iii. 10); and three sons in lawful wedlock; Sir Aglouale (sometimes

called Aglavale, probably a clerical error), Sir Lamorake Dornar (also called Sir Lamorake de Galis), and Sir Percivale de Gralis (pt. ii. 108). The widow succeeded to the throne (pt. iii. 10).--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470).

Milton calls the name “Pellenore” (2 _syl._).

Fair damsels, met in forests wide By knights of Logres, or of Lyones, Lancelot, or Pelleas, or Pellenore.

Milton.

=Pelob´ates= (4 _syl._), one of the frog champions. The word means “mud-wader.” In the battle he flings a heap of mud against Psycarpax, the Hector of the mice, and half blinds him; but the warrior mouse heaves a stone “whose bulk would need ten degenerate mice of modern days to lift,” and the mass, falling on the “mud-wader,” breaks his leg.--Parnell, _Battle of the Frogs and Mice_, iii. (about 1712).

=Pel´ops’ Shoulder=, ivory. The tale is that Demēter ate the shoulder of Pelops when it was served up by Tan´talos for food. The gods restored Pelops to life by putting the dismembered body into a caldron, but found that it lacked a shoulder; whereupon Demeter supplied him with an ivory shoulder, and all his descendants bore this distinctive mark.

N.B.--It will be remembered that Pythag´oras had a _golden thigh_.

Your forehead high, And smooth as Pelop’s shoulder.

John Fletcher, _The Faithful Shepherdess_, ii. 1 (1610).

=Pelos=, father of Physigna´thos, king of the frogs. The word means “mud.”--Parnell, _Battle of the Frogs and Mice_ (about 1712).

=Pembroke= (_The earl of_), uncle to Sir Aymer de Valence.--Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

_Pembroke_ (_the Rev. Mr._), chaplain at Waverley Honor.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Pen=, Philemon Holland, translator-general of the classics. Of him was the epigram written:

Holland, with his translations doth so fill us, He will not let _Suetonius_ be _Tranquillus_.

(The point of which is, of course, that the name of the Roman historian was _C. Suetonius Tranquillus_.)

Many of these translations were written from beginning to end with one pen, and hence he himself wrote:

With one sole pen I writ this book, Made of a grey goose-quill; A pen it was when it I took, And a pen I leave it still.

=Pendennis= (_Arthur_), pseudonym of W. M. Thackeray in _The Newcomes_ (1854).

_Pendennis_, a novel by Thackeray (1849), in which much of his own history and experience is recorded with a novelist’s license. _Pendennis_ stands in relation to Thackeray as _David Copperfield_ to Charles Dickens.

_Arthur Pendennis_, a young man of ardent feelings and lively intellect, but conceited and selfish. He has a keen sense of honor, and a capacity for loving, but altogether he is not an attractive character.

_Laura Pendennis._ This is one of the best of Thackeray’s characters.

_Major Pendennis_, a tuft-hunter, who fawns on his patrons for the sake of wedging himself into their society.--_History of Pendennis_, published originally in monthly parts, beginning in 1849.

=Pendrag´on=, probably a title meaning “chief leader in war.” _Dragon_ is Welsh for a “leader in war,” and _pcn_[TN-79] for “head” or “chief.” The title was given to Uther, brother of Constans, and father of Prince Arthur. Like the word “Pharaoh,” it is used as a proper name without the article.--Geoffrey of Monmouth, _Chron._, vi. (1142).

Once I read, That stout Pendragon in his litter, sick, Came to the field, and vanquished his foes.

Shakespeare, 1 _Henry VI._ act iii. sc. 2 (1589)[TN-80]

=Penel´ope’s Web=, a work that never progresses. Penelopê, the wife of Ulysses, being importuned by several suitors during her husband’s long absence, made reply that she could not marry again, even if Ulysses were dead, till she had finished weaving a shroud for her aged father-in-law. Every night she pulled out what she had woven during the day, and thus the shroud made no progress towards completion.--_Greek Mythology._

The French say of a work “never ending, still beginning,” _c’est l’ouvrage de Pénélope_.

=Penelope Lapham=, vivacious, but not pretty daughter of Silas Lapham. Her wit wins the love her sister’s beauty could not capture. Penelope’s unintentional conquest brings painful perplexity to herself, with anguish to her sister. Still she yields finally to Irene’s magnanimity and her suitor’s persuasions, and weds Tom Corey.--W. D. Howells, _The Rise of Silas Lapham_ (1887).

=Penel´ophon=, the beggar loved by King Cophetua. Shakespeare calls the name Zenelophon in _Love’s Labor’s Lost_, act iv. sc. 1 (1594).--Percy, _Reliques_, I. ii. 6 (1765).

=Penelva= (_The Exploits and Adventures of_), part of the series called _Le Roman des Romans_, pertaining to “Am´adis of Gaul.” This part was added by an anonymous Portuguese (fifteenth century).

=Penfeather= (_Lady Penelope_), the Lady Patroness at the Spa.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

=Pengwern= (_The Torch of_), prince Gwenwyn of Powys-land.--Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Pengwinion= (_Mr._), from Cornwall; a Jacobite conspirator with Mr. Redgauntlet.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Peninsular War= (_The_), the war carried on by Sir Arthur Wellesley against Napoleon in Portugal and Spain (1808-1814).

Southey wrote a _History of the Peninsular War_ (1822-32).

=Penitents of Love= (_Fraternity of the_), an institution established in Languedoc, in the thirteenth century, consisting of knights and esquires, dames and damsels, whose object was to prove the excess of their love by bearing, with invincible constancy, the extremes of heat and cold. They passed the greater part of the day abroad, wandering about from castle to castle, wherever they were summoned by the inviolable duties of love and gallantry; so that many of these devotees perished by the inclemency of the weather, and received the crown of martyrdom to their profession.--See Warton, _History of English Poetry_ (1781).

=Pen´lake= (_Richard_), a cheerful man, both frank and free, but married to Rebecca, a terrible shrew. Rebecca knew if she once sat in St. Michael’s chair (on St. Michael’s Mount, in Cornwall), that she would rule her husband ever after; so she was very desirous of going to the mount. It so happened that Richard fell sick, and both vowed to give six marks to St. Michael if he recovered. Richard did recover, and they visited the shrine; but while Richard was making the offering, Rebecca ran to seat herself in St. Michael’s chair; but no sooner had she done so, than she fell from the chair, and was killed in the fall.--Southey, _St. Michael’s Chair_ (a ballad, 1798).

=Penniless= (_The_), Maximilian I., emperor of Germany (1459, 1493-1519).

=Penniman= (_Wolfert_). Young captain of the Mayga in _Outward Bound_.--W. T. Adams (Oliver Optic).

=Penny= (_Jock_), a highwayman.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Penruddock= (_Roderick_), a “philosopher,” or rather a recluse, who spent his time in reading. By nature gentle, kind-hearted, and generous, but soured by wrongs. Woodville, his trusted friend, although he knew that Arabella was betrothed to Roderick, induced her father to give his daughter to himself, the richer man; and Roderick’s life was blasted. Woodville had a son, who reduced himself to positive indigence by gambling. Sir George Penruddock was the chief creditor. Sir George dying, all his property came to his cousin, Roderick, who now had ample means to glut his revenge on his treacherous friend; but his heart softened. First, he settled all “the obligations, bonds, and mortgages, covering the whole Woodville property,” on Henry Woodville, that he might marry Emily Tempest; and next, he restored to Mrs. Woodville “her settlement, which in her husband’s desperate necessity, she had resigned to him;” lastly, he sold all his own estates, and retired again to a country cottage to his books and solitude.--Cumberland, _The Wheel of Fortune_ (1779).

=Pentap´oliff=, “with the naked arm,” king of the Garaman´teans, who always went to battle with his right arm bare. Alifanfaron, emperor of Trap´oban, wished to marry his daughter, but, being refused, resolved to urge his suit by the sword. When Don Quixote saw two flocks of sheep coming along the road in opposite directions, he told Sancho Panza they were the armies of these two puissant monarchs met in array against each other.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iii. 4 (1605).

=Pentecôte Vivante= (_La_), Cardinal Mezzofanti, who was the master of fifty or fifty-eight languages (1774-1849).

=Penthe´a=, sister of Ith´oclês, betrothed to Or´gilus by the consent of her father. At the death of her father, Ithoclês compelled her to marry Bass´anes, whom she hated, and she starved herself to death.--John Ford, _The Broken Heart_ (1633).

=Penthesile´a=, queen of the Amazons, slain by Achilles. S. Butler calls the name “Penthes´ilê.”

And laid about in fight more busily Than th’ Amazonian dame Penthesile.

S. Butler, _Hudibras_.

=Pen´theus= (3 _syl._), a king of Thebes, who tried to abolish the orgies of Bacchus, but was driven mad by the offended god. In his madness he climbed into a tree to witness the rites, and being descried was torn to pieces by the Bacchantes.

As when wild Pentheus, grown mad with fear, Whole troops of hellish hags about him spies.

Giles Fletcher, _Christ’s Triumph over Death_ (1610).

_Pentheus_ (2 _syl._), a king of Thebes, resisted the introduction of the worship of Dyoni´sos (_Bacchus_) into his kingdom, in consequence of which the Bacchantes pulled his palace to the ground, and Pentheus, driven from the throne, was torn to pieces on Mount Cithæron by his own mother and her two sisters.

He the fate [_may sing_] Of sober Pentheus.

Akenside, _Hymn to the Naiads_ (1767).

=Pentweazel= (_Alderman_), a rich city merchant of Blowbladder Street. He is wholly submissive to his wife, whom he always addresses as “Chuck.”

_Mrs. Pentweazel_, the alderman’s wife, very ignorant, very vain, and very conceitedly humble. She was a Griskin by birth, and “all her family by the mother’s side were famous for their eyes.” She had an aunt among the beauties of Windsor, “a perdigious fine woman. She had but one eye, but that was a piercer, and got her three husbands. We was called the gimlet family.” Mrs. Pentweazel says her first likeness was done after “Venus de Medicis, the sister of Mary de Medicis.”

_Sukey Pentweazel_, daughter of the alderman, recently married to Mr. Deputy Dripping, of Candlewick Yard.

_Carel Pentweazel_, a schoolboy, who had been under Dr. Jerks, near Doncaster, for two years and a quarter, and had learnt all _As in Præsenti_ by heart. The terms of this school were £10 a year for food, books, board, clothes and tuition.--Foote, _Taste_ (1753).

=People= (_Man of the_), Charles James Fox (1749-1806).

=Pepin= (_William_), a White Friar and most famous preacher at the beginning of the sixteenth century. His sermons, in eight volumes quarto, formed the grand repertory of the preachers of those times.

=Pepita=, Spanish beauty of whom the poet sings:

I, who dwell over the way Watch where Pepita is hid, Safe from the glare of the day, Like an eye under its lid; Over and over I say-- Name like the song of a bird, Melody shut in a word-- “Pepita!”

Frank Dempster Sherman, _Madrigals and Catches_ (1887).

=Pepperpot= (_Sir Peter_), a West Indian epicure, immensely rich, conceited and irritable.--Foote, _The Patron_ (1764).

=Peppers.= (See WHITE HORSE OF THE PEPPERS.)

=Peps= (_Dr[TN-81] Parker_), a court physician who attended the first Mrs. Dombey on her death-bed. Dr. Peps always gave his patients (by mistake, of course), a title, to impress them with the idea that his practice was exclusively confined to the upper ten thousand.--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

=Perceforest= (_King_), the hero of a prose romance “in Greek.” The MS. is said to have been found by Count William of Hainault in a cabinet at “Burtimer” Abbey, on the Humber; and in the same cabinet was deposited a crown, which the count sent to King Edward. The MS. was turned into Latin by St. Landelain, and thence into French under the title of _La Tres Elegante Deliceux Melliflue et Tres Plaisante Hystoire du Tres Noble Roy Perceforest_ (printed at Paris in 1528).

(Of course, this pretended discovery is only an invention. An analysis of the romance is given in Dunlop’s _History of fiction_.)

He was called “Perceforest,” because he dared to _pierce_, almost alone, an enchanted _forest_, where women and children were most evilly treated. Charles IX., of France, was especially fond of this romance.

=Perch=, messenger in the house of Mr. Dombey, merchant, whom he adored, and plainly showed by his manner to the great man: “You are the light of my eyes,” “You are the breath of my soul.”--C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

=Perche Notary= (_A_), a lawyer who sets people together by the ears, one who makes more quarrels than contracts. The French proverb is, _Notaire du Perche, qui passe plus d’échalliers que de contrat_.

Le Perche, qui se trouve partagé entre les départements de l’Orne et d’Eure-et-Loir, est un contrée fort boisée, dans laquelle la plupart des champs sont entourés de haies dans lesquelles sont ménagées certaines ouvertures propres à donner passage aux piétons seulement, et que l’on nomme _échalliers_.--_Hilaire le Gai._

=Percinet=, a fairy prince, in love with Graciosa. The prince succeeds in thwarting the malicious designs of Grognon, the step-mother of the lovely princess.--_Percinet and Graciosa_ (a fairy tale).

=Percival= (_Sir_), the third son of Sir Pellinore, king of Wales. His brothers were Sir Aglavale and Sir Lamorake Dornar, usually called Sir Lamorake de Galis (_Wales_). Sir Tor was his half-brother. Sir Percival caught a sight of the Holy Graal after his combat with Sir Ector de Maris (brother of Sir Launcelot), and both were miraculously healed by it. Crétien de Troyes wrote the _Roman de Perceval_ (before 1200), and Menessier produced the same story in a metrical form. (See PARZIVAL.)

Sir Percivale had a glimmering of the Sancgreall and of the maiden that bare it, for he was perfect and clean. And forthwith they were both as whole of limb and hide as ever they were in their life days. “O, mercy!” said Sir Percival, “what may this mean?” ... “I wot well,” said Sir Ector ... “it is the holy vessel, wherein is a part of the holy blood of our blessed Saviour; but it may not be seen but by a perfect man.”--Pt. iii. 14.

Sir Percival was with Sir Bors and Sir Galahad, when the visible Saviour went into the consecrated wafer which was given to them by the bishop. This is called the achievement of the quest of the Holy Graal (pt. iii. 101, 102.[TN-82]--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470).

=Percival Glyde= (_Sir_). Rascally husband of _Laura Fairlie_. To possess himself of her fortune, he incarcerates her in an insane asylum, gives out that she is dead, and uses the corpse of her half-sister to confirm the rumor.--Wilkie Collins, _The Woman in White_.

=Percy Arundel= (_Lord Ashdale_), son of Lady Arundel, by her second husband. A hot, fiery youth, proud and overbearing. When grown to manhood, a “sea-captain” named Norman, made love to Violet, Lord Ashdale’s cousin. The young “Hotspur” was indignant and somewhat jealous, but discovered that Norman was the son of Lady Arundel by her first husband, and the heir to the title and estates. In the end, Norman agreed to divide the property equally, but claimed Violet for his bride.--Lord Lytton, _The Sea-Captain_ (1839).

=Per´dita=, the daughter of the Queen Hermionê, born in prison. Her father, King Leontês, commanded the infant to be cast on a desert shore, and left to perish there. Being put to sea, the vessel was driven by a storm to the “coast” of Bohemia, and the infant child was brought up by a shepherd, who called its name Perdĭta. Flor´izel, the son of the Bohemian king, fell in love with Perdita, and courted her under the assumed name of Doriclês; but the king, having tracked his son to the shepherd’s hut, told Perdita that if she did not at once discontinue this foolery, he would command her and the shepherd too to be put to death. Florizel and Perdita now fled from Bohemia to Sicily, and being introduced to the king, it was soon discovered that Perdita was Leontês’s daughter. The Bohemian king, having tracked his son to Sicily, arrived just in time to hear the news, and gave his joyful consent to the union which he had before forbidden.--Shakespeare, _The Winter’s Tale_ (1604).

_Perdita_, Mrs. Mary Robinson (born Darby), the victim of George IV., while prince of Wales. She first attracted his notice while acting the part of “Perdĭta,” and the prince called himself “Florizel.” George, prince of Wales, settled a pension for life on her, £500 a year for herself, and £200 a year for her daughter. She caught cold one winter, and losing the use of her limbs, could neither walk nor stand (1758-1799, not 1800 as is given usually).

=Perdrix, toujours Perdrix!= Walpole tells us that the confessor of one of the French kings, having reproved the monarch for his conjugal infidelities, was asked what dish he liked best. The confessor replied, “Partridges;” and the king had partridges served to him every day, till the confessor got quite sick of them. “Perdrix, toujours perdrix!” he would exclaim, as the dish was set before him. After a time, the king visited him, and hoped his favorite dish had been supplied him. “Mais oui,” he replied, “toujours perdrix, toujours perdrix!” “Ah, ah!” said the amorous monarch, “and one mistress is all very well, but not _perdrix, toujours perdrix!_”--See _Notes and Queries_, 337, October 23, 1869).[TN-83]

The story is at least as old as the _Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles_, compiled between 1450-1461, for the amusement of the dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XI. (_Notes and Queries_, November 27, 1869).

⁂ Farquhar parodies the French expression into “Soup for breakfast, soup for dinner, soup for supper, and soup for breakfast again.”--Farquhar, _The Inconstant_, iv. 2 (1702).

=Père Duchesne= (_Le_), Jacques René Hébert; so called from the _Père Duchesne_, a newspaper of which he was the editor (1755-1794).

=Pereard= (_Sir_), the Black Knight of the Black Lands. Called by Tennyson “Night” or “Nox.” He was one of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle Perilous, and was overthrown by Sir Gareth.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 126 (1470); Tennyson, _Idylls_ (“Gareth and Lynette”).

=Peredur= (_Sir_), son of Evrawe, called “Sir Peredur of the Long Spear,” one of the knights of the Round Table. He was for many years called “The Dumb Youth,” from a vow he made to speak to no Christian till Angharad of the Golden Hand loved him better than she loved any other man. His great achievements were: (1) the conquest of the Black Oppressor, “who oppressed every one and did justice to no one;” (2) killing the Addanc of the Lake, a monster that devoured daily some of the sons of the king of Tortures. This exploit he was enabled to achieve by means of a stone which kept him invisible; (3) slaying the three hundred heroes privileged to sit round the countess of the Achievements; on the death of these men the seat next the countess was freely given to him; (4) the achievement of the Mount of Mourning, where was a serpent with a stone in its tail which would give inexhaustible wealth to its possessor; Sir Peredur killed the serpent, but gave the stone to his companion, Earl Etlym of the east country. These exploits over, Sir Peredur lived fourteen years with the Empress Cristinobyl the Great.

Sir Peredur is the Welsh name for Sir Percival of Wales.--_The Mabinogion_ (from the Red Book of Hergest, twelfth century).

=Per´egrine= (3 _syl._), a sentimental prig, who talks by the book. At the age of 15 he runs away from home, and Job Thornberry lends him ten guineas, “the first earnings of his trade as a brazier.” After thirty years absence, Peregrine returns just as the old brazier is made a bankrupt “through the treachery of a friend.” He tells the bankrupt that his loan of ten guineas has by honest trade grown to 10,000, and these he returns to Thornberry as his own by right. It turns out that Peregrine is the eldest brother of Sir Simon Rochdale, J. P., and when Sir Simon refuses justice to the old brazier Peregrine asserts his right to the estate, etc. At the same time, he hears that the ship he thought was wrecked has come safe into port, and has thus brought him £100,000.--G. Colman, junior, _John Bull_ (1805).

=Peregrine Pickle=, the hero and title of a novel by Smollett (1751). Peregrine Pickle is a savage, ungrateful spendthrift, fond of practical jokes, and suffering with evil temper the misfortunes brought on himself by his own wilfulness.

=Peregri´nus Proteus=, a cynic philosopher, born at Parium, on the Hellespont. After a youth spent in debauchery and crimes, he turned Christian, and, to obliterate the memory of his youthful ill practices, divided his inheritance among the people. Ultimately he burned himself to death in public at the Olympic games, A.D. 165. Lucan has held up this immolation to ridicule in his _Death of Peregrinus_; and C. M. Wieland has an historic romance in German entitled _Peregrinus Proteus_ (1733-1813).

=Per´es= (_Gil_), a canon, and the eldest brother of Gil Blas’ mother. Gil was a little punchy man, three feet and a half high, with his head sunk between his shoulders. He lived well, and brought up his nephew and godchild, Gil Blas. “In so doing, Perês taught himself also to read his breviary without stumbling.” He was the most illiterate canon of the whole chapter.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, i. (1715).

=Perez= (_Michael_), the “copper captain,” a brave Spanish soldier, duped into marrying Estifania, a servant of intrigue, who passed herself off as a lady of property. Being reduced to great extremities, Estifania pawned the clothes and valuables of her husband; but these “valuables” were but of little worth--a jewel which sparkled as the “light of a dark lanthorn,” a “chain of whitings’ eyes” for pearls, and as for his clothes, she tauntingly says to her husband:

Put these and them [_his jewels_] on, and you’re a man of copper, A copper, copper captain.

Beaumont and Fletcher, _Rule a Wife and Have a Wife_ (1640).

=Peri=, (plu., =Peris=), gentle, fairy-like beings of Eastern mythology, offspring of the fallen angels, and constituting a race of beings between angels and men. They direct with a wand the pure-minded the way to heaven, and dwell in Shadu´kiam´ and Am´bre-abad, two cities subject to Eblis.

Are the peries coming down from their spheres?

W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1786).

=Pe´richole= (_La_), the heroine of Offenbach’s comic opera (_opera bouffe_) of that name. She was originally a street-singer of Lima, the capital of Peru, but became the mistress of the viceroy. She was not a native of Lima and offended the Creole ladies by calling them, in her bad Spanish, _pericholas_, “flaunting, bedizened creatures,” and they, in retaliation, called her “La Périchole,” _i.e._, “the flaunting one _par excellence_.”

=Pericles=, the Athenian who raised himself to royal supremacy (died B.C. 429). On his death-bed he overheard his friends recalling his various merits, and told them they had forgotten his greatest praise, viz., that no Athenian through his administration had had to put on mourning, _i.e._ he had caused no one to be put to death.

Perī´cles was a famous man of warre ... Yet at his death he rather did rejoice In clemencie.... “Be still,” quoth he, “you grave Athenians” (Who whisperèd and told his valiant acts); “You have forgot my greatest glorie got: For yet by me nor mine occasion Was never sene a mourning garment worn.”

G. Gascoigne, _The Steele Glas_ (died 1577).

=Per´icles, prince of Tyre=, a voluntary exile, in order to avert the calamities which Anti´ochus, emperor of Greece, vowed against the Tyrians. Pericles, in his wanderings, first came to Tarsus, which he relieved from famine, but was obliged to quit the city to avoid the persecution of Antiochus. He was then shipwrecked, and cast on the shore of Pentap´olis, where he distinguished himself in the public games, and being introduced to the king, fell in love with the Princess Thaïs´a, and married her. At the death of Antiochus, he returned to Tyre; but his wife, supposed to be dead in giving birth to a daughter (Marina), was thrown into the sea. Periclês entrusted his infant child to Cleon (governor of Tarsus), and his wife, Dionysia, who brought her up excellently well till she became a young woman, when Dionysia employed a man to murder her; and when Periclês came to see her, he was shown a splendid sepulchre which had been raised to her honor. On his return home, the ship stopped at Metalinê, and Marina was introduced to Periclês to divert his melancholy. She told him the tale of her life, and he discovered that she was his daughter. Marina was now betrothed to Lysim´achus, governor of Metalinê; and the party, going to the shrine of Diana of Ephesus to return thanks to the goddess, discovered the priestess to be Thaïsa, the wife of Periclês, and mother of Marina.--Shakespeare, _Pericles, Prince of Tyre_ (1608).

⁂ This is the story of _Ismene and Ismenias_ by Eustathius. The tale was known to Gower by the translation of Godfrey Viterbo.

=Perigort= (_Cardinal_). Previous to the battle of Poitiers, he endeavors to negotiate terms with the French king, but the only terms he can obtain, he tells Prince Edward, are:

That to the castles, towns, and plunder ta’en, And offered now by you to be restored, Your royal person with a hundred knights Are to be added prisoners at discretion.

Shirley, _Edward the Black Prince_, iv. 2 (1640).

=Peri´got= (the _t_ pronounced, so as to rhyme with _not_), a shepherd in love with Am´oret; but the shepherdess Amaryllis also loves him, and, by the aid of the Sullen Shepherd, gets transformed into the exact likeness of the modest Amoret. By her wanton conduct she disgusts Perigot, who casts her off; and by and by, meeting Amoret, whom he believes to be the same person, rejects her with scorn, and even wounds her with intent to kill. Ultimately the truth is discovered by Clor´in, “the faithful shepherdess,” and the lovers, being reconciled, are married to each other.--John Fletcher, _The Faithful Shepherdess_ (1610).

=Periklym´enos=, son of Neleus (2 _syl._). He had the power of changing his form into a bird, beast, reptile, or insect. As a bee, he perched on the chariot of Heraklês (_Herculês_), and was killed.

=Peril´los=, of Athens, made a brazen bull for Phal´aris, tyrant of Agrigentum, intended for the execution of criminals. They were to be shut up in the bull, and the metal of the bull was to be made red hot. The cries of the victims inside were so reverberated as to resemble the roarings of a gigantic bull. Phalaris made the first experiment by shutting up the inventor himself in his own bull.

What’s a protector? A tragic actor, Cæsar in a clown; He’s a brass farthing stamped with a crown; A bladder blown with other breaths puffed full; Not a Perillus, but a Perillus’ bull.

John Cleveland, _A Definition of a Protector_ (died 1650).

=Perilous Castle.= The castle of Lord Douglas was so called in the reign of Edward I., because the good Lord Douglas destroyed several English garrisons stationed there, and vowed to be revenged on any one who dared to take possession of it. Sir W. Scott calls it “Castle Dangerous” in his novel so entitled.

⁂ In the story of Gareth and Linet, the castle in which Lionês was held prisoner by Sir Ironside, the Red Knight of the Red Lands, was called Castle Perilous. The passages to the castle were held by four knights, all of whom Sir Gareth overthrew; lastly he conquered Sir Ironside, liberated the lady, and married her.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 120-153 (1470).

=Perimo´nes= (_Sir_), the Red Knight, one of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle Perilous. He was overthrown by Sir Gareth. Tennyson calls him “Noonday Sun” or “Meridies.”--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 129 (1470); Tennyson, _Idylls_ (“Gareth and Lynette”).

=Per´ion=, king of Gaul, father of Am´adis of Gaul. His “exploits and adventures” form part of the series called _Le Roman des Romans_. This part was added by Juan Diaz (fifteenth century).

⁂ It is generally thought that “Gaul” in this romance is the same as _Galis_, that is “Wales.”

=Perissa=, the personification of extravagance, step-sister of Elissa (_meanness_) and of Medi´na (_the golden mean_); but they never agreed in any single thing. Perissa’s suitor is Sir Huddibras, a man “more huge in strength than wise in works.” (Greek, _perissos_, “extravagant,” _perissotês_, “excess.”).[TN-84]--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 2 (1590).

=Per´iwinkle= (_Mr._), one of the four guardians of Anne Lovely, the heiress. He is a silly, half-witted virtuoso, positive and surly; fond of everything antique and foreign; and wears clothes of the last century. Mr. Periwinkle dotes upon travellers, and believes more of Sir John Mandeville than he does of the Bible. Colonel Feignwell, to obtain his consent to his marriage with Mr. Periwinkle’s ward, disguised himself as an Egyptian, and passed himself off as a great traveller. His dress, he said, “belonged to the famous Claudius Ptolemēus, who lived in the year 135.” One of his curiosities was _poluflosboio_, “part of those waves which bore Cleopatra’s vessel, when she went to meet Antony.” Another was the _moros musphonon_, or girdle of invisibility. His trick, however, miscarried, and he then personated Pillage, the steward of Periwinkle’s father, and obtained Periwinkle’s signature to the marriage by a fluke.--Mrs. Centlivre, _A Bold Stroke For a Wife_ (1717).

=Perker= (_Mr._), the lawyer employed for the defence in the famous suit of “Bardell _v._ Pickwick” for the breach of promise.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

=Perkin Warbeck=, an historic play or “chronicle history,” by John Ford (1635).

=Perley Kelso.= A woman with “a weakness for an occupation, who suffers passions of superfluous life. At the Cape she rebelled because Providence did not create her a bluefisher. In Paris, she would make muslin flowers, and learn the _métier_ to-morrow.”--Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, _The Silent Partner_ (1871).

=Pernelle= (_Madame_), mother of Orgon; a regular vixen, who interrupts every one, without waiting to hear what was to have been said to her.--Molière, _Tartuffe_ (1664).

=Peronella=, a pretty country lass, who changes places with an old decrepit queen. Peronella rejoices for a time in the idolatry paid to her rank, but gladly resumes her beauty, youth, and rags.--_A Fairy Tale._

=Perrette and her Milk-Pail.= Perrette, carrying her milk-pail well-poised upon her head, began to speculate on its value. She would sell the milk and buy eggs; she would set the eggs and rear chickens; the chickens she would sell and buy a pig; this she would fatten and change for a cow and calf, and would it not be delightful to see the little calf skip and play? So saying, she gave a skip, let the milk-pail fall, and all the milk ran to waste. “Le lait tombe. Adieu, veau, vache, cochon, couvée,” and poor Perrette “va s’excuser à son mari, en grand danger d’etre battue.”

Quel esprit ne bat la campagne? Qui ne fait château en Espagne? Picrochole [_q.v._], Pyrrhus, la laitière, enfin tous, Autant les sages que les fous.... Quelque accident fait-il que je rentre en moi-même; Je suis Gros-Jean comme devant.

Lafontaine, _Fables_ (“La Laitière et le Po tau[TN-85] Lait,” 1668).

(Dodsley has this fable, and makes his milkmaid speculate on the gown she would buy with her money. It should be green, and all the young fellows would ask her to dance, but she would toss her head at them all--but ah! in tossing her head, she tossed over her milk-pail.)

⁂ Echephron, an old soldier, related this fable to the advisers of King Picrochole, when they persuaded the king to go to war: A shoemaker bought a ha’p’orth of milk; this he intended to make into butter, and with the money thus obtained he would buy a cow. The cow in due time would have a calf, the calf was to be sold, and the man when he became a nabob would marry a princess; only the jug fell, the milk was spilt, and the dreamer went supperless to bed.--Rabelais, _Gargantua_, i. 33 (1533).

In a similar day-dream, Alnaschar invested all his money in a basket of glassware, which he intended to sell, and buy other wares, till by barter he became a princely merchant, when he should marry the vizier’s daughter. Being offended with his wife, he became so excited that he kicked out his foot, smashed all his wares, and found himself penniless.--_Arabian Nights_ (“The Barber’s Fifth Brother”).

=Perrin=, a peasant, the son of Thibaut.--Molière, _Le Médecin Malgré Lui_ (1666).

=Persaunt of India= (_Sir_), the Blue Knight, called by Tennyson “Morning Star,” or “Phosphŏrus.” One of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle Perilous. Overthrown by Sir Gareth.--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 131 (1470); Tennyson, _Idylls_.

“Then, at his call, ‘O, daughters of the Dawn, And servants of the Morning Star, approach, Arm me,’ from out the silken curtain-folds Bare-footed and bare-headed three fair girls In gilt and rosy raiment came; their feet In dewy grasses glisten’d; and the hair All over glanced with dewdrop or with gem, Like sparkles in the stone Avanturine. These arm’d him in blue arms, and gave a shield, Blue also, and thereon the morning star.”

Tennyson, _Gareth and Lynette_.

=Perseus= [_Per.suce_], a famous Argive hero, whose exploits resemble those of Herculês, and hence he was called “The Argive Herculês.”

Benvenuto Cellini made a bronze statue of Perseus, which is in the Loggia dei Lanzi, in Florence.

_Perseus’s Horse_, a ship. Perseus having cut off Medusa’s head, made the ship _Pegasê_, the swiftest ship hitherto known, and generally called “Perseus’s flying horse.”

The thick-ribbed bark thro’ liquid mountains cut ... Like Perseus’ horse.

Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_, act i. sc. 3 (1602).

=Persian Creed= (_The_). Zoroaster supposes there are two gods or spirit-principles--one good and the other evil. The good is Yezad, and the evil, Ahriman.

=Perth= (_The Fair Maid of_), Catharine, or Katie Glover, “universally acknowledged to be the most beautiful young woman of the city or its vicinity.” Catharine was the daughter of Simon Glover (the glover of Perth), and married Henry Smith, the armorer.--Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Pertinax= (_Sir_). (See MACSYCOPHANT.)

=Pertolope= (_Sir_), the Green Knight. One of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle Perilous. He was overthrown by Sir Gareth. Tennyson calls him “Evening Star,” or “Hesperus.”--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 127 (1470); Tennyson, _Idylls_.

“For there, beyond a bridge of treble bow, All in a rose-red from the west, and all Naked it seem’d, and glowing in the broad, Deep-dimpled current underneath, the knight That named himself the Star of Evening, stood, And Gareth, ‘Wherefore waits the madman there Naked in open dayshine?’ ‘Nay,’ she cried, ‘Not naked, only wrapt in harden’d skins That fit him like his own; and so ye cleave His armor off him, these will turn the blade.’”

Tennyson, _Gareth and Lynette_.

=Perviz= (_Prince_), son of the Sultan Khrosru-schar of Persia. At birth he was taken away by the sultana’s sisters, and set adrift on a canal, but was rescued and brought up by the superintendent of the sultan’s gardens. When grown to manhood, “the talking-bird” told the sultan that Pervis was his son, and the young prince, with his brother and sister, were restored to their rank and position in the empire of Persia.--_Arabian Nights_ (“The Two Sisters”).

_Prince Perviz’s String of Pearls._ When Prince Perviz went on his exploits, he gave his sister, Parizādê, a string of pearls, saying, “So long as these pearls move readily on the string, you will know that I am alive and well; but if they stick fast and will not move, it will signify that I am dead.”--_Arabian Nights_ (“The Two Sisters”).

⁂ Birtha’s emerald ring, and Prince Bahman’s knife gave similar warning. (See BIRTHA and BAHMAN.)

=Pescec´ola=, a famous diver, whose English name was _Fish_ (Italian, _Pesce_ = fish). He dived in the pool of Charybdis and returned. King Frederick then threw a golden cup into the pool; Pescecola dived for it, and was drowned.

Schiller, in _The Diver_, tells the story, but gives the diver no name.

=Pest= (_Mr._), a barrister.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Pet=, a fair girl, with rich brown hair hanging free in natural ringlets. A lovely girl, with a free, frank face, and most wonderful eyes--so large, so soft, so bright, and set to perfection in her kind, good face. She was round, and fresh, and dimpled, and spoilt, most charmingly timid, most bewitchingly self-willed. She was the daughter of Mr. Meagles, and married Henry Gowan.--C. Dickens, _Little Dorrit_ (1857).

=Pétaud= (_King_), king of the beggars.

“It is an old saying,” replied the Abbé Huet, “Petaud being derived from the Latin _peto_, ‘I beg.’”--_Asylum Christi_, ii.

_The court of King Pétaud_, a disorderly assembly, a place of utter confusion, a bear-garden.

On n’y respecte rien, chacun y parle haut, Et c’est tout justement le cour du roi Pétaud.

Molière _Tartuffe_, i. 1 (1664).

Le cour du roi Pétaud, où chacun est maitre.--_French Proverb._

=Petella=, the waiting-woman of Rosalura and Lillia-Bianca, the two daughters of Nantolet.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Wild-goose Chase_ (1652).

=Peter=, the stupid son of Solomon, butler of the Count Wintersen. He grotesquely parrots in an abridged form whatever his father says. Thus: _Sol._ “we are acquainted with the reverence due to exalted personages.” _Pet._ “Yes, we are acquainted with exalted personages.” Again: _Sol._ “Extremely sorry it is not in my power to entertain your lordship.” _Pet._ “Extremely sorry.” _Sol._ “Your lordship’s most obedient, humble, and devoted servant.” _Pet._ “Devoted servant.”--Benjamin Thompson, _The Stranger_ (1797).

_Peter_, the pseudonym of John Gibson Lockhart, in a work entitled _Peter’s Letters to his Kinsfolk_ (1819).

_Peter_ (_Lord_), the pope of Rome.--Dean Swift, _Tale of a Tub_ (1704).

=Peter Botte=, a steep, almost perpendicular “mountain” in the Mauritius, more than 2800 feet in height. It is so called from Peter Botte, a Dutch sailor, who scaled it and fixed a flag on its summit, but lost his life in coming down.

=Peter Parley=, the _nom de plume_ of Samuel G. Goodrich, an American, whose books for children had an enormous circulation in the middle of the nineteenth century (1793-1860).

The name was pirated by numerous persons. Darton and Co., Simkins, Bogue, Tegg, Hodson, Clements, etc., brought out books under the name, but not written by S. G. Goodrich.

=Peter Peebles=, a litigious, hard-hearted drunkard, noted for his lawsuit.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Peter Pindar=, the pseudonym of Dr. John Wolcot, of Dodbrooke, Devonshire (1738-1819).

=Peter Plymley’s Letters=, attributed to the Rev. Sydney Smith (1769-1845).

=Peter Porcupine=, William Cobbett, when he was a tory. He brought out _Peter Porcupine’s Gazette_, _The Porcupine Papers_, etc. (1762-1835).

=Peter Wilkins=, the hero of a tale of adventures, by Robert Pultock, of Clifford’s Inn. His “flying woman” (gawreys) suggested to Southey the “glendoveer” in _The Curse of Kehama_.

=Peter of Provence and the Fair Magalo´na=, the chief characters of a French romance so called. Peter comes into possession of Merlin’s wooden horse.

=Peter the Great of Egypt=, Mehemet Ali (1768-1848.[TN-86]

=Peter the Hermit=, a gentleman of Amiens, who renounced the military life for the religious. He preached up the first crusade, and put himself at the head of 100,000 men, all of whom, except a few stragglers, perished at Nicea.

He is introduced by Tasso in _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575); and by Sir W. Scott in _Count Robert of Paris_, a novel laid in the time of Rufus. A statue was erected to him at Amiens in 1854.

=Peter, the Wild Boy=, a savage discovered in November, 1725, in the forest of Hertswold, Hanover. He walked on all fours, climbed trees like a monkey, ate grass and other herbage. Efforts were made to reclaim him, but without success. He died February, 1785.

=Peter’s Gate= (_St._), the gate of purgatory, guarded by an angel stationed there by St. Peter. Virgil conducted Dantê through hell and purgatory, and Beatrice was his guide through the planetary spheres. Dantê says to the Mantuan bard:

... lead me, That I St. Peter’s gate may view ... Onward he moved, I close his steps pursued.

Dantê, _Hell_, i. (1300).

=Peterborough=, in Northamptonshire; so called from Peada (son of Pendar, king of Mercia), who founded here a monastery in the seventh century. In 1541 the monastery (then a mitred abbey) was converted by Henry VIII. into a cathedral and bishop’s see. Before Peada’s time, Peterborough was a village called Medhamsted.--See Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiii. (1622).

=Peters= (_Dr._), benevolent, eccentric physician, who is a sympathetic fellow-sinner to the most depraved of his patients, going through it all “with a grimly humorous hope that some good, in some unseen direction, may come of it.” The waif, _Midge_, committed by fate to his guardianship, steals his heart, and finally wrings it to bleeding by marrying another man.--H. C. Bunner, _The Midge_ (1886).

=Peterson=, a Swede, who deserts from Gustavus Vasa to Christian II., king of Denmark.--H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730).

=Petit André=, executioner.--Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Petit Perroquet=, a king’s gardener, with whom the king’s daughter fell in love. It so happened that a prince was courting the lady, and, being jealous of Petit Perroquet, said to the king that the young man boasted he could bring hither Tartaro’s horse. Now Tartaro was a huge giant and a cannibal. Petit Perroquet, however, made himself master of the horse. The prince next told the king that the young gardener boasted he could get possession of the giant’s diamond. This he also contrived to make himself master of. The prince then told the king that the young man boasted he could bring hither the giant himself; and the way he accomplished the feat was to cover himself first, with honey, and then with feathers and horns. Thus disguised, he told the giant, to get into the coach he was driving, and he drove him to the king’s court, and then married the princess.--Rev. W. Webster, _Basque Legends_ (1877).

=Pe´to=, lieutenant of “Captain” Sir John Falstaff’s regiment. Pistol was his ensign or ancient, and Bardolph his corporal.--Shakespeare, 1 and 2 _Henry IV._ (1597-8).

=Petow´ker= (_Miss Henrietta_), of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. She marries Mr. Lillyvick, the collector of water-rates, but elopes with an officer.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

=Petrarch= (_The English_). Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) is so called by Sir Walter Raleigh.

=Petrarch and Laura.= Laura was a lady of Avignon, the wife of Hugues de Sade, _née_ Laura de Noves, the mistress of the poet Petrarch. (See LAURA AND PETRARCH.)

=Petrarch of Spain=, Garcilaso de la Vega, born at Toledo (1530-1568, or, according to others, 1503-1536).

=Petro´nius= (_C._ or _T._), a kind of Roman “beau Brummell” in the court of Nero. He was a great voluptuary and profligate, whom Nero appointed _Arbiter Elegantiæ_, and considered nothing _comme il faut_ till it had received the sanction of this dictator-in-chief of the imperial pleasures. Tigellinus accused him of treason, and Petronius committed suicide by opening his veins (A.D. 66).

Behold the new Petronius of the day, The arbiter of pleasure and of play.

Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1809).

=Petruccio= = _Pe.truch´.e.o_, governor of Bologna.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Chances_ (1620).

=Petru´chio=, a gentleman of Vero´na who undertakes to tame the haughty Katharina, called “the Shrew.” He marries her, and, without the least personal chastisement, reduces her to lamb-like submission. Being a fine compound of bodily and mental vigor, with plenty of wit, spirit, and good-nature, he rules his subordinates dictatorially, and shows he will have his own way, whatever the consequences.--Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_ (1594).

Beaumont and Fletcher wrote a comedy called _The Tamer Tamed_, in which Petruchio is supposed to marry a second wife, by whom he is hen-pecked (1647).

=Pet´ulant=, an “odd sort of small wit,” “without manners or breeding.” In controversy he would bluntly contradict, and he never spoke the truth. When in his “club,” in order to be thought a man of intrigue, he would steal out quietly, and then in disguise return and call for himself, or leave a letter for himself. He not unfrequently mistook impudence and malice for wit, and looked upon a modest blush in woman as a mark of “guilt or ill-breeding.”--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700).

=Peu-à-Peu.= So George IV. called Prince Leopold. Stein, speaking of the prince’s vacillating conduct in reference to the throne of Greece, says of him, “He has no color,” _i.e._ no fixed plan of his own, but is blown about by every wind.

=Peveril= (_William_), natural son of William the Conqueror, and ancestor of Peveril of the Peak.

_Sir Geoffrey Peveril_, a cavalier, called “Peveril of the Peak.”

_Lady Margaret Peveril_, wife of Sir Geoffrey.

_Julian Peveril_, son of Sir Geoffrey; in love with Alice Bridgenorth. He was named by the author after Julian Young, son of the famous actor.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

“Whom is he called after!” said Scott. “It is a fancy name,” said Young: “in memoriam of his mother, Julia Ann.” “Well, it is a capital name for a novel, I must say,” he replied. In the very next novel by the author of _Waverley_, the hero’s name is “Julian.” I allude, of course, to _Peveril of the Peak_.--J. Young, _Memoirs_, 91.

=Peveril of the Peak=, the hero of Sir W. Scott’s novel of that name (1823).

=Peyton= (_Dunwoodie_), fine young fellow, major in the American army, and in love with Frances Wharton. Yet, when forced to choose between marrying her at once or doing his duty in keeping her brother under arrest, he plays the man of honor and true soldier. After many vicissitudes he becomes the husband of Frances.

_Peyton_ (_Miss Jeannette_), sister-in-law to Mr. Wharton, relative of Major Dunwoodie, and affectionate guardian of her nieces. A warm friend of Dr. Sitgreaves, the American surgeon.--James Fennimore[TN-87] Cooper, _The Spy_.

=Phædra=, daughter of Minos, and wife of Theseus. (See PHEDRE.)

_Phædra_, waiting-woman of Alcme´na (wife of Amphit´ryon). A type of venality of the lowest and grossest kind. Phædra is betrothed to Judge Gripus, a stupid magistrate, ready to sell justice to the highest bidder. Neither Phædra nor Gripus forms any part of the _dramatis personæ_ of Molière’s _Amphitryon_ (1668).--Dryden, _Amphitryon_ (1690).

=Phædria=, the impersonation of wantonness. She is handmaid of the enchantress Acrasia, and sails about Idle Lake in a gondola. Seeing Sir Guyon, she ferries him across the lake to the floating island, where he is set upon by Cymoch´les. Phædria interposes, and ferries Sir Guyon (the Knight Temperance) over the lake again.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. (1590).

=Pha´eton= (3 _syl._), son, of Helĭos and Clymēnê. He obtained leave to drive his father’s sun-car for one day, but was overthrown, and nearly set the world on fire. Jove or Zeus (1 _syl._) struck him with a thunderbolt for his presumption, and cast him into the river Po.

=Phal´aris=, tyrant of Agrigentum, in Sicily. When Perillos, the brass-founder of Athens, brought to him a brazen bull, and told the tyrant it was intended for the punishment of criminals, Phalăris inquired into its merits. Perillos said the victim was to be enclosed in the bull, and roasted alive, by making the figure red hot. Certain tubes were so constructed as to make the groans of the victim resemble the bellowings of a mad bull. The tyrant much commended the ingenuity, and ordered the invention to be tried on Perillos himself.

_Letters of Phalaris_, certain apocryphal letters ascribed to Phalaris, the tyrant, and published at Oxford, in 1718, by Charles Boyle. There was an edition in 1777 by Walckenaer; another in 1823, by G. H. Schæfer, with notes by Boyle and others. Bentley maintained that the letters were forgeries, and no doubt Bentley was right.

=Phallas=, the horse of Heraclius (Greek, _phalios_, “a grey horse.”).

=Pha´on=, a young man who loved Claribel, but being told that she was unfaithful to him, watched her. He saw, as he thought, Claribel holding an assignation with some one he supposed to be a groom. Returning home, he encountered Claribel herself, and “with wrathfull hand he slew her innocent.” On the trial for murder, “the lady” was proved to be Claribel’s servant. Phaon would have slain her also, but while he was in pursuit of her he was attacked by Furor.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 4, 28, etc. (1590).

⁂ Shakespeare’s _Much Ado about Nothing_ is a similar story. Both are taken from a novel by Belleforest, copied from one by Bandello. Ariosto, in his _Orlando Furioso_, has introduced a similar story (bk. v.), and Turbervil’s _Geneura_ is the same tale.

=Pharamond=, king of the Franks, who visited, _incognito_, the court of King Arthur, to obtain by his exploits a place among the knights of the Round Table. He was the son of Marcomir, and father of Clodion.

Calprenède has an heroic romance so called, which (like his _Cleopatra and Cassandra_) is a _Roman de Longue Haleine_ (1612-1666).

_Pharamond_, prince of Spain, in the drama called _Philaster_, or _Love Lies a-bleeding_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (date uncertain, probably about 1662).

=Pharaoh=, the titular name of all the Egyptian kings till the time of Solomon, as the Roman emperors took the titular name of Cæsar. After Solomon’s time, the titular name Pharaoh never occurs alone, but only as a forename, as Pharaoh Necho, Pharaoh Hophra, Pharaoh Shishak. After the division of Alexander’s kingdom, the kings of Egypt were all called Ptolemy, generally with some distinctive after-name, as Ptolemy Philadelphos, Ptolemy Euergetês, Ptolemy Philopător, etc.--Selden, _Titles of Honor_, v. 50 (1614).

_Pharaohs before Solomon_ (mentioned in the Old Testament):

1. Pharaoh contemporary with Abraham (_Gen._ xii. 15). This may be Osirtesen I. (dynasty xii.).

2. The _good_ Pharaoh who advanced Joseph (_Gen._ xli.). This was, perhaps, Apōphis (one of the Hyksos).

3. The Pharaoh who “knew not Joseph” (_Exod._ i. 8). This may be Amen´ophis I. (dynasty xviii.). The king, at the flight of Moses, I think, was Thothmes II.

4. The Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea. As this was at least eighty years after the persecutions began, probably this was another king. Some say it was Menephthes, son of Ram´eses II., but it seems quite impossible to reconcile the account in _Exodus_ with any extant historical account of Egypt (_Exod._ xiv. 28). Was it Thothmes III.?

5. The Pharaoh who protected Hadad (1 _Kings_ xi. 19).

6. The Pharaoh whose daughter Solomon married (1 _Kings_ iii. 1; ix. 16). I think this was Psusennes I. (dynasty xxi.).

_Pharaohs after Solomon’s time_ (mentioned in the Old Testament):

1. Pharaoh Shishak, who warred against Rehoboam (1 _Kings_ xiv. 25, 26; 2 _Chron._ xii. 2).

2. The Pharaoh called “So” king of Egypt, with whom Hoshea made an alliance (2 _Kings_ xvii. 4).

3. The Pharaoh who made a league with Hezekiah against Sennacherib. He is called Tirhākah (2 _Kings_, xviii. 21; xix. 9).

4. Pharaoh Necho, who warred against Josiah (2 _Kings_ xxiii. 29, etc.).

5. Pharaoh Hophra, the ally of Zedekiah. Said to be Pharaoh Apries, who was strangled, B.C. 569-525 (_Jer._ xliv. 30).

⁂ Bunsen’s solution of the Egyptian dynasties cannot possibly be correct.

_Pharaohs noted in romance:_

1. Cheops, or Suphis I., who built the great pyramid (dynasty iv.).

2. Cephrenês, or Suphis II., his brother, who built the second pyramid.

3. Mencherês, his successor, who built the most beautiful, though not the largest, of the pyramids.

4. Memnon, or A-menophis III., whose musical statue is so celebrated (dynasty xviii.).

5. Sethos I. the Great, whose tomb was discovered by Belzoni (dynasty xix.).

6. Sethos II., called “Proteus,” who detained Helen and Paris in Egypt (dynasty xix.).

7. Phuōris or Thuōris, who sent aid to Priam in the siege of Troy.

8. Rampsinītus or Rameses Nēter, the miser, mentioned by Herodotus (dynasty xx.).

9. Osorthon IV. (or Osorkon), the Egyptian Herculês (dynasty xxiii.).

=Pharaoh’s Daughter.= The daughter of Pharaoh, who brought up Moses, was Bathia.

=Pharaoh’s Wife=, Asia, daughter of Mozâhem. Her husband cruelly tormented her because she believed in Moses. He fastened her hands and feet to four stakes, and laid a millstone on her as she lay in the hot sun with her face upwards; but angels shaded off the sun with their wings, and God took her, without dying, into Paradise.--Sale, _Al Korân_, lxvi. note.

Among women, four have been perfect; Asia, wife of Pharaoh; Mary, daughter of Imràn; Khadîjah, daughter of Khowailed, Mahomet’s first wife; and Fâtima, Mahomet’s daughter.--Attributed to Mahomet.

⁂ There is considerable doubt respecting the Pharaoh meant--whether the Pharaoh, whose daughter adopted Moses, or the Pharaoh who was drowned in the Red Sea. The tale suits the latter king far better than it does the first.

=Pharsa´lia= (_The_), a Latin epic in ten books, by Lucan, the subject being the fall and death of Pompey. It opens with the passage of Cæsar across the Rubĭcon. This river formed the boundary of his province, and his crossing it was virtually a declaration of war (bk. i.). Pompey is appointed by the senate general of the army to oppose him (bk. v.). Cæsar retreats to Thessaly; Pompey follows (bk. vi.), and both prepare for war. Pompey, being routed in the battle of Pharsalia, flees (bk. vii.), and seeking protection in Egypt, is met by Achillas, the Egyptian general, who murders him, cuts off his head, and casts his body into the sea (bk. viii.). Cato leads the residue of Pompey’s army to Cyrēnê, in Africa (bk. ix.); and Cæsar, in pursuit of Pompey, landing at Alexandria, is hospitably entertained by Cleopatra (bk. x.). While here, he tarries in luxurious dalliance, the palace is besieged by Egyptians, and Cæsar with difficulty escapes to Pharos. He is closely pursued, hemmed in on all sides, and leaps into the sea. With his imperial robe held between his teeth, his commentaries in his left hand, and his sword in his right, he buffets the waves. A thousand javelins are hurled at him, but touch him not. He swims for empire, he swims for life; ’tis Cæsar and his fortunes that the waves bear on. He reaches his fleet; is received by his soldiers with thundering applause. The stars in their courses fought for Cæsar. The sea-gods were with him, and Egypt with her host was a by-word and a scorn.

⁂ Bk. ix. contains the account of the African serpents, by far the most celebrated passage of the whole poem. The following is a pretty close translation of the passage in question. It would have occupied too much room to give their onslaught also:--

Here all the serpent deadly brood appears; First the dull Asp its swelling neck uprears; The huge Hemor´rhoïs, vampire of the blood; Chersy´ders, that pollute both field and flood; The Water-serpent, tyrant of the lake; The hooded Cobra; and the Plantain snake; Here with distended jaws the Prester strays; And Seps, whose bite both flesh and bone decays; The Amphisbæna with its double head, One on the neck, and one of tail instead; The horned Cerastês; and the Hammodyte, Whose sandy hue might balk the keenest sight; A feverish thirst betrays the Dipsas’ sting; The Scytăla, its slough that casts in spring; The Natrix here the crystal streams pollutes; Swift thro’ the air the venomed Javelin shoots; Here the Parēas, moving on its tail, Marks in the sand its progress by its trail; The speckled Cenchris darts its devious way, Its skin with spots as Theban marble gay; The hissing Sibīla; and Basilisk, With whom no living thing its life would risk, Where’er it moves none else would dare remain, Tyrant alike and terror of the plain.

E. C. B.

In this battle Pompey had 45,000 legionaries, 7000 horse, and a large number of auxiliaries. Cæsar had 22,000 legionaries, and 1000 horse. Pompey’s battle cry was _Herculês invictus!_ That of Cæsar was _Venus victrix!_ Cæsar won the battle.

=Phebe= (2 _syl._), a shepherdess beloved by the shepherd Silvius. While Rosalind was in boy’s clothes, Phebe fell in love with the stranger, and made a proposal of marriage; but when Rosalind appeared in her true character, and gave her hand to Orlando, Phebe was content to accept her old love, Silvius.--Shakespeare, _As You Like It_ (1600).

=Phedre= (or PHÆDRA), daughter of Minos, king of Crete, and wife of Theseus. She conceived a criminal love for Hippolytos, her step-son, and, being repulsed by him, accused him to her husband of attempting to dishonor her. Hippolytos was put to death, and Phædra, wrung with remorse, strangled herself.

This has been made the subject of tragedy by Eurip´idês in Greek, Sen´eca in Latin, Racine in French (1677). “Phèdre” was the great part of Mdlle. Rachel; she first appeared in this character in 1838.

(Pradon, under the patronage of the duchess de Bouillon and the duc de Nevers, produced, in 1677, his tragedy of _Phèdre_ in opposition to that of Racine. The duke even tried to hiss down Racine’s play, but the public judgment was more powerful than the duke; and, while it pronounced decidedly for Racine’s _chef d’œuvre_, it had no tolerance for Pradon’s production.)

=Phelis= “the Fair,” the wife of Sir Guy, earl of Warwick.

=Phid´ias= (_The French_), (1) Jean Goujon; also called “The Correggio of Sculptors.” He was slain in the St. Bartholomew Massacre (1510-1572). (2) J. B. Pigalle (1714-1785).

=Phil= (_Little_), the lad of John Davies, the old fisherman.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Philaminte= (3 _syl._), wife of Chrysale, the bourgeois, and mother of Armande, Henrietta, Ariste, and Bélise.--Molière, _Les Femmes Savantes_ (1672).

=Philan´der=, of Holland, was a guest at the house of Arge´o, baron of Servia, and the baron’s wife, Gabri´na, fell in love with him. Philander fled the house, and Gabrina told her husband he had abused her, and had fled out of fear of him. He was pursued, overtaken, and cast into a dungeon. One day Gabrina visited him there and asked him to defend her against a wicked knight. This he undertook to do, and Gabrina posted him in a place where he could make his attack. Philander slew the knight, but discovered that it was Argeo. Gabrina now declared she would give him up to justice unless he married her; and Philander, to save his life, did so. But in a very short time the infamous woman tired of her toy, and cut him off by poison.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

_Philander_, a dawdling lover; so called from Philander, the Dutch knight mentioned above, who was wooed by Gabrina. To “philander” is to hang about a woman in a half-hearted way; to toy.

Yes, I’ll baste you together, you and your Philander.--W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700).

_Philander_, prince of Cyprus, passionately in love with the Princess Ero´ta.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647).

=Philanthropist= (_The_), John Howard (1726-1790).

=Philario=, an Italian, at whose house Posthumus made his silly wager with Iachimo. (See POSTHUMUS.)--Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605).

_Philario_, an Italian improvisatore, who remained faithful to Fazio even in disgrace.--Dean Milman, _Fazio_ (1815).

=Philaster= (_Prince_), heir to the crown of Messi´na. Euphra´sia, who was in love with Philaster, disguised herself as a boy, and, assuming for the nonce the name of Bellario, entered the prince’s service. Philaster, who was in love with the Princess Arethu´sa, transferred Bellario to her service, and then grew jealous of Arethusa’s love for the young page.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Philaster_, or _Love Lies a-bleeding_ (? 1622).

There is considerable resemblance between Euphrasia and “Viola” in _Twelfth Night_ (Shakespeare, 1614).

=Philax=, cousin of the Princess Imis. The fay Pagan shut them up in the “Palace of Revenge,” a superb crystal palace, containing every delight except the power of leaving it. In the course of a few years Imis and Philax longed as much for a separation as at one time they had wished for a union.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Palace of Revenge,” 1682).

=Phile´mon= (3 _syl._), an aged rustic who, with his wife, Baucis, hospitably received Jupiter and Mercury, after every one else had refused to receive them. The gods sent an inundation to destroy the inhospitable people, but saved Baucis and Philemon, and converted their cottage into a magnificent temple. At their own request the aged couple died on the same day, and were changed into two trees, which stood before the temple.--_Greek Mythology._

=Philinte= (2 _syl._), friend of Alceste (2 _syl._)[TN-88]--Molière, _Le Misanthrope_ (1666).

=Philip=, father of William Swidger. His favorite expression was, “Lord, keep my memory green. I am 87.”--C. Dickens, _The Haunted Man_ (1848).

_Philip_, the butler of Mr. Peregrine Lovel; a hypocritical, rascally servant, who pretends to be most careful of his master’s property, but who in reality wastes it most recklessly, and enriches himself with it most unblushingly. Being found out, he is summarily dismissed.--Rev. J. Townley, _High Life Below Stairs_ (1759).

_Philip_ (_Father_), sacristan of St. Mary’s.--Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Philip Augustus=, king of France, introduced by Sir W. Scott in _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Philip Nolan=, officer in U. S. Navy, condemned by president of court martial for complicity with Aaron Burr, and for swearing at the United States, “never to hear the name of the United States again.” He is passed from one man-of-war to another, never allowed to converse upon national affairs, to see a U. S. newspaper or read a history of the United States, until homesick and heartsick, after an exile of fifty-five years, he dies, praying for the country that had disowned him.--Edward Everett Hale, _The Man Without a Country_ (1863).

=Philip Nye=, brought up for the Anglican Church, but became a Presbyterian, and afterwards an independent. He was noted for the cut of his beard.

This reverend brother, like a goat, Did wear a tail upon his throat. But set in such a curious frame, As if ’twere wrought in filograin, And cut so even, as if ’t had been Drawn with a pen upon his chin.

S. Butler, _On Philip Nye’s Thanksgiving Beard_ (1652).

=Philip Ogden=, lover and hero in Blanche Willis Howard’s _One Summer_. He is nearly blinded by the point of Leigh’s umbrella at their first meeting, and after an idyllic courtship they are wedded (1875).

=Philip Quarl=, a castaway-sailor, who becomes a hermit. His “man Friday” is a chimpanzee.--_Philip Quarl_ (1727).

=Philip’s Four Daughters.= We are told, in _Acts_ xxi. 9, that Philip, the deacon or evangelist, had four daughters which did prophesy.

Helen, the mother of great Constantine, Nor yet St. Philip’s daughters, were like thee [_Joan of Arc_].

Shakespeare, 1 _Henry VI._ act i. sc. 2 (1589).

=Philippe=, a parched and haggard wretch, infirm and bent beneath a pile of years, yet shrewd and cunning, greedy of gold, malicious, and looked upon by the common people as an imp of darkness. It was this old villain who told Thancmar that the provost of Bruges was the son of a serf on Thancmar’s estates.--S. Knowles, _The Provost of Bruges_ (1836).

=Philippe Egalité=, (4 _syl._), Louis Philippe, duc d’Orléans (1747-1793).

=Philipson= (_The elder_), John, earl of Oxford, an exiled Lancastrian, who goes to France disguised as a merchant.

_Arthur Philipson_, Sir Arthur de Vere, son of the earl of Oxford, whom he accompanies to the court of King René of Provence.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Phil´isides= (3 _syl._), Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586).

It was the harp of Phil´isides, now dead.... And now in heaven a sign it doth appear, The Harp well known beside the Northern Bear.

Spenser, _The Ruins of Time_ (1591).

⁂ _Phili[p] Sid[ney]_, with the Greek termination, makes _Phili-sides_. Bishop Hall calls the word _Phil-is´-ides_: “Which sweet Philis´ides fetched of late from France.”

=Philistines=, a title complacently bestowed, in England and America, by the advance-guard in literature and art, on the Conservatives. The French equivalent is “les bourgeois.”

Demonstrative and offensive whiskers, which are the special inheritance of the British Philistines.--Mrs. Oliphant, _Phœbe, Junr._, i. 2.

=Phillips= (_Jessie_), the title and chief character of a novel by Mrs. Trollope, the object being an attack on the new poor-law system (1843).

=Phillis=, a drama written in Spanish, by Lupercio Leonardo, of Argensola.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605-15).

_Phillis_, a pastoral name for a maiden.

Where Corydon and Thyrsis met, Are at their savory dinner set, Of herbs and other country messes, Which the neat-handed Phillis dresses.

Milton, _L’Allegro_ (1638).

_Phillis_, “the Exigent,” asked “Damon thirty sheep for a kiss;” next day, she promised him thirty[TN-89] kisses for a sheep;” the third day, she would have given “thirty sheep for a kiss;” and the fourth day, Damon bestowed his kisses for nothing on Lizette.--C. Rivière Dufresny, _La Coquette de Village_ (1715).

=Philo=, a Pharisee, one of the Jewish sanhedrim, who hated Caiaphas, the high priest, for being a Sadducee. Philo made a vow in the judgment hall, that he would take no rest till Jesus was numbered with the dead. In bk. xiii. he commits suicide, and his soul is carried to hell by Obaddon, the angel of death.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iv. (1771).

=Philoc´lea=, one of the heroines in Sir Philip Sidney’s “Arcadia.” It has been sought to identify her with Lady Penelopê Devereux, with whom Sidney was thought to be in love.

=Philocte´tes= (4 _syl._) one of the Argonauts, who was wounded in the foot while on his way to Troy. An oracle declared to the Greeks that Troy could not be taken “without the arrows of Herculês,” and as Herculês at death had given them to Philoctētês, the Greek chiefs sent for him, and he repaired to Troy in the tenth and last year of the siege.

All dogs have their day, even rabid ones. Sorrowful, incurable _Philoctetês_ Marat, without whom Troy cannot be taken.--Carlyle.

=Philomel=, daughter of Pandīon, king of Attica. She was converted into a nightingale.

=Philosopher= (_The_), Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the Roman emperor, was so called by Justin Martyr (121, 161-180).

Leo VI., emperor of the East (866, 886-911).

Porphyry, the Neoplatonist (223-304).

Alfred or Alured, surnamed “Anglicus,” was also called “The Philosopher” (died 1270).

=Philosopher of China=, Confucius (B.C. 551-479).

=Philosopher of Ferney=, Voltaire, who lived at Ferney, near Geneva, for the last twenty years of his life (1694-1778).

=Philosopher of Malmesbury=, Thomas Hobbs, author of _Leviathan_. He was born at Malmesbury (1588-1679).

=Philosopher of Persia= (_The_), Abou Ebn Sina, of Shiraz (died 1037).

=Philosopher of Sans Souci=, Frederick the Great of Prussia (1712, 1740-1786).

⁂ Frederick, elector of Saxony, was called “The Wise” (1463, 1544-1554).

=Philosopher of Wimbledon= (_The_), John Horne Tooke, author of the _Diversions of Purley_. He lived at Wimbledon, near London (1736-1812).

(For the philosophers of the different Greek sects, as the Cynic, Cyrenaic, Eleac, Eleatic, Epicurean, Haraclitian, Ionic, Italic, Megaric, Peripatetic, Sceptic, Socratic, Stoic, etc., see _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_, 680-1.)

=Philosophers= (_The five English_): (1) Roger Bacon, author of _Opus Majus_ (1214-1292;[TN-90] (2) Sir Francis Bacon, author of _Novum Orgănum_ (1561-1626); (3) the Hon. Robert Boyle (1627-1691;[TN-91] (4) John Locke, author of a treatise on the _Human Understanding and Innate Ideas_ (1632-1704); (5) Sir Isaac Newton, author of _Princip´ia_ (1641-1727).

=Philosophy= (_The Father of_), (1) Albrecht von Haller, of Berne (1708-1777). (2) Roger Bacon is also so called (1214-1292).

_Philosophy_ (_The Father of Inductive_), Francis Bacon [_Lord Verulam_] (1561-1626).

_Philosophy_ (_The Father of Roman_), Cicero, the orator (B.C.) 106-43).[TN-92]

_Philosophy_ (_The Nursing Mother of_). Mde. de Boufflers was so called by Marie Antoinette.

=Phil´ostrate= (3 _syl._), master of the revels to Theseus (2 _syl._) king of Athens.--Shakespeare, _Midsummer Night’s Dream_ (1592).

=Philo´tas=, son of Parmenio, and commander of the Macedonian cavalry. He was charged with plotting against Alexander the Great. Being put to the rack, he confessed his guilt, and was stoned to death.

The king may doom to me a thousand tortures, Ply me with fire, and rack me like Philotas, Ere I will stoop to idolize his pride.

N. Lee, _Alexander the Great_, i. 1 (1678).

=Philot´ime= (4 _syl._, “_love of glory_”), daughter of Mammon, whom the money-god offers to Sir Guyon for a wife; but the knight declines the honor, saying he is bound by love-vows to another.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 7 (1590).

=Philot´imus=, Ambition personified. (Greek, _Philo-tīmus_, “ambitious, covetous of honor.”)--Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, viii. (1633).

_Philotimus_, steward of the house in the suite of Gargantua.--Rabelais, _Gargantua_, i. 18 (1533).

=Philpot= (_Senior_), an avaricious old hunks, and father of George Philpot. The old city merchant cannot speak a sentence without bringing in something about money. “He wears square-toed shoes with little tiny buckles, a brown coat with small brass buttons.... His face is all shrivelled and pinched with care, and he shakes his head like a mandarin upon a chimney-piece” (act i. 1).

When I was very young, I performed the part of “Old Philpot,” at Brighton, with great success, and next evening I was introduced into a club-room full of company. On hearing my name announced, one of the gentlemen laid down his pipe, and taking up his glass, said, “Here’s to your health, young gentleman, and to your father’s, too. I had the pleasure of seeing him last night in the part of ‘Philpot,’ and a very nice, clever old gentleman he is. I hope, young sir, you may one day be as good an actor as your worthy father.”--Munden.

_George Philpot._ The profligate son of old Philpot, destined for Maria Wilding, but the betrothal is broken off, and Maria marries Beaufort. George wants to pass for a dashing young blade, but is made the dupe of every one. “Bubbled at play; duped by a girl to whom he paid his addresses; cudgelled by a rake; laughed at by his cronies; snubbed by his father, and despised by every one.”--Murphy, _The Citizen_ (1757 or 1761).

=Philtra=, a lady of large fortune, betrothed to Bracĭdas; but, seeing the fortune of Amĭdas daily increasing, and that of Bracidas getting smaller and smaller, she forsook the declining fortune of her first lover, and attached herself to the more prosperous younger brother.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 4 (1596).

=Phineus= [_Fi´.nuce_], a blind soothsayer, who was tormented by the harpies. Whenever a meal was set before him, the harpies came and carried it off, but the Argonauts delivered him from these pests in return for his information respecting the route they were to take in order to obtain the golden fleece. (See TIRESIAS.)

Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iii. 36 (1665).

=Phiz=, the pseudonym of Hablot K. Browne, who illustrated the _Pickwick Papers_ (1836), _Nicholas Nickleby_, and most of Charles Dickens’s works of fiction. He also illustrated the Abbotsford edition of the _Waverley Novels_.

=Phleg´rian Size=, gigantic. Phlegra, or the Phlegræ´an plain, in Macedon, is where the giants attacked the gods, and were defeated by Hercŭlés. Drayton makes the diphthong _æ_ a short _i_:

Whose only love surprised those of the Phlegrian size, The Titanois, that once against high heaven durst rise.

_Polyolbion_, vi. (1612).

=Phobbs.= Captain and Mrs. Phobbs, with Mrs. Major Phobbs, a widow, sister-in-law to the captain, in _Lend Me Five Shillings_, by J. M. Morton.

=Pho´cion=, husband of Euphra´sia, “the Grecian daughter.”--A. Murphy, _The Grecian Daughter_ (1772).

=Pho´cyas=, general of the Syrian army in the siege of Damascus. Phocyas was in love with Eudo´cia, daughter of Eu´menês, the governor, but when he asked the governor’s consent, Eumenês sternly refused to give it. After gaining several battles, Phocyas fell into the hands of the Arabs, and consented to join their army to revenge himself on Eumenês. The Arabs triumphed, and Eudocia was taken captive, but she refused to wed a traitor. Ultimately, Phocyas died, and Eudocia entered a convent.--John Hughes, _Siege of Damascus_ (1720).

=Phœbe=, village girl seduced and afterward married by Barry Crittenden. He takes her to the cottage allotted him by his father, and introduces her to his mother and sisters. She tries diligently to adapt herself to her new sphere until she becomes jealous of a woman whom she imagines Barry once fancied, and now loves. Phœbe flees secretly to her mother’s cottage, taking her child with her, and refuses to return to her husband, until accident reveals the causelessness of her jealousy.--Miriam Coles Harris, _Phœbe_ (1884).

=Phœbus=, the sun-god. =Phœbe= (2 _syl._), the moon-goddess.--_Greek Mythology._

_Phœbus’s Son._ Pha´ĕton obtained permission of his father to drive the sun-car for one day, but, unable to guide the horses, they left their usual track, the car was overturned, and both heaven and earth were threatened with destruction. Jupiter struck Phaeton with his thunderbolt, and he fell headlong into the Po.

... like Phœbus fayrest childe, That did presume his father’s fiery wayne, And flaming mouths of steeds unwonted wilde, Thro’ highest heaven with weaker hand to rayne; ... He leaves the welkin way most beaten playne, And, wrapt with whirling wheels, inflamed the skyen With fire not made to burne, but fayrely for to shyne.

Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 4, 10 (1590).

_Phœbus._ Gaston de Foix was so called, from his great beauty (1488-1512).

_Phœbus_ (_Captain_), the betrothed of Fleur de Marie. He also entertains a base love for Esmeralda, the beautiful gypsy girl.--Victor Hugo, _Notre Dame de Paris_ (1831).

=Phœnix= (_The_), is said to live 500 (or 1,000) years, when it makes a nest of spices, burns itself to ashes, and comes forth with renewed life for another similar period. There never was but one phœnix.

The bird of Arabye ... Can never dye, And yet there is none, But only one, A phœnix ... Plinni showeth al In his _Story Natural_, What he doth finde Of the phœnix kinde.

J. Skelton, _Philip Sparow_ (time, Henry VIII.).

=Phœnix Tree=, the raisin, an Arabian tree. Floro says: “There never was but one, and upon it the phœnix sits.”--_Dictionary_ (1598).

Pliny thinks the tree on which the phœnix was supposed to perch is the date tree (called in Greek _phoinix_), adding that “the bird died with the tree, and revived of itself as the tree revived.”--_Nat. Hist._, xiii. 4.

Now I will believe That there are unicorns; that in Arabia There is one tree, the phœnix’ throne; one phœnix At this hour reigning there.

Shakespeare, _The Tempest_, act iii. sc. 3 (1609).

=Phorcus=, “the old man of the sea.” He had three daughters, with only one eye and one tooth between ’em.--_Greek Mythology._

This is not “the old man of the sea” mentioned in the _Arabian Nights_ (“Sindbad the Sailor”).

=Phor´mio=, a parasite, who is “all things to all men.”--Terence, _Phormio_.

=Phosphor=, the light-bringer or morning star; also called _Hespĕrus_, and by Homer and Hesiod _Heôs-phŏros_.

Bright Phosphor, fresher for the night, Sweet Hesper-Phosphor, double name.

Tennyson, _In Memoriam_, cxxi. (1850).

=Phos´phorus=, a knight called by Tennyson “Morning Star,” but, in the _History of Prince Arthur_, “Sir Persaunt of India, or the Blue Knight.” One of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle Perilous.--Tennyson, _Idylls_ (“Gareth and Lynette”); Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 131 (1470).

⁂ It is evidently a blunder to call the _Blue_ Knight “Morning Star,” and the _Green_ Knight “Evening Star.” In the old romance, the combat with the “Green Knight,” is at dawn, and with the “Blue Knight” at nightfall. The error arose from not bearing in mind that our forefathers began the day with the preceding eve, and ended it at sunset.

=Phraortes= (3 _syl._), a Greek admiral.--Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

=Phry´ne= (2 _syl._), an Athenian courtezan of surpassing beauty. Apellês’s celebrated picture of “Venus Anadyomĕnê” was drawn from Phrynê, who entered the sea with hair dishevelled for a model. The “Cnidian Venus” of Praxitĕlês was also taken from the same model.

Some say Campaspê was the academy figure of the “Venus Anadyomenê.” Pope has a poem called _Phryne_.

=Phyllis=, a Thracian, who fell in love with Demoph´oön. After some months of mutual affection, Demophoon was obliged to sail for Athens, but promised to return within a month. When a month had elapsed, and Demophoon did not put in an appearance, Phyllis so mourned for him that she was changed into an almond tree, hence called by the Greeks _Phylia_. In time, Demophoon returned, and, being told the fate of Phyllis, ran to embrace the tree, which though bare and leafless at the time, was instantly covered with leaves, hence called _Phylla_ by the Greeks.

Let Demophoon tell Why Phyllis by a fate untimely fell.

Ovid, _Art of Love_, iii.

_Phyllis_, a country girl in Virgil’s third and fifth _Eclogues_. Hence a rustic maiden. Also spelt Phillis (_q.v._).

_Phyllis_, in Spenser’s eclogue, _Colin Clout’s Come Home Again_, is Lady Carey, wife of Sir George Carey (afterwards Lord Hunsdon, 1596). Lady Carey was Elizabeth, the second of the six daughters of Sir John Spenser, of Althorpe, ancestor of the noble houses of Spenser and Marlborough.

No less praiseworthy are the sisters three, The honor of the noble family Of which I, meanest, boast myself to be, ... Phyllis, Charyllis, and sweet Amaryllis: Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three.

Spenser, _Colin Clout’s Come Home Again_ (1594).

=Phyllis and Brunetta=, rival beauties. Phyllis procured for a certain festival some marvellous fabric of gold brocade in order to eclipse her rival, but Brunetta dressed the slave who bore her train, in a robe of the same material and cut in precisely the same fashion, while she herself wore simple black. Phyllis died of mortification.--_The Spectator_ (1711, 1712, 1714).

=Phynnodderee=, a Manx spirit, similar to the Scotch brownie. Phynnodderee is an outlawed fairy, who absented himself from Fairy-court on the great _levée_ day of the harvest moon. Instead of paying his respects to King Oberon, he remained in the glen of Rushen, dancing with a pretty Manx maid whom he was courting.

=Physic a Farce is= (_His_). Sir John Hill began his career as an apothecary in St. Martin’s Lane, London; became author, and amongst other things wrote farces. Grarrick said of him:

For physic and farces, his equal there scarce is: His farces are physic, his physic a farce is.

=Physician= (_The Beloved_), St. Luke, the evangelist (_Col._ iv. 14).

=Physicians= (_The prince of_), Avicenna, the Arabian (980-1037).

=Physigna´thos=, king of the frogs, and son of Pelus (“mud”). Being wounded in the battle of the frogs and mice by Troxartas, the mouse king, he flees ingloriously to a pool, “and half in anguish of the flight, expires” (bk. iii. 112). The word means “puffed chaps.”

Great Physignathos I from Pelus’ race, Begot in fair Hydromedê’s embrace.

Parnell, _Battle of the Frogs and Mice_, i. (about 1712).

=Pibrac= (_Seigneur de_), poet and diplomatist, author of _Cinquante Quatrains_ (1574). Gorgibus bids his daughter to study Pibrac instead of trashy novels and poetry.

Lisez-moi, comme il faut, au lieu de ces sornettes, Les _Quatrains_ de Pibrac, et les doctes _Tablettes_ Du conseiller Matthieu; l’ouvrage est de valeur, ... _La Guide des pécheurs_ est encore un bon livre.

Molière, _Sganarelle_, i. 1 (1660).

(Pierre Matthieu, poet and historian, wrote _Quatrains de la Vanité du Monde_, 1629.)

=Picanninies= (4 _syl._), little children; the small fry of a village.--_West Indian Negroes._

There were at the marriage the picanninies and the Joblilies, but not the Grand Panjandrum.--Yonge.

=Pic´atrix=, the pseudonym of a Spanish monk; author of a book on demonology.

When I was a student ... that same Rev. Picatrix ... was wont to tell us that devils did naturally fear the bright flashes of swords as much as he feared the splendor of the sun.--Rabelais, _Pantag´ruel_, iii. 23 (1545).

=Picciola=, flower that, springing up in the court-yard of his prison, cheers and elevates the lonely life of the prisoner whom X. B. Saintine makes the hero of his charming tale, _Picciola_ (1837).

=Piccolino=, an opera by Mons. Guiraud (1875); libretto by MM. Sardou and Nuittier. This opera was first introduced to an English audience in 1879. The tale is this: Marthé, an orphan girl adopted by a Swiss pastor, is in love with Frédéric Auvray, a young artist, who “loved and left his love.” Marthé plods through the snow from Switzerland to Rome to find her young artist, but, for greater security, puts on boy’s clothes, and assumes the name of Piccolino. She sees Frédéric, who knows her not; but, struck with her beauty, makes a drawing of her. Marthé discovers that the faithless Frédéric is paying his addresses to Elena (sister of the Duke Strozzi). She tells the lady her love-tale; and Frédéric, deserted by Elena, forbids Piccolino (Marthé) to come into his presence again. The poor Swiss wanderer throws herself into the Tiber, but is rescued. Frédéric repents, and the curtain falls on a reconciliation and approaching marriage.

=Pickel-Herringe= (5 _syl._), a popular name among the Dutch for a buffoon; a corruption of _pickle-härin_ (“a hairy sprite”), answering to Ben Jonson’s _Puck-hairy_.

=Pickle= (_Peregrine_), a savage, ungrateful spendthrift, fond of practical jokes, delighting in tormenting others; but suffering with ill temper the misfortunes which result from his own wilfulness. His ingratitude to his uncle, and his arrogance to Hatchway and Pipes, are simply hateful.--T. Smollett, _The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle_ (1751).

=Pickwick= (_Samuel_), the chief character of _The Pickwick Papers_, a novel by C. Dickens. He is general chairman of the Pickwick Club. A most verdant, benevolent elderly gentleman, who, as member of a club instituted “for the purpose of investigating the source of the Hampstead ponds,” travels about with three members of the club, to whom he acts as guardian and adviser. The adventures they encounter form the subject of the _Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club_ (1836).

The original of Seymour’s picture of “Pickwick” was a Mr. John Foster (_not_ the biographer of Dickens, but a friend of Mr. Chapman’s, the publisher). He lived at Richmond, and was “a fat old beau,” noted for his “drab tights and black gaiters.”

=Pickwickian Sense= (_In a_), an insult whitewashed. Mr. Pickwick accused Mr. Blotton of acting in “a vile and calumnious manner;” whereupon Mr. Blotton retorted by calling Mr. Pickwick “a humbug,” But it finally was made to appear that both had used the offensive words only in a parliamentary sense, and that each entertained for the other “the highest regard and esteem.” So the difficulty was easily adjusted, and both were satisfied.

Lawyers and politicians daily abuse each other in a Pickwickian sense.--Bowditch.

=Pic´rochole=, king of Lernê, noted for his choleric temper, his thirst for empire, and his vast but ill-digested projects.--Rabelais, _Gargantua_, i. (1533).

Supposed to be a satire on Charles V. of Spain.

=Picrochole’s Counsellors.= The duke of Smalltrash, the earl of Swashbuckler, and Captain Durtaille, advised King Picrochole to leave a small garrison at home, and to divide his army into two parts--to send one south, and the other north. The former was to take Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany (but was to spare the life of Barbarossa), to take the islands of the Mediterranean, the Morea, the Holy Land, and all Lesser Asia. The northern army was to take Belgium, Denmark, Prussia, Poland, Russia, Norway, Sweden, sail across the Sandy Sea, and meet the other half at Constantinople, when king Picrochole was to divide the nations amongst his great captains. Echephron said he had heard about a pitcher of milk which was to make its possessor a nabob, and give him for wife a sultan’s daughter; only the poor fellow broke his pitcher, and had to go supperless to bed. (See BOBADIL.)--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, i. 33 (1533).

A shoemaker bought a ha’p’orth of milk; with this he intended to make butter, the butter was to buy a cow, the cow was to have a calf, the calf was to be sold, and the man to become a nabob; only the poor dreamer cracked the jug, and spilt the milk and had to go supperless to bed.--_Pantagruel_, i. 33.

=Picts=, the Caledonians or inhabitants of Albin, _i.e._ northern Scotland. The Scots came from Scotia, north of Ireland, and established themselves under Kenneth M’Alpin in 843.

The etymology of “Picts” from the Latin _picti_ (“painted men”) is about equal to Stevens’s etymology of the word “brethren” from _tabernacle_ “because we breathe-therein.[TN-93]

=Picture= (_The_), a drama by Massinger (1629). The story of this play (like that of the _Twelfth Night_, by Shakespeare) is taken from the novelette of Bandello, of Piedmont, who died 1555.

=Pi´cus=, a soothsayer and augur; husband of Canens. In his prophetic art he made use of a woodpecker (_picus_), a prophetic bird sacred to Mars. Circé fell in love with him, and as he did not requite her advances, she changed him into a woodpecker, whereby he still retained his prophetic power.

“There is Picus,” said Maryx. “What a strange thing is tradition! Perhaps it was in this very forest that Circê, gathering her herbs, saw the bold friend of Mars on his fiery courser, and tried to bewitch him, and, failing, metamorphosed him so. What, I wonder, ever first wedded that story to the woodpecker?”--Ouida, _Ariadnê_, i. 11.

=Pied Horses=, Motassem had 130,000 _pied horses_, which he employed to carry earth to the plain of Catoul; and having raised a mound of sufficient height to command a view of the whole neighborhood, he built thereon the royal city of Shamarah´.--Khondemyr, _Khelassat al Akhbar_ (1495).

_The Hill of the Pied Horses_, the site of the palace of Alkoremmi, built by Motassem, and enlarged by Vathek.

=Pied Piper of Hamelin= (3 _syl._), a piper named Bunting, from his dress. He undertook, for a certain sum of money, to free the town of Hamelin, in Brunswick, of the rats which infested it; but when he had drowned all the rats in the river Weser, the townsmen refused to pay the sum agreed upon. The piper, in revenge, collected together all the children of Hamelin, and enticed them by his piping into a cavern in the side of the mountain Koppenberg, which instantly closed upon them, and 130 went down alive into the pit (June 26, 1284). The street through which Bunting conducted his victims was Bungen, and from that day to this no music is ever allowed to be played in this particular street.--Verstegan, _Restitution of Decayed Intelligence_ (1634).

Robert Browning has a poem entitled _The Pied Piper_.

Erichius, in his _Exodus Hamelensis_, maintains the truth of this legend; but Martin Schoock, in his _Fabula Hamelensis_, contends that it is a mere myth.

“Don’t forget to pay the piper” is still a household expression in common use.

⁂ The same tale is told of the fiddler of Brandenberg. The children were led to the Marienberg, which opened upon them and swallowed them up.

⁂ When Lorch was infested with ants, a hermit led the multitudinous insects by his pipe into a lake, where they perished. As the inhabitants refused to pay the stipulated price, he led their pigs the same dance, and they, too, perished in the lake.

Next year, a charcoal-burner cleared the same place of crickets; and when the price agreed upon was withheld, he led the sheep of the inhabitants into the lake.

The third year came a plague of rats, which an old man of the mountain piped away and destroyed. Being refused his reward, he piped the children of Lorch into the Tannenberg.

⁂ About 200 years ago, the people of Ispahan were tormented with rats, when a little dwarf named Giouf, not above two feet high, promised, on the payment of a certain sum of money, to free the city of all its vermin in an hour. The terms were agreed to, and Giouf, by tabor and pipe, attracted every rat and mouse to follow him to the river Zenderou, where they were all drowned. Next day, the dwarf demanded the money; but the people gave him several bad coins, which they refused to change. Next day, they saw with horror an old black woman, fifty feet high, standing in the market-place with a whip in her hand. She was the genie Mergian Banou, the mother of the dwarf. For four days she strangled daily fifteen of the principal women, and on the fifth day led forty others to a magic tower, into which she drove them, and they were never after seen by mortal eye.--T. S. Gueulette, _Chinese Tales_ (“History of Prince Kader-Bilah,” 1723).

⁂ The syrens of classic story had, by their weird spirit-music, a similar irresistible influence.

(Weird music is called Alpleich or Elfenseigen.[TN-94]

=Pierre= [_Peer_], a blunt, bold, outspoken man, who heads a conspiracy to murder the Venetian senators, and induces Jaffier to join the gang. Jaffier (in order to save his wife’s father, Priuli), reveals the plot, under promise of free pardon; but the senators break their pledge, and order the conspirators to torture and death. Jaffier, being free, because he had turned “king’s evidence” stabs Pierre, to prevent his being broken on the wheel, and then kills himself.--T. Otway, _Venice Preserved_ (1682).

_Pierre_, a very inquisitive servant of M. Darlemont, who long suspects his master has played falsely with his ward, Julio, count of Harancour.--Thomas Holcroft, _The Deaf and Dumb_ (1785).

=Pierre Alphonse= (_Rabbi Moïse Sephardi_), a Spanish Jew converted to Christianity in 1062.

All stories that recorded are By Pierre Alfonse he knew by heart.

Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (prelude).

=Pierre du Coignet= or =Coignères=, an advocate-general in the reign of Philippe de Valois, who stoutly opposed the encroachments of the Church. The monks, in revenge, nicknamed those grotesque figures in stone (called “gargoyles”), _pierres du coignet_. At Notre Dame de Paris there were at one time gargoyles used for extinguishing torches, and the smoke added not a little to their ugliness.

You may associate them with Master Pierre du Coignet, ... which perform the office of extinguishers.--Rabelais, _Gargantua and Pantagruel_ (1533-45).

=Pierrot= [_Pe´-er-ro_], a character in French pantomime, representing a man in stature and a child in mind. He is generally the tallest and thinnest man in the company, and appears with his face and hair thickly covered with flour. He wears a white gown, with very long sleeves, and a row of big buttons down the front. The word means “Little Peter.”

=Piers and Palinode=, two shepherds in Spenser’s fifth eclogue, representing the Protestant and the Catholic priest.

Piers or Percy again appears in ecl. x. with Cuddy, a poetic shepherd. This noble eclogue has for its subject “poetry.” Cuddy complains that poetry has no patronage or encouragement, although it comes by inspiration. He says no one would be so qualified as Colin to sing divine poetry, if his mind were not so depressed by disappointed love.--Spenser, _The Shepheardes Calendar_ (1579).

=Pie´tro= (2 _syl._), the putative father of Pompilia. This paternity was a fraud to oust the heirs of certain property which would otherwise fall to them.--R. Browning, _The Ring and the Book_, ii. 580.

=Pig.= Phædrus tells a tale of a popular actor who imitated the squeak of a pig. A peasant said to the audience that he would himself next night challenge and beat the actor. When the night arrived, the audience unanimously gave judgment in favor of the actor, saying that his squeak was by far the better imitation; but the peasant presented to them a real pig, and said, “Behold, what excellent judges are ye!”

=Pigal= (_Mons. de_), the dancing-master who teaches Alice Bridgenorth.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Pigeon and Dove= (_The_). Prince Constantio was changed into a pigeon, and the Princess Constantia into a dove, because they loved, but were always crossed in love. Constantio found that Constantia was sold by his mother for a slave, and in order to follow her, he was converted into a pigeon. Constantia was seized by a giant, and in order to escape him was changed into a dove. Cupid then took them to Paphos, and they became “examples of a tender and sincere passion; and ever since have been the emblems of love and constancy.”--Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The Pigeon and Dove,” 1682).

=Pigmy=, a dwarf. (See PYGMY.)

=Pigott Diamond= (_The_), brought from India by Lord Pigott. It weighs 82-1/4 carats. In 1818 it came into the hands of Messrs. Rundell and Bridge.

=Pigrogrom´itus=, a name alluded to by Sir Andrew Ague-cheek.

In sooth thou wast in very gracious fooling last night when thou spokest of Pigrogromitus, of the Vapian passing the equinoctial of Queubus. ’Twas very good, i’ faith.--Shakespeare, _Twelfth Night_,