VOLUME IV.

PHOTOGRAVURES AND ETCHINGS.

_Illustration_ _Artist_ KATRINA VAN TASSEL (_colored_) E. A. ABBEY RICHELIEU (BOOTH AS) ROSALIND AND ORLANDO SHOP (THE) OF FIGARO J. J. ARANDA THEODORA BENJAMIN CONSTANT TINY TIM (BOB CRACHIT AND) FREDERICK BARNARD WELLERS (THE TWO) FREDERICK BARNARD WOTAN TAKES LEAVE OF BRUNHILD K. DIELITZ WOOD ENGRAVINGS AND TYPOGRAVURES. ROSINA AND COUNT ALMAVIVA FERD. KELLER SALLY IN OUR ALLEY E. S. KENNEDY SALOME DANCING BEFORE KING HEROD G. ROCHEGROSSE SAMSON AND DELILAH J. ECHENA SANCHO AND THE DUCHESS C. R. LESLIE SAPPHO W. KRAY SARAGOSSA (AUGUSTINA, THE MAID OF) SIR DAVID WILKIE SATAN WOUNDED GUSTAVE DORÉ SATURDAY NIGHT (THE COTTER’S) THOMAS FAED SAVILLE (THERON) AND HIS WIFE FREDERICK DIELMAN SAYE-AND-SELE (LORD) BROUGHT BEFORE JACK CADE CHAS. LUCY SCHARLOT (HUON KILLS) GABRIEL MAX SCHEHERAZADE FERD. KELLER SELLERS (COLONEL), RAYMOND AS SENATORS (OTHELLO BEFORE THE) CARL BECKER SGANARELLE AND PANCRACE GRANVILLE SHARP (BECKY) FREDERICK BARNARD SHIP (THE BUILDING OF THE) TOBY ROSENTHAL SHORE (JANE) SHYLOCK (IRVING AS) SIEGFRIED AWAKENS BRUNHILD OTTO DONNER VON RICHTER SIEGFRIED’S BIER (KRIEMHILD AT) EMIL LAUFFER SIGYN (LOKI AND) CARL GEBHARDT SILVIA C. E. PERUGINI SLEEPING BEAUTY (THE): ARRIVAL OF THE PRINCE GUSTAVE DORÉ SLENDER (ANNE PAGE AND) SIR A. W. CALLCOTT SNOW-WHITE ALBERT TSCHAUTSCH STEENIE STEENSON AND REDGAUNTLET W. B. HOLE STUART (MARY) AND RIZZIO DAVID NEAL SULTAN SALADIN (THE) AND HIS SISTER SITTAH SURFACE (JOSEPH) AND LADY TEAZLE SWIVELLER (DICK) AND THE MARCHIONESS FREDERICK BARNARD SYKES (BILL) FREDERICK BARNARD TAM O’SHANTER AND THE WITCHES JOHN FAED TARQUIN (LUCRETIA AND SEXTUS) ALEX. CABANEL TARTUFFE (ELMIRE AND) CARL HOFF TELEMACHUS AND CALYPSO JEAN RAOUX TELL (WILLIAM) AND CONRAD BAUMGARTEN A. BAUER THETIS BRINGING THE ARMOR TO ACHILLES BENJAMIN WEST THISBE E. LONG THOU (CINQ MARS AND DE) LED TO EXECUTION TITANIA EPHRAIM KEYSER TOBY (UNCLE) AND THE WIDOW WADMAN C. R. LESLIE TOSCA (LA) L. LELOIR TRISTRAM (THE DEATH OF) TROIL (MAGNUS) AND HIS DAUGHTERS ROB. HERDMAN TROILUS AND CRESSIDA V. W. BROMLEY TROLL (ATTA), FROM TULLIA ERNST HILDEBRAND ULYSSES AND TELEMACHUS (THE MEETING BETWEEN) UNDINE MULLER URSUS AND HOMO G. ROCHEGROSSE VALJEAN (JEAN) EMILE BAYARD VALKYRIE (THE) VALLIÈRE AT THE CONVENT (LOUISE EMMANUEL VAN DEN DE LA) BUSSCHE VAN WINKLE (JEFFERSON AS RIP) VASHTI ERNST NORMAND VILLAGE (THE PRIDE OF THE) J. CALLCOTT HORSLEY VIMPANY (MISS HENLEY AND MRS.) A. FORESTIER VIOLA AND OLIVIA CARL BECKER VIRGIL (DANTE AND) CROSSING THE STYX EUGÈNE DELACROIX VIRGINIA (ALTERCATION BETWEEN GERVAISE AND) ADRIEN MARIE VIRGINIA (THE DEATH OF) A. ZICK VOSS (MILLER) AND THE CHASSEUR CONRAD BECKMANN WALLENSTEIN (DEATH OF) CARL VON PILOTY WAVERLEY AND ROSE BRADWARDINE ROB. HERDMAN WEDDING (PETRUCHIO’S) WELCOME, SIR OLUF W. KRAY WERNER AND JOSEPHINE WERNER THE TRUMPETER AND MARGARET VON SACKINGEN E. LIMMER WERTHER AND CHARLOTTE WITCH (FLORIMEL AND THE) F. R. PICKERSGILL WOFFINGTON (PEG) AND RICH F. SMALLFIELD WOHLFART (ANTON) AND LENORE WISNIESKI WRESTLER (ORLANDO AND THE) D. MACLISE YORICK AND THE CHAISE-VAMPER’S WIFE CHAS. R. LESLIE YVETOT (THE KING OF) EMILE BAYARD

CHARACTER SKETCHES OF ROMANCE, FICTION, AND THE DRAMA.

=Skeggs= (_Miss Carolina Wilhelmina Amelia_), the companion of “Lady Blarney.” These were two flash women, introduced by Squire Tuthill to the Primrose family, with a view of beguiling the two eldest daughters, who were both very beautiful. Sir William Thornhill thwarted their infamous purpose.--Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_ (1766).

=Skeleton= (_Sam_), a smuggler.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Sketchley= (_Arthur_), George Rose, author of _Mrs. Brown_ (her observations on men and objects, politics and manners, etc.).

=Skettles= (_Sir Barnet_), of Fulham. He expressed his importance by an antique gold snuff-box and a silk handkerchief. His hobby was to extend his acquaintances, and to introduce people to each other. Skettles, junior, was a pupil of Dr. Blimber.--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

=Skevington’s Daughter=, an instrument of torture invented by Skevington, lieutenant of the Tower, in the reign of Henry VIII. It consisted of a broad iron hoop, in two parts, jointed with a hinge. The victim was put into the hoop, which was then squeezed close and locked. Here he remained for about an hour and a half in the most inexpressible torture. (Generally corrupted into the “Scavenger’s Daughter.”)

=Skewton= (_The Hon. Mrs._), mother of Edith (Mr. Dombey’s second wife). Having once been a beauty, she painted when old and shrivelled, became enthusiastic about the “charms of nature,” and reclined in her bath-chair in the attitude she assumed in her barouche when young and well off. A fashionable artist had painted her likeness in this attitude, and called his picture “Cleopatra.” The Hon. Mrs. Skewton was the sister of the late Lord Feenix, and aunt to the present lord.--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

=Skiffins= (_Miss_), an angular, middle-aged woman, who wears “green kid gloves when dressed for company.” She marries Wemmick.--C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860).

=Skimpole= (_Harold_), an amateur artist, always sponging on his friends. Under a plausible, light-hearted manner he was intensely selfish, but Mr. Jarndyce looked on him as a mere child, and believed in him implicitly.--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1852).

(The original of this character was Leigh Hunt, who was greatly displeased at the skit.)

=Skin= (_The Man without a_), Richard Cumberland. So called by Garrick, on account of his painful sensitiveness of all criticism. The same irritability of temper made Sheridan caricature him in _The Critic_ as “Sir Fretful Plagiary” (1732-1811).

=Skinfaxi= (“_shining mane_”), the horse which draws the chariot of day.--_Scandinavian Mythology._

=Skofnung=, the sword of King Rolf, the Norway hero, preserved for centuries in Iceland.

=Skogan.= (See SCOGAN.)

=Skreigh= (_Mr._), the precentor at the Gordon Arms inn, Kippletringan.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Skulls at Banquets.= Plutarch tells us that towards the close of an Egyptian feast a servant brought in a skeleton, and cried to the guests, “Eat, drink, and be merry, for to-morrow you die!”

Like skulls at Memphian banquets. Byron, _Don Juan_, iii. 65 (1820).

=Skurliewhitter= (_Andrew_), the scrivener.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

=Sky-Lark=, a lark with the “skies,” or ’scīs. The Westminster boys used to style themselves _Romans_, and the “town,” _Volsci_; the latter word was curtailed to _’sci_ [_sky_]. A row between the Westminsterians and the town roughs was called a _’sci-lark_, or a lark with the Volsci.

=Skyresh Bol´golam=, the high admiral or galbert of the realm of Lilliput.--Swift, _Gulliver’s Travels_ (“Voyage to Lilliput,” iii., 1726).

=Slackbridge=, one of the “hands” in Bounderby’s mill at Coketown. Slackbridge is an ill-conditioned fellow, ill-made, with lowering eyebrows, and though inferior to many of the others, exercises over them a great influence. He is the orator, who stirs up his fellow-workmen to strike.--C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854).

=Slammerkin= (_Mrs._). Captain Macheath says of her, “She is careless and genteel.” “All you fine ladies,” he adds, “who know your own beauty, affect an undress.”--Gay, _The Beggar’s Opera_, ii. 1 (1727).

=Slander=, an old hag, of “ragged, rude attyre, and filthy lockes,” who sucked venom out of her nails. It was her nature to abuse all goodness, to frame groundless charges, to “steale away the crowne of a good name,” and “never thing so well was doen, but she with blame would blot, and of due praise deprive.”

A foule and loathly creature sure in sight, And in condition to be loathed no lesse: For she was stuft with rancor and despight Up to the throat, that oft with bitternesse It forth would breake and gush in great excesse, Pouring out streames of poyson and of gall ’Gainst all that truth or vertue doe professe, Whom she with leasings lewdly did miscall, And wickedly backbite. Her name men “Slaunder” call. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, IV. viii. 24 (1596).

=Slang=, from Slangenberg, a Dutch general, noted for his abusive and exaggerated epithets when he reproved the men under his command. The etymon is suited to this dictionary, and the following are not without wit:--Italian, _s-lingua_, _s_ negative and _lingua_ = “bad language;” French, _esclandre_, “an event which gives rise to scandal,” hence, _faire esclandre_, “to expose one to scandal,” _causer de l’escandre_, “to give ground for scandal;” Greek, _skandălon_, “an offense, a scandal.” “Slangs,” fetters for malefactors.

=Slango=, a lad, servant of Gaylove, a young barrister. He dresses up as a woman, and when Squire Sapskull comes from Yorkshire for a wife, Slango passes himself off as Arbella. In the mean time, Gaylove assumes the airs and manners of a Yorkshire tike, and marries Arbella, with whom he is in love.--Carey, _The Honest Yorkshireman_ (1736).

=Slawken-Ber´gius Hafen=, an imaginary author, distinguished for the great length of his nose. In the _Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy_ (by Sterne), Slawken-Bergius is referred to as a great authority on all lore connected with noses, and a curious tale is introduced from his hypothetical works about a man with an enormously long nose.

No nose can be justly amputated by the public, not even the nose of Slawken-Bergius himself.--Carlyle.

=Slaygood= (_Giant_), master of a gang of thieves which infested the King’s highway. Mr. Greatheart slew him, and rescued Feeblemind from his grasp in a duel.--Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, ii. (1684).

=Sleary=, proprietor of the circus at Coketown. A stout man with one eye fixed and one loose, a voice like the efforts of a broken pair of bellows, a flabby skin, and muddled head. He was never sober and never drunk, but always kind-hearted. Tom Gradgrind, after robbing the bank, lay concealed in this circus as a black servant till Sleary connived at his escape. This Sleary did in gratitude to Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., M.P., who adopted and educated Cecilia Jupe, daughter of his clown, Signor Jupe.

_Josephine Sleary_, daughter of the circus proprietor, a pretty girl of 18, who had been tied on a horse at two years old, and had made a will at 12. This will she carried about with her, and in it she signified her desire to be drawn to the grave by two piebald ponies. Josephine married E. W. B. Childers, of her father’s circus.--C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854).

=Sleek= (_Aminadab_), in _The Serious Family_, a comedy by Morris Barnett.

=Sleeper= (_The_). Almost all nations have a tradition about some sleeper who will wake after a long period of dormancy.

_American_ (_North_). RIP VAN WINKLE, a Dutch colonist, of New York, slept twenty years in the Catskill Mountains.--Washington Irving.

_American_ (_South_). SEBASTIAN I., supposed to have fallen in the battle of Alcazarquebir, in 1578, is only asleep, and will in due time awake, return to life, and make Brazil the chief kingdom of the earth.

_Arabian Legends._ MAHOMMED MOHADI, the twelfth imân, is only sleeping, like Charlemagne, till Antichrist appears, when he will awake in his strength, and overthrow the great enemy of all true believers.

NOURJAHAD is only in a temporary sleep, waiting the fulness of time.

_British Traditions._ KING ARTHUR is not dead in Avillon, but is merely metamorphosed into a raven. In due time he will awake, resume his proper person, claim the throne of Britain, and make it the head and front of all the kingdoms of the globe. “Because King Arthur bears for the nonce the semblance of a raven, the people of Britain never kill a raven” (Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. ii. 5).

GYNETH slept 500 years by the enchantment of Merlin. She was the natural daughter of King Arthur and Guendolen, and was thus punished because she would not put an end to a combat in which twenty knights were mortally wounded, including Merlin’s son.--Sir W. Scott, _Bridal of Triermain_ (1813).

MERLIN, the enchanter, is not dead, but “sleeps and sighs in an old tree, spell-bound by Vivien.”--_British Legend._

ST. DAVID was thrown into an enchanted sleep by Ormandine, but after sleeping for seven years, was awoke by Merlin.

_French Legend._ The French slain in the SICILIAN VESPERS are not really dead, but they sleep for the time being, awaiting the day of retribution.

_German Legends._ BARBAROSSA, with six of his knights, sleeps in Kyffhaüsberg, in Thuringia, till the fulness of time, when they will awake and make Germany the foremost kingdom of the earth. The beard of the red king has already grown through the table slab at which he is sitting, but it must wind itself three times round the table before his second event. Barbarossa occasionally wakes and asks, “Is it time?” when a voice replies, “Not yet. Sleep on.”

CHARLEMAGNE is not dead, but only asleep in Untersberg, near Saltzburg, waiting for the advent of Antichrist, when he will rouse from his slumber, go forth conquering, and will deliver Christendom that it may be fit for the second advent and personal reign of Christ.

CHARLES V., kaiser of Germany, is only asleep, waiting his time, when he will awake, return to earth, “resume the monarchy over Germany, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark, putting all enemies under his feet.”

KNEZ LAZAR, of Servia, supposed to have been slain by the Turks in 1389, is not really dead, but has put on sleep for a while, and at an allotted moment he will re-appear in his full strength.

_Grecian Legends._ ENDYM´ION, a beautiful youth, sleeps a perpetual sleep in Latmos. Selēnê (the moon) fell in love with him, kissed him, and still lies by his side. In the British Museum is an exquisite statue of Endymion asleep.--_Greek Fable._

EPIMEN´IDES (5 _syl._), the Cretan poet, was sent in boyhood to search for a stray sheep; being heated and weary, he stepped into a cave, and fell asleep for fifty-seven years. Epimenidês, we are told, attained the age of 154, 157, 229, and some say 289 years.--Pliny, _History_, vii. 12.

_Irish Traditions._ BRIAN, surnamed “Boroimhe,” king of Ireland, who conquered the Danes in twenty pitched battles, and was supposed to have been slain in the battle of Clontarf, in 1014, was only stunned. He still sleeps in his castle of Kincora, and the day of Ireland’s necessity will be Brian’s opportunity.

DESMOND OF KILMALLOCK, in Limerick, supposed to have perished in the reign of Elizabeth, is only sleeping under the waters of lough Gur. Every seventh year he re-appears in full armor, rides round the lake early in the morning, and will ultimately reappear and claim the family estates.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_.

_Jewish Legend._ ELIJAH, the prophet, is not dead, but sleeps in Abraham’s bosom till Antichrist appears, when he will return to Jerusalem and restore all things.

_Russian Tradition._ ELIJAH MANSUR, warrior, prophet, and priest in Asiatic Russia, tried to teach a more tolerant form of Islâm, but was looked on as a heretic, and condemned to imprisonment in the bowels of a mountain. There he sleeps, waiting patiently the summons which will be given him, when he will awake, and wave his conquering sword to the terror of the Muscovite.--Milner, _Gallery of Geography_, 781.

_Scandinavian Tradition._ OLAF TRYGGVASON, king of Norway, who was baptized in London, and introduced Christianity into Norway, Iceland and Greenland. Being overthrown by Swolde, king of Sweden (A.D. 1000), he threw himself into the sea and swam to the Holy Land, became an anchorite, and fell asleep at a greatly advanced age; but he is only waiting his opportunity, when he will sever Norway from Sweden, and raise it to a first-class power.

_Scottish Tradition._ THOMAS OF ERCELDOUNE sleeps beneath the Eildon Hills, in Scotland. One day an elfin lady led him into a cavern in these hills, and he fell asleep for seven years, when he revisited the upper earth, under a bond that he would return immediately the elfin lady summoned him. One day, as he was making merry with his friends, he heard the summons, kept his word, and has never since been seen.--Sir W. Scott, _Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_.

_Spanish Tradition._ BOBADIL EL CHICO, last of the Moorish kings of Granada, lies spell-bound near the Alhambra, but in the day appointed he will return to earth and restore the Moorish government in Spain.

_Swiss Legend._ Three of the family of TELL sleep a semi-death at Rütli, waiting for the hour of their country’s need, when they will wake up and deliver it.

⁂ See SEVEN SLEEPERS.

=Sleeper Awakened= (_The_). Abou Hassan, the son of a rich merchant at Bagdad, inherited a good fortune; but, being a prudent man, made a vow to divide it into two parts: all that came to him from rents he determined to set apart, but all that was of the nature of cash he resolved to spend on pleasure. In the course of a year he ran through this fund, and then made a resolve in future to ask only one guest at a time to his board. This guest was to be a stranger, and never to be asked a second time. It so happened that the Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, disguised as a merchant, was on one occasion his guest, and heard Abou Hassan say that he wished he were caliph for one day, and he would punish a certain imân for tittle-tattling. Haroun-al-Raschid thought that he could make capital of this wish for a little diversion; so, drugging the merchant’s wine, he fell into a profound sleep, was conveyed to the palace, and, on waking, was treated as the caliph. He ordered the imân to be punished, and sent his mother a handsome gift; but at night, another sleeping draught being given him, he was carried back to his own house. When he woke he could not decide if he had been in a dream or not, but his conduct was so strange that he was taken to a mad-house. He was confined for several days, and, being discharged, the caliph in disguise again visited him, and repeated the same game, so that next day he could not tell which had been the dream. At length the mystery was cleared up, and he was given a post about the caliph’s person, and the sultana gave him a beautiful slave for his wife. Abou Hassan now played a trick on the caliph. He pretended to be dead, and sent his young wife to the sultana to announce the sad news. Zobeida, the sultana, was very much grieved, and gave her favorite a sum of money for the funeral expenses. On her return she played the dead woman, and Abou Hassan went to the caliph to announce his loss. The caliph expressed his sympathy, and, having given him a sum of money for the funeral expenses, went to the sultana to speak of the sad news of the death of the young bride. “The bride?” cried Zobeida; “you mean the bridegroom, commander of the faithful.” “No, I mean the bride,” answered the caliph, “for Abou Hassan has but just left me.” “That cannot be, sire,” retorted Zobeida, “for it is not an hour ago that the bride was here to announce his death.” To settle this moot point, the chief of the eunuchs was sent to see which of the two was dead; and Abou, who saw him coming, got the bride to pretend to be dead, and set himself at her head bewailing, so the man returned with the report that it was the bride who was dead, and not the bridegroom. The sultana would not believe him, and sent her aged nurse to ascertain the fact. As she approached, Abou Hassan pretended to be dead, and the bride to be the wailing widow; accordingly, the nurse contradicted the report of the eunuch. The caliph and sultana, with the nurse and eunuch, then all went to see for themselves, and found both apparently dead. The caliph now said he would give 1000 pieces of gold to know which died first, when Abou Hassan cried, “Commander of the faithful, it was I who died first.” The trick was found out, the caliph nearly died with laughter, and the jest proved a little mine of wealth to the court favorite.--_Arabian Nights._

=Sleepers.= (See SEVEN SLEEPERS.)

=Sleeping Beauty= (_The_), a lady who sleeps in a castle a hundred years, during which time an impenetrable wood springs up around the castle; but being at length disenchanted by a young prince, she marries him. The brothers Grimm have reproduced this tale in German. The old Norse tale of Brynhild and Sigurd seems to be the original of _The Sleeping Beauty_.--Perrault, _Contes du Temps_ (“La Belle au Bois Dormant,” 1697).

(Tennyson has poetized this nursery story.)

=Sleepner=, the horse of Odin.

=Slender=, one of the suitors of “sweet Anne Page.” His servant’s name is Simple. Slender is a country lout, cousin of Justice Shallow.--Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_ (1596).

=Slick Mose=, idiot boy, yet with animal instinct and dogged fidelity enough to make him signally useful to those to whom he is attached. “Della sets a heap by Slick Mose’s notions in things,” said the Colonel. “Well, there’s no tellin’ ’bout these half-witted creatures. And more people _are_ half-witted than is suspected.”--Octave Thanet, _Expiation_ (1890).

=Slick= (_Sam_), Judge Thomas Chandler Haliburton, of Nova Scotia, author of _The Clockmaker_ (1837).

_Sam Slick_, a Yankee clockmaker and pedlar, wonderfully ’cute, a great observer, full of quaint ideas, droll wit, odd fancies, surprising illustrations, and plenty of “soft sawder.” Judge Haliburton wrote the two series called _Sam Slick, or the Clockmaker_ (1837).

=Sliderskew= (_Peg_), the hag-like housekeeper of Arthur Gride. She robs her master of some deeds, and thereby brings on his ruin.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

=Sligo= (_Dr._), of Ireland. He looks with contempt on his countryman, Dr. Osasafras, because he is but a _parvenu_.

Osasafras? That’s a name of no note. He is not a Milesian, I am sure. The family, I suppose, came over the other day with Strongbow, not above seven or eight hundred years ago.--Foote, _The Devil Upon Two Sticks_ (1768).

=Slingsby= (_Jonathan Freke_), John Francis Waller, author of _The Slingsby Papers_ (1852), etc.

_Slingsby_ (_Philip_), pseudonym of N. P. Willis, in the series of essays and tales published as _The Slingsby Papers_. Chief among these is _Love in the Library_ (184-).

=Slip=, the valet of young Harlowe (son of Sir Harry Harlowe, of Dorsetshire). He schemes with Martin, a fellow-servant, to contract a marriage between Martin and Miss Stockwell (daughter of a wealthy merchant), in order to get possession of £10,000, the wedding portion. The plan was this: Martin was to pass himself off as young Harlowe, and marry the lady or secure the dot; but Jenny (Miss Stockwell’s maid) informs Belford, the lover of Miss Stockwell, and he arrests the two knaves just in time to prevent mischief.--Garrick, _Neck or Nothing_ (1766).

=Slippers=, which enabled the feet to walk, _knives_ that cut of themselves, and _sabres_ which dealt blows at a wish, were presents brought to Vathek by a hideous monster without a name.--W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1784).

=Slippery Sam=, a highwayman in Captain Macheath’s gang. Peachum says he should dismiss him, because “the villain hath the impudence to have views of following his trade as a tailor, which he calls an honest employment.”--Gay, _The Beggar’s Opera_, i. (1727).

=Slipslop= (_Mrs._), a lady of frail morals.--Fielding, _Joseph Andrews_ (1742).

=Slocums= (_The_), _Rowland Slocum_, the head of a large marble-yard, and a good citizen. He gives Richard Shackford employment, and lets him become an inmate of his family.

_Margaret Slocum_, a motherless, only child, her father’s housekeeper, Richard Shackford’s fast friend, and, in time, his wife.--T. B. Aldrich, _The Stillwater Tragedy_ (1880).

=Slop= (_Dr._), Sir John Stoddart, M.D., editor of the _New Times_, who entertained an insane hatred of Napoleon Bonaparte, called by him “The Corsican Fiend.” William Hone devised the name from Stoddart’s book entitled _Slop’s Shave at a Broken Hone_ (1820), and Thomas Moore helped to popularize it (1773-1856).

_Slop_ (_Dr._), a choleric, enthusiastic, and bigoted physician. He breaks down Tristram’s nose, and crushes Uncle Toby’s fingers to a jelly, in attempting to demonstrate the use and virtues of a newly invented pair of obstetrical forceps.--Sterne, _The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman_ (1759).

(Under this name, Sterne ridiculed Dr. Burton, a man mid-wife of York.)

=Slopard= (_Dame_), wife of Grimbard, the brock or badger, in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).

=Sloppy=, a love-child, brought up by Betty Higden, for whom he turned the mangle. When Betty died, Mr. Boffin apprenticed him to a cabinet-maker. Sloppy is described as “a very long boy, with a very little head, and an open mouth of disproportionate capacity that seemed to assist his eyes in staring.” It is hinted that he became “the prince” of Jenny Wren, the doll’s dressmaker.

Of an ungainly make was Sloppy. There was too much of him longwise, too little of him broadwise, and too many sharp angles of him angle-wise.... He had a considerable capital of knee, and elbow, and wrist, and ankle. Full-private Number One in the awkward squad was Sloppy.--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_, I. i. 16 (1864).

=Slote= (_Hon. Bardwell_). Member of Congress, who condenses phrases into initials, expressing himself phonetically as “H. K.” for Hard Cash, and “G. F.” for Jug Full.--B. E. Woolf, _The Mighty Dollar_ (1875).

=Slough of Despond= (_The_), a deep bog, which Christian had to pass on his way to the Wicket Gate. Neighbor Pliable would not attempt it, and turned back. While Christian was floundering in the slough, Help came to his aid, and assisted him over.

The name of the slough was Despond. Here they wallowed for a time, and Christian, because of the burden that was on his back, began to sink into the mire. This miry slough is such a place as cannot be mended. It is the descent whither the scum and filth that attends conviction of sin doth continually run, and therefore is it called the Slough of Despond; for still, as the sinner is awakened about his lost condition, there arise in his soul many fears and doubts and discouraging apprehensions, which all of them get together, and settle in this place, and this is the reason of the badness of this ground.--Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, i. (1678).

=Slowboy= (_Tilly_), nurse and general help of Mr. and Mrs. Peerybingle. She “was of a spare and straight shape, insomuch that her garments appeared to be in constant danger of sliding off her shoulders. Her costume was remarkable for its very partial development, and always afforded glimpses at the back of a pair of dead-green stays.” Miss Tilly was very fond of baby, but had a surprising talent for getting it into difficulties, bringing its head into perpetual contact with doors, dressers, stair-rails, bedposts, and so on. Tilly, who had been a foundling, looked upon the house of Peerybingle, the carrier, as a royal residence, and loved both Mr. and Mrs. Peerybingle with all the intensity of an undivided affection.--C. Dickens, _The Cricket on the Hearth_ (1845).

=Sludge= (_Gammer_), the landlady of Erasmus Holiday, the schoolmaster in White Horse Vale.

_Dickie Sludge_, or “Flibbertigibbet,” her dwarf grandson.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Slum= (_Mr._), a patter poet, who dressed _en militaire_. He called on Mrs. Jarley, exhibitor of wax-works, all by accident. “What, Mr. Slum?” cried the lady of the wax-works; “who’d have thought of seeing you here?” “’Pon my soul and honor,” said Mr. Slum, “that’s a good remark! ’Pon my soul and honor, that’s a wise remark.... Why I came here? ’Pon my soul and honor, I hardly know what I came here for.... What a splendid classical thing is this, Mrs. Jarley! ’Pon my soul and honor, it is quite Minervian!” “It’ll look well, I fancy,” observed Mrs. Jarley. “Well!” said Mr. Slum; “It would be the delight of my life, ’pon my soul and honor, to exercise my Muse on such a delightful theme. By the way--any orders, madam? Is there anything I can do for you?” (ch. xxviii.).

“Ask the perfumers,” said the military gentleman, “ask the blacking-makers, ask the hatters, ask the old lottery office keepers, ask any man among ’em what poetry has done for him, and mark my word, he blesses the name of Slum.”--C. Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_ (1840).

=Slumkey= (_Samuel_), “blue” candidate for the representation of the borough of Eatanswill in parliament. His opponent is Horatio Fizkin, who represents the “buff” interest.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

=Sly= (_Christopher_), a keeper of bears, and a tinker. In the induction of Shakespeare’s comedy called _Taming of the Shrew_, Christopher is found dead drunk by a nobleman, who commands his servant to take him to his mansion and attend on him as a lord. The trick is played, and the “commonty” of _Taming of the Shrew_ is performed for the delectation of the ephemeral lord.

A similar trick was played by Haroun-al-Raschid on a rich merchant, named Abou Hassan (see _Arabian Nights_, “The Sleeper Awakened”). Also by Philippe _le Bon_ of Burgundy, on his marriage with Eleanora (see Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, ii. 2, 4; 1624).

=Slyne= (_Chevy_), one of old Martin Chuzzlewit’s numerous relations. He is a drunken, good-for-nothing vagabond, but his friend, Montague Tigg, considers him “an unappreciated genius.” His chief peculiarity consists in his always being “round the corner.”--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844).

=Small= (_Gilbert_), the pinmaker, a hard-working old man, who loves his son most dearly.

_Thomas Small_, the son of Gilbert, a would-be man of fashion and maccaroni. Very conceited of his fine person, he thinks himself the very glass of fashion. Thomas Small resolves to make a fortune by marriage, and allies himself to Kate, who turns out to be the daughter of Strap, the cobbler.--S. Knowles, _The Beggar of Bethnal Green_ (1834).

=Small Beer Poet= (_The_). W. Thomas Fitzgerald. He is now known only for one line, quoted in the _Rejected Addresses_: “The tree of freedom is the British oak.”--Cobbett gave him the sobriquet (1759-1829).

=Small-Endians=, a “religious sect” in Lilliput, who made it an article of orthodoxy to break their eggs at the small end. By the Small-endians is meant the Protestant party; the Roman Catholics are called the Big-endians, from their making it a _sine quâ non_ for all true Churchmen to break their eggs at the big end.--Swift, _Gulliver’s Travels_ (“Voyage to Lilliput,” 1726).

=Smallweed Family= (_The_), a grasping, ill-conditioned lot, consisting of grandfather, grandmother, and the twins, Bartholomew and Judy. The grandfather indulges in vituperative exclamations against his aged wife, with or without provocation, and flings at her anything he can lay his hand on. He becomes, however, so dilapidated at last that he has to be shaken up by his amiable grand-daughter, Judy, in order to be aroused to consciousness.

_Bart._, i.e., _Bartholomew Smallweed_, a youth, who moulds himself on the model of Mr. Gruppy, the lawyer’s clerk, in the office of Kenge and Carboy. He prides himself on being “a limb of the law,” though under 15 years of age; indeed it is reported of him that his first long clothes were made out of a lawyer’s blue bag.--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1852).

=Sma´trash= (_Eppie_), the ale-woman at Wolf’s Hope village.--Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

=Smauker= (_John_), footman of Angelo Cyrus Bantam. He invites Sam Weller to a “swarry” of “biled mutton.”--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

=Smectym´nuus=, the title of a celebrated pamphlet containing an attack upon episcopacy (1641). The title is composed of the initial letters of the five writers, =SM= (Stephen Marshall), =EC= (Edmund Calamy), =TY= (Thomas Young), =MN= (Matthew Newcomen), =UUS= (William Spurstow). Sometimes one U is omitted. Butler says the business of synods is:

To find in lines of beard and face. The physiognomy of “Grace;” And by the sound and twang of nose, If all be sound within disclose ... The handkerchief about the neck (Canonical cravat of Smeck, From whom the institution came When Church and State they set on flame ...) Judge rightly if “regeneration” Be of the newest cut in fashion. _Hudibras_, i. 3 (1663).

=Smelfungus.= Smollett was so called by Sterne, because his volume of _Travels through France and Italy_ is one perpetual snarl from beginning to end.

The lamented Smelfungus travelled from Boulogne to Paris, from Paris to Rome, and so on; but he set out with the spleen and jaundice, and every object he passed by was discolored or distorted. He wrote an account of them, but ’twas nothing but the account of his own miserable feelings.--Sterne, _Sentimental Journey_ (1768).

=Smell a Voice.= When a young prince had clandestinely visited the young princess brought up in the palace of the Flower Mountain, the fairy mother, Violenta, said, “I smell the voice of a man,” and commanded the dragon on which she rode to make search for the intruder.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The White Cat,” 1682).

Bottom says, in the part of “Pyramus:”

I see a voice, now will I to the chink, To spy an I can hear my Thisbe’s face. Shakespeare, _Midsummer Night’s Dream_, act v. sc. 1 (1592).

=Smike= (1 _syl._), a poor, half-starved, half-witted boy, the son of Ralph Nickleby. As the marriage was clandestine, the child was put out to nurse, and neither its father or mother went to see it. When about seven years old, the child was stolen by one Brooker, out of revenge, and put to school at Dotheboys Hall, Yorkshire. Brooker paid the school fees for six years, and being then transported, the payment ceased, and the boy was made a sort of drudge. Nicholas Nickleby took pity on him, and when he left, Smike ran away to join his friend, who took care of the poor half-witted creature till he died.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

=Smiler=, a sheriff’s officer, in _A Regular Fix_, by J. M. Morton.

=Smilinda=, a lovelorn maiden, to whom Sharper was untrue. Pope, in his eclogue called _The Basset Table_ (1715), makes Cordelia and Smilinda contend on this knotty point, “Who suffers most, she who loses at basset, or she who loses her lover?” They refer the question to Betty Lovet. Cordelia stakes her “lady’s companion, made by Mathers, and worth fifty guineas,” on the point; and Smilinda stakes a snuff-box, won at Corticelli’s in a raffle, as her pledge. When Cordelia has stated the iron agony of loss at cards, and Smilinda the crushing grief of losing a sweetheart, “strong as a footman, and as his master sweet,” Lovet awards the lady’s companion to Smilinda, and the snuff-box to Cordelia, and bids both give over, “for she wants her tea.” Of course, this was suggested by Virgil’s _Eclogue_, iii.

=Smiley= (_Jim_), the champion better of Calaveras County, and owner of a trained frog.--Mark Twain, _The Jumping Frog_ (1867).

=Smith= (_Henry_), _alias_ “Henry Gow,” _alias_ “Gow Chrom,” _alias_ “Hal of the Wynd,” the armorer, and lover of Catharine Glover, whom at the end he marries.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.)

_Smith_ (_Mr._), a faithful, confidential clerk in the bank of Dornton and Sulky.--Holcroft, _The Road to Ruin_ (1792).

_Smith_ (_Rainy Day_), John Thomas Smith, _Antiquary_ (1766-1833).

_Smith_ (_Wayland_), an invisible farrier, who haunted the “Vale of White Horse,” in Berkshire, where three flat stones supporting a fourth, commemorate the place of his stithy. His fee was sixpence, and he was offended if more were offered him.

Sir W. Scott has introduced him in _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Smith’s Prizeman=, one who has obtained the prize (£25) founded in the University of Cambridge, by Robert Smith, D.D., once Master of Trinity. Two prizes are awarded annually to two commencing bachelors of arts for proficiency in mathematics and natural philosophy.

=Smolkin=, a punic spirit.

Peace, Smolkin, peace, thou fiend! Shakespeare, _King Lear_, act iii. sc. 4 (1605).

=Smollett of the Stage= (_The_), George Farquhar (1678-1707).

=Smotherwell= (_Stephen_), the executioner.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Smyr´nean Poet= (_The_), Mimnermos, born at Smyrna (fl. B.C. 630).

=Snacks=, the hard, grinding steward of Lord Lackwit, who, by grasping, got together £26,000. When Lord Lackwit died, and the property came to Robin Roughhead, he toadied him with the greatest servility, but Robin dismissed him, and gave the post to Frank.--Allingham, _Fortune’s Frolic_.

=Snaffle= (_Erastus_), a successful speculator in “wild cat” stocks, especially ingenious in “standing from under” when the crash comes.--Arlo Bates, _The Philistines_ (1888).

=Snaggs=, a village portrait-taker and tooth-drawer. He says, “I draws off heads, and draws out teeth,” or “I takes off heads, and takes out teeth.” Major Touchwood, having dressed himself up to look like his uncle, the colonel, pretends to have the tooth-ache. Snaggs being sent for, prepares to operate on the colonel, and the colonel, in a towering rage, sends him to the right about.--T. Dibdin, _What Next?_

=Snags´by= (_Mr._), the law-stationer in Cook’s Court, Cursitor Street. A very mild specimen of the “spear half,” in terrible awe of his termagant wife, whom he calls euphemistically “his little woman.” He preceded most of his remarks by the words, “not to put too fine a point upon it.”--C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1852).

=Snail=, the collector of customs, near Ellangowan House.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Snailsfoot= (_Bryce_), the jagger or pedlar.--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

=Snake= (_Mr._), a traitorous ally of Lady Sneerwell, who has the effrontery to say to her, “you paid me extremely liberally for propagating the lie, but, unfortunately, I have been offered double to speak the truth.” He says:

Ah, sir, consider; I live by the baseness of my character; and if it were once known that I have been betrayed into an honest action, I shall lose every friend I have in the world.--Sheridan, _School for Scandal_, v. 3 (1777).

=Snaw´ley=, “in the oil and color line.” A “sleek, flat-nosed man, bearing in his countenance an expression of mortification and sanctity.”--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_, iii. (1838).

=Sneak= (_Jerry_), a hen-pecked pinmaker; a paltry, pitiful, prying sneak. If ever he summoned up a little manliness, his wife would begin to cry, and Jerry was instantly softened.

Master Sneak, ... the ancient corporation of Garratt, in consideration of your great parts and abilities, and out of respect to their landlord, Sir Jacob, have unanimously chosen you mayor.--Act ii.

Jerry Sneak has become the type of hen-pecked husbands.--_Temple Bar_, 456 (1875).

_Mrs. Sneak_, wife of Jerry, a domineering tartar of a woman, who keeps her lord and master well under her thumb. She is the daughter of Sir Jacob Jollup.--S. Foote, _The Mayor of Garratt_ (1763).

_Jerry Sneak Russell._ So Samuel Russell, the actor, was called, because of his inimitable representation of “Jerry Sneak,” which was quite a hit (1766-1845).

=Sneer=, a double-faced critic, who carps at authors behind their backs, but fawns on them when they are present (see act i. 1).--Sheridan, _The Critic_ (1779).

=Sneerwell= (_Lady_), the widow of a City knight. Mr. Snake says, “Every one allows that Lady Sneerwell can do more with a word or a look than many can with the most labored detail, even when they happen to have a little truth on their side to support it.”

Wounded myself, in the early part of my life, by the envenomed tongue of slander, I confess I have since known no pleasure equal to the reducing of others to the level of my own reputation.--Sheridan, _School for Scandal_, i. 1 (1777).

=Snevellicci= (_Mr._), in Crummle’s company of actors. Mr. Snevellicci plays the military swell, and is great in the character of speechless noblemen.

_Mrs. Snevellicci_, wife of the above, a dancer in the same theatrical company.

_Miss Snevellicci_, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Snevellicci, also of the Portsmouth Theatre. “She could do anything from a medley dance to Lady Macbeth.” Miss Snevellicci laid her toils to catch Nicholas Nickleby, but “the bird escaped from the nets of the toiler.”--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

=Snitchey and Craggs=, lawyers. It was the opinion of Mr. Thomas Craggs that “everything is too easy,” especially law; that it is the duty of wise men to make everything as difficult as possible, and as hard to go as rusty locks and hinges which will not turn for want of greasing. He was a cold, hard, dry man, dressed in grey-and-white like a flint, with small twinkles in his eyes. Jonathan Snitchey was like a magpie or raven. He generally finished by saying, “I speak for Self and Craggs,” and, after the death of his partner, “for Self and Craggs, deceased.”

_Mrs. Snitchey and Mrs. Craggs_, wives of the two lawyers. Mrs. Snitchey was, on principle, suspicious of Mr. Craggs; and Mrs. Craggs was, on principle, suspicious of Mr. Snitchey. Mrs. Craggs would say to her lord and master:

Your Snitcheys, indeed! I don’t see what you want with your Snitcheys, for my part. You trust a great deal too much to your Snitcheys, I think, and I hope you may never find my words come true.

Mrs. Snitchey would observe to Mr. Snitchey:

Snitchey, if ever you were led away by man, take my word for it you are led away by Craggs; and if ever I can read a double purpose in mortal eye, I can read it in Craggs’s eye.--C. Dickens, _The Battle of Life_, ii. (1846).

=Snodgrass= (_Augustus_), M.P.C., a poetical young man, who travels about with Mr. Pickwick, “to inquire into the source of the Hampstead ponds.” He marries Emily Wardle.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

=Snoring= (_Great_). “Rector of Great Snoring,” a dull, prosy preacher.

=Snorro Sturleson=, last of the great Icelandic scalds or court poets. He was author of the _Younger Edda_, in prose, and of the _Heimskringla_, a chronicle, in verse, of the history of Norway, from the earliest times to the year 1177. The _Younger Edda_ is an abridgement of the _Rhythmical Edda_ (see SÆMUND SIGFUSSON). The _Heimskringla_ appeared in 1230, and the _Younger Edda_ is often called the _Snorro Edda_. Snorro Sturleson incurred the displeasure of Hakon, king of Norway, who employed assassins to murder him (1178-1241).

⁂ The _Heimskringla_ was translated into English by Samuel Laing, in 1844.

=Snout= (_Tom_), the tinker who takes part in the “tragedy” of _Pyrămus and Thisbe_, played before the duke and duchess of Athens “on their wedding day at night.” Next to Peter Quince and Nick Bottom, the weaver, Snout was by far the most self-important man of the troupe. He was cast for Pyramus’s father, but has nothing to say, and does not even put in an appearance during the play.--Shakespeare, _Midsummer Night’s Dream_ (1592).

=Snow King= (_The_), Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, king of Sweden, killed in the Thirty Years’ War, at the battle of Lutzen. The cabinet of Vienna said, in derision of him, “The Snow King is come, but he can live only in the north, and will melt away as soon as he feels the sun” (1594, 1611-1632).

At Vienna he was called, in derision, “The Snow King” who was kept together by the cold, but would melt and disappear as he approached a warmer soil.--Dr. Crichton, _Scandinavia_ (“Gustavus Adolphus,” ii. 61).

_Snow King_ (_The_), Frederick, elector palatine, made king of Bohemia by the Protestants in the autumn of 1619, but defeated and set aside in the following autumn.

The winter king, king in times of frost, a snow king, altogether soluble in the spring, is the name which Frederick obtained in German histories.--Carlyle.

=Snow Queen= (_The_), Christiana, queen of Sweden (1626, 1633-1689).

The Princess Elizabeth of England, who married Frederick V., elector palatine, in 1613, and induced him to accept the crown of Bohemia in 1619. She was crowned with her husband, October 25, 1619, but fled, in November, 1620, and was put under the ban of the empire in 1621. Elizabeth was queen of Bohemia during the time of snow, but was melted by the heat of the ensuing summer.

=Snubbin= (_Serjeant_), retained by Mr. Perker for the defence in the famous case of “Bardell _v._ Pickwick.” His clerk was named Mallard, and his junior, Phunky, “an infant barrister,” very much looked down upon by his senior.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

=Snuffim= (_Sir Tumley_), the doctor who attends Mrs. Wititterly.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

=Snuffle= (_Simon_), the sexton of Garratt, and one of the corporation. He was called a “scollard, for he could read a written hand.”--S. Foote, _Mayor of Garratt_, ii. 1 (1763).

=Snug=, the joiner, who takes part in the “lamentable comedy” of _Pyramus and Thisbe_, played before the duke and duchess of Athens “on their wedding day at night.” His _rôle_ was the “lion’s part.” He asked the manager (Peter Quince) if he had the “lion’s part written out, for,” said he, “I am slow of memory;” but being told he could do it extempore, “for it was nothing but roaring,” he consented to undertake it.--Shakespeare, _A Midsummer Night’s Dream_ (1592).

=Sobri´no=, one of the most valiant of the Saracen army, and called “The Sage.” He counselled Agrămant to entrust the fate of the war to a single combat, stipulating that the nation whose champion was worsted should be tributary to the other. Rogēro was chosen for the pagan champion, and Rinaldo for the Christian army; but when Rogero was overthrown, Agramant broke the compact. Sobrino was greatly displeased, and soon afterwards received the rite of Christian baptism.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

Who more prudent than Sobrino?--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605).

=Soc´ratês= (_The English_), Dr. Johnson is so called by Boswell (1709-1784).

Mr. South’s amiable manners and attachment to our Socrătês at once united me to him.--_Life of Johnson_ (1791).

=Sofronia=, a young Christian of Jerusalem, the heroine of an episode in Tasso’s _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575). The tale is this: Aladine, king of Jerusalem, stole from a Christian church an image of the Virgin, being told by a magician that it was a palladium, and, if set up in a mosque, the Virgin would forsake the Christian army, and favor the Mohammedan. The image was accordingly set up in a mosque, but during the night was carried off by some one. Aladine, greatly enraged, ordered the instant execution of all his Christian subjects, but, to prevent this massacre, Sofronia accused herself of the offence. Her lover, Olindo, hearing that Sofronia was sentenced to death, presented himself before the king, and said that he and not Sofronia was the real offender; whereupon the king ordered both to instant execution; but Clorinda, the Amăzon, pleading for them, obtained their pardon, and Sofronia left the stake to join Olindo at the altar of matrimony.--Bk. ii.

This episode may have been suggested by a well-known incident in ecclesiastical history. At Merum, a city of Phrygia, Amachius, the governor of the province, ordered the temple to be opened, and the idols to be cleansed. Three Christians, inflamed with Christian zeal, went by night and broke all the images. The governor, unable to discover the culprits, commanded all the Christians of Merum to be put to death; but the three who had been guilty of the act confessed their offence, and were executed.--Socratês, _Ecclesiastical History_, iii. 15 (A.D. 439). (See SOPHRONIA.)

=Soham=, a monster with the head of a horse, four eyes, and the body of a fiery dragon. (See OURANABAD.)

=Soi-même.= _St. Soi-même_, the “natural man,” in opposition to the “spiritual man.” In almost all religious acts and feelings, a thread of self may be detected, and many things are done ostensibly for God, but in reality for St. Soi-même.

They attended the church service not altogether without regard to St. Soi-même.--_Asylum Christi_, ii.

=Soldan= (_The_), Philip II. of Spain, whose wife was Adicia (or _papal bigotry_). Prince Arthur sent the soldan a challenge for wrongs done to Samient, a female ambassador (_deputies of the states of Holland_). On receiving this challenge, the soldan “swore and banned most blasphemously,” and mounting “his chariot high” (_the high ships of the Armāda_), drawn by horses fed on carrion (_the Inquisitors_), went forth to meet the prince, whom he expected to tear to pieces with his chariot scythes, or trample down beneath his horses’ hoofs. Not being able to get at the soldan from the great height of the chariot, the prince uncovered his shield, and held it up to view. Instantly the soldan’s horses were so terrified that they fled, regardless of the whip and reins, overthrew the chariot, and left the soldan on the ground, “torn to rags, amongst his own iron hooks and grapples keen.”--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 8 (1596).

⁂ The overthrow of the soldan by supernatural means, and not by combat, refers to the destruction of the Armada by tempest, according to the legend of the medals, _Flavit Jehovah, et dissipati sunt_ (“He blew with His blast, and they were scattered”).

=Soldier’s Daughter= (_The_), a comedy by A. Cherry (1804). Mrs. Cheerly, the daughter of Colonel Woodley, after a marriage of three years, is left a widow, young, rich, gay, and engaging. She comes to London, and Frank Heartall, a generous-minded young merchant, sees her at the opera, falls in love with her, and follows her to her lodging. Here he meets with the Malfort family, reduced to abject poverty by speculation, and relieves them. Ferret, the villain of the piece, spreads a report that Frank gave the money as hush-money, because he had base designs on Mrs. Malfort; but his character is cleared, and he leads to the altar the blooming young widow, while the return of Malfort’s father places his son again in prosperous circumstances.

=Soldiers’ Friend= (_The_), Frederick, duke of York, second son of George III., and commander of the British forces in the Low Countries during the French Revolution (1763-1827).

=Solarion=, a dog, selected from the finest and purest breeds, and endowed with intellect and soul by means of electricity. He is his master’s favorite companion and fellow-student until master and dog love the same woman. They quarrel, the man strikes the dog, and the dog, leaping upon his former friend, tears him horribly. The master shoots him dead, and bears for the rest of his life in frightful disfigurement of visage tokens of his folly and madness.--Edgar Fawcett, _Solarion_ (1890).

=Solemn Doctor= (_The_). Henry Goethals was by the Sorbonne given the honorary title of _Doctor Solemnis_ (1227-1293).

=Solemn League and Covenant=, a league to support the Church of Scotland, and exterminate popery and prelacy. Charles II. signed it in 1651, but declared it null and void at his restoration.

=Soles=, a shoemaker, and a witness at the examination of Dirk Hatteraick.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Solid Doctor= (_The_), Richard Middleton (*-1304).

=Soliman the Magnificent=, Charles Jennens, who composed the libretto for Handel’s _Messiah_ (*-1773).

=Soli´nus=, duke of Ephesus, who was obliged to pass the sentence of the law on Æge´on, a merchant, because, being a Syracusan, he had dared to set foot in Ephesus. When, however, he discovered that the man who had saved his life, and whom he best loved, was the son of Ægeon, the prisoner was released, and settled in Ephesus.--Shakespeare, _Comedy of Errors_ (1593).

=Solomon=, an epic poem in three books, by Prior (1718). Bk. i. Solomon seeks happiness from wisdom, but comes to the conclusion that “All is vanity;” this book is entitled _Knowledge_. Bk. ii. Solomon seeks happiness in wealth, grandeur, luxury, and ungodliness, but comes to the conclusion that “All is vanity and vexation of spirit;” this book is entitled _Pleasure_. Bk. iii., entitled _Power_, consists of the reflections of Solomon upon human life, the power of God, life, death, and a future state. An angel reveals to him the future lot of the Jewish race, and Solomon concludes with this petition:

Restore, Great Father, Thy instructed son, And in my act may Thy great will be done!

_Solomon_ is called king of the ginn and fairies. This is probably a mere blunder. The monarch of these spirits was called “suleyman,” and this title of rank has been mistaken for a proper name.

_Solomon died standing._ Solomon employed the genii in building the Temple, but, perceiving that his end was at hand, prayed God that his death might be concealed from the genii till the work was completed. Accordingly, he died standing, leaning on his staff as if in prayer. The genii, supposing him to be alive, toiled on, and when the Temple was fully built, a worm knawed the staff, and the corpse fell prostrate to the earth. Mahomet refers to this as a fact:

When We [_God_] had decreed that Solomon should die, nothing discovered his death unto them [_the genii_] except the creeping thing of the earth, which gnawed his staff. And when his [_dead_] body fell down, the genii plainly perceived that if they had known that which is secret, they would not have continued in a vile punishment.--_Al Korân_, xxxiv.

_Solomon’s Favorite Wife._ Prior, in his epic poem called _Solomon_ (bk. ii.), makes Abra the favorite.

The apples she had gathered smelt most sweet; The cake she kneaded was the savory meat; All fruits their odor lost and meats their taste, If gentle Abra had not decked the feast; Dishonored did the sparkling goblet stand, Unless received from gentle Abra’s hand; ... Nor could my soul approve the music’s tone, Till all was hushed, and Abra sung alone.

Al Beidâwi, Jallâlo´ddin, and Abulfeda, give Amīna, daughter of Jerâda, king of Tyre, as his favorite concubine.

_Solomon Kills His Horses._ Solomon bought a thousand horses, and went to examine them. The examination took him the whole day, so that he omitted the prayers which he ought to have repeated. This neglect came into his mind at sunset, and, by way of atonement, he slew all the horses except a hundred of the best “as an offering to God;” and God, to make him amends for his loss, gave him the dominion of the winds. Mahomet refers to this in the following passage:--

When the horses, standing on three feet, and touching the ground with the edge of the fourth foot, swift in the course, were set in parade before him [_Solomon_] in the evening, he said, “Verily I have loved the love of earthly good above the remembrance of my Lord; and I have spent the time in viewing these horses till the sun is hidden by the veil of night. Bring the horses back unto me.” And when they were brought back, he began to cut off their legs and their necks.--_Al Korân_, xxxvii.

_Solomon’s Mode of Travelling._ Solomon had a carpet of green silk, on which his throne was placed. This carpet was large enough for all his army to stand on. When his soldiers had stationed themselves on his right hand, and the spirits on his left, Solomon commanded the winds to convey him whither he listed. Whereupon the winds buoyed up the carpet, and transported it to the place the king wished to go to, and while passing thus through the air, the birds of heaven hovered overhead forming a canopy with their wings to ward off the heat of the sun. Mahomet takes this legend as an historic fact, for he says in reference to it:

Unto Solomon We subjected the strong wind, and it ran at his command to the land whereon We had bestowed our blessing.--_Al Korân_, xxi.

And again:

We made the wind subject to him, and it ran gently at his command whithersoever he desired.--_Al Korân_, xxxviii.

_Solomon’s Signet-Ring._ The rabbins say that Solomon wore a ring in which was set a chased stone that told him everything he wished to know.

_Solomon Loses His Signet-Ring._ Solomon’s favorite concubine was Amīna, daughter of Jerâda, king of Tyre, and when he went to bathe, it was to Amina that he entrusted his signet-ring. One day the devil, Sakhar, assumed the likeness of Solomon, and so got possession of the ring, and for forty days reigned in Jerusalem, while Solomon himself was a wanderer living on alms. At the end of the forty days, Sakhar flung the ring into the sea; it was swallowed by a fish, which was given to Solomon. Having thus obtained his ring again, Solomon took Sakhar captive, and cast him into the sea of Galilee.--_Al Korân_ (Sale’s notes, ch. xxxviii.). (See JOVIAN.)

⁂ Mahomet, in the _Korân_, takes this legend as an historic fact, for he says: “We [_God_], also tried Solomon, and placed on his throne a counterfeit body [_i.e._, _Sakhar, the Devil_].”--Ch. xxxviii.

Uffan, the sage, saw Solomon asleep, and wishing to take off his signet-ring, gave three arrows to Aboutaleb, saying, “When the serpent springs upon me, and strikes me dead, shoot one of these arrows at me, and I shall instantly come to life again.” Uffan tugged at the ring, was stung to death, but, being struck by one of the arrows, revived. This happened twice. After the third attempt, the heavens grew so black, and the thunder was so alarming, that Aboutaleb was afraid to shoot, and throwing down the bow and arrow, fled with precipitation from the dreadful place.--Comte de Caylus, _Oriental Tales_ (“History of Aboutaleb,” 1743).

_Solomon_ (_The Second_), James I. of England (1566, 1603-1625).

The French king (_Henri IV._) said, in the presence of Lord Sanquhar, to one that called James _a second Solomon_. “I hope he is not the son of David the fiddler” [_David Rizzio_].--Osborne, _Secret History_, i. 231.

Sully called him “The Wisest Fool in Christendom.”

_Solomon_, a tedious, consequential, old butler, in the service of Count Wintersen. He has two idiosyncrasies: One is that he receives letters of confidential importance from all parts of the civilized world, but “has received no communication from abroad to tell him who Mrs. Haller is.” One letter “from Constantinople” turns out to be from his nephew, Tim Twist, the tailor, about a waistcoat, which had been turned three times. In regard to the other idiosyncrasy, he boasts of his cellar of wine, provided in a “most frugal and provident way,” and of his alterations in the park, “all done with the most economical economy.” He is very proud of his son, Peter, a half-witted lad, and thinks Mrs. Haller “casts eyes at him.”--Benj. Thompson, _The Stranger_ (1797).

=Solomon Daisy=, parish clerk and bellringer, of Chigwell. He had little, round, black, shiny eyes like beads; wore rusty black breeches, a rusty black coat, and a long-flapped waistcoat, with little queer buttons like his eyes. As he sat in the firelight, he seemed all eyes, from head to foot.--C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

=Solomon of China= (_The_), Taetsong I., whose real name was Lee-chemen. He reformed the calendar, founded a very extensive library, established schools in his palace, built places of worship for the Nestorian Christians, and was noted for his wise maxims (*, 618-626).

=Solomon of England= (_The_), Henry VII. (1457, 1485-1509). (See SOLOMON THE SECOND.)

=Solomon of France= (_The_), Charles V. _le Sage_ (1337, 1364-1380).

⁂ Louis IX. (_i.e._, St. Louis) is also called “The Solomon of France” (1215, 1226-1270).

=Solon of French Prose= (_The_), Balzac (1596-1655).

=Solon of Parnassus= (_The_). Boileau is so called by Voltaire, in allusion to his _Art of Poetry_ (1636-1711).

=Solsgrace= (_Master Nehemiah_), a Presbyterian pastor.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Solus=, an old bachelor, who greatly wished to be a married man. When he saw the bright sides of domestic life, he resolved he would marry; but when he saw the reverse sides, he determined to remain single. Ultimately, he takes to the altar Miss Spinster.--Inchbald, _Every One has His Fault_ (1794).

=Solymæan Rout= (_The_), the London rabble and rebels. Solymæa was an ancient name of Jerusalem, subsequently called Hiero-solyma, that is “sacred Solyma.” As Charles II. is called “David,” and London “Jerusalem,” the London rebels are called “the Solymæan rout,” or the rabble of Jerusalem.

The Solymæan rout, well versed of old, In godly faction, and in treason bold, ... Saw with disdain an Ethnic plot [_popish plot_] begun, And scorned by Jebusites [_papists_] to be outdone. Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, i. (1681).

=Sol´yman=, king of the Saracens, whose capital was Nice. Being driven from his kingdom, he fled to Egypt, and was there appointed leader of the Arabs (bk. ix.). Solyman and Argantês were by far the most doughty of the pagan knights. The former was slain by Rinaldo (bk. xx.), and the latter by Tancred.--Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

=Somnambulus.= Sir W. Scott so signs _The Visionary_ (political satires, 1819).--Olphar Hamst [Ralph Thomas], _Handbook of Fictitious Names_.

=Somo Sala= (_Like the Father of_), a dreamer of air-castles, like the milkmaid Perrette, in Lafontaine. (See COUNT NOT, etc.)

=Son of Be´lial= (_A_), a wicked person, a rebel, an infidel.

Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial: they knew not [i.e., _acknowledged not_] the Lord.--_1 Sam._ ii. 12.

=Son of Consolation=, St. Barnabas of Cyprus (first century).--_Acts_ iv. 36.

=Son of Perdition= (_The_), Judas Iscariot.--_John_ xvii. 12.

_Son of Perdition_, Antichrist.--_2 Thess._ ii. 3.

=Son of a Star= (_The_), Barcochebas, or Barchochab, who gave himself out to be the “star” predicted by Balaam (died A.D. 135).

There shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth.--_Numb._ xxiv. 17.

=Son of the Last Man.= Charles II. was so called by the parliamentarians. His father, Charles I., was called by them “The Last Man.”

=Son of the Rock=, echo.

She went. She called on Armar. Nought answered but the son of the rock.--Ossian, _The Songs of Selma_.

=Sons of Phidias=, sculptors.

=Sons of Thunder=, or _Boanerges_, James and John, sons of Zebedee.--_Mark_ iii. 17.

=Sonderby= (_John_), a school-teacher who, after dallying with an evil temptation all through one summer, shakes himself free of it, and resolves “to make a man of himself, to go where human life is thick and the push keen and strong, to earn a place there by using the talent given him, and to work with hope, courage and belief, with a heart open to his humankind.”--Bliss Perry, _The Broughton House_ (1890).

=Song.= _The Father of Modern French Songs_, C. F. Panard (1691-1765).

_Song._ _What! all this for a song?_ So said William Cecil, Lord Burghley, when Queen Elizabeth ordered him to give Edmund Spenser £100 as an expression of her pleasure at some verses he had presented to her. When a pension of £50 a year was settled on the poet, Lord Burghley did all in his power to oppose the grant. To this Spenser alludes in the lines following:--

O, grief of griefs! O, gall of all good hearts! To see that virtue should despisèd be Of him that first was raised for virtuous parts; And now, broad-spreading like an aged tree, Lets none shoot up that nigh him planted be. Oh, let the man of whom the Muse is scorned, Alive nor dead be of the Muse adorned! Spenser, _The Ruins of Time_ (1591).

=Sonnam´bula= (_La_), Ami´na, the miller’s daughter. She was betrothed to Elvi´no, a rich young farmer, but the night before the wedding was discovered in the bed of Conte Rodolpho. This very ugly circumstance made the farmer break off the match and promise marriage to Lisa, the innkeeper’s daughter. The count now interfered, and assured Elvino that the miller’s daughter was a sleep-walker, and while they were still talking she was seen walking on the edge of the mill-roof, while the huge mill-wheel was turning rapidly. She then crossed a crazy old bridge, and came into the midst of the assembly, when she woke and ran to the arms of her lover. Elvino, convinced of her innocence, married her, and Lisa was resigned to Alessio, whose paramour she was.--Bellini’s opera, _La Sonnambula_ (1831).

(Taken from a melodrama by Romani, and adapted as a libretto by Scribe.)

=Sophi=, in Arabic, means “pure,” and therefore one of the pure or true faith. As a royal title it is tantamount to “Catholic,” or “most Christian.”--Selden, _Titles of Honor_, vi, 76-7 (1614).

=Sophi´a=, mother of Rollo and Otto, dukes of Normandy. Rollo is the “bloody brother.”--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Bloody Brother_ (1639).

_Sophia_, wife of Mathīas, a Bohemian knight. When Mathias went to take service with King Ladislaus of Bohemia, the queen, Honoria, fell in love with him, and sent Ubaldo and Ricardo to tempt Sophia to infidelity. But immediately Sophia perceived their purpose she had them confined in separate chambers, and compelled them to earn their living by spinning.

_Sophia’s Picture._ When Mathias left, Sophia gave him a magic picture, which turned _yellow_ if she were tempted, and black if she yielded to the temptation.--Massinger, _The Picture_ (1629).

_Sophia_ (_St._) or AGIA [_Aya_] SOFI´A, the most celebrated mosque of Constantinople, once a Christian church, but now a Mohammedan jamih. It is 260 feet long and 230 feet broad. Its dome is supported on pillars of marble, granite, and green jasper, said to have belonged to the temple of Diana at Ephesus.

Sophia’s cupola with golden gleam. Byron, _Don Juan_, v. 3 (1820).

_Sophia_ (_The princess_), only child of the old king of Lombardy, in love with Paladore, a Briton, who saved her life by killing a boar which had gored her horse to death. She was unjustly accused of wantonness by Duke Birēno, whom the king wished her to marry, but whom she rejected. By the law of Lombardy, this offence was punishable by death, but the accuser was bound to support his charge by single combat, if any champion chose to fight in her defence. Paladore challenged the duke, and slew him. The whole villainy of the charge was then exposed, the character of the princess was cleared, and her marriage with Paladore concludes the play.--Robert Jephson, _The Law of Lombardy_ (1779).

_Sophia_ [FREELOVE], daughter of the Widow Warren by her first husband. She is a lovely, innocent girl, passionately attached to Harry Dornton, the baker’s son, to whom ultimately she is married.--T. Holcroft, _The Road to Ruin_ (1792).

_Sophia_ [PRIMROSE], the younger daughter of the vicar of Wakefield; soft, modest, and alluring. Being thrown from her horse into a deep stream, she was rescued by Sir William Thornhill _alias_ Mr. Burchell. Being abducted, she was again rescued by him, and finally married him.--Goldsmith, _Vicar of Wakefield_ (1766).

_Sophia_ [SPRIGHTLY], a young lady of high spirits and up to fun. Tukely loves her sincerely, and knowing her partiality for the Hon. Mr. Daffodil, exposes him as a “male coquette,” of mean spirit and without manly courage; after which she rejects him with scorn, and gives her hand and heart to Tukely.--Garrick, _The Male Coquette_ (1758).

=Sophonis´ba=, daughter of Asdrubal, and reared to detest Rome. She was affianced to Masinissa, king of the Numidians, but married Syphax. In B.C. 203 she fell into the hands of Lelius and Masinissa, and, to prevent being made a captive, married the Numidian prince. This subject and that of Cleopatra have furnished more dramas than any other whatsoever.

_French:_ J. Mairet, _Sophonisbe_ (1630); Pierre Corneille; Lagrange-Chancel; rewritten by Voltaire. _Italian:_ Trissino (1514); Alfieri (1749-1863). _English:_ John Marston, _The Wonder of Women_, or _the Tragedy of Sophonisba_ (1605); James Thomson, _Sophonisba_ (1729).

(In Thomson’s tragedy occurs the line, “Oh, Sophonisba! Sophonisba, oh!” and a wit set all the town laughing with “Oh, Jemmy Thomson! Jemmy Thomson, oh!”)

=Sophronia=, a young lady who was taught Greek, and to hate men who were not scholars. Her wisdom taught her to gauge the wisdom of her suitors, and to discover their shortcomings. She never found one up to the mark, and now she is wrinkled with age, and talks about the “beauties of the mind.”--Goldsmith, _A Citizen of the World_, xxviii. (1759).

_Sophronia._ (See =Sofronia=.)

=Sophros´yne= (4 _syl._), one of Logistilla’s handmaids, noted for her purity. Sophrosynê was sent with Andronīca to conduct Astolpho safely from India to Arabia.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Sophy=, the eldest of a large family. She is engaged to Traddles, and is always spoken of by him as “the dearest girl in the world.”--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849).

=Sora´no=, a Neapolitan noble, brother of Evanthe (3 _syl._) “the wife for a month,” and the infamous instrument of Frederick, the licentious brother of Alphonso, king of Naples.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _A Wife for a Month_ (1624).

=Sordello=, a Provençal poet, whom Dantê meets in purgatory, sitting apart. On seeing Virgil, Sordello springs forward to embrace him.

⁂ R. Browning has a poem called _Sordello_, and makes Sordello typical of liberty and human perfectibility.

=Sorel= (_Agnes_), surnamed _La dame de Beauté_, not from her personal beauty, but from the “château de Beauté,” on the banks of the Marne, given to her by Charles VII. (1409-1450).

=Sorento= (in Naples), the birthplace of Torquato Tasso, the Italian poet.

=Sorrows of Werther=, a mawkish, sentimental novel by Goethe (1774), once extremely popular. Werther, the hero of the story, loves a married woman, and becomes disgusted with life because Charlotte [Lotte] is the wife of his friend, Kestner.

_Werther_, infusing itself into the core and whole spirit of literature, gave birth to a race of sentimentalists, who raged and wailed in every part of the world till better light dawned on them, or, at any rate, till exhausted nature laid itself to sleep, and it was discovered that lamenting was an unproductive labor.--Carlyle.

=Sosia= (in Molière, _Sosie_), the slave of Amphitryon. When Mercury assumes the form of Sosia, and Jupiter that of Amphitryon, the mistakes and confusion which arise resemble those of the brothers Antiph´olus and their servants, the brothers Dromio, in Shakespeare’s _Comedy of Errors_.--Plautus, Molière (1668), and Dryden (1690), _Amphitryon_.

His first name ... looks out upon him like another Sosia, or as if a man should suddenly encounter his own duplicate.--C. Lamb.

=Sosii=, brothers, the name of two booksellers at Rome, referred to by Horace.

=So´tenville= (_Mon. le baron de_), father of Angélique, and father-in-law of George Dandin. His wife was of the house of Prudoterie, and both boasted that in 300 years no one of their distinguished lines ever swerved from virtue. “La bravoure n’y est pas plus hérdéitaire aux mâles que la chasteté aux femelles.” They lived with their son-in-law, who was allowed the honor of paying their debts, and receiving a snubbing every time he opened his mouth, that he might be taught the mysteries of the _haut monde_.--Molière, _George Dandin_ (1668).

=Soulis= (_Lord William_), a man of prodigious strength, cruelty, avarice and treachery. Old Redcap gave him a charmed life, which nothing could affect “till threefold ropes of sand were twisted round his body.” Lord Soulis waylaid May, the lady-love of the heir of Branxholm, and kept her in durance till she promised to become his bride. Walter, the brother of the young heir, raised his father’s liegemen, and invested the castle. Lord Soulis having fallen into the hands of the liegemen, “they wrapped him in lead, and flung him into a caldron, till lead, bones, and all were melted.”--John Leyden (1802).

(The caldron is still shown in the Skelfhill, at Ninestane Rig, part of the range of hills which separates Liddesdale and Teviotdale.)

=South= (_Squire_), the Archduke Charles of Austria.--Arbuthnot, _History of John Bull_ (1712).

=Southampton= (_The earl of_), the friend of the earl of Essex, and involved with him in the charge of treason, but pardoned.--Henry Jones, _The Earl of Essex_ (1745).

=Sovereigns of England= (_Mortual Days of the_).

SUNDAY: six, viz., Henry I., Edward III., James I., William III., Anne, George I.

MONDAY: six, viz., Stephen, Henry IV., Henry V., Richard III., Elizabeth, Mary II. (Richard II. _deposed_).

TUESDAY: four, viz., Richard I., Charles I., Charles II., William IV. (Edward II. _resigned_, and James II. _abdicated_).

WEDNESDAY: four, viz., John, Henry III., Edward IV., Edward V. (Henry VI. _deposed_).

THURSDAY: five, viz., William I., William II., Henry II., Edward VI., Mary I.

FRIDAY: three, viz., Edward I., Henry VIII., Cromwell.

SATURDAY: four, viz., Henry VII., George II., George III., George IV.

That is, 6 Sunday and Monday; 5 Thursday; 4 Tuesday, Wednesday and Saturday; and 3 Friday.

ANNE, August 1 (Old Style), August 12 (New Style), 1714.

CHARLES I., January 30, 1648-9; CHARLES II. February 6, 1684-5; CROMWELL died September 3, 1658; burnt at Tyburn, January 30, 1661.

EDWARD I., July 7, 1307; EDWARD III., June 21, 1377; EDWARD IV., April 9, 1483; EDWARD V., June 25, 1483; EDWARD VI., July 6, 1553; ELIZABETH, March 24, 1602-3.

GEORGE I., June 11, 1727; GEORGE II., October 25, 1760; GEORGE III., January 29, 1820; GEORGE IV., June 26, 1830.

HENRY I., December 1, 1135; HENRY II., July 6, 1189; HENRY III., November 16, 1272; HENRY IV., March 20, 1412-3; HENRY V., August 31, 1422; HENRY VI., _deposed_ March 4, 1460-1; HENRY VII., April 21, 1509; HENRY VIII., January 28, 1546-7.

JAMES I., March 27, 1625; JAMES II., _abdicated_ December 11, 1688; JOHN, October 19, 1216.

MARY I., November 17, 1558; MARY II., December 27, 1694.

RICHARD I., April 6, 1199; RICHARD II. _deposed_ September 29, 1399; RICHARD III., August 22, 1485.

STEPHEN, October 25, 1154.

WILLIAM I., September 9, 1087; WILLIAM II., August 2, 1100; WILLIAM III., March 8, 1701-2; WILLIAM IV., June 20, 1837.

⁂ Edward II. _resigned_ Tuesday, January 20, 1327, and was _murdered_ Monday, September 21, 1327. Henry VI. _deposed_ Wednesday, March 4, 1461, again Sunday, April 14, 1471, and _died_ Wednesday, May 22, 1471. James II. _abdicated_ Tuesday, December 11, 1688, and _died_ at St. Germain’s, 1701. Richard II. _deposed_ Monday, September 29, 1399, _died_ the last week in February, 1400; but his death was not announced till Friday, March 12, 1400, when a dead body was exhibited said to be that of the deceased king.

Of the sovereigns, eight have died between the ages of 60 and 70, two between 70 and 80, and one has exceeded 80 years of age.

William I. 60, Henry I. 67, Henry III. 65, Edward I. 68, Edward III. 65, Elizabeth 69, George I. 69, George IV. 68.

George II. 77. William IV. 72. George III. 82.

_Length of reign._ Five have reigned between 20 and 30 years, seven between 30 and 40 years, one between 40 and 50 years, and three above 50 years.

William I., 20 years 8 months 16 days; Richard II., 22 years 3 months 8 days; Henry VII., 23 years 8 months; James I., 22 years 4 days; Charles I., 23 years 10 months 4 days.

Henry I., 35 years 3 months 27 days; Henry II., 34 years 6 months 17 days; Edward I., 34 years 7 months 18 days; Henry VI., 38 years 6 months and 4 days; Henry VIII., 37 years 9 months 7 days; Charles II. + Cromwell, 36 years 8 days; George II., 33 years 4 months 15 days.

Elizabeth, 44 years 4 months 8 days.

Henry III., 56 years 20 days; Edward III., 50 years 4 months 28 days; George III., 59 years 3 months 4 days.

=Sow= (_A_), a machine of war. It was a wooden shed which went on wheels, the roof being ridged like a hog’s back. Being thrust close to the wall of a place besieged, it served to protect the besieging party from the arrows hurled against them from the walls. When the countess of March (called “Black Agnes”), in 1335, saw one of those engines advancing towards her castle, she called out to the earl of Salisbury, who commanded the engineers:

Beware Montagow, For farrow shall thy sow;

and then had such a huge fragment of rock rolled on the engine that it dashed it to pieces. When she saw the English soldiers running away, the countess called out, “Lo! lo! the litter of English pigs!”

=Sow of Dallweir=, named “Henwen,” went burrowing through Wales, and leaving in one place a grain of barley, in another a little pig, a few bees, a grain or two of wheat, and so on, and these made the places celebrated for the particular produce ever after.

It is supposed that the sow was really a ship, and that the keeper of the sow, named Coll ab Collfrewi, was the captain of the vessel.--_Welsh Triads_, lvi.

=Sowerberry=, the parochial undertaker, to whom Oliver Twist is bound when he quits the workhouse. Sowerberry was not a badly disposed man, and he treated Oliver with a certain measure of kindness and consideration; but Oliver was ill-treated by Mrs. Sowerberry, and bullied by a big boy called Noah Claypole. Being one day greatly exasperated by the bully, Oliver gave him a thorough “drubbing,” whereupon Charlotte, the maidservant, set upon him like a fury, scratched his face, and held him fast till Noah Claypole had pummelled him within an inch of his life. Three against one was too much for the lad, so he ran away.--C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

_Sowerberry_, a misanthrope.--W. Brough, _A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock_.

=Sowerbrowst= (_Mr._), the maltster.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

=Soyer= (_Alexis_), a celebrated cook, appointed, in 1837, _chef de cuisine_ to the Reform Club, London, was the author of several useful works, as _The Gastronomic Regenerator_, _The Poor Man’s Regenerator_, _The Modern Housewife_, etc. (died 1858).

=Spado=, an impudent rascal, in the band of Don Cæsar (called “Captain Ramirez”), who tricks every one, and delights in mischief.--O’Keefe, _Castle of Andalusia_ (1798).

Quick’s great parts were “Isaac,” “Tony Lumpkin,” “Spado,” and “Sir Christopher Curry.”--_Records of a Stage Veteran._

(“Isaac,” in the _Duenna_, by Sheridan; “Tony Lumpkin,” in _She Stoops to Conquer_, by Goldsmith; “Sir Christopher Curry,” in _Inkle and Yarico_, by G. Colman.)

=Spahis=, native Algerian cavalry, officered by Frenchmen. The infantry are called _Turcos_.

=Spanish Brutus= (_The_), Alfonso Perez de Guzman, governor of Tarifa, in 1293. Here he was besieged by the infant, Don Juan, who had Guzman’s son in his power, and threatened to kill him unless Tarifa was given up. Alfonso replied, “Sooner than be guilty of such treason, I will lend Juan a dagger to carry out his threat;” and so saying, he tossed his dagger over the wall. Juan, unable to appreciate this patriotism, slew the young man without remorse.

⁂ Lopê de Vega has dramatized this incident.

=Spanish Curate= (_The_), Lopez.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Spanish Curate_ (1622).

=Spanish Fryar= (_The_), a drama by Dryden (1680). It contains two plots, wholly independent of each other. The serious element is this: Leonora, the usurping queen of Aragon, is promised in marriage to Duke Bertran, a prince of the blood; but is in love with Torrismond, general of the army, who turns out to be the son and heir of King Sancho, supposed to be dead. Sancho is restored to his throne, and Leonora marries Torrismond. The comic element is the illicit love of Colonel Lorenzo for Elvīra, the wife of Gomez, a rich old banker. Dominick (the Spanish fryar) helps on this scandalous amour, but it turns out that Lorenzo and Elvira are brother and sister.

=Spanish Lady= (_The_), a ballad contained in Percy’s _Reliques_, ii. 23. A Spanish lady fell in love with Captain Popham, whose prisoner she was. A command being sent to set all the prisoners free, the lady prayed the gallant captain to make her his wife. The Englishman replied that he could not do so, as he was married already. On hearing this the Spanish lady gave him a chain of gold and a pearl bracelet to take to his wife, and told him that she should retire to a nunnery and spend the rest of her life praying for their happiness.

It will be stuck up with the ballad of _Margaret’s Ghost_ [_q.v._] and the _Spanish Lady_, against the walls of every cottage in the country.--Isaac Bickerstaff, _Love in a Village_ (1763).

=Spanish Tragedy= (_The_), by T. Kyd (1597). Horatio (son of Hieronimo) is murdered while he is sitting in an arbor with Belimperia. Balthazar, the rival of Horatio, commits the murder, assisted by Belimperia’s brother, Lorenzo. The murderers hang the dead body on a tree in the garden, where Hieronimo, roused by the cries of Belimperia, discovers it, and goes raving mad.

=Spanker= (_Lady Gay_), in _London Assurance_, by D. Boucicault (1841).

Dazzle and Lady Gay Spanker “act themselves,” and will never be dropped out of the list of acting plays.--Percy Fitzgerald.

=Sparabel´la=, a shepherdess, in love with D’Urfey, but D’Urfey loves Clum´silis, “the fairest shepherd wooed the foulest lass.” Sparabella resolves to kill herself; but how? Shall she cut her windpipe with a penknife? “No,” she says, “squeaking pigs die so.” Shall she suspend herself to a tree? “No,” she says, “dogs die in that fashion.” Shall she drown herself in a pool? “No,” she says, “scolding queans die so.” And while in doubt how to kill herself, the sun goes down, and

The prudent maiden deemed it then too late, And till to-morrow came deferred her fate. Gay, _Pastoral_, iii. (1714).

=Sparkish=, “the prince of coxcombs,” a fashionable fool, and “a cuckold before marriage.” Sparkish is engaged to Alithēa Moody, but introduces to her his friend, Harcourt, allows him to make love to her before his face, and, of course, is jilted.--_The Country Girl_ (Garrick, altered from Wycherly’s _Country Wife_, 1675).

=Sparkler= (_Edmund_), son of Mrs. Merdle by her first husband. He married Fanny, sister of Little Dorrit. Edmund Sparkler was a very large man, called in his own regiment “Quinbus Flestrin, junior, or the Young Man-Mountain.”

_Mrs. Sparkler_, Edmund’s wife. She was very pretty, very self-willed, and snubbed her husband in most approved fashion.--C. Dickens, _Little Dorrit_ (1857).

=Sparrowgrass=, pen-name of Frederic S. Cozzens, under which he depicted the blunders and mishaps of a pair of city-bred people, who set up their Lares and Penates in Yonkers, N.Y.--Frederic Swartwout Cozzens, _The Sparrowgrass Papers_ (1856).

=Sparsit= (_Mrs._), housekeeper to Josiah Bounderby, banker and mill-owner at Coketown. Mrs. Sparsit is a “highly connected lady,” being the great-niece of Lady Scadgers. She had a “Coriolanian nose and dense black eyebrows,” was much believed in by her master, who, when he married, made her “keeper of the bank.” Mrs. Sparsit, in collusion with the light porter, Bitzer, then acted the spy on Mr. Bounderby and his young wife.--C. Dickens, _Hard Times_ (1854).

=Spasmodic School= (_The_), certain authors of the nineteenth century, whose writings abound in spasmodic phrases, startling expressions, and words used out of their common acceptation. Carlyle, noted for his Germanic English, is the chief of this school. Others are Bailey, author of _Festus_, Sydney Dobell, Gilfillan, and Alexander Smith.

⁂ Professor Aytoun has gibbeted this class of writers in his _Firmilian_, a _Spasmodic Tragedy_ (1854).

=Spear of Achillês.= Telĕphos, son-in-law of Priam, opposed the Greeks in their voyage to Troy. A severe contest ensued, and Achillês, with his spear, wounded the Mysian king severely. He was told by an oracle that the wound could be cured only by the instrument which gave it; so he sent to Achillês to effect his cure. The surly Greek replied he was no physician, and would have dismissed the messengers with scant courtesy, but Ulysses whispered in his ear that the aid of Telephos was required to direct them on their way to Troy. Achillês now scraped some rust from his spear, which, being applied to the wound, healed it. This so conciliated Telephos that he conducted the fleet to Troy, and even took part in the war against his father-in-law.

Achillês’ and his father’s javelin caused Pain first, and then the boon of health restored. Dantê, _Hell_, xxxi. (1300).

And fell in speche of Telephus, the king, And of Achilles for his queinte spere, For he coude with it both hele and dere (_i.e._, wound). Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Squire’s Tale”).

Whose smile and frown, like to Achillês’ spear, Is able with the change to kill and cure. Shakespeare, _2 Henry VI._ act v. sc. 1 (1591).

⁂ The plant milfoil or yarrow, called by the old herbalists, _Achilles_, is still used in medicine as a tonic. The leaves were at one time much used for healing wounds, and are still employed for this purpose in Scotland, Germany, France, and other countries.

=Spearman= (_Rosanna_). Housemaid in the employ of Lady Verinder, and a reformed thief. She is infatuated with Franklin Blake, who is quite ignorant of her passion. Learning, accidentally, that he has, as a sleep-walker, stolen the diamond, she tries to use the knowledge to establish a hold upon him. Failing in this, she drowns herself in a quicksand, leaving behind her a confession of her hopeless love and the means she had used to avert suspicion from him.--Wilkie Collins, _The Moonstone_.

=Spears of Spyinghow= (_The Three_), in the troop of Fitzurse.--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Speech ascribed to Dumb Animals.= Al Borak, the animal which conveyed Mahomet to the seventh heaven; Arīon, the wonderful horse which Herculês gave to Adrastos; Balaam’s ass (_Numb._ xxii. 28-30); the black pigeons of Dodōna; Comrade, Fortunio’s horse; Katmîr, the dog of the Seven Sleepers; Sâleh’s camel; Temliha, king of the serpents; Xanthos, the horse of Achillês. Frithjof’s ship, _Ellīda_, could not speak, but it understood what was said to it.

=Speech given to Conceal Thought.= _La parole a été donnée a l’homme pour déguiser la pensée or pour l’aider à cacher sa pensée._ Talleyrand is usually credited with this sentence, but Captain Gronow, in his _Recollections and Anecdotes_, asserts that the words were those of Count Montrond, a wit and poet, called “the most agreeable scoundrel and most pleasant reprobate in the court of Marie Antoinette.”

Voltaire, in _Le Chapon et la Poularde_, says: “Ils n’employent les paroles que pour déguiser leurs pensées.”

Goldsmith, in _The Bee_, iii. (October 20, 1759), has borrowed the same thought: “the true use of speech is not so much to express our wants as to conceal them.”

=Speech-Makers= (_Bad_).

ADDISON could not make a speech. He attempted one in the House of Commons, and said, “Mr. Speaker, I conceive--I conceive, sir--sir, I conceive----” Whereupon a member exclaimed, “The right honorable secretary of state has conceived thrice, and brought forth nothing.”

CAMPBELL (_Thomas_), once tried to make a speech, but so stuttered and stammered, that the whole table was convulsed with laughter.

CICERO, the great orator, never got over his nervous terror till he warmed to his subject.

IRVING (_Washington_), even with a speech written out, and laid before him, could not deliver it without a breakdown. In fact, he could hardly utter a word in public without trembling.

MOORE (_Thomas_) could never make a speech.

(Dickens and Prince Albert always spoke well and fluently.)

=Speed=, an inveterate punster, and the clownish servant of Valentine, one of the two “gentlemen of Verona.”--Shakespeare, _The Two Gentlemen of Verona_ (1594).

=Speed the Plough=, a comedy by Thomas Morton (1798). Farmer Ashfield brings up a boy named Henry, greatly beloved by every one. This Henry is in reality the son of “Morrington,” younger brother of Sir Philip Blandford. The two brothers fixed their love on the same lady, but the younger married her, whereupon Sir Philip stabbed him to the heart, and fully thought him to be dead, but after twenty years, the wounded man reappeared, and claimed his son. Henry marries his cousin, Emma Blandford; and the farmer’s daughter, Susan, marries Robert, only son of Sir Abel Handy.

=Spenlow= (_Mr._), father of Dora (_q.v._). He was a proctor, to whom David Copperfield was articled. Mr. Spenlow was killed in a carriage accident.

_Misses Lavinia_ and _Clarissa Spenlow_, two spinster aunts of Dora Spenlow, with whom she lived at the death of her father.

They were not unlike birds altogether, having a sharp, brisk, sudden manner, and a little, short, spruce way of adjusting themselves, like canaries.--C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_, xli. (1849).

=Spens= (_Sir Patrick_), a Scotch hero, sent, in the winter-time, on a mission to Norway. His ship, in its home passage, was wrecked off the coast of Aberdeen, and every one on board was lost. The incident has furnished the subject of a spirited Scotch ballad by Lady Lindsay.

=Spenser.= _The Spenser of English Prose Writers_, Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667).

_Spenser._ _From Spenser to Flecknoe_, that is, from the top to the bottom of all poetry; from the sublime to the ridiculous.--Dryden, _Comment on Spenser, etc._

=Spenser’s Monument=, in Westminster Abbey, was erected by Anne Clifford, countess of Dorset.

=Spider’s Net= (_A_). When Mahomet fled from Mecca, he hid in a cave, and a spider wove its net over the entrance. When the Koreishites came thither, they passed on, being fully persuaded that no one had entered the cave, because the cobweb was not broken.

In the _Talmud_, we are told that David, in his flight, hid himself in the cave of Adullam, and a spider spun its net over the opening. When Saul came up and saw the cobweb, he passed on, under the same persuasion.

=Spindle= (_Jack_), the son of a man of fortune. Having wasted his money in riotous living, he went to a friend to borrow £100. “Let me see, you want £100, Mr. Spindle; let me see, would not £50 do for the present?” “Well,” said Jack, “if you have not £100, I must be contented with £50.” “Dear me, Mr. Spindle!” said the friend, “I find I have but £20 about me.” “Never mind,” said Jack, “I must borrow the other £30 of some other friend.” “Just so, Mr. Spindle, just so. By-the-by would it not be far better to borrow the whole of that friend, and then one note of hand will serve for the whole sum? Good morning, Mr. Spindle; delighted to see you! Tom, see the gentleman down.”--Goldsmith, _The Bee_, iii. (1759).

=Spirit of the Cape= (_The_), Adamastor, a hideous phantom, of unearthly pallor, “erect his hair uprose of withered red,” his lips were black, his teeth blue and disjointed, his beard haggard, his face scarred by lightning, his eyes “shot livid fire,” his voice roared. The sailors trembled at the sight of him, and the fiend demanded how they dared to trespass “where never hero braved his rage before?” He then told them “that every year the shipwrecked should be made to deplore their foolhardiness.” According to Barreto the “Spirit of the Cape” was one of the giants who stormed heaven.--Camoens, _The Lusiad_ (1572).

In me the Spirit of the Cape behold ... That rock by you the “Cape of Tempests” named ... With wide-stretched piles I guard ... Great Adamastor is my dreaded name.