Book I. opens with a pestilence in the Grecian camp, sent by the sun-god

to avenge his priest, Chrysês. The case is this: Chrysês wished to ransom his daughter, whom Agamemnon, the Greek commander-in-chief, kept as a concubine, but Agamemnon refused to give her up; so the priest prayed to Apollo for vengeance, and the god sent a pestilence. A council being called, Achillês upbraids Agamemnon as the cause of the divine wrath, and Agamemnon replies he will give up the priest’s daughter, but shall take instead Achillês’ concubine. On hearing this, Achillês declares he will no longer fight for such an extortionate king, and accordingly retires to his tent and sulks there.

II. Jupiter, being induced to take the part of Achillês, now sends to Agamemnon a lying dream, which induces him to believe that he shall take the city at once; but in order to see how the soldiers are affected by the retirement of Achillês, the king calls them to a council of war, asks them if it would not be better to give up the siege and return home. He thinks the soldiers will shout “no” with one voice; but they rush to their ships, and would set sail at once if they were not restrained by those privy to the plot.

III. The soldiers, being brought back, are then arrayed for battle. Paris proposes to decide the contest by single combat, and Menelaos accepts the challenge. Paris, being overthrown, is carried off by Venus, and Agamemnon demands that the Trojans shall give up Troy in fulfillment of the compact.

IV. While Agamemnon is speaking, Pandărus draws his bow at Menelaos and wounds him, and the battle becomes general.

V. Pandarus, who had violated the truce, is killed by Diomed.

VI. Hector, the general of the Trojan allied armies, recommends that the Trojan women in a body should supplicate the gods to pardon the sin of Pandarus, and in the meantime he and Paris make a sally from the city gate.

VII. Hector fights with Ajax in single combat, but the combatants are parted by the heralds, who declare it a drawn battle; so they exchange gifts and return to their respective tents.

VIII. The Grecian host, being discomfitted, retreats; and Hector prepares to assault the enemy’s camp.

IX. A deputation is sent to Achillês, but the sulky hero remains obdurate.

X. A night attack is made on the Trojans by Diomed and Ulyssês;

XI. And the three Grecian chiefs (Agamemnon, Diomed, and Ulyssês) are all wounded.

XII. The Trojans force the gates of the Grecian ramparts.

XIII. A tremendous battle ensues in which many on both sides are slain.

XIV. While Jupiter is asleep, Neptune interferes in the quarrel in behalf of the Greeks;

XV. But Jupiter rebukes him, and Apollo, taking the side of the Trojans, puts the Grecians to a complete rout. The Trojans, exulting in their success, prepare to set fire to the Grecian camp.

XVI. In this extremity, Patroclos arrays himself in Achillês’ armor, and leads the Myrmĭdons to the fight; but he is slain by Hector.

XVII. Achillês is told of the death of his friend,

XVIII. Resolves to return to the battle;

XIX. And is reconciled to Agamemnon.

XX. A general battle ensues, in which the gods are permitted to take part.

XXI. The battle rages with great fury, the slaughter is frightful; but the Trojans, being routed, retreat into their town, and close the gates.

XXII. Achillês slays Hector before he is able to enter the gates, and the battle is at an end. Nothing now remains but

XXIII. To burn the body of Patroclos, and celebrate the funeral games.

XXIV. Old Priam, going to the tent of Achillês, craves the body of his son Hector; Achillês gives it up, and the poem concludes with the funeral rites of the Trojan hero.

⁂ Virgil continues the tale from this point. Shows how the city was taken and burnt, and then continues with the adventures of Æne´as, who escapes from the burning city, makes his way to Italy, marries the king’s daughter, and succeeds to the throne. (See ÆNEID).

_Iliad (The French), The Romance of the Rose (q.v.)._

_Iliad (The German), The Nibelungen Lied (q.v.)._

_Iliad (The Portuguese), The Lusiad (q.v.)._

_Iliad (The Scotch), The Epigoniad_, by William Wilkie (_q.v._).

=Iliad of Old English Literature=, “The Knight’s Tale” of Palămon and Arcite (_2 syl._) in Chaucer’s _Canterbury Tales_ (1388).

=Illuminated Doctor= (_The_), Raymond Lully (1235-1315).

John Tauler, the German mystic, is so called also (1294-1361).

=Imis=, the daughter and only child of an island king. She was enamoured of her cousin Philax. A fay named Pagan loved her, and, seeing she rejected his suit, shut up Imis and Philax in the “Palace of Revenge.” This palace was of crystal, and contained everything the heart could desire except the power of leaving it. For a time Imis and Philax were happy enough, but after a few years they longed as much for a separation as they had once wished to be united.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Palace of Revenge,” 1682).

=Imlac of Goiama=, near the mouth of the Nile; the son of a rich merchant. Imlac was a great traveller and a poet, who accompanied Rasselas in his rambles, and returned with him to the “happy valley.”—Dr. Johnson, _Rasselas_ (1759).

=Immo and Hildegard.= As the sun went down, it threw its golden light over the heights on which the Idisburg stands. The old tower glowed, bathed in the many-colored light, and the branches of the bramble-berry overspread the low wall of the castle with a net work of purple and gold. In the lower portion of the enclosed court, the children of the townspeople, brought there by their parents, were shouting and calling in their play. On the highest point within the castle wall, stands a linden tree, that makes a thick arbor, with its broad leaves reaching nearly to the ground. It was a lovely spot. Wild hare-bells bloomed in its light shade, and little butterflies fluttered here and there. The birds gathered their young ones together in the sheltering branches of the tree, and the crickets chirped in chorus to the note of the feathered songsters. Here sat Hildegard, the count’s daughter, her hands folded in her lap as she looked down into the valley, over the fields of heather, over the forest trees, and over the rolling hills, far into the distance, where earth and sky seemed to melt together in the evening glow. At a respectful distance, some old servingmen, who had been sent up there for her protection, were lying on the ground, but their backs were turned to the maiden as they looked down to the Main, and pointed out to one another the border towns of the enemy, descried under the light clouds. Where Hildegard sat all was still; only a few sounds from the bustling camp made their way up to her. From one side came the lowing of the cows, and every now and then a hoof drew nearer, and the leaves of her tree were pulled about, and there was a crackling and a rustling in the branches. Hildegard turned and scared away the intruders, but they came back again, and the maiden at last forgot in her dreaming her dainty-mouthed visitors.

Her lips stirred, and softly sounded the words of a holy hymn, as she sang:

Audi, benigne Conditor, Nostras preces cum fletibus Hear, Kind Creator, Our prayers and our weeping.

But, in her singing, her thoughts dwelt less on the Creator than on a certain suppliant who, only a few weeks before, had repeated these same words to her in jest. And while she sang, and with clear eyes looked straight before her, it seemed to her that her song was echoed from above her in the tree. She stopped singing; then there was a rustling in the branches, and through the whispering of the leaves, she heard the same air repeated above her head, but to other words; and she heard from the height:

Rana coaxit suaviter In foliis viridibus.

The frog croaks softly In the green herbage.

Hildegard sat motionless; a smile hovered about her mouth, and a deep blush suffused her cheek; but she dared not risk looking up, for fear lest the pleasant dream should be ended. “Is it thou, my comrade?” she softly murmured. But hardly had she spoken before she repented the too familiar speech.

“I am lying here above thee, in the green leaves,” sounded back to her from overhead. “Right comfortable is my bed on the strong branch; look upward, if so please thee, that I may once more see those large eyes of thine, since it is they that have brought me hither.”

The maiden sprang lightly up, and turned toward the branch. In the same instant Immo thrust his head quickly out, and clinging to the branch with one hand he threw the other round her neck, and kissed her on the mouth. “Good day, comrade,” he said. “That is what I made up my mind to do, and I have done it!” He looked out once more from his hiding-place, and gazed tenderly upon her blushing cheek.—Gustav Freytag, _The Wrens’ Nest_.

=Immortal Four of Italy= (_The_): Dantê (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-1374), Ariosto (1474-1533), and Tasso (1544-1595).

The poets read he o’er and o’er, And most of all the Immortal Four Of Italy. Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_, (prelude).

=Imogen=, daughter of Cym´beline (3 _syl._), king of Britain, married clandestinely Posthumus Leonātus; and Posthumus, being banished for the offence, retired to Rome. One day, in the house of Philario, the conversation turned on the merits of wives, and Posthumus bet his diamond ring that nothing could tempt the fidelity of Imogen. Iachimo accepted the wager, laid his plans, and after due time induced Posthumus to believe that Imogen had played false, showing, by the way of proof, a bracelet, which he affirmed she had given him; so Posthumus handed over to him the ring given him by Imogen at parting. Posthumus now ordered his servant Pisanio to inveigle Imogen to Milford Haven, under pretence of seeing her husband, and to murder her on the road; but Pisanio told Imogen his instructions, advised her to enter the service of Lucius, the Roman general in Britain, as a page, and promised that he would make Posthumus believe that she was dead. This was done; and not long afterwards a battle ensued, in which the Romans were defeated, and Lucius, Iachimo, and Imogen were taken prisoners. Posthumus also took part in the battle, and obtained for his services the royal pardon. The captives being brought before Cymbeline, Lucius entreated the king to liberate Imogen. The petition was not only granted, but Imogen was permitted, at the same time, to ask a boon of the British king. She only begged that Iachimo should inform the court how he came by the ring he was wearing on his finger. The whole villainy was thus revealed, a reconciliation took place, and all ended happily. (See ZINEURA.)—Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605).

=Im´ogine= (_The Fair_), the lady betrothed to Alonzo “the Brave,” and who said to him, when he went to the wars: “If ever I marry another, may thy ghost be present at the bridal feast, and bear me off to the grave.” Alonzo fell in battle; Imogine married another; and, at the marriage feast, Alonzo’s ghost, claiming the fulfilment of the compact, carried away the bride.—M. G. Lewis, _Alonzo the Brave and the Fair Imogine_ (1795).

_Imogine_ (_The lady_), wife of St. Aldobrand. Before her marriage she was courted by Count Bertram, but the attachment fell through, because Bertram was outlawed and became the leader of a gang of thieves. It so happened one day that Bertram, being shipwrecked off the coast of Sicily, was conveyed to the castle of Lady Imogine, and the old attachment revived on both sides. Bertram murdered St. Aldobrand; Imogine, going mad, expired in the arms of Bertram; and Bertram killed himself.—C. Maturin, _Bertram_ (1816).

=Imoin´da= (3 _syl._), daughter of a white man who went to the court of Angola, changed his religion, and grew great as commander of the forces. His daughter was married to Prince Oroonoko. Soon afterwards the young prince was trapanned by Captain Driver, taken to Surinam, and sold for a slave. Here he met his young wife, whom the lieutenant-governor wanted to make his mistress, and Oroonoko headed a rising of the slaves. The end of the story is that Imoinda slew herself; and Oroonoko, having stabbed the lieutenant-governor, put an end to his own life.—Thomas Southern, _Oroonoko_ (1696).

=Impertinent= (_The Curious_), an Italian, who, to make trial of his wife’s fidelity, persuades his friend to try and seduce her. The friend succeeds in winning the lady’s love, and the impertinent curiosity of the husband is punished by the loss of his friend and wife too.—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iv. 5 (an episode, 1605).

=Impostors= (_Literary_).

1. BERTRAM (_Dr. Charles Julius_), professor of English at Copenhagen. He gave out that he had discovered, in 1747, in the library of that city, a book entitled _De Situ Britanniæ_, by Richardus Corinensis. He published this with two other treatises (one by Gildas Badon´icus, and the other by Nennius Banchorensis) in 1757. The forgery was exposed by J. E. Mayor, in his preface to _Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum Historiale_.

2. CHATTERTON (_Thomas_), published in 1777 a volume of poems, which he asserted to be from the pen of Thomas Rowley, a monk of the fifteenth century. The forgery was exposed by Mason and Gray.

3. IRELAND (_Samuel William Henry_), published, in 1796, a series of papers which he affirmed to be by Shakespeare, together with the tragedy of _Lear_ and a part of _Hamlet_. Dr. Parr, Dr. Valpy, James Boswell, Herbert Croft, and Pye, the laureate, signed a document certifying their convictions that the collection was genuine; but Ireland subsequently confessed the forgery. He also wrote a play entitled _Vortigern and Rowena_, which he asserted was by Shakespeare; but Malone exposed the imposition.

4. LAUDER (_William_), published, in 1751, false quotations from Masenius, a Jesuit of Cologne, Taubman, a German, Staphorstius, a learned Dutchman, and others, to “prove Milton a gross plagiarist.” Dr. Douglas demonstrated that the citations were incorrect, and that often several lines had been foisted in to make the parallels. Lauder confessed the fact afterwards (1754).

5. MENTZ, who lived in the ninth century, published fifty-nine decretals, which he ascribed to Isadore of Seville, who died in the sixth century. The object of these letters was either to exalt the papacy, or to enforce some law assuming such exaltation. Among them is the decretal of St. Fabian, instituting the rite of the chrism, with the decretals of St. Anaclētus, St. Alexander, St. Athanasius, and so on. They have all been proved to be barefaced forgeries.

6. PEREIRA (_Colonel_), a Portuguese, professed to have discovered in the convent of St. Maria de Merinhâo, nine books of Sanchoni´athon, which he published in 1837. It was found that the paper of the MS. bore the water-mark of the Osnabrück paper-mills.

7. PSALMANAZAR (_George_), who pretended to be a Japanese, published, in 1705, an _Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa, an Island belonging to the Empire of Japan_. He was an Englishman, born in London, name unknown (died 1763).

8. SMITH (_Joseph_), professed that his _Book of Mormon_, published in 1830, was a direct revelation to him by the angel Mormon; but it was really the work of a Rev. Solomon Spalding. Smith was murdered in Carthage jail in 1844.

9. SURTEES (_Robert_), sent Sir Walter Scott several ballads, which were inserted in good faith in the _Border Minstrelsy_, but were in fact forgeries. For example, a ballad on _A Feud between the Ridleys and the Featherstones_, said to be taken down from the mouth of an old woman on Alston Moor (1806); _Lord Ewrie_, said to be taken down from the mouth of Rosa Smith of Bishop Middleham, æt. 91 (1807); and _Barthram’s Dirge_ (1809).

The _Korân_ was said by Mahomet to be revealed to him by the angel Gabriel, but it was in reality the work of a Persian Jew, a Jacobite and a Nestorian. The detached parts of the _Korân_ were collected into a volume by Abû Bekr in 634. Mahomet died in 632.

=Improvisators.=

ACCOLTI (_Bernardo_), of Arezzo, called the _Unico Areti´no_ (1465-1535).

AQUILANO (_Serafino_), born at Aquila (1466-1500).

BANDETTINI (_Teresa_), (1756-*). Marone, Quercio, and Silvio ANTONIANO (eighteenth century).

BERONICIUS (_P. J._), who could convert extempore into Latin or Greek verse a Dutch newspaper or anything else which he heard (died 1676).

CORILLA (_Maria Magdalena_), of Pistoia. Mde. de Staël has borrowed her Corinne from this improvisatrix. Crowned at Rome in 1766 (1740-1800).

GIANNI (_Francis_), an Italian, made imperial poet by Napoleon, whose victories he celebrated in verse (1759-1823).

JEHAN (_Núr_), of Bengal, during the sultanship of Jehánger. She was the inventor of the otto of roses (died 1645).

KARSCH (_Anne Louisa_), of Germany.

MAZZEI (_Signora_), the most talented of all improvisators.

METASTASIO (_Pietro B._), of Assisi, who developed, at the age of ten, a wonderful talent for extemporizing in verse (1698-1782).

PERFETTI (_Bernardino_), of Sienna, who received a laurel crown in the capitol, an honor conferred only on Petrarch and Tasso (1681-1747).

PETRARCH (_Francesco_), who introduced the amusement of improvisation (1304-1374).

ROSSI, beheaded at Naples in 1799.

SERAFINO D’AQUILA. (See above, “Aquilano.”)

SERIO, beheaded at Naples in 1799.

SGRICCI (_Tommaso_), of Tuscany (1788-1832). His _Death of Charles I._, _Death of Mary Queen of Scots_, and _Fall of Missolonghi_ are very celebrated.

TADDEI (_Rosa_), (1801- ).

ZUCCO (_Marc Antonio_), of Verona (*-1764).

To these add Cicconi, Bindocci, Sestini, the brothers Clercq of Holland, Wolfe of Altŏna, Langenschwarz of Germany, Eugène de Pradel of France, and Thomas Hood (1798-1845).

=Inconstant= (_The_), a comedy by G. Farquhar (1702). “The inconstant” is young Mirabel, who shilly-shallies with Oria´na till she saves him from being murdered by four bravoes in the house of Lamorce (2 _syl._).

This comedy is a _réchauffé_ of the _Wild-goose Chase_.—Beaumont and Fletcher (1652).

=Incorruptible= (_The_). Maximilian Robespierre was so called by his friends in the Revolution (1756-1794).

“William Shippen,” says Horace Walpole, “is the only man proof against a bribe.”

⁂ Fabricius, the Roman hero, could not be corrupted by bribes, nor influenced by threats. Pyrrhus declared it would be as easy to divert the sun from its course as Fabricius from the path of duty.—_Roman Story._

=In´cubus=, a spirit half human and half angelic, living in mid-air between the moon and our earth.—Geoffrey, _British History_, vi. 18 (1142).

=Indra=, god of the elements. His palace is described by Southey in _The Curse of Kehama_, vii. 10 (1809).

=Inesilla de Cantarilla=, daughter of a Spanish lute-maker. She had the unusual power of charming the male sex during the whole course of her life, which exceeded 75 years. Idolized by the noblemen of the old court, she saw herself adored by those of the new. Even in her old age she had a noble air, an enchanting wit, and graces peculiar to herself suited to her years.—Lesage, _Gil Blas_, viii. 1 (1735).

=I´nez= of Cadiz, addressed in _Childe Harold_, i. (after stanza 84). Nothing known of her.

_Inez (Donna)_, mother of Don Juan. She trained her son according to prescribed rules with the strictest propriety, and designed to make him a model of all virtues. Her husband was Don José, whom she worried to death by her prudery and want of sympathy. Donna Inez was a “blue-stocking,” learned in all the sciences, her favorite one being “the mathematical.” She knew every European language, “a little Latin and less Greek.” In a word, she was “perfect as perfect is,” according to the standard of Miss Edgeworth, Mrs. Trimmer, and Hannah More, but had “a great opinion of her own good qualities.” Like Tennyson’s “Maud,” this paragon of women was, to those who did not look too narrowly, “faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null.”—Bryon, _Don Juan_, i. 10-30 (1819).

=Inez de Castro=, crowned six years after her death. The tale is this: Don Pedro, son of Alfonso IV. of Portugal, privately married, in 1345, the “beauty of Castile,” and Alfonso was so indignant that he commanded her to be put to death (1355). Two years afterwards, Don Pedro succeeded to the crown, and in 1361 had the body of Inez exhumed and crowned.

Camoens, the Portuguese poet, has introduced this story in his _Lusiad_. A. Ferreira, another Portuguese poet, has a tragedy called _Inez de Castro_ (1554); Lamotte produced a tragedy with the same title (1723); and Guiraud another in 1826. (See next art).

_Inez de Castro_, the bride of Prince Pedro, of Portugal, to whom she was clandestinely married. The King Alfonso and his minister Gonzalez, not knowing of this marriage, arranged a marriage for the young prince with a Spanish princess, and when the prince refused his consent, Gonzalez ferreted out the cause, and induced Inez to drink poison. He then put the young prince under arrest, but as he was being led away, the announcement came that Alfonso was dead and Don Pedro was his successor. The tables were now turned, for Pedro was instantly released, and Gonzalez led to execution.—Ross Neil, _Inez de Castro_ or _The Bride of Portugal_. (See previous art).

=Inez Morse.= A New England woman, determined to pay off the mortgage left by her dead father upon the farm. She sells all her honey to help on this object; “When the mortgage is paid off, we’ll have warm biscuit and honey for supper,” she says, half-jestingly. She holds off a suitor for years, until the mortgage is paid. She promised her father it should be done. The day the last payment is made, she hears that “Willy” has married another girl. They have warm biscuits and honey for tea that night.—Mary E. Wilkin’s _A Taste of Honey_ (1887).

=Infant Endowed with Speech.= The Imâm Abzenderoud excited the envy of his confraternity by his superior virtue and piety, so they suborned a woman to father a child upon him. The imâm prayed to Mahomet to reveal the truth, whereupon the new-born infant told in good Arabic who his father was, and Abzenderoud was acquitted with honor.—T. S. Gueulette, _Chinese Tales_ (“Imâm Abzenderoud,” 1723).

=Infant of Luback=, Christian Henry Heinecken. At one year old he knew the chief events of the Pentateuch!! at thirteen months he knew the history of the Old Testament!! at fourteen months he knew the history of the New Testament!! at two and a half years he could answer any ordinary question of history or geography!! and at three years old he knew German, French, and Latin!!

=Inferno= (_The_), in thirty-four cantos, by Dantê [Alighieri] (1300). While wandering through a wood (_this life_), the poet comes to a mountain (_fame_), and begins to climb it, but first a panther (_pleasure_), then a lion (_ambition_), and then a she-wolf (_avarice_), stand in his path to slay him. The appearance of Virgil (_human wisdom_), however, encourages him (canto i.), and the Mantuan tells him he is sent by three ladies [Beatrice (_faith_), Lucia (_grace_), and Mercy] to conduct him through the realms of hell (canto ii.). On they proceed together till they come to a portal bearing this inscription: ALL HOPE ABANDON YE WHO ENTER HERE; they pass through, and come to that neutral realm where dwell the spirits of those not good enough for heaven nor bad enough for hell, “the praiseless and the blameless dead.” Passing through this border-land, they command old Charon to ferry them across the Achĕron to Limbo (canto iii.), and here they behold the ghosts of the unbaptized, “blameless of sin,” but not members of the Christian Church. Homer is here, Horace, Ovid, and Lucan, who enroll Dantê “sixth of the sacred band.” On leaving Limbo, our adventurer follows his guide through the seven gates which lead to the inferno, an enormous funnel-shaped pit, divided into stages. The outer, or first “circle,” is a vast meadow, in which roam Electra (mother of Dardănus, the founder of Troy), Hector, Æne´as, and Julius Cæsar; Camilla and Penthesile´a; Latīnus and Junius Brutus; Lucretia, Marcia (Cato’s wife), Julia (Pompey’s wife), and Cornelia; and here “a part retired,” they see Saladin, the rival of Richard the Lion-heart. Linos is here and Orpheus; Aristotle, Socratês, and Plato; Democrĭtos, who ascribed creation to blind chance, Diogĕnês, the cynic, Heraclītos, Emped´oclês, Anaxag´oras, Thalĕs, Dioscor´idês, and Zeno; Cicero and Senĕca, Euclid and Ptolemy, Hippocrătês and Galen, Avĭcen, and Averroês, the Arabian translator and commentator of Aristotle (canto iv.). From the first stage they descend to the second, where Minos sits in judgment on the ghosts brought before him. He indicates what circle a ghost is to occupy by twisting his tail round his body: two twists signify that the ghost is to be banished to the second circle; three twists that it is to be consigned to the third circle, and so on. Here, says the poet, “light was silent all,” but shrieks and groans and blasphemies were terrible to hear. This circle is the hell of carnal and sinful love, where Dante recognizes Semirămis, Dido, Cleopatra, and Helen; Achillês and Paris; Tristan, the lover of his uncle’s wife, Isoldê; Lancelot, the lover of Queen Guinever; and Francesca, the lover of Paolo, her brother-in-law (canto v.). The third circle is a place of deeper woe. Here fall in ceaseless showers, hail, black rain, and sleety flaw; the air is cold and dun; and a foul stench arises from the soil. Cerbĕrus keeps watch here, and this part of the inferno is set apart for gluttons, like Ciacco (2 _syl._). From this stage the two poets pass on to the “fourth steep ledge,” presided over by Plutus (canto vi.), a realm which “hems in all the woe of all the universe.” Here are gathered the souls of the avaricious, who wasted their talents, and made no right use of their wealth. Crossing this region, they come to the “fifth steep,” and see the Stygian Lake of inky hue. This circle is a huge bog in which “the miry tribe” flounder, and “gulp the muddy lees.” It is the abode of those who put no restraint upon their anger (canto vii.). Next comes the city of Dis, where the souls of heretics are “interred in vaults” (cantos viii., ix.). Here Dantê recognizes Farina´ta (a leader of the Ghibelline faction), and is informed that the Emperor Frederick II. and Cardinal Ubaldini are amongst the number (canto x.). The city of Dis contains the next three circles (canto xi.), through which Nessus conducts them; and here they see the Minotaur and the Centaurs, as Chiron, who nursed Achillês and Pholus the passionate. The first circle of Dis (the sixth) is for those who by force or fraud have done violence to _man_, as Alexander the Great, Dionysius of Syracuse, Attila, Sextus, and Pyrrhus (canto xii.). The next (the seventh circle) is for those who have done violence to _themselves_, as suicides; here are the Harpies, and here the souls are transformed to trees (canto xiii.). The eighth circle is for the souls of those who have done violence to _God_, as blasphemers and heretics; it is a hell of burning, where it snows flakes of fire. Here is Cap´aneus (3 _syl._) (canto xiv.), and here Dantê held converse with Brunetto, his old schoolmaster (canto xv.). Having reached the confines of the realm of Dis, Ger´yon carries Dantê into the region of Malêbolgê (4 _syl._), a horrible hell, containing ten pits or chasms (canto xvii.): In the first is Jason; the second is for harlots (canto xviii.); in the third is Simon Magus, “who prostituted the things of God for gold;” in the fourth, Pope Nicholas III. (canto xix.); in the fifth the ghosts had their heads “reversed at the neckbone,” and here are Amphiarāos, Tirēsias, who was first a woman and then a man, Michael Scott, the magician, with all witches and diviners (canto xx.); in the sixth, Caïaphas and Annas, his father-in-law (canto xxiii.); in the seventh, robbers of churches, as Vanni Fucci, who robbed the sacristy of St James’ in Pistoia, and charged Venni della Nona with the crime, for which she suffered death (canto xxiv.); in the eighth, Ulyssês and Diomed, who were punished for the stratagem of the Wooden Horse (cantos xxvi., xxvii.); in the ninth, Mahomet and Ali, “horribly mangled” (canto xxviii.); in the tenth, alchemists (canto xxix.), coiners and forgers, Potiphar’s wife, Sinon the Greek, who deluded the Trojans (canto xxx.), Nimrod, Ephialtés, and Antæus, with other giants (canto xxxi.). Antæus carries the two visitors into the nethermost gulf, where Judas and Lucifer are confined. It is a region of thick-ribbed ice, and here they see the frozen river of Cocy´tus (canto xxxii.). The last persons the poet sees are Brutus and Cassius, the murderers of Julius Cæsar (canto xxxiv.). Dantê and his conductor, Virgil, then make their exit on the “southern hemisphere,” where once was Eden, and where the “moon rises when here evening sets.” This is done that the poet may visit Purgatory, which is situated in mid-ocean, somewhere near the antipodes of Judea.

⁂ Canto xvi. opens with a description of Fraud, canto xxxiii. contains the tale of Ugoli´no, and canto xxxiv. the description of Lucifer.

=Ingeborg.= Daughter of a Norwegian king. She is loved as child and woman by Frithiof, who finally marries her.—_Frithiof Saga._

=Ingelram= (_Abbot_), formerly superior of St. Mary’s Convent.—Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Inglewood= (_Squire_), a magistrate near Osbaldistone Hall.—Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

=Inglis= (_Corporal_), in the royal army under the leadership of the duke of Monmouth.—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

=Ingo=, the son of Ingbert, king of the Vandals. Driven from his throne by his uncle, he seeks refuge among the Thuringians, where he loves and marries Irmgard. They are both slain in a siege, leaving one son, an infant.

=Ingoldsby= (_Thomas_), the Rev. Richard Harris Barham, author of _Ingoldsby Legends_ (1788-1845).

=Ingraban=, a descendant of the child of Ingo and Irmgard, a wild, untamed young Pagan, who is finally converted to Christianity under Bishop Winfried, or Boniface.

=Ini=, =Ine=, or =Ina=, king of Wessex; his wife was Æthelburh; both were of the royal line of Cerdic. After a grand banquet, King Ini set forth to sojourn in another of his palaces, and his queen privately instructed his steward to “fill the house they quitted with rubbish and offal, to put a sow and litter of pigs in the royal bed, and entirely dismantle the room.” When the king and queen had gone about a mile or so, the queen entreated her husband to return to the house they had quitted, and great was his astonishment to behold the change. Æthelburh then said, “Behold what vanity of vanities is all earthly greatness! Where now are the good things you saw here but a few hours ago? See how foul a beast occupies the royal bed. So will it be with you unless you leave earthly things for heavenly.” So the king abdicated his kingdom, went to Rome, and dwelt there as a pilgrim for the rest of his life.

... in fame great Ina might pretend With any king since first the Saxons came to shore. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xi. (1613).

=Inkle and Yar´ico=, hero and heroine of a story by Sir Richard Steele, in the _Spectator_ (No. 11). Inkle is a young Englishman who is lost in the Spanish main. He falls in love with Yarico, an Indian maiden, with whom he consorts; but no sooner does a vessel arrive to take him to Barbadoes than he sells Yarico as a slave.

George Colman has dramatized this tale (1787).

=Innocents= (_The_), the babes of Bethlehem cut off by Herod the Great.

⁂ John Baptist Marino, an Italian poet, has a poem on _The Massacre of the Innocents_ (1569-1625).

=Innogen= or INOGENE (3 _syl._), wife of Brute (1 _syl._), mythical king of Britain. She was daughter of Pan´drasos of Greece.

Thus Brute this realme unto his rule subdewd ... And left three sons, his famous progeny, Born of fayre Inogene of Italy. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 10 (1590).

And for a lasting league of amity and peace, Bright Innogen, his child, for wife to Brutus gave. M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, I. (1612).

=Insane Root= (_The_), hemlock. It is said that those who eat hemlock can see objects otherwise invisible. Thus when Banquo had encountered the witches, who vanished as mysteriously as they appeared, he says to Macbeth, “Were such things [_really_] here ... or have we eaten [_hemlock_] of the insane root, that takes the reason prisoner,” so that our eyes see things that are not?—Macbeth, act i. sc. 3 (1606).

=Interpreter= (_Mr._), in Bunyan’s _Pilgrim’s Progress_, means the Holy Ghost as it operates on the heart of a believer. He is lord of a house a little beyond the Wicket Gate.—Pt. i. (1678).

=Inveraschal´loch=, one of the Highlanders at the Clachan of Aberfoyle.—Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

=Invin´cible Doctor= (_The_), William of Occam; also called _Doctor Singulāris_ (1270-1347).

=Invisible Knight= (_The_), Sir Garlon, brother of King Pellam (nigh of kin to Joseph of Arimathy).

“He is Sir Garlon,” said the knight, “he with the black face, he is the marvellest knight living, for he goeth invisible.”—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 39 (1470).

=Invisibility= is obtained by amulets, dress, herbs, rings, and stones.

_Amulets_: as the capon-stone called “Alectoria,” which rendered those invisible who carried it about their person.—_Mirror of Sornes._

_Dress_: as Alberich’s cloak called “Tarnkappe” (2 _syl._) which Siegfried got possession of (_The Nibelungen Lied_); the mantle of Hel Keplein (_q.v._); and Jack the Giantkiller had a cloak of invisibility as well as a cap of knowledge. The helmet of Perseus of Hadês (_Greek Fable_) and Mambrino’s helmet rendered the wearers invisible. The _moros musphonon_ was a girdle of invisibility.—Mrs. Centlivre, _A Bold Stroke for a Wife_.

_Herbs_: as fern-seed, mentioned by Shakespeare and Beaumont and Fletcher.

_Rings_: as Gyges’s ring, taken from the flanks of a brazen horse. When the stone was turned inwards, the wearer was invisible (Plato). The ring of Otnit, king of Lombardy, according to _The Heldenbuch_, possessed a similar virtue. Reynard’s wonderful ring had three colors, one of which (the green) caused the wearer to be invisible (_Reynard the Fox_, 1498); this was the gem called heliotrope.

_Stones_: as heliotrope, mentioned by Boccaccio in his _Decameron_ (day viii. 3). It is of a green hue. Solīnus attributes this power to the _herb_ heliotrope: “Herba ejusdem nominis ... eum, a quocumque gestabitur, suptrahit visibus obviorum.”—_Geog._, xl.

=Invulnerability.= Stones taken from the cassan plant, which grows in Pauten, will render the possessor invulnerable.—Odoricus, _In Hakluyt_.

A dip in the river Styx rendered Achillês invulnerable.

Medea rendered Jason proof against wounds and fire by anointing him with the Promethe´an unguent.—_Greek Fable._

Siegfried was rendered invulnerable by bathing his body in dragon’s blood.—_Niebelungen Lied._

=Ion=, the title and hero of a tragedy by T. N. Talfourd (1835). The oracle of Delphi had declared that the pestilence which raged in Argos was sent by way of punishment for the misrule of the race of Argos, and that the vengeance of the gods could be averted only by the extirpation of the guilty race. Ion, the son of the king, offered himself a willing sacrifice, and as he was dying, Irus entered and announced that “the pestilence was abating.”

=Io´na’s Saint=, St. Columb, seen on the top of the church spires, on certain evenings every year, counting the surrounding islands, to see that none of them have been sunk by the power of witchcraft.

As Iona’s saint, a giant form, Throned on his towers conversing with the storm ... Counts every wave-worn isle and mountain hoar From Kilda to the green Ierne’s shore [_from the Hebrides to Ireland_]. Campbell, _The Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).

=I-pal-ne-mo´-ani= (i.e. _He by whom we live_), a title of God, used by the ancient Mexicans.

“We know him,” they reply, “The great ‘Forever-One,’ the God of gods, Ipalnemoani.”—Southey, _Madoc_, i. 8 (1805).

=Iphigeni´a=,daughter of Agamemnon, king of Argos. Agamemnon vowed to offer up to Artĕmis the best possession that came into his hands during the ensuing twelve months. This happened to be an infant daughter, to whom he gave the name of Iphigenīa, but he forbore to fulfil his vow. When he went on his voyage to Troy, the fleet was wind-bound at Aulis, and Kalchas, the priest, said it was because Agamemnon had not carried out his vow; so Iphigenia, then in the pride of womanhood, was bound to the altar. Artemis, being satisfied, carried the maiden off to Tauris, where she became a priestess, and substituted a hind in her place.

For parallel instances, such as Abraham and Isaac, Jephthah and his daughter, Idomeneus and his son, etc., see IDOMENEUS.

When a new Iphigene, she went to Tauris. Byron, _Don Juan_, x. 49 (1821).

=Iphis=, the woman who was changed to a man. The tale is this: Iphis was the daughter of Lygdus and Telethusa of Cretê. Lygdus gave orders that if the child about to be born was a girl, it was to be put to death. It happened to be a girl; but the mother, to save it, brought it up as a boy. In due time, the father betrothed Iphis to Ianthê, and the mother, in terror, prayed to Isis for help. Her prayer was heard, for Isis changed Iphis into a man on the day of espousals.—Ovid, _Metaph._, ix. 12; xiv. 699.

⁂ Cæneus [_Se.nuce_] was born of the female sex, but Neptune changed her into a man. Ænēas found her in hadês changed back again.

Tirēsias, the Theban prophet, was converted into a girl for striking two serpents, and married. He afterwards recovered his sex.

=Ippolito= (_Don_), Italian priest, who should never have taken orders. He is handsome, sensitive and susceptible, and has for a pupil Florida Vervain, an American girl. He loves her and tells her so. She pities him, advises him to break the shackles of his priesthood and go to America. When she departs, he succumbs to despair and Roman fever. On his death-bed he disabuses Florida’s American lover of the impression that the girl loved the priest.—W. D. Howells, _A Foregone Conclusion_ (1874).

=Iras=, a female attendant on Cleopatra. When Cleopatra had arrayed herself with robe and crown, prior to applying the asps, she said to her two female attendants, “Come take the last warmth of my lips. Farewell, kind Charmian! Iras, farewell!” And having kissed them, Iras fell down dead, either broken-hearted or else because she had already applied an asp to her arm, as Charmian did a little later.—Shakespeare, _Antony and Cleopatra_ (1608).

=Ireby= (_Mr_), a country squire.—Sir W. Scott, _Two Drovers_ (time, George III.).

=Ireland= (_S. W. H._), a literary forger. His chief forgery is _Miscellaneous Papers and Instruments, under the hand and seal of William Shakespeare, including the tragedy of King Lear, and a small fragment of Hamlet, from the original_, folio, £6 4_s._ (1795).

His most impudent forgery was the production of a new play, which he tried to palm off as Shakespeare’s. It was called _Vortigern and Rowena_, and was actually represented at Drury Lane Theatre, in 1796.

Weeps o’er false Shakesperian lore Which sprang from Maisterre Ireland’s store, Whose impudence deserves the rod For having aped the Muse’s god. _Chalcographomania._

_Ireland_ (_The Fair Maid of_), the ignis fatuus.

He had read ... of ... the _ignis fatuus_, ... by some called “Will-with-the-whisp” or “Jack-with-the-lantern,” and likewise ... “The Fair Maid of Ireland.”—R. Johnson, _The Seven Champions of Christendom_, i. 7. (1617).

=Ireland’s Three Saints.= The three great saints of Ireland are St. Patrick, St. Columb, and St. Bridget.

=Ireland’s Three Tragedies=: (1) _The Death of the Children of Touran_; (2) _The Death of the Children of Lir_; and (3) _The Death of the Children of Usnach_.—O’Flannagan, _Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Dublin_, i.

=Irem= (_The Garden of_), mentioned in the _Korân_, lxxxix. It was the most beautiful of all earthly paradises, laid out for Shedad´, king of Ad; but no sooner was it finished than it was struck with the lightning-wand of the death-angel, and was never after visible to the eye of man.

The paradise of Irem this ... A garden more surpassing fair Than that before whose gate The lightning of the cherub’s fiery sword Waves wide to bar access. Southey, _Thalaba the Destroyer_, i. 22 (1797).

=Ire´na=, Ireland personified. Her inheritance was withheld by Grantorto (_rebellion_), and Sir Artegal was sent by the queen of Faëry-land to succor her. Grantorto being slain Irena was restored, in 1588, to her inheritance.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596).

=Ire´ne= (3 _syl._), daughter of Horush Barbarossa, the Greek renegade and corsair-king of Algiers. She was rescued in the siege of Algiers by Selim, son of the Moorish king, who fell in love with her. When she heard of the conspiracy to kill Barbarossa, she warned her father; but it was too late; the insurgents succeeded, Barbarossa was slain by Othman, and Selim married Irenê.—J. Browne, _Barbarossa_ (1742).

_Irene_ (3 _syl._), wife of Alexius Comne´nus, emperor of Greece.—Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

=Irene Lapham.= Second daughter of a self-made man; wonderfully beautiful, unsophisticated, and beginning to have social ambitions, founded upon acquaintance with the Bromfield Coreys. She is quite sure and naively glad that Tom Corey admires, perhaps loves her, until undeceived by his declaration to her sister. Then she gives him up and goes away for a while. Hearing of her father’s failure in business, she rushes back and takes her place in the family as an energetic spinster. William Dean Howells, _The Rise of Silas Lapham_ (1884).

=Ire´nus.= Peaceableness personified. (Greek, _eirênê_, “peace”). Phineas Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, x. (1633).

=Iris=, a messenger, a go-between. Iris was the messenger of Juno.

Wheresoe’er them art in this world’s globe, I’ll have an Iris that shall find thee out. Shakespeare, _2 Henry VI_, act v. sc. 2 (1591).

=Iris and the Dying.= One of the duties of Iris was to cut off a lock of hair (claimed by Proserpine) from those devoted to death, and till this was done, Death refused to accept the victim. Thus, when Dido mounted the funeral pile, she lingered in suffering till Iris was sent by Juno to cut off a lock of her hair as an offering to the black queen, but immediately this was done her spirit left the body. Than´atos did the same office to Alcestis when she gave her life for that of her husband. In all sacrifices, a forelock was first cut from the head of the victim an an offering to Proserpine.—See Euripides, _Alcestis_; Virgil, _Æneid_, iv.

_Iris._ Daughter of an old Latin tutor. Of her mother it is said—“Seated with her companion at the chess-board of matrimony, she had but just pushed forward her one little white pawn upon an empty square, when the Black Knight, who cares nothing for castles, or kings or queens, swooped down upon her and swept her from the larger board of life.” The child’s father lingered but a little while longer, and the little Iris lived with a village spinster and went to a village school. All the same, the artistic principle grew and prevailed with her, and she became painter and poet.—Oliver Wendell Holmes, _The Professor at the Breakfast-Table_ (1853).

=Irish Whiskey Drinker= (_The_), John Sheehan, a barrister, who with “Everard Olive of Tipperary Hall,” wrote a series of pasquinades in verse, which were published in _Bentley’s Miscellany_, in 1846, and attracted considerable attention.

=Irish Widow= (_The_), a farce by Garrick (1757). Martha Brady, a blooming young widow of 23, is in love with William Whittle, the nephew of old Thomas Whittle, a man 63 years of age. It so happens that William cannot touch his property without his uncle’s consent, so the lovers scheme together to obtain it. The widow pretends to be in love with the old man, who proposes to her and is accepted; but she now comes out in a new character, as a loud, vulgar, rollicking, extravagant low Irishwoman. Old Whittle is thoroughly frightened, and not only gets his nephew to take the lady off his hands, but gives him £5000 for doing so.

=Irol´do=, the friend of Prasildo, of Babylon. Prasildo falls in love with Tisbi´na, his friend’s wife, and, to escape infamy, Iroldo and Tisbina take “poison.” Prasildo, hearing from the apothecary that the supposed poison is innocuous, goes and tells them so, whereupon Iroldo is so struck with his friend’s generosity that he quits Babylon, leaving Tisbina to Prasildo. Subsequently Iroldo’s life is in peril, and Prasildo saves his friend at the hazard of his own life.—Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495).

=Irolit´a=, a princess, in love with Prince Parcĭnus, her cousin. The fairy Dan´amo wanted Parcinus to marry her daughter Az´ira, and therefore tried to marry Irolita to Brutus; but her plans were thwarted, for Parcinus married Irolita, and Brutus married Azira.—D’Aunoy, _Perfect Love_.

=Iron Arm.= Captain François de Lanoue, a Huguenot, was called _Bras de Fer_. He died at the siege of Lamballe (1531-1591).

=Iron Chest= (_The_), a drama by G. Colman, based on W. Godwin’s novel of _Caleb Williams_. Sir Edward Mortimer kept in an iron chest certain documents relating to a murder for which he had been tried and honorably acquitted. His secretary, Wilford, out of curiosity, was prying into this box, when Sir Edward entered and threatened to shoot him; but on reflection, spared the young man’s life, and told him all about the murder, and swore him to secrecy. Wilford, unable to endure the watchful and suspicious eye of his master, ran away; but Sir Edward dogged him like a bloodhound, and at length accused him of robbery. The charge could not be substantiated, so Wilford was acquitted. Sir Edward confessed himself a murderer, and died (1796).

=Iron Duke= (_The_), the duke of Wellington (1769-1852).

=Iron Emperor= (_The_), Nicholas of Russia (1796, 1826-1855).

=Iron Hand=, Goetz von Berlichingen, who replaced his right hand, which he lost at the siege of Landshut, by an iron one (sixteenth century).

⁂ Goethe has made this the subject of an historical drama.

=Iron Mask= (_The Man in the_). This mysterious man went by the name of Lestang, but who he was is as much in _nubibus_ as the author of the _Letters of Junius_. The most general opinion is that he was Count Er´colo Antonio Matthioli, a senator of Mantua and private agent of Ferdinand Charles, duke of Mantua; and that his long imprisonment of twenty-four years was for having deceived Louis XIV. in a secret treaty for the purchase of the fortress of Casale. M. Loiseleur utterly denies this solution of the mystery.—See _Temple Bar_, 182-4, May, 1872.

⁂ The tragedies of Zschokke in German (1795), and Fournier, in French, are based on the supposition that the man in the mask was Marechal Richelieu, a twin-brother of the _Grand Monarque_, and this is the solution given by the Abbé Soulavie.

=Irons.= “A man over whom vulgar prosperity had, in forming him, left everywhere her finger-marks to be seen.... He had a general air of insisting upon his immense superiority to all the world.” His self-complacency does not prevent his meddling offensively in other people’s affairs, and his success gives him the opportunity to ruin the man he hates as his intellectual and moral superior.—Arlo Bates, _The Philistines_ (1888).

=Ironside= (_Sir_), called “The Red Knight of the Red Lands.” Sir Gareth, after fighting with him from dawn to dewy eve, subdued him. Tennyson calls him Death, and says that Gareth won the victory with a single stroke. Sir Ironside was the knight who kept the Lady Lionês (called by Tennyson “Lyonors”) captive in Castle Perilous.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 134-137 (1470).

_Ironside._ Edmund II., king of the Anglo-Saxons, was so called from his iron armor (989, 1016-1017).

Sir Richard Steele signed himself “Nester Ironside” in the _Guardian_ (1671-1729).

=Ironsides.= So were the soldiers of Cromwell called, especially after the battle of Marston Moor, where they displayed their iron resolution (1644).

_Ironsides (Captain)_, uncle of Belfield (_Brothers_), and an old friend of Sir Benjamin Dove. He is captain of a privateer, and a fine specimen of an English naval officer.

He’s true English oak to the heart of him, and a fine old seaman-like figure he is.—Cumberland, _The Brothers_, i. 1 (1769).

=Iron Tooth=, Frederick II., elector of Bradenburg (_Dent de Fer_), (1657, 1688-1713).

=Irrefragable Doctor= (_The_), Alexander Hales, founder of the Scholastic theology (*-1245).

=I´rus=, the beggar of Ithâca, who ran errands for Penelopê’s suitors. When Ulyssês returned home dressed as a beggar, Irus withstood him, and Ulyssês broke his jaw with a blow. So poor was Irus that he gave birth to the proverbs, “As poor as Irus,” and “Poorer than Irus” (in French, _Plus pauvre qu’ Irus_).

=Irving= (_Washington_). N. P. Willis said of Irving’s reputation in England fifty years ago: “The first questions on the lips of every one to whom I am introduced as an American are of him and Cooper.” Horace Smith, the author of “Rejected Addresses” pronounced him “a delightful fellow.”—N. P. Willis, _Pencilings by the Way_ (1835).

=Irwin= (_Mr_), the husband of Lady Eleanor, daughter of Lord Norland. His lordship discarded her for marrying against his will, and Irwin was reduced to the verge of starvation. In his desperation Irwin robbed his father-in-law on the high road, but relented and returned the money. At length the iron heart of Lord Norland was softened, and he relieved the necessities of his son-in-law.

_Lady Eleanor Irwin_, wife of Mr. Irwin. She retains her love for Lord Norland, even through all his relentlessness, and when she hears that he has adopted a son, exclaims, “May the young man deserve his love better than I have done! May he be a comfort to his declining years, and never disobey him!”—Inchbald, _Every One has His Fault_ (1794).

_Irwin (Hannah)_, former _confidante_ of Clara Mowbray.—Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

=Isaac [Mendoza]=, a rich Portuguese Jew, short in stature, with a snub nose, swarthy skin, and huge beard; very conceited, priding himself upon his cunning, loving to dupe others but woefully duped himself. He chuckles to himself, “I’m cunning, I fancy; a very cunning dog, ain’t I? a sly little villain, eh? a bit roguish; he must be very wide awake who can take Isaac in.” This conceited piece of goods is always duped by every one he encounters. He meets Louisa, whom he intends to make his wife, but she makes him believe she is Clara Guzman. He meets his rival, Antonio, whom he sends to the supposed Clara, and he marries her. He mistakes Louisa’s duenna for Louisa, and elopes with her. So all his wit is outwitted.—Sheridan, _The Duenna_ (1775).

=Isaac of York=, the father of Rebecca. When imprisoned in the dungeon of Front de Bœuf’s castle, Front de Bœuf comes to extort money from him, and orders two slaves to chain him to the bars of slow fire, but the party is disturbed by the sound of a bugle. Ultimately, both the Jew and his daughter leave England and go to live abroad.—Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Isaacs= (_Mr._). A mysterious man, whose majestic beauty, accomplishments, prowess and loves form the staple of the novel bearing his name.—F. Marion Crawford, _Mr. Isaacs_ (1882).

=Isabel.= A child-love, whose image is recalled by the old man in his wayside musing—

“Poor, unknown, By the wayside, on a mossy stone.” Ralph Hoyt, _Old_ (1859).

_Isabel._ A refined girl, with lofty ideals and aspirations, who marries a widower with one child. She believes him a true man who will uplift her, and finds him a refined voluptuary, coldly calculating upon the advantages to be gained from her fortune. Still faithful to herself, Isabel repels the love of a man who thoroughly appreciates her, and flies from him and temptation.—Henry James, Jr., _Portrait of a Lady_ (1881).

_Isabel_, called the “She-wolf of France,” the adulterous queen of Edward II., was daughter of Philippe IV. (_le bel_), of France. According to one tradition, Isabel murdered her royal husband by thrusting a hot iron into his bowels, and tearing them from his body.

=Isabell=, sister of Lady Hartwell, in the comedy of _Wit without Money_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1639).

=Isabella= or =Isabelle=, a pale brown or buff color, similar to that of a hare. It is so called from the princess Isabella of Austria, daughter of Philip II. The tale is, that while besieging Ostend, the princess took an oath that she would not change her body-linen before the town was taken. The siege, however, lasted three years, and her linen was so stained that it gave name to the color referred to (1601-1604).

The same story is related of Isabella of Castile at the siege of Grena´da (1483).

The horse that Brightsun was mounted on was as black as jet, that of Felix was grey, Cherry’s was as white as milk, and that of the Princess Fairstar an Isabella.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Princess Fairstar,” 1682).

_Isabella_, daughter of the king of Galicia, in love with Zerbi´no, but Zerbino could not marry her because she was a pagan. Her lament at the death of Zerbino is one of the best parts of the whole poem (bk. xii.). Isabella retires to a chapel to bury her lover, and is there slain by Rodomont.—Ariosto, _Orlanda Furioso_ (1516).

_Isabella_, sister of Claudio, insulted by the base passion of An´gelo, deputy of Vienna, in the absence of Duke Vincentio. Isabella is delivered by the duke himself, and the deputy is made to marry Mariana, to whom he was already betrothed.—Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_ (1603).

_Isabella_, wife of Hieronimo, in _The Spanish Tragedy_, by Thomas Kyd (1588).

_Isabella_, mother of Ludov´ico Sforza, duke of Milan.—Massinger, _The Duke of Milan_ (1622).

_Isabella_, a nun who marries Biron, eldest son of Count Baldwin, who disinherits him for this marriage. Biron enters the army, and is sent to the siege of Candy, where he falls, and (it is supposed) dies. For seven years Isabella mourns her loss, and is then reduced to the utmost want. In her distress she begs assistance of her father-in-law, but he drives her from the house as a dog. Villeroy (2 _syl._) offers her marriage, and she accepts him; but the day after her espousals Biron returns. Carlos, hearing of his brother’s return, employs ruffians to murder him, and then charges Villeroy with the crime; but one of the ruffians impeaches, and Carlos is apprehended. Isabella goes mad, and murders herself in her distraction.—Thomas Southern, _The Fatal Marriage_ (1692).

_Isabella_, the coadjutor of Zanga in his scheme of revenge against Don Alonzo.—Young, _The Revenge_ (1721).

_Isabella_, princess of Sicily, in love with Roberto il Diavolo, but promised in marriage to the prince of Grana´da, who challenges Roberto to mortal combat, from which he is allured by Bertram, his fiend-father. Alice tells him that Isabella is waiting for him at the altar, when a struggle ensues between Bertram and Alice, one trying to drag him into hell, and the other trying to reclaim him to the ways of virtue. Alice at length prevails, but we are not told whether or not Roberto marries the princess.—Meyerbeer, _Roberto il Diavolo_ (1831).

_Isabella (Donna)_, daughter of Don Pedro, a Portuguese nobleman, who designs to marry her to Don Guzman, a gentleman of large fortune. To avoid this hateful marriage, she jumps from a window, with a view of escaping from the house, and is caught by a Colonel Briton, an English officer, who conducts her to the house of her friend, Donna Violantê. Here the colonel calls upon her, and Don Felix, supposing Violantê to be the object of his visits, becomes furiously jealous. After a considerable embroglio, the mystery is cleared up, and a double wedding takes place.—Mrs. Centlivre, _The Wonder_ (1714).

_Isabella (The countess)_, wife of Roberto. After a long series of crimes of infidelity to her husband, and of murder, she is brought to execution.—John Marston, _The Wonder of Women_, or _Sophonisba_ (1605).

_Isabella_ (_The lady_), a beautiful young girl, who accompanied her father on a chase. Her step-mother requested her to return and tell the cook to prepare the milk-white doe for dinner. Lady Isabella did as she was told, and the cook replied, “Thou art the doe that I must dress.” The scullion-boy exclaimed, “Oh, save the lady’s life, and make thy pies of me!” But the cook heeded him not. When the lord returned and asked for his daughter, the scullion-boy made answer, “If my lord would see his daughter, let him cut the pasty before him.” The father, horrified at the whole affair, adjudged the step-mother to be burnt alive, and the cook to stand in boiling lead, but the scullion-boy he made his heir.—Percy, _Reliques_ iii. 2.

=Isabelle=, sister of Léonor, an orphan; brought up by Sganarelle according to his own notions of training a girl to make him a good wife. She was to dress in serge, and keep to the house, to occupy herself in domestic affairs, to sew, knit, and look after the linen, to hear no flattery, attend no places of public amusement, never to be left to her own devices, but to run in harness like a mill-horse. The result was that she duped Sganarelle and married Valère. (See LÉONOR).—Molière, _L’école des Maris_ (1661).

=Isabinda=, daughter of Sir Jealous Traffick, a merchant. Her father is resolved she shall marry Don Diego Barbinetto, but she is in love with Charles Gripe; and Charles, in the dress of a Spaniard, passing himself off as the Spanish don, and marries her.—Mrs. Centlivre, _The Busy Body_ (1709).

=Isadore=, wife, fondly lamented in Albert Pike’s lines beginning:

“Thou art lost to me forever! I have lost thee, Isadore!” Albert Pike, _Poems_ (183-).

=Isenbras= (_Sir_), a hero of mediæval romance. Sir Isenbras was at first proud and presumptous, but adversity made him humble and pentitent. In this stage he carried two children of a poor wood-cutter across a ford on his horse.

=I´sengrin= (_Sir_) or SIR ISENGRIM, the wolf, afterwards created the earl of Pitwood, in the beast-epic of _Reynard the Fox_. Sir Isengrin typifies the _barons_, and Reynard the _Church_. The gist of the tale is to show how Reynard over-reaches his uncle Wolf (1498).

=Ishah=, the name of Eve before the Fall; so called because she was taken out of _ish_, _i.e._ “man” (_Gen._ ii. 23); but after the expulsion from paradise, Adam called his wife Eve or Havah, _i.e._ “the mother of all living” (_Gen._ iii. 20).

=Ishban=, meant for Sir Robert Clayton. There is no such name in the Bible as Ishban; but Tate speaks of “extorting Ishban,” pursued by “bankrupt heirs.” He says he had occupied himself long in cheating, but then undertook to “reform the state.”

Ishban of conscience suited to his trade, As good a saint as usurer e’er made ... Could David ... scandalize our peerage with his name ... He’d e’en turn loyal to be made a peer. Tate, _Absalom and Achitophel_, ii. (1682).

=Ish´bosheth=, in Dryden’s satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for Richard Cromwell, whose father, Oliver, is called “Saul.” As Ishbosheth was the only surviving son of Saul, so Richard was the only surviving son of Cromwell. As Ishbosheth was accepted king on the death of his father by all except the tribe of Judah, so Richard was acknowledged “protecter” by all except the royalists. As Ishbosheth reigned only a few months, so Richard, after a few months, retired into private life.

They who, when Saul was dead, without a blow Made foolish Ishbosheth the crown forego. Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, i. (1681).

=I´sidore= (_3 syl._), a Greek slave, the concubine of Don Pèdre, a Sicilian nobleman. This slave is beloved by Adraste (_2 syl._) a French gentleman, who plots to allure her away. He first gets introduced as a portrait-painter, and reveals his love. Isidore listens with pleasure, and promises to elope with him. He then sends his slave Zaïde to complain to Don Pèdre of ill-treatment, and to crave protection. Don Pèdre promises to stand her friend, and at this moment Adraste appears and demands that she be given up to the punishment she deserves. Pèdre intercedes; Adraste seems to relent; and the Sicilian calls to the young slave to appear. Instead of Zaïde, Isidore comes forth in Zaïde’s veil. “There” says Pèdre, “I have arranged everything. Take her and use her well.” “I will do so,” says the Frenchman, and leads off the Greek slave.—Molière, _Le Sicilien ou L’Amour Peindre_ (1667).

=Isis=, the moon. The sun is Osi´ris. _Egyptian Mythology_.

They [_the priests_] wore rich mitres shapèd like the moon, To show that Isis doth the moon portend, Like as Osiris signifies the sun. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 7 (1596).

=Iskander Beg==_Alexander the Great_, George Castriot (1414-1467). (See SKANDERBEG).

=Iskander with the Two Horns=, Alexander the Great.

This Friday is the 18th day of the moon of Safar, in the year 653 [i.e. _of the heg´ira, or_ A.D. 1255] since the retreat of the great prophet from Mecca to Medi´na; and in the year 7320 of the epoch of the great Iskander with the two horns.—_Arabian Nights_ (“The Tailor’s Story”).

=Island of the Seven Cities=, a kind of Dixie’s land, where seven bishops, who quitted Spain during the dominion of the Moors, founded seven cities. The legend says that many have visited the island, but no one has ever quitted it.

=Islands of the Blest=, called by the Greeks “Happy Islands,” and by the Latins “Fortunate Islands;” imaginary islands somewhere in the West, where the favorites of the gods are conveyed at death, and dwell in everlasting joy.

Their place of birth alone is mute To sounds that echo further West Than your sire’s Islands of the Blest. Byron.

=Isle of Lanterns=, an imaginary country, inhabited by pretenders to knowledge, called “Lanternois.”—Rabelais, _Pantag´ruel_, v. 32, 33 (1545).

⁂ Lucien has a similar conceit, called _The City of Lanterns_; and Dean Swift, in his _Gulliver’s Travels_, makes his hero visit Laputa, which is an empire of quacks, false projectors, and pretenders to science.

=Islington= (_The marquis of_), one of the companions of Billy Barlow, the noted archer. Henry VIII. jocosely created Barlow “duke of Shoreditch”, and his two companions “earl of Pancras” and “marquis of Islington.”

=Ismael= “the infidel,” one of the Immortal Guard.—Sir W. Scott, _Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).

=Ismene.= Daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta, and sister to Antigone. She insists upon sharing her sister’s punishment for having buried their brother Cleon in defiance of their father’s prohibition.—Sophocles’ _Antigone_.

=Isme´ne and Isme´nias=, a love story in Greek by Eustathius, in the twelfth century. It is puerile in its delineation of character, and full of plagiarisms; but many of its details have been copied by D’Urfé, Montemayor, and others. Ismenê is the “dear and near and true” lady of Ismenias.

⁂ Through the translation by Godfrey of Viterbo, the tale of _Ismenê and Ismenias_ forms the basis of Gower’s _Confessio Amantis_, and Shakespeare’s _Pericles, Prince of Tyre_.

=Isme´no=, a magician, once a Christian, but afterwards a renegade to Islam. He was killed by a stone hurled from an engine.—Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, xviii. (1575).

=Isoc´rates= (_The French_), Esprit Fléchier, bishop of Nismes (1632-1710).

=Isoline= (3 _syl._), the high-minded and heroic daughter of the French governor of Messi´na, and bride of Fernando (son of John of Procĭda). Isoline was true to her husband, and true to her father, who had opposite interests in Sicily. Both fell victims to the butchery called the “Sicilian Vespers” (March 30, 1282), and Isoline died of a broken heart.—S. Knowles., _John of Procida_ (1840).

=Isolt= (_Isolde, Iseult_). There are two ladies connected with Arthurian romance of this name: one, Isolt “the Fair,” daughter of Anguish, king of Ireland; and the other Isolt “or the White Hands,” daughter of Howell, king of Brittany. Isolt _the Fair_ was the wife of Sir Mark, king of Cornwall, but Isolt _of the White Hands_ was the wife of Sir Tristram. Sir Tristram loved Isolt _the Fair_; and Isolt hated Sir Mark, her husband, with the same measure that she loved Sir Tristram, her nephew-in-law. Tennyson’s tale of the death of Sir Tristram is so at variance with the romance, that it must be given separately. He says that Sir Tristram was one day dallying with Isolt _the Fair_, and put a ruby carcanet round her neck. Then, as he kissed her throat:

Out of the dark, just as the lips had touched. Behind him rose a shadow and a shriek— “Mark’s way,” said Mark, and clove him thro’ the brain. Tennyson, _The Last Tournament_. (See ISOND.)

=Isond=, called _La Beale Isond_, i.e. _La Belle Isond_, daughter of Anguish, king of Ireland. When Sir Tristram vanquished Sir Marhaus, he went to Ireland to be cured of his wounds. La Beale Isond was his leech, and fell in love with him; but she married Sir Mark, the dastard king of Cornwall. This marriage was very unhappy, for Isond hated Mark as much as she loved Sir Tristram, with whom she eloped and lived in Joyous Guard Castle, but was in time restored to her husband, and Tristram married Isond the _Fair-handed_. In the process of time, Tristram, being severely wounded, sent for La Beale Isond, who alone could cure him, and if the lady consented to come the vessel was to hoist a white flag. The ship hove in sight, and Tristram’s wife, out of jealousy, told him it carried a _black_ flag at the mast-head. On hearing this Sir Tristram fell back on his bed and died. When La Beale Isond landed, and heard that Sir Tristram was dead, she flung herself on the body, and died also. The two were buried in one grave, on which a rose and vine were planted, which grew up and so intermingled their branches that no man could separate them.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, ii. (1470).

⁂ Sir Palamedes, the Saracen (_i.e._ unbaptized) also loved La Beale Isond, but met with no encouragement. Sir Kay Hedius died for love of her.—_History of Prince Arthur_, ii. 172.

_Isond le Blanch Mains_, daughter of Howell, king of Britain (_i.e._ Brittany). Sir Tristram fell in love with her for her name’s sake; but though he married her, his love for La Beale Isond, wife of his Uncle Mark, grew stronger and stronger. When Sir Tristram was dying and sent for his uncle’s wife, it was Isond _le Blanch Mains_ who told him the ship was in sight, but carried a _black_ flag at the mast head, on hearing which Sir Tristram bowed his head and died.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, ii. 35, etc. (1470).

=Is´rael=, in Dryden’s _Absalom and Achitophel_, means England. As David was king of Israel, so Charles II. was king of England. Of his son, the duke of Monmouth, the poet says:

Early in foreign fields he won renown With kings and states allied to Israel’s crown. Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, i. (1681).

=Is´rafîl=, the angel who will sound the “Resurrection blast.” Then Gabriel and Michael will call together the “dry bones” to judgement. When Israfil puts the trumpet to his mouth the souls of the dead will be cast into the trumpet, and when he blows out will they fly like bees, and fill the whole space between earth and heaven. Then will they enter their respective bodies, Mahomet leading the way.—Sale, _Korân_ (Preliminary discourse, iv.).

⁂ Israfil, the angel of melody in paradise. It is said that his ravishing songs, accompanied by the daughters of paradise and the clanging of bells, will give delight to the faithful.

=Israfel=. Edgar Allan Poe thus spells the name of the angel “whose heart strings are a lute.”

“If I could dwell Where Israfel Hath dwelt, and he where I, He might not sing so wildly well A mortal melody, While a bolder note than this might swell From my lyre within the sky.” Edgar Allan Poe, _Poems_ (1845).

=Ispahan=.

“We parted in the streets of Ispahan, I stopped my camel at the city gate. Why did I stop? I left my heart behind.

* * * * *

I meet the caravans when they return. ´What news?’ I ask. The drivers shake their heads. We parted in the streets of Ispahan.” Richard Henry Stoddard, _The Book of the East_ (1871)

=Is´sachar=, in Dryden’s _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for Thomas Thynne, of Longleate Hall, a friend to the duke of Monmouth. There seems to be a very slight analogy between Thomas Thynne and Issachar, son of Jacob. If the _tribe_ (compared to an ass overburdened) is alluded to, the poet could hardly have called the rich commoner “_wise_ Issachar.”

Mr. Thynne and Count Koningsmark both wished to marry the widow of Henry Cavendish, earl of Ogle. Her friends contracted her to the rich commoner, but before the marriage was celebrated, he was murdered. Three months afterwards the widow married the duke of Somerset.

Hospitable treats did most commend Wise Issachar, his wealthy western friend. Dryden, _Absalom and Achitophel_, i. (1681).

=Isumbras= (_Sir_) or Ysumbras. (See ISENBRAS).

=Itadach= (_Colman_), surnamed “The Thirsty.” In consequence of his rigid observance of the rule of St. Patrick, he refused to drink one single drop of water; but his thirst in the harvest time was so great that it caused his death.

=Item=, a money-broker. He was a thorough villain, who could “bully, cajole, curse, fawn, flatter, and filch.” Mr. Item always advised his clients not to sign away their money, but at the same time stated to them the imperative necessity of so doing. “I would advise you strongly not to put your hand to that paper, though Heaven knows how else you can satisfy these duns and escape imprisonment.”—Holcroft, _The Deserted Daughter_ (altered into _The Steward_).

=Itha´can Suitors=. During the absence of Ulyssês, king of Itaca, in the Trojan war, his wife Penelopê was pestered by numerous suitors, who assumed that Ulyssês, from his long absence, must be dead. Penelope put them off by saying she would finish a certain robe which she was making for Laërtês, her father-in-law, before she gave her final answer to any of them; but at night she undid all the work she had woven during the day. At length Ulyssês returned and relieved her of her perplexity.

All the ladies, each at each, Like the Ithacensian suitors in old time, Stared with great eyes and laughed with alien lips. Tennyson, _The Princess_, iv.

=Ith´oclês= (3 _syl._), in love with Calantha, princess of Sparta. Ithoclês induces his sister Penthēa to break the matter to the princess, and in time she not only becomes reconciled to his love, but also requites it, and her father consents to the marriage. During a court festival, Calantha is informed by a messenger that her father has suddenly died, by a second that Penthea has starved herself to death, and by a third that Ithoclês has been murdered. The murderer was Or´gilus, who killed him out of revenge.—John Ford, _The Broken Heart_ (1633).

=Ithu´riel= (4 _syl._), a cherub sent by Gabriel to find out Satan. He finds him squatting like a toad beside Eve as she lay asleep, and brings him before Gabriel. (The word means “God’s discovery.”)—Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 788 (1665).

_Ithuriel’s Spear_, the spear of the angel Ithuriel, whose slightest touch exposed deceit. Hence, when Satan squatted like a toad “close to the ear of Eve,” Ithuriel only touched the creature with his spear, and it resumed the form of Satan.

...for no falsehood can endure Touch of celestial temper, but returns Of force to its own likeness. Milton, _Paradise Lost_ iv. (1665).

_Ithuriel_, the guardian angel of Judas Iscariot. After Satan entered into the heart of the traitor, Ithuriel was given to Simon Peter as his second angel.—Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. and iv. (1748, 1771).

=Ivan the Terrible=, Ivan IV. of Russia, a man of great energy, but infamous for his cruelties. It was he who first adopted the title of czar (1529, 1533-1584).

=I´vanhoe= (3 _syl._), a novel by Sir W. Scott (1820). The most brilliant and splendid romance in any language. Rebecca, the Jewess, was Scott’s favorite character. The scene is laid in England, in the reign of Richard I., and we are introduced to Robin Hood in Sherwood Forest, banquets in Saxon hall, tournaments, and all the pomp of ancient chivalry. Rowena, the heroine, is quite thrown into the shade by the gentle, meek, yet high-spirited Rebecca.

_Ivanhoe_ (_Sir Wilfred, knight of_), the favorite of Richard I., and the disinherited son of Cedric of Rotherwood. Disguised as a palmer, he goes to Rotherwood, and meets there Rowena, his father’s ward, whom he has long loved; but we hear little more of him except as the friend of Rebecca and her father, Isaac of York, to both of whom he shows repeated acts of kindness, and completely wins the affections of the beautiful Jewess. In the grand tournament, Ivanhoe [_I´.van.ho_] appears as the “Desdichado” _or_ the “Disinherited Knight,” and overthrows all comers. King Richard pleads for him to Cedric, reconciles the father to his son, and the young knight marries Rowena.—Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Ivan´ovitch= (_Son of Ivan_ or _John_), the popular name of a Russian. Similar in construction to our “John-son,” the Danish “Jan-sen,” and the Scotch “Mac-Ina.”

⁂ The popular name of the English as a people is John Bull; of the Germans, Cousin Michael; of the French, Jean Crapaud; of the Chinese, John Chinaman; of the Americans, Brother Jonathan; of the Welsh, Taffy; of the Scotch, Sandy; of the Swiss, Colin Tampon; of the Russians, Ivanovitch, etc.

=Iverach= (_Allan_), or steward of Inveraschalloch, with Gallraith, at the Clachan of Aberfoyle.—Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

=Ivory Shoulder=. Demēter ate the shoulder of Pelops, served up by Tan´talos; so when the gods restored the body to life, Demeter supplied the lacking shoulder by one made of ivory.

Pythag´oras had a golden thigh, which he showed to Ab´aris, the Hyperborĕan priest.

Not Pelops’ shoulder, whiter than her hands, Nor snowy swans that jet on Isca’s sands. Wm. Browne, _Britannia’s Pastorals_, ii. 3 (1613).

=I´wein=, a knight of the Round Table. He slays the possessor of an enchanted fountain, and marries the widow, whose name is Laudine. Gawein, or Gawain urges him to new exploits, so he quits his wife for a year, in quest of adventures, and as he does not return at the stated time, Laudine loses all love for him. On his return, he goes mad, and wanders in the woods, where he is cured by three sorcerers. He now helps a lion fighting against a dragon, and the lion becomes his faithful companion. He goes to the enchanted fountain, and there finds Lunet´ prisoner. While struggling with the enchanted fountain, Lunet aids him with her ring, and he in turn saves her life. By the help of his lion, Iwein kills several giants, delivers three hundred virgins, and on his return to King Arthur’s court, marries Lunet.—Hartmann von der Aue (thirteenth century).

=Ixi´on=, king of the Lap´ithæ, attempted to win the love of Hērê (_Juno_); but Zeus substituted a cloud for the goddess, and a centaur was born.

⁂ Browning rhymes the name cleverly:

“—‘joys prove cloudlets: Men are the merest Ixions’— Here the King whistled aloud, ‘Let’s —Heigho ... go look at our lions!’” R. Browning, _Dramatic Lyrics_, “The Glove.”

=J= (In _Punch_), the signature of Douglas Jerrold, who first contributed to No. 9 of the serial (1803-1858).

=Jaafer=, who carried the sacred banner of the prophet at the battle of Muta. When one hand was lopped off, he clutched the banner with the other; this hand being also lost, he held it with his two stumps. When, at length, his head was cleft from his body, he contrived so to fall as to detain the banner till it was seized by Abdallah, and handed to Khaled.

CYNÆGEROS, in the battle of Marăthon, seized one of the Persian ships with his right hand. When this was lopped off, he laid hold of it with his left; and when this was also cut off, he seized it with his teeth, and held on till he lost his head.

ADMIRAL BENBOW, in an engagement with the French, near St. Martha, in 1701, was carried on deck on a wooden frame after both his legs and thighs were shivered into splinters by chain-shot.

ALMEYDA, the Portuguese governor of India, had himself propped against the mainmast after both his legs were shot off.

=Jabos= (_Jock_), postillion at the Golden Arms inn, Kippletringan, of which Mrs. M’Candlish was landlady.—Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Ja´chin=, the parish clerk, who purloined the sacramental money, and died disgraced.—Crabbe, _Borough_ (1810).

=Jacinta=, a first-rate cook, “who deserved to be housekeeper to the patriach of the Indies,” but was only cook to the licentiate Sedillo of Valladŏlid.—Ch. ii. I.

The cook, who was no less dexterous than Dame Jacinta, was assisted by the coachman, in dressing the victuals.—Lesage, _Gil Blas_, iii. 10 (1715).

=Jacin´tha=, the supposed wife of Octavio, and formerly contracted to Don Henrique (2 _syl._) an uxorious Spanish nobleman.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Spanish Curate_ (1622).

_Jacintha_, the wealthy ward of Mr. Strickland; in love with Bellamy. Jacintha is staid but resolute, and though “she elopes down a ladder of rope” in boy’s costume, has plenty of good sense and female modesty.—Dr. Hoadly, _The Suspicious Husband_ (1747).

=Jack= (_Colonel_), the hero of Defoe’s novel entitled _The History of the Most Remarkable Life and Extraordinary Adventures of the truly Hon. Colonel Jacque, vulgarly called Colonel Jack_. The colonel (born a gentleman and bred a pick-pocket) goes to Virginia, and passes through all the stages of colonial life, from that of “slavie” to that of an owner of slaves and plantation.

The transition from their refined Oron´datês and Stati´ras, to the society of Captain [_sic_] Jack and Moll Flanders...is (to use a phrase of Sterne) like turning from Alexander the Great to Alexander the coppersmith.—_Encyc. Brit._, Art. “Romance.”

=Jack Amend-all=, a nickname given to Jack Cade, the rebel, who promised to remedy all abuses (*-1450). As a specimen of his reforms, take the following examples:—

I, your captain, am brave, and vow reformation. There shall be in England seven half-penny loaves sold for a penny, the three hooped pot shall have ten hoops; and I will make it felony to drink small beer.... When I am king, there shall be no money; all shall eat and drink on my score; and I will apparel all in one livery.—Shakespeare, _2 Henry VI._