of the privy council in the reign of William III.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (1819).

=Turon=, the son of Brute’s sister, slew 600 Aquitanians with his own hand in one single fight.

Where Turon, ... Brute’s sister’s valiant son ... Six hundred slew outright thro’ his peculiar strength; By multitudes of men, yet overpressed at length. His noble uncle there, to his immortal name The city Turon [_Tours_] built, and well endowed the same. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, i. (1612).

=Turpin=, a churlish knight, who refuses hospitality to Sir Calepine and Serēna, although solicited to do so by his wife, Blanĭda (bk. vi. 3). Serena told Prince Arthur of this discourtesy, and the prince, after chastising Turpin, unknighted him, and prohibited him from bearing arms ever after (bk. vi. 7). The disgraced churl now vowed revenge; so off he starts, and seeing two knights, complains to them of the wrongs done to himself and his dame by “a recreant knight,” whom he points out to them. The two champions instantly challenge the prince “as a foul woman-wronger,” and defy him to combat. One of the two champions is soon slain and the other overthrown, but is spared on craving his life. The survivor now returns to Turpin, to relate his misadventure, and when they reach the dead body see Arthur asleep. Turpin proposes to kill him, but Arthur starts up and hangs the rascal on a tree (bk. vi. 7).--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_ (1596).

_Turpin_, “archbishop of Rheims,” the hypothetical author of a _Chronicle_, purporting to be a history of Charlemagne’s Spanish adventures in 777, by a contemporary. This fiction was declared authentic and genuine by Pope Calixtus II. in 1122, but it is now generally attributed to a canon of Barcelona in the eleventh century.

The tale says that Charlemagne went to Spain in 777 to defend one of his allies from the aggressions of a neighboring prince. Having conquered Navarre and Aragon he returned to France. He then crossed the Pyrenees, and invested Pampeluna for three months, but without success. He tried the effect of prayer, and the walls, like those of Jericho, fell down of their own accord. Those Saracens who consented to be baptized he spared, but the rest were put to the sword. Being master of Pampeluna, the hero visited the sarcophagus of James; and Turpin, who accompanied him, baptized most of the neighborhood. Charlemagne then led back his army over the Pyrenees, the rear being under the command of Roland. The main army reached France in safety, but 50,000 Saracens fell on the rear, and none escaped.

_Turpin_ (_Dick_), a noted highwayman, executed at York (1739).

Ainsworth has introduced into _Rookwood_ Turpin’s famous ride to York on his steed, Black Bess. It is said that Maginn really wrote this powerful description (1834).

_Turpin_ (_The French Dick_) is Cartouche, an eighteenth century highwayman. W. H. Ainsworth made him the hero of a romance (1841).

=Tur´quine= (_Sir_) had sixty-four of King Arthur’s knights in prison, all of whom he had vanquished by his own hand. He hated Sir Launcelot, because he had slain his brother, Sir Car´ados, at the Dolorous Tower. Sir Launcelot challenged Sir Turquine to a trial of strength, and slew him, after which he liberated the captive knights.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 108-110 (1470).

=Turquoise= (2 _syl._), a blue material found in Persia, the exact nature of which is not known. Sundry virtues are attached to it: (1) It indicates by its hue the state of the wearer’s health; (2) it indicates by its change of lustre if any peril awaits the wearer; (3) it removes animosity between the giver and the receiver; (4) it is a potent love-charm, and hence Leah gave a turquoise ring to Shylock “when he was a bachelor,” in order to make him propose to her.

=Tur´veydrop= (_Mr._), a selfish, self-indulgent, conceited dancing-master, who imposes on the world by his majestic appearance and elaborate toilette. He lives on the earnings of his son (named Prince, after the prince regent), who reveres him as a perfect model of “deportment.”--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1852).

=Tuscan Poet= (_The_), Ludovico Ariosto, born at Reggio, in Modena (1474-1533). Noted for his poem entitled _Orlando Furioso_.

The Tuscan poet doth advance The frantic paladin of France. Drayton, _Nymphidia_ (1563-1631).

=Tutivillus=, the demon who collects all the fragments of words omitted, mutilated, or mispronounced by priests in the performance of religious services, and stores them up in that “bottomless” pit which is “paved with good intentions.”--Langland, _Visions of Piers Plowman_, 547 (1362); and the _Townley Mysteries_, 310, 319, etc.

=Twangdillo=, the fiddler, in Somerville’s _Hobbinol_, a burlesque poem in three cantos. Twangdillo had lost one leg and one eye by a stroke of lightning on the banks of the Ister, but was still merry-hearted.

He tickles every string to every note; He bends his pliant neck, his single eye Twinkles with joy, his active stump beats time. _Hobbinol_, or _The Rural Games_, i. (1740).

=Tweedledum and Tweedledee.= In the time of George III. the musical world was divided between the parties holding by the German Händel and the Italian Bononcini. The prince of Wales supported Händel, the duke of Marlborough stood for Bononcini.

Some say, compared to Bononcini, That mynherr Handel’s but a ninny; Others aver that he to Handel Is scarcely fit to hold a candle; Strange all this difference should be ’Twixt Tweedledum and Tweedledee. J. Byrom (1691-1763).

=Twelfth Night=, a drama by Shakespeare. The story came originally from a novellette by Bandello (who died 1555), reproduced by Belleforest in his _Histoires Tragiques_, from which Shakespeare obtained his story. The tale is this: Viola and Sebastian were twins, and exactly alike. When grown up, they were ship-wrecked off the coast of Illyria, and both were saved. Viola, being separated from her brother, in order to obtain a livelihood, dressed like her brother, and took the situation of page under the duke Orsino. The duke, at the time, happened to be in love with Olivia, and as the lady looked coldly on his suit, he sent Viola to advance it, but the willful Olivia, instead of melting towards the duke, fell in love with his beautiful page. One day Sebastian, the twin-brother of Viola, being attacked in a street brawl, before Olivia’s house, the lady, thinking him to be the page, invited him in, and they soon grew to such familiar terms that they agreed to become man and wife. About the same time, the duke discovered his page to be a beautiful woman, and as he could not marry his first love, he made Viola his wife, and the duchess of Illyria.

=Twelve Apostles of Ireland= (_The_), twelve Irish prelates of the sixth century, disciples of St. Finnian of Clonard.

1. CIARAN or KEIRAN, bishop and abbot of Saighir (now _Seir-Keiran_, King’s County).

2. CIARAN or KEIRAN, abbot of Clomnacnois.

3. COLUMCILLE of Hy (now _Iona_). This prelate is also called St. Columba.

4. BRENDAN, bishop and abbot of Clonfort.

5. BRENDAN, bishop and abbot of Birr (now _Parsonstown_, King’s County).

6. COLUMBA, abbot of Tirdaglas.

7. MOLAISE or LAISRE, abbot of Damhiris (now _Devenish Island_, in lough Erne).

8. CAINNECH, abbot of Aichadhbo, in Queen’s County.

9. RUADAN or RODAN, abbot of Lorrha, in Tipperary County.

10. MOBI CLAIRENECH (_i.e._, “the flat-faced”), abbot of Glasnooidhan (now _Glasnevin_, near Dublin).

11. SENELL, abbot of Cluain-inis, in lough Erne.

12. NANNATH or NENNITH, bishop and abbot of Inismuige-Samh (now _Inismac-Saint_, in lough Erne).

=Twelve Knights of the Round Table.= Dryden says there were twelve paladins, and twelve knights of the Round Table. The table was made for 150, but as twelve is the orthodox number, the following names hold the most conspicuous places:--(1) LAUNCELOT, (2) TRISTRAM, and (3) LAMORACKE, the three bravest; (4) TOR, the first made; (5) GALAHAD, the chaste; (6) GAW´AIN, the courteous; (7) GARETH, the big-handed; (8) PALOMIDES, the Saracen, or unbaptized; (9) KAY, the rude and boastful; (10) MARK, the dastard; (11) MORDRED, the traitor; and the twelfth, as in the case of the paladins, must be selected from one of the following names, all of which are seated with the prince in the frontispiece attached to the _History of Prince Arthur_, compiled by Sir T. Malory in 1470;--Sirs Acolon, Ballamore, Beleobus, Belvoure, Bersunt, Bors, Ector de Maris, Ewain, Floll, Graheris, Galohalt, Grislet, Lionell, Marhaus, Paginet, Pelleas, Percival, Sagris, Superabilis, and Turquine.

Or we may take from the _Mabinogion_ the three “battle knights,” Cadwr, Launcelot, and Owain; the three “counselling knights,” Kynon, Aron, and Llywarch Hên; the three “diademed knights,” Kai, Trystan, and Gwevyl; and the three “golden-tongued,” Gwalchmai, Drudwas and Eliwlod, many of which are unknown in modern story.

Sir Walter Scott names sixteen of renown, seated round the king:

There _Galahad_ sat with manly grace, Yet maiden meekness in his face; There _Morolt_ of the iron mace; And lovelorn _Tristrem_ there; And _Dinadam_, with lively glance; And _Lanval_, with the fairy lance; And _Mordred_, with his looks askance; _Brunor_ and _Belvidere_. Why should I tell of numbers more? Sir _Cay_, Sir _Banier_, and Sir _Bore_, Sir _Caradoc_, the keen, And gentle _Gawain’s_ courteous lore, _Hector de Mares_, and _Pellinore_, And _Lancelot_, that evermore Looked stol’n-wise on the queen. _Bridal of Triermain_, ii. 13 (1813).

=Twelve Paladins= (_The_), twelve famous warriors in Charlemagne’s court.

1. ASTOLPHO, cousin of Roland, descended from Charles Martel. A great boaster, fool-hardy, and singularly handsome. It was Astolpho who went to the moon to fetch back Orlando’s (_Roland’s_) brains when mad.

2. FERUMBRAS or FIERABRAS, a Saracen, afterwards converted and baptized.

3. FLORISMART, the _fidus Achātês_ of Roland or Orlando.

4. GANELON, the traitor, count of Mayence. Placed by Dantê in the Inferno.

5. MAUGRIS, in Italian MALAGIGI, cousin to Rinaldo, and son of Beuves of Aygremont. He was brought up by Oriande the fairy, and became a great enchanter.

6. NAMO or NAYME de Bavière.

7. OGIER, the DANE, thought to be Holger, the hero of Denmark, but some affirm that “Dane” is a corruption of _Damné_; so called because he was not baptized.

8. OLIVER, son of Regnier, comte de Gennes, the rival of Roland in all feats of arms.

9. OTUEL, a Saracen, nephew to Ferragus or Ferracute. He was converted, and married a daughter of King Charlemagne.

10. RINALDO, son of Duke Aymon, and cousin to Roland. Angelica fell in love with him, but he requited not her affection.

11. ROLAND, called ORLANDO in Italian, comte de Cenouta. He was Charlemagne’s nephew, his mother being Berthe, the king’s sister, and his father Millon.

12. One of the following names, all of which are called paladins, and probably supplied vacancies caused by death:--Basin de Genevois, Geoffrey de Frises, Guerin, duc de Lorraine, Guillaume de l’Estoc, Guy de Bourgogne, Hoël comte de Nantes, Lambert, prince of Bruxelles, Richard, duc de Normandy, Riol du Mans, Samson, duc de Bourgogne, and Thiery.

⁂ There is considerable resemblance between the twelve selected paladins and the twelve selected Table knights. In each case there were three pre-eminent for bravery: Oliver, Roland and Rinaldo (_paladins_); Launcelot, Tristram, and Lamoracke (_Table knights_). In each case was a Saracen: Ferumbras (_the paladin_); Palomides (_the Table knight_). In each was a traitor: Ganelon (_the paladin_); Mordred (_the Table Knight_), like Judas Iscariot in the apostolic twelve.

Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur’s reign, Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charlemain. Dryden, _The Flower and the Leaf_.

=Twelve Wise Masters= (_The_), the original corporation of the mastersingers. Hans Sachs, the cobbler of Nürnberg, was the most renowned and the most voluminous of the mastersingers, but he was not one of the original twelve. He lived 1494-1576, and left behind him thirty-four folio vols. of MS., containing 208 plays, 1700 comic tales, and about 450 lyric poems.

Here Hans Sachs, the cobbler-poet, laureate of the gentle craft, Wisest of the Twelve Wise Masters, in huge folios sang and danced. Longfellow, _Nuremberg_.

⁂ The original corporation consisted of Heinrik von Mueglen, Konrad Harder, Master Altschwert, Master Barthel Regenbogen (blacksmith), Master Muscablüt (tailor), Hans Blotz (barber), Hans Rosenblüt (armorial painter), Sebastian Brandt (jurist), Thomas Murner, Hans Folz (surgeon), Wilhelm Weber, and Hans Sachs (cobbler). This last, though not one of the founders, was so superior to them all that he is always reckoned among the wise mastersingers.

=Twemlow= (_Mr._), first cousin to Lord Snigsworth; “an innocent piece of dinner-furniture,” in frequent requisition by Mr. and Mrs. Veneering. He is described as “grey, dry, polite, and susceptible to east wind;” he wears “first-gentleman-in-Europe collar and cravat;” “his cheeks are drawn in as if he had made a great effort to retire into himself some years ago, and had got so far, but never any further.” His great mystery is who is Mr. Veneering’s oldest friend; is he himself his oldest or his newest acquaintance? He couldn’t tell.--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864).

=Twenty Bold Mariners.=

“Twenty bold mariners went to the wave, Twenty sweet breezes blew over the main; All were so hearty, so free and so brave-- But they never came back again.” * * * * * * * * * Rose Hawthorne Lathrop, _Along the Shore_ (1888).

=Twice-told Tales.= Some of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s most charming tales and sketches are collected under this caption (1851).

=Twickenham= (_The Bard of_), Alexander Pope, who lived for thirty years at Twickenham (1688-1744).

=Twigtythe= (_The Rev. Mr._), clergyman at Fasthwaite Farm, held by Farmer Williams.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Twin Brethren= (_The Great_), Castor and Pollux.

Back comes the chief in triumph Who, in the hour of fight, Hath seen the Great Twin Brethren In harness on his right. Safe comes the ship to haven, Thro’ billows and thro’ gales, If once the great Twin Brethren Sit shining on the sails. Lord Macaulay, _Lays of Ancient Rome_ (“Battle of Lake Regillus,” xl. 1842).

=Twineall= (_The Hon. Mr._), a young man who goes to India, intending to work himself into place by flattery; but, wholly mistaking character, he gets thrown into prison for treason. Twineall talks to Sir Luke Tremor (who ran away from the field of battle) of his glorious deeds of fight; to Lady Tremor (a grocer’s daughter) of high birth, supposing her to be a descendant of the kings of Scotland; to Lord Flint (the sultan’s chief minister) of the sultan’s dubious right to the throne, and so on.--Mrs. Inchbald, _Such Things Are_ (1786).

=Twist= (_Oliver_), the son of Mr. Brownlow’s oldest friend and Agnes Fleming; half-brother to “Manks.” He was born and brought up in a workhouse, starved, and ill-treated; but was always gentle, amiable, and pure-minded. His asking for more gruel at the workhouse because he was so hungry, and the astonishment of the officials at such daring impudence, is capitally told.--Charles Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

=Twitcher= (_Harry_). Henry, Lord Brougham [_Broom_] was so called, from his habit of twitching his neck (1778-1868).

Don’t you recollect, North, some years ago that Murray’s name was on our title-page; and that, being alarmed for Subscription Jamie [_Sir James Mackintosh_] and Harry Twitcher, he ... scratched his name out?--Wilson, _Noctes Ambrosianæ_ (1822-36).

_Twitcher_ (_Jemmy_), a cunning and treacherous highwayman in Macheath’s gang.--Gay, _The Beggar’s Opera_ (1727).

_Twitcher_ (_Jemmy_), the nickname of John, Lord Sandwich, noted for his liaison with Miss Ray (1718-1792).

When sly Jemmy Twitcher had smugged up his face With a lick of court whitewash and pious grimace, Avowing he went where three sisters of old, In harmless society, guttle and scold. Gay, (1716-1771).

=Two Drovers= (_The_), a tale in two chapters, laid in the reign of George III., written by Sir Walter Scott (1827). It is one of the “Chronicles of the Canongate” supposed to be told by Mr. Croftangry. Robin Oig M’Combich, a Highland drover, revengeful and proud, meets with Harry Wakefield, a jovial English drover, and quarrels with him about a pasture-field. They fight in Heskett’s ale-house, but are separated. Oig goes on his way to get a dagger, with which he returns to the ale-house, and stabs Harry who is three parts drunk. Being tried for murder, he is condemned and executed.

=Two Gentlemen of Vero´na=, a drama by Shakespeare, the story of which is taken from the _Diana_ of Montemayor (sixteenth century). The tale is this: Protheus and Valentine were two friends, and Protheus was in love with a lady of Verōna, named Julia. Valentine went to sojourn in Milan, and there fell in love with Silvia, the duke’s daughter, who was promised in marriage to Thurio. Protheus, being sent by his father to Milan, forgot Julia, fell in love with Silvia, and, in order to carry his point, induced the duke to banish Valentine, who became the captain of banditti, into whose hands Silvia fell. Julia, unable to bear the absence of her lover, dressed in boy’s clothes, and, going to Milan, hired herself as a page to Protheus, and when Silvia was lost, the duke, with Thurio, Protheus and his page, went in quest of her. She was soon discovered, but when Thurio attempted to take possession of her, Valentine said to him, “I dare you to touch her;” and Thurio replied, “None but a fool would fight for a girl.” The duke, disgusted, gave Silvia to Valentine; and Protheus, ashamed of his conduct, begged pardon of Valentine, discovered his page to be Julia, and married her (1595).

=Two Kings of Brentford= (_The_). In the duke of Buckingham’s farce called _The Rehearsal_ (1671), the two kings enter hand-in-hand, dance together, sing together, walk arm-in-arm, and, to heighten the absurdity, they are made to smell of the same nosegay (act ii. 2.).

=Two-Legged Mare= (_The_), a gallows. Vice says to Tyburn:

I will help to bridle the two-legged mare. _Like Will to Like, etc._ (1587).

=Two-Shoes= (_Goody_), a nursery tale by Oliver Goldsmith (1765). Goody Two-shoes was a very poor child, whose delight at having a _pair_ of shoes was so unbounded that she could not forbear telling every one she met that she had “two shoes,” whence her name. She acquired knowledge and became wealthy. The title-page states that the tale is for the benefit of those

Who from a state of rags and care, And having shoes but half a pair, Their fortune and their fame should fix, And gallop in a coach and six.

=Two Strings to Your Bow=, a farce by Jephson (1792). Lazarillo, wanting a master, enters the service of Don Felix and also of Octavio at the same time. He makes perpetual blunders, such as giving letters and money to the wrong master; but it turns out that Don Felix is Donna Clara, the betrothed of Octavio. The lovers meet at the Eagle hotel, recognize each other, and become man and wife.

=Two Unlucky.= In our dynasties two has been an unlucky number; thus: Ethelred II. was forced to abdicate; Harold II. was slain at Hastings; William II. was shot in the New Forest; Henry II. had to fight for his crown, which was usurped by Stephen; Edward II. was murdered at Berkeley Castle; Richard II. was deposed; Charles II. was driven into exile; James II. was obliged to abdicate; George II. was worsted at Fontenoy and Lawfeld, was disgraced by General Braddock and Admiral Byng, and was troubled by Charles Edward, the Young Pretender.

=Tyb´alt=, a fiery young nobleman of Verona, nephew to Lady Capŭlet, and cousin to Juliet. He is slain in combat by Ro´meo.--Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet_ (1595).

The name is given to the _cat_ in the beast-epic called _Reynard the Fox_. Hence Mercutio calls him “rat-catcher” (act iii. sc. 1), and when Tybalt demands of him, “What wouldst thou have with me?” Mercutio replies, “Good king of cats, nothing but one of your nine lives” (act iii. sc. 1).

_Tybalt_, a Lombard officer, in love with Laura, niece of Duke Gondibert. The story of _Gondibert_ being unfinished, no sequel of this attachment is given.--Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

_Tybalt_ or _Tibert_, the cat in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).

=Tyburn= (_Kings of_), hangmen.

=Tyburn Tree= (_The_), a gallows; so called because criminals at one time hung on the elm trees which grew on the banks of the Tyburn. The “Holy Maid of Kent,” Mrs. Turner, the poisoner, Felton, the assassin of the duke of Buckingham, Jack Sheppard, Jonathan Wild, Lord Ferrers, who murdered his steward, Dr. Dodd and Mother Brownrigg, “all died in their shoes” on the Tyburn tree.

Since laws were made for every degree, To curb vice in others as well as in me [_Macheath_], I wonder we ha’nt better company ’Neath Tyburn tree. Gay, _The Beggar’s Opera_ (1727).

=Tycho=, a vassal of the bishop of Treves, in the reign of Kaiser Henry IV. He promised to avenge his lord and master, who had been plundered by Count Adalbert, a leader of bandits. So, going to the count’s castle, he craved a draught of water. The porter brought him a cup of wine, and Tycho said, “Thank thy lord for his charity, and tell him he shall meet with his reward.” Then, returning home, he procured thirty large wine-barrels, in each of which he concealed an armed retainer and weapons for two others. Each cask was then carried by two men to the count’s castle, and when the door was opened Tycho said to the porter, “I am come to recompense thy lord and master,” and the sixty men carried in the thirty barrels. When Count Adalbert went to look at the present, at a signal given by Tycho the tops of the casks flew off, and the ninety armed men slew the count and his brigands, and then burnt the castle to the ground.

The reader may perceive a certain resemblance between this tale and that of “Ali Baba, or the Forty Thieves” (_Arabian Nights’ Entertainments_).

=Tyler= (_Wat_), a frugal, honest, industrious, skillful blacksmith of Essex; with one daughter, Alice, pretty, joyous, innocent, and modest. With all his frugality and industry, Wat found it very hard to earn enough for daily bread, and the tax-collectors came for the poll-tax, three groats a head, for a war to maintain our conquests in France. Wat had saved up the money, and proffered six groats for himself and wife. The collectors demanded three groats for Alice also, but Tyler said she was under 15 years of age, whereupon, one of the collectors having “insulted her virgin modesty,” Tyler felled him to the ground with his sledge-hammer. The people gathered round the smith, and a general uprising ensued. Richard II., sent a herald to Tyler, to request a parley, and pledging his royal word for his safe conduct. The sturdy smith appointed Smithfield for the rendezvous, and there Tyler told the king the people’s grievances; but while he was speaking, William Walworth, the lord mayor, stabbed him from behind and killed him. The king, to pacify the people, promised the poll-tax should be taken off and their grievances redressed, but no sooner had the mob dispersed than the rebels were cut down wholesale, and many being subjected to a mockery of a trial, were infamously executed.--Southey, _Wat Tyler_ (1794, published, 1817).

=Tyll Owlyglass= or TYLL OWLEGLASS, by Thomas Murner, a Franciscan monk, of Strasbourg (1475-1536); the English name of the German “Tyll Eulenspiegel.” Tyll is a mechanic of Brunswick, who runs from pillar to post as charlatan, physician, lansquenet, fool, valet, and Jack-of-all-trades. He undertakes anything and everything, but invariably “spoils the Egyptians” who trust in him. He produces popular proverbs, is brimfull of merry mischief, droll as Sam Slick, indifferent honest as Gil Blas, light-hearted as Andrew Bode, as full of tricks as Scapin, and as popular as Robin Hood. The book is crammed with observations, anecdotes, fables, _bon mots_, facetiæ, and shows forth the omnipotence of common sense. There are two good English versions of this popular picaresco romance--one printed by William Copland, and entitled _The Merrye Jeste of a Man called Howlëglass and the many Marvellous Thinges and Jestes which he did in his Lyfe in Eastland_; and the other published in 1860, translated by K. R. H. Mackenzie, and illustrated by Alfred Crowquill. In 1720 was brought out a modified and abridged edition of the German story.

To few mortals has it been granted to earn such a place in universal history as Tyll Eulenspiegel [_U’len-spee’.g’l_]. Now, after five centuries, Tyll’s native village is pointed out with pride to the traveller, and his tombstone ... still stands ... at Möllen, near Lubeck, where since 1350 [_sic_] his once nimble bones have been at rest.--Carlyle.

=Tylwyth Teg=, or the “Family of Beauty,” elves who “dance in the moonlight on the velvet sward,” in their airy and flowing robes of blue and green, white and scarlet. These beautiful fays delight in showering benefits on the human race. _The Mabinogion_.

=Tyneman= (2 _syl._), Archibald IV., earl of Douglas. So called because he was always on the losing side.

=Tyre=, in Dryden’s satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, means Holland. “Egypt,” in the same satire, means France.

I mourn my countrymen, your lost estate ... Now all your liberties a spoil are made, Egypt and Tyrus intercept your trade. Pt. i. (1681).

_Tyre_ (_Archbishop of_), with the crusaders.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Tyrian Cyn´osure= (3 _syl._), Ursa Minor. Ursa Major is called by Milton “The Star of Arcady,” from Calisto, daughter of Lyca´on, the first king of Arcadia, who was changed into this constellation. Her son, Arcas or Cynosūra, was made the Lesser Bear.--Pausanias, _Itinerary of Greece_, viii. 4.

And thou shalt be our star of Arcady, Or Tyrian Cynosure. Milton, Comus, 343 (1634).

=Tyrie=, one of the archers in the Scottish guard of Louis XI.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

_Tyrie_ (_The Rev. Michael_), minister of Glenorquhy.--Sir W. Scott, _The Highland Widow_ (time, George II.).

=Tyrog´lyphus= (“_the cheese-scooper_”), one of the mouse princes slain in the battle of the frogs and mice by Lymnisius (“the laker”).

Lymnisius good Tyroglyphus assails, Prince of the mice that haunt the flowery vales; Lost to the milky fares and rural seat, He came to perish on the bank of fate. Parnell, _Battle of the Frogs and Mice_, iii. (about 1712).

=Tyrrel= (_Francis_), the nephew of Mr. Mortimer. He loves Miss Aubrey “with an ardent, firm disinterested love.” On one occasion Miss Aubrey was insulted by lord Courtland, with whom Tyrrel fought a duel, and was for a time in hiding; but when Courtland recovered from his wounds, Tyrrel re-appeared, and ultimately married the lady of his affection.--Cumberland, _The Fashionable Lover_ (1780).

_Tyrrel_ (_Frank_), or Martigny, earl of Etherington, son of the late earl, and la comtesse de Martigny, his wife. He is supposed to be illegitimate. Frank is in love with Clara Mowbray, daughter of Mr. Mowbray, of St. Ronan’s.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III).

=Tyrtæos=, selected by the Spartans as their leader, because his lays inspired the soldiers to deeds of daring. The following is a translation of one of his martial songs;--

Oh, how joyous to fall in the face of the foe, For country and altar to die! But a lot more ignoble no mortal can know, Than with children and parents heart-broken with woe, From home as an exile to fly.

Unrecompensed labor, starvation, and scorn, The feet of the captive attend; Dishonored his race, by rude foes overborne; From altar, from country, from kith and kin torn; No brother, no sister, no friend.

To the field, then! Be strong, and acquit ye like men! Who shall fear for his country to fall? Ye younger, in ranks firmly serried remain; Ye elders, though weak, look on flight with disdain, And honor your fatherland’s call!

_Tyrtæos_ (_The Spanish_), Manuel José Quintāna, whose odes stimulated the Spaniards to vindicate their liberty, at the outbreak of the War of Independence (1772-1857).

⁂ Who can tell the influence of such odes as the _Marseillaise_, or some of the Jacobite songs, on the spirit of a people? Even the music-hall song, “We don’t want to fight,” almost roused the English nation into a war with Russia in 1878.

=Tyson= (_Kate_), a romantic young lady, who marries Frank Cheeney.--Wybert Reeve, _Parted_.

=Ubaldo=, one of the crusaders, mature in age. He had visited many regions, “from polar cold to Libya’s burning soil.” He and Charles, the Dane, went to bring back Rinaldo from the enchanted castle.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

=Ubaldo and Ricardo=, two men sent by Honoria, queen of Hungary, to tempt the fidelity of Sophia, because the queen was in love with her husband, Mathias. Immediately Sophia understood the object of their visit, she had the two men confined in separate rooms, where they were made to earn their food by spinning.--Massinger, _The Picture_ (1629).

=Ube´da= (_Orbaneia of_), a painter who drew a cock so preposterously that he was obliged to write under it “This is a cock,” in order that the spectator might know what was intended to be represented.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. i. 3 (1615).

=Uberti= (_Farinata Degli_), a noble Florentine, leader of the Ghibelline faction. Dantê represents him in his _Inferno_, as lying in a fiery tomb, yet open and not to be closed till the last judgment.

=Uberto=, Count d’Este, etc.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Udaller=, one who holds land by allodial tenure. Magnus Troil, in Sir W. Scott’s _Pirate_, was a udaller.

=Ude=, the most learned of cooks, author of _La Science de Gueule_. He says, “Coquus nascitur non fit.” That “music, dancing, fencing, painting, and mechanics possess professors under 20 years of age, but pre-eminence in cooking is never attained under 30.” He was _premier artiste_ to Louis XVI., then to Lord Sefton, then to the duke of York, then _chef de cuisine_ at Crockford’s. It is said that he quitted the earl of Sefton, because one of his lordship’s guests added pepper to his soup. He was succeeded by Frascatelli.

⁂ Vatel, we are told, committed suicide (1677), during a banquet given by the Prince de Condé, because the lobsters for the turbot sauce did not arrive in time.

=Udolpho= (_The Mysteries of_), a romance by Mrs. Radcliffe (1790).

=Ugo=, natural son of Niccolo III. of Ferrara. His father had for his second wife Parisi´na Malatesta, between whom and Ugo a criminal attachment arose. When Niccolo was informed thereof, he had both brought to open trial, and both were condemned to suffer death by the common headsman.--Frizzi, _History of Ferrara_.

=Ugoli´no=, count of Gheradesca, a leader of the Guelphi in Pisa. He was raised to the highest honors, but the Archbishop Ruggie´ri incited the Pisans against him, his castle was attacked, two of his grandsons fell in the assault, and the count himself, with his two sons and two surviving grandsons, were imprisoned in the tower of the Gualandi, on the Piazza of the Anziani. Being locked in, the dungeon key was flung into the Arno, and all food was withheld from them. On the fourth day his son, Gaddo, died, and by the sixth day little Anselm, with the two grandchildren, “fell one by one.” Last of all the count died also (1288), and the dungeon was ever after called “The Tower of Famine.”

Dantê has introduced this story in his _Inferno_, and represents Ugolino as devouring most voraciously the head of Ruggieri, while frozen in the lake of ice.

Chaucer, in his _Canterbury Tales_, makes the monk briefly tell this sad story, and calls the count “Hugeline of Pise.”

Oh, thou Pisa, shame!... What if fame Reported that thy castles were betrayed

By Ugolino, yet no right hadst thou To stretch his children on the rack ... Their tender years ... uncapable of guilt. Dantê, _Hell_, xxxiii. (1300).

Remember Ugolino condescends To eat the head of his arch-enemy The moment after he politely ends His tale. Byron, _Don Juan_, ii. 83 (1819).

=Ulalume=, the lost love, to the door of whose tomb the poet strays with “Psyche, his soul.”

And we pass to the end of the vista, But were stopped by the door of a tomb,-- By the door of a legended tomb; And I said, “What is written, sweet sister On the door of this legended tomb?” She replied, “Ulalume! Ulalume! ’Tis the vault of thy lost Ulalume!” Edgar Allan Poe, _Poems_ (1850).

=Ula´nia=, queen of Islanda. She sent a golden shield to Charlemagne, to be given as a prize to his bravest knight, and whoever won it might claim the donor in marriage.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_, xv. (1516).

=Ulfin=, the page of Gondibert’s grandsire, and the faithful Achātês of Gondibert’s father. He cured Gondibert by a cordial kept in his sword hilt.--Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

=Ulf=, Celtic husband, who, surprising his wife with her lover, follows and slays him, then tells her what he has seen, and how avenged his injured honor, and kills her.--Charles de Kay, _Hesperus and other Poems_ (1880).

=Ulien’s Son=, Rodomont.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Ulin=, an enchantress who had no power over those who remained faithful to Allah and their duty; but if any fell into error or sin she had full power to do as she liked, Thus, when Misnar (sultan of India) mistrusted the protection of Allah, she transformed him into a toad. When the Vizier Horam believed a false report, obviously untrue, she transformed him also into a toad. And when the Princess Hemjunah, to avoid a marriage projected by her father, ran away with a stranger, her indiscretion placed her in the power of the enchantress, who transformed her likewise into a toad. Ulin was ultimately killed by Misnar, sultan of Delhi, who felled her to the ground with a blow.--Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], _Tales of the Genii_, vi., viii. (1751).

=Ullin=, Fingal’s aged bard, called “the sweet voice of resounding Cona.”

_Ullin_, the Irish name for Ulster.

He pursued the chase on Ullin, on the moss-covered top of Drumardo.--Ossian, _Temora_, ii.

=Ullin’s Daughter= (_Lord_), a young lady who eloped with the chief of Ulva’s Isle, and induced a boatman to row them over Lochgyle during a storm. The boat was capsized just as Lord Ullin and his retinue reached the shore. He saw the peril, he cried in agony, “Come back, come back! and I’ll forgive your Highland chief;” but it was too late, the “waters wild rolled o’er his child, and he was left lamenting.”--Campbell, _Lord Ullin’s Daughter_ (a ballad).

=Ulric=, son of Werner (_i.e._, count of Siegendorf). With the help of Gabor, he saved the count of Stral´enheim from the Oder; but murdered him afterwards for the wrongs he had done his father and himself, especially in seeking to oust them from the princely inheritance of Siegendorf.--Byron, _Werner_ (1822).

=Ulri´ca=, in _Charles XII._, by J. R. Planché (1826).

_Ulrica_, a girl of great beauty and noble determination of character, natural daughter of Ernest de Fridberg. Dressed in the clothes of Herman (the deaf and dumb jailer-lad), she gets access to the dungeon where her father is confined as a “prisoner of State,” and contrives his escape, but he is recaptured. Whereupon Christine (a young woman in the service of the Countess Marie) goes direct to Frederick II., and obtains his pardon.--E. Stirling, _The Prisoner of State_ (1847).

_Ulrica_, _alias_ MARTHA, mother of Bertha, the betrothed of Hereward (3 _syl._).--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

_Ulrica_, daughter of the late thane of Torquilstone; _alias_ Dame Urfried, an old sibyl at Torquilstone Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time Richard I.).

=Ulster= (_The kings of_). The kings of _Ulster_ were called O’Neil; those of _Munster_, O’Brien; of _Connaught_, O’Connor; of _Leinster_, MacMorrough; and of _Meath_, O’Melaghlin.

=Ultimus Romano´rum=, Horace Walpole (1717-1797).

=Ulvfagre=, the fierce Dane, who massacred the Culdees of Io´na, and having bound Aodh in iron, carried him to the church, demanding of him where he had concealed the church treasures. At that moment a mysterious gigantic figure in white appeared, and, taking Ulvfagre by the arm, led him to the statue of St. Columb, which instantly fell on him and killed him.

The tottering image was dashed Down from its lofty pedestal; On Ulvfagre’s helm it crashed. Helmet, and skull, and flesh, and brain, It crushed as millstones crush the grain. Campbell, _Reullura_.

=Ulysses=, a corrupt form of Odusseus [_O. dus´.suce_], the king of Ithăca. He is one of the chief heroes in Homer’s _Iliad_, and the chief hero of the _Odyssey_. Homer represents him as being craftily wise and full of devices. Virgil ascribes to him the invention of the Wooden Horse.

Ulysses was very unwilling to join the expedition to Troy, and pretended to be mad. Thus, when Palamēdês came to summon him to the war, he was plowing the sand of the seashore and sowing it with salt.

_Ulysses’s bow._ Only Ulysses could draw this bow, and he could shoot an arrow from it through twelve rings.

William the Conqueror had a bow which no arm but his own could bend.

Robin Hood’s bow could be bent by no hand but his own.

⁂ Statius says that no one but Kapăneus [_Kap´.a.nuce_] could poise his spear.

His cypress spear with steel encircled shone, Not to be poised but by his hand alone. _Thebaid_, v.

_Ulysses’s Dog_, Argus, which recognized his master after an absence of twelve years. (See THERON, King Roderick’s dog.)

=Ulysses and Polyphemos.=

Ulysses and his crew, having reached the island of Sicily, strayed into the cave of Polyphēmos, the giant Cyclops. Soon as the monster returned and saw the strangers, he seized two of them, and, having dashed out their brains, made his supper off them, “nor entrails left, nor yet their marrowy bones;” then stretched he his huge carcass on the floor, and went to sleep. Next morning he caught up two others, devoured them for his breakfast, then stalked forth into the open air, driving his flocks before him. At sun-down he returned, seized other two for his supper and after quaffing three bowls of wine, fell asleep. Then it was that Ulysses bored out the giant’s eye with a green olive stake heated in the fire. The monster roared with pain, and after searching in vain to seize some of his tormentors, removed the rock from the mouth of the cave to let out his goats and sheep. Ulysses and his companions escaped at the same time by attaching themselves to the bellies of the sheep, and made for their ship. Polyphemos hurled rocks at the vessel, and nearly succeeded in sinking it, but the fugitives made good their flight, and the blinded monster was left lamenting.--Homer, _Odyssey_, ix.

⁂ An extraordinary parallel to this tale is told in the third voyage of Sindbad, the sailor. Sindbad’s vessel was driven by a tempest to an island of pygmies, and advancing into the interior, the crew came to a “high palace,” into which they entered. At sundown came home the giant, “tall as a palm tree; and in the middle of his forehead was one eye, red and fiery as a burning coal.” Soon as he saw the intruders, he caught up the fattest of them and roasted him for his supper, then lay down to sleep, and “snored louder than thunder.” At daybreak he left the palace, but at night returned, and made his meal off another of the crew. This was repeated a third night, but while the monster slept, Sindbad, with a red-hot spit, scooped out his eye. “The pain he suffered made him groan hideously,” and he fumbled about the palace to catch some of his tormentors “on whom to glut his rage;” but not succeeding in this, he left the palace, “bellowing with pain.” Sindbad and the rest lost no time in making for the sea; but scarcely had they pushed off their rafts when the giant approached with many others, and hurled huge stones at the fugitives. Some of them even ventured into the sea up to their waists, and every raft was sunk except the one on which Sindbad and two of his companions made their escape.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Sindbad, the Sailor,” third voyage).

Another similar tale occurs in the Basque legends, in which the giant’s name is Tartaro, and his eye was bored out with spits made red hot. As in the previous instances, some seamen had inadvertently wandered into the giant’s dwelling, and Tartaro had banqueted on three of them, when his eye was scooped out by the leader. This man, like Ulysses, made his escape by means of a ram, but, instead of clinging to the ram’s belly, he fastened round his neck the ram’s bell, and threw over his back a sheep-skin. When Tartaro laid his hand on the skin, the man left it behind and made good his escape.

That all these tales are borrowed from one source none can doubt. The _Iliad_ of Homer had been translated into Syriac by Theophilus Edessenes, a Christian Maronite monk of Mount Libănus, during the caliphate of Hárun-ur-Ráshid (A.D. 786-809).--See _Notes and Queries_, April 19, 1879.

=Ulysses of Brandenburg= (_The_), Albert III., elector of Brandenburg, also called “The German Achillês” (1414-1486).

=Ulysses of the Highlands= (_The_), Sir Evan Cameron, lord of Lochiel [_Lok.keel´_], and surnamed “The Black” (died 1719).

⁂ It was the son of Sir Evan who was called “The Gentle Lochiel.”

=Umbra= (_Obsequious_), in Garth’s Dispensary, is meant for Dr. Gould (1699).

=Umbriel´= (2 _syl._), the tutelar angel of Thomas, the apostle, once a Sadducee, and always hard of conviction.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748).

_Umbriel_ [_Um.breel´_], a sprite whom Spleen supplies with a bagful of “sighs, sobs, and cross words,” and a vialful of “soft sorrows, melting grief, and flowing tears.” When the baron cuts off Belinda’s lock of hair, Umbriel breaks the vial over her, and Belinda instantly begins sighing and sobbing, chiding, weeping, and pouting.--Pope, _Rape of the Lock_ (1712).

Umbriel, a dusky, melancholy sprite As ever sullied the fair face of light, Down to the central earth, his proper scene, Repaired, to search the gloomy cave of Spleen.