act iv. sc. 7 (1599).

=Flur=, the bride of Cassivelaun, “for whose love the Roman Cæsar first invaded Britain.”—Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ (“Enid”).

=Flute= (_The Magic_), a flute which has the powers of inspiring love. When given by the powers of darkness, the love it inspires is sensual love; but when bestowed by the powers of light, it becomes subservient to the very holiest ends. In the opera called _Die Zauberflöte_, Tami´no and Pami´na are guided by it through all worldly dangers to the knowledge of divine truth (or the mysteries of Isis.)—Mozart, _Die Zauberflöte_ (1791).

=Flutter=, a gossip, fond of telling a good story, but, unhappily, unable to do so without a blunder. “A good-natured, insignificant creature, admitted everywhere, but cared for nowhere” (act i. 3).—Mrs. Cowley, _The Belle’s Stratagem_ (1780).

=Fly.= Dainty butterfly of fashion who falls heir to the heroine’s rejected lover in Elizabeth Stuart Phelps’s novel, _The Silent Partner_.

=Fly-gods=, Beelzebub, a god of the Philistines, supposed to ward off flies. Achor was worshipped by the Cyrēneads for a similar object. Zeus Apomy´ios was the fly-god of the Greeks.

On the east side of your shop, aloft, Write Mathlai, Tarmael, and Baraborat; Upon the north part, Rael, Velel, Thiel. They are the names of those mercurial sprites That do fright flies from boxes. B. Jonson, _The Alchemist_, i. (1610).

=Flying Dutchman= (_The_), a phantom ship, seen in stormy weather off the Cape of Good Hope, and thought to forebode ill luck. The legend is that it was a vessel laden with precious metal, gained by murder and piracy on the high seas. In punishment, the plague broke out among the crew; no port would admit them, and the ship must sail the seas till doomsday.

Another legend is, that a Dutch captain, homeward-bound, driven back by continued storms off the Cape, swore that he would double the Cape if he sailed till the day of doom. Taken at his word, he must now sail the seas forever.—Captain Marryat, _The Phantom Ship_.

Richard Wagner’s opera, _Der Fliegende Holländer_, adds a loftier motive to the legend. The doomed captain cannot find rest until some woman consents to share his fate. Elsa, moved by pity, makes the sacrifice and saves him from perdition.

=Flying Highwayman.= William Harrow, who leaped his horse over turn-pike gates as if it had been furnished with wings. He was executed in 1763.

=Flynn= (Tom), of Virginia.

“Thar in the drift, back to the wall, He held the timbers ready to fall Then, in the darkness I heard him call:— “Run for your life, Jake! run for your wife’s sake Don’t wait for me!” And that was all Heard in the din, Heard of Tom Flynn,— Flynn of Virginia!”

Story told by the miner whose life he saved.—Bert Harte, _In the Tunnel_ (1874).

=Flyter= (_Mrs._), landlady of the lodgings occupied by Frank Osbaldistone in Glasgow.—Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

=Fog= (_Amos_). Dreamy fisherman, hunter and wrecker, builder and owner of _Castle Nowhere_, in Constance Fennimore Woolson’s tale of that name.

=Foible=, the intriguing lady’s maid of Lady Wishfort, and married to Waitwell (lackey of Edward Mirabell). She interlards her remarks with “says he,” “he says, says he,” “she says, says she,” etc.—W. Congreve, _The Way of the World_ (1700).

=Foi´gard= (_Father_), one of a gang of thieves. He pretends to be a French priest, but “his French shows him to be English, and his English shows him to be Irish.”—Farquhar, _The Beaux’ Stratagem_ (1705).

=Folair=´ (2 _syl._), a pantomimist at the Portsmouth Theatre, under the management of Mr. Vincent Crummles.—C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

=Foldath=, general of the Fire-bolg or Belgæ in the south of Ireland. In the epic called _Tem´ora_, Cathmor is the “lord of Atha,” and Foldath is his general. He is a good specimen of the savage chieftain; bold and daring, but presumptuous, overbearing, and cruel. “His stride is haughty, and his red eye rolls in wrath.” He looks with scorn on Hidalla, a humane and gentle officer in the same army, for his delight is strife, and he exults over the fallen. In counsel Foldath is imperious, and contemptuous to those who differ from him. Unrelenting in revenge; and even when he falls with his death-wound dealt by Fillan the son of Fingal, he feels a sort of pleasure that his ghost would hover in the blast, and exult over the graves of his enemies. Foldath had one child, a daughter, the blue-eyed Dardu-Le´na, the last of the race.—Ossian, _Temora_.

=Fon´dlewife=, an uxorious banker.—Congreve, _The Old Bachelor_ (1693).

When Mrs. Jefferson [1733-1776] was asked in what characters she excelled the most, she innocently replied,—“In old men, like ‘Fondlewife’ and ‘Sir Jealous Traffic.’”

⁂ “Sir Jealous Traffic” is in _The Busy-Body_, by Mrs. Centlivre.

=Fondlove= (_Sir William_), a vain old baronet of 60, who fancies himself a schoolboy, capable of playing boyish games, dancing, or doing anything that young men do. “How marvellously I wear! What signs of age have I? I’m certainly a wonder for my age. I walk as well as ever. Do I stoop? Observe the hollow of my back. As now I stand, so stood I when a child, a rosy, chubby boy. My arm is as firm as ’twas at 20. Oak, oak, isn’t it? Think you my leg is shrunk?—not in the calf a little? When others waste, ’tis growing-time with me. Vigor, sir, vigor, in every joint. Could run, could leap. Why shouldn’t I marry?” So thought Sir William of Sir William, and he married the Widow Green, a buxom dame of 40 summers.—S. Knowles, _The Love-Chase_ (1837).

=Fool.= James I. of Great Britain was called by Henri IV. of France, “The Wisest Fool in Christendom” (1566-1625).

_Fool_ (_The_), in the ancient morris-dance, represented the court-jester. He carried in his hand a yellow bauble, and wore on his head a hood with ass’s ears, the top of the hood rising into the form of a cock’s neck and head, with a belt at the extreme end. The hood was blue, edged with yellow and scolloped, the doublet red, edged with yellow, the girdle yellow, the hose of one leg yellow and of the other blue, shoes red. (See MORRIS-DANCE.)

=Fool’s Prayer= (_The_). A king calls upon his jester to “kneel down and make a prayer!” The fool obeys in words so full of pregnant truth that—

“The room was hushed. In silence rose The King and sought his gardens cool, And walked apart, and murmured low ‘Be merciful to me, a fool!’” Edward Rowland Sill, _The Fool’s Prayer_ (1883).

=Fools, Jesters and Mirthmen.= Those in italics were mirthmen, but not licensed fools or jesters.

ADELSBURN (_Burkard Kasper_), jester to George I. He was not only a fun-maker, but also a ghostly adviser of the Hanoverian.

AKSAKOFF, the fool of Czarina Elizabeth of Russia (mother of Peter II.). He was a stolid brute, fond of practical jokes.

ANGÉLY (_L._) jester to Louis XIV., and last of the licensed fools of France. He is mentioned by Boileau in _Satires_ i. and viii.

AOPI (_Monsignore_), who succeeded Soglia as the merryman of Pope Gregory XVI.

ARMSTRONG (_Archie_), jester in the courts of James I. and Charles I. One of the characters in Scott’s novel, _The Fortunes of Nigel._ Being condemned to death by King James for sheep-stealing, Archie implored that he might live till he had read his Bible through for his soul’s weal. This was granted, and Archie rejoined, with a sly look, “Then de’il tak’ me ’gin I ever read a word on’t!”

BERDIC, “joculator” to William the Conqueror. Three towns and five caracutes in Gloucestershire were given him by the king.

BLUET D’ARBÉRES (seventeenth century), fool to the duke of Mantua. During a pestilence he conceived the idea of offering his life as a ransom for his countrymen, and actually starved himself to death to stay the plague.

BONNY (_Patrick_), jester to the regent Morton.

_Borde_ (_Andrew_), usually called “Merry Andrew,” physician to Henry VIII. (1500-1549).

BRUSQUET. Of this court fool Brantôme says: “He never had his equal in repartee” (1512-1563).

_Caillet_ (_Guillaume_), who flourished about 1490. His likeness is given in the frontispiece of the _Ship of Fools_ (1497).

CHICOT, jester of Henri III. and Henri IV. Alexandre Dumas has a novel called _Chicot the Jester_ (1553-1591).

COLQUHOUN (_Jemmy_), predecessor of James Geddes, jester in the court of Mary queen of Scots.

_Coryat_, “prince of non-official jesters and coxcombs.” Kept by Prince Henry, brother of Charles I.

COULON, doctor and jester to Louis XVIII. He was the very prince of mimics. He sat for the portraits of Thiers, Molé, and Comte Joseph de Villèle (died 1858).

DA´GONET (_Sir_), jester to King Arthur. He was knighted by the king himself.

DERRIE, a court jester to James I. Contemporary with Thom.

DUFRESNOY, poet, playwright, actor, gardener, glass-manufacturer, spendthrift, wit, and honorary fool to Louis XIV. His jests are the “Joe Millers” of France.

GEDDES (_James_), jester in the court of Mary, queen of Scots. He was daft, and followed Jemmy Colquhoun in the motley.

GLORIEUX (_Le_), jester of Charles _le Hardi_ of Burgundy.

GONELLA, domestic jester of the duke of Ferrara. His jests are in print. Gonella used to ride a horse all skin and bone, which is spoken of in _Don Quixote_.

HAFOD (_Jack_), a retainer in the house of Mr. Bartlett, of Castlemorton, Worcestershire. He died at the close of the eighteenth century, and has given birth to the expression “As big a fool as Jack Hafod.” He was the _ultimus scurrarum_ in Great Britain.

HEYWOOD (_John_) author of numerous dramatic works (1492-1565).

_Jean_ (_Seigni_), or “Old John;” so called to distinguish him from Jean or Johan, called _Le Fol de Madame_, (fl. 1380).

JOHAN, _Le Fol de Madame_ mentioned by Marot in his epitaphs.

_Johnson_ (_S._), familiarly known as “Lord Flame,” the character he played in his own extravaganza of _Hurlo-Thrumbo_ (1729).

_Kgaw_ (_General_), a Saxon general, famous for his broad jests.

KILLIGREW (_Thomas_), called “King Charles’s jester” (1611-1682).

LONGELY, jester to Louis XIII.

NARR (_Klaus_), jester to Frederick, “the Wise,” elector of Prussia.

PATCH, court fool of Elizabeth, wife of Henry VII.

PATCHE, Cardinal Woolsey’s jester. The cardinal made Henry VIII. a present of this “wise fool,” and the king returned word that “the gift was a most acceptable one.”

PATISON, licensed jester to Sir Thomas More. He is introduced by Hans Holbein in his famous picture of the lord chancellor’s family.

_Paul_ (_Jacob_), Baron Gundling. This merryman was laden with titles in ridicule by Frederick William I. of Prussia.

PEARCE (_Dickie_), fool of the earl of Suffolk. Dean Swift wrote an epitaph on him.

RAYÈRE, court jester to Henry I. of England.

ROSEN (_Kunz von der_), private jester to the emperor Maximilian I.

SCOGAN, court jester to Edward IV.

SOGLIA (_Cardinal_), the fun-maker of Pope Gregory XVI. He was succeeded by Aopi.

SOMERS (_Will_), court jester to Henry VIII. The effigy of this jester is at Hampton Court. And in Old Fish Street was once a public-house called Will Somers’s tavern (1490-1560).

STEHLIN (_Professor_), in the household of czarina Elizabeth of Russia. He was teacher of mathematics and history to the grand-duke (Peter II.), and was also his licensed buffoon.

_Tarleton_, (_Richard_), the famous clown, and jester in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, but not attached either to the court or to any nobleman (1530-1588).

THOM, one of the court jesters of James I. Contemporary with Derrie.

TRIBOULET, court jester to Louis XII. and François I. (1487-1536). Licinio, the rival of Titian, took his likeness, which is still extant.

WALLETT (_W.F._), court jester to Queen Victoria. He styles himself “the queen’s jester,” but doubtless has no warrant for the title from the Lord Chamberlain.

WALTER, jester to Queen Elizabeth.

WILL, “my lord of Leicester’s jesting player;” but who this “Will” was is not known. It might be Will Johnson, Will Sly, Will Kimpe, or even Will Shakespeare.

YORICK, jester in the court of Denmark. Referred to by Shakespeare in his _Hamlet_, act v. sc. 1.

(Dr. Doran published _The History of Court Fools_, in 1858).

=Fools’ Paradise=, unlawful pleasure; illicit love; vain hopes; the _limbus fatuorum_ or paradise of fools.

If ye should lead her into a fool’s paradise, it were a gross ... behavior.—Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet,_ act ii. sc. 4 (1597).

=Foot-breadth=, the sword of Thoralf Skolinson “the Strong” of Norway.

Quern-biter of Hakon the Good, Wherewith at a stroke he hewed The millstone thro’ and thro’; And foot-breadth of Thoralf “the Strong!” Were not so broad, nor yet so long. Nor was their edge so true. Longfellow.

=Fopling Flutter= (_Sir_), “the man of mode,” and chief character of a comedy by Sir George Etherege, entitled _The Man of Mode or Sir Fopling Flutter_ (1676).

=Foppery.= Vespasian the Roman emperor had a contempt for foppery. When certain young noblemen came to him smelling of perfumes, he said to them, “You would have pleased me more if you had smelt of garlic.”

Charlemagne had a similar contempt of foppery. One day, when he was hunting, the rain poured down in torrents, and the fine furs and silks of his suite were utterly spoilt. The king took this occasion to rebuke the court beaux for their vanity in dress and advised them in future to adopt garments more simple and more serviceable.

=Foppington= (_Lord_),an empty-headed coxcomb, intent only on dress and fashion. His favorite oaths, which he brings out with a drawl, are: “Strike me dumb!” “Split my windpipe!” and so on. When he loses his mistress, he consoles himself with this reflection: “Now, for my part, I think the wisest thing a man can do with an aching heart is to put on a serene countenance; for a philosphical air is the most becoming thing in the world to the face of a person of quality.”—Sir John Vanbrugh, _The Relapse_ (1697).

The shoemaker in _The Relapse_ tells Lord Foppington that his lordship is mistaken in supposing that his shoe pinches.—Macaulay.

_Foppington_ (_Lord_), a young married man about town, most intent upon dress and fashion, whose whole life is consumed in the follies of play and seduction. His favorite oaths are: “Sun, burn me!” “Curse, catch me!” “Stop my breath!” “Let me blood!” “Run me through!” “Strike me stupid!” “Knock me down!” He is reckoned the king of all court fops.—Colley Cibber, _The Careless Husband_ (1704).

_Foppington_ (_Lord_), elder brother of Tom Fashion. A selfish coxcomb, engaged to be married to Miss Hoyden, daughter of Sir Tunbelly Clumsy, to whom he is personally unknown. His brother Tom, to whom he did not behave well, resolved to outwit him; and passing himself off as Lord Foppington, got introduced to the family, and married the heiress. When his lordship appeared, he was treated as an impostor, till Tom explained his ruse; and Sir Tunbelly, being snubbed by the coxcomb, was soon brought to acquiesce in the change, and gave his hand to his new son-in-law with cordiality. The favorite oaths of Lord Foppington are: “Strike me dumb!” “Strike me ugly!” “Stap my vitals!” “Split my windpipe!” “Rat me!”, etc.; and, in speaking, his affectation is to change the vowel “o” into _a_, as _rat_, _naw_, _resalve_, _waurld_, _ardered_, _manth_, _paund_, _maunth_, _lang_, _philasapher_, _tarture_, and so on.—Sheridan, _A Trip to Scarborough_ (1777).

⁂ This comedy is _The Relapse_, slightly altered and curtailed.

=Forbes= (_Paul_), A travelled man who thinks himself blasé, but finds, to his surprise, new sensations in America. The leading excitement (and surprise) is his falling in love with a rich and beautiful girl and a poor and pretty one at the same time. Miriam, the rich beauty, divines the truth and her plan for freeing him is thus described by Edward Jasper, whom she married out of hand one evening.

“She was not happy—she resolved to throw herself into the abyss. _I_ am the abyss.”

Forbes replies: “Since at this hour yesterday I had the honor to consider myself engaged to Miss Reese, who is now your wife, the most graceful act on my part is apparently, to efface myself. Accordingly, I efface myself.”—Ellen Olney Kirk, _Sons and Daughters_ (1887).

=Ford=, a gentleman of fortune living at Windsor. He assumes the name of Brook, and being introduced to Sir John Falstaff, the knight informs him “of his whole course of wooing,” and how at one time he eluded Mrs. Ford’s jealous husband by being carried out before his eyes in a buck-basket of dirty linen.—Act iii. sc. 5.

_Mrs. Ford_, wife of Mr. Ford. Sir John Falstaff pays court to her, and she pretends to accept his protestations of love, in order to expose and punish him. Her husband assumes for the nonce the name of Brook, and Sir John tells him from time to time the progress of his suit, and how he succeeds in duping her fool of a husband.—Shakespeare, _Merry Wives of Windsor_ (1596).

=Forde´lis= (3 _syl._), wife of Bran´dimart (Orlando’s intimate friend). When Brandimart was slain, Fordelis dwelt for a time in his sepulchre in Sicily, and died broken-hearted. (See FOURDELIS.)—Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1615).

=Fore´sight= (2 _syl._), a mad superstitious old man, who “consulted the stars, and believed in omens, portents, and predictions.” He referred “man’s goatish disposition to the charge of a star,” and says he himself was “born when the Crab was ascending, so that all his affairs in life have gone backwards.”

I know the signs, and the planets, and their houses; can judge of motions, direct and retrograde, of sextiles, quadrates, trines, and oppositions, fiery trigons and aquatic trigons. Know whether life shall be long or short, happy or unhappy; whether diseases are curable or incurable; if journeys shall be prosperous, undertakings successful, or stolen goods recovered.—H. Congreve, _Love for Love_, ii. (1695).

=Forester= (_Sir Philip_), a libertine knight. He goes in disguise to Lady Bothwell’s ball on his return from the Continent, but being recognized, decamps.

_Lady Jemima Forester_, wife of Sir Philip, who goes with her sister Lady Bothwell to consult “the enchanted mirror,” in which they discover the clandestine marriage and infidelity of Sir Philip.—Sir W. Scott, _Aunt Margaret’s Mirror_ (time, William III).

=Forgeries= (_Literary_).

BERTRAM (_C. Julius_), professor of English at Copenhagen, professed to have discovered, in 1747, the _De Situ Britanniæ_ of Richardus Corinensis, in the library of that city; and in 1757 he published it with two other treatises, calling the whole _The Three Writers on the Ancient History of the British Nations_ (better known as _Scriptores Tres_). His forgery was exposed by J.E. Mayor, in his preface to _Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum Historiale_.

CHATTERTON (_Thomas_), in 1777, published certain poems, which he affirmed were written in the fifteenth century by Thomas Rowley, a monk. The poets Gray and Mason detected the forgery.

His other literary forgeries were: (1) _The Pedigree of Burgum_ (a Bristol pewterer), professed to have been discovered in the muniment-room of St. Mary’s Church, Redcliffe. He accordingly printed a history of the “De Bergham” family, with a poem called _The Romaunt of the Cnyghte_, by John de Bergham (fourteenth century). (2) A forged account of the opening of the old bridge, signed “Dunhelmus Bristoliensis,” and professing to have been copied from an old MS. (3) _An Account of Bristol_, by Turgotus, “translated out of Saxon into English, by T. Rowley.” This forgery was made for the use of Mr. Catcott, who was writing a history of Bristol.

IRELAND (_S. W. H._) published, in folio, 1796, _Miscellaneous Papers and Instruments, under the hand and seal of William Shakespeare, including the tragedy of King Lear and a small fragment of Hamlet, from the original_, price £4 4_s_. He actually produced MSS. which he had forged, and which he pretended were original.

On April 2, 1796, the play of _Vortigern and Rowena_, “from the pen of Shakespeare,” was announced for representation. It drew a most crowded house; but the fraud was detected, and Ireland made a public declaration of his impositions, from beginning to end.

MENTZ, who lived in the ninth century, published fifty-nine decretals, which he asserted were by Isidore of Seville, who lived three centuries previously. The object of these forged letters was to exalt the papacy and to corroborate certain dogmas.

At Bremen, in 1837, were printed nine books of SANCHONI´ATHON, and it was said that the MSS. had been discovered in the convent of St. Maria de Merinhâo by a Colonel Pereira in the Portuguese army; but it was ascertained that there was no such convent, nor any such colonel, and that the paper of this “ancient” MS. bore the water-mark of Osnabrück paper-mills.

=Forgive, Blest Shade= ... This celebrated epitaph in Brading Churchyard, Isle of Wight, is an altered version, by the Rev. John Gill (curate of Newchurch), of one originally composed by Mrs. Anne Steele, daughter of a Baptist minister at Bristol.

=Fornar´ina= (_La_), so called because she was the daughter of a baker (Fornajo), is the name under which Raphael’s mistress is known. Her name is said to have been Margherita. Raphael painted several portraits of this woman, the most famous being in the Uffizi Gallery at Florence, and her face appears to have suggested many of his most beautiful faces in other works.

=Forrest= (_George_), Esq., M.A., the _nom de plume_ of the Rev. J. G. Wood, author of _Every Boy’s Book_ (1855), etc.

=Forsythe= (_Dick_), Man of the world who comes to spend a few weeks in a country town with his invalid mother, astonishes and fascinates the natives of Ashwist, and falls in love with Lois Howe, the rector’s daughter. She has the bad taste to prefer a plainer man.—Margaret Deland, _John Ward, Preacher_ (1888).

=Fortescue= (_Ellen_). Orphan niece adopted by Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton, shy, gentle, timid, and affectionate. Upon her death-bed Ellen’s mother has charged the child to shield her brother from blame everywhere and always. Performance of her promise to do this bring upon the sister a weight of suspicion that humbles her to the dust and nearly breaks her heart. She is cleared by her brother’s confession of his own wrong doing.—Grace Aguilar, _Home Influence_ (1850).

=For´tinbras=, prince of Norway.—Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596).

=Fortuna´tus=, a man on the brink of starvation, on whom Fortune offers to bestow either wisdom, strength, riches, health, beauty, or long life. He chooses riches, and she gives him an inexhaustible purse. Subsequently, the sultan gives him a wishing-cap, which as soon as he puts on his head, will transport him to any spot he likes. These gifts prove the ruin of Fortunatus and his sons.

⁂This is one of the Italian tales called _Nights_, by Straparo´la. There is a German version, and a French one, as far back as 1535. The story was dramatized in 1553 by Hans Sachs; and in 1600 by Thomas Dekker, under the title of _The Pleasant Comedie of old Fortunatus_. Ludwig Tieck also had a drama upon the same subject.

The purse of Fortunatus could not supply you.—Holcroft, _The Road to Ruin_, i. 3.

_Fortunatus’s Purse_, a purse which was inexhaustible. It was given to Fortunatus by Fortune herself.

_Fortunatus’s Wishing-cap_, a cap given by the sultan to Fortunatus. He had only to put it on his head and wish, when he would find himself transported to any spot he liked.

=Fortune= (_Emerson_). Sharp spinster aunt of Ellen Montgomery in Susan Warner’s _Wide, Wide World_. She rules her house, her mother and niece with a hand of iron until she marries her farmer, phlegmatic Van Brunt.

=Fortune’s Frolic=, a farce by Allingham. Lord Lackwit died suddenly, and the heir of his title and estates was Robin Roughhead, a poor laborer, engaged to Dolly, a cottager’s daughter. The object of the farce is to show the pleasure of doing good, and the blessings which a little liberality can dispense. Robin was not spoilt by his good fortune, but married Dolly, and became the good genius of the cottage tenantry.

=Fortunes of Nigel=, a novel by Sir. W. Scott (1822). This story gives an excellent picture of the times of James I., and the account of Alsatia is wholly unrivalled. The character of King James, poor, proud and pedantic, is a masterly historic sketch.

=Fortunio=, one of the three daughters of an old lord, who at the age of four-score was called out to join the army levied against the emperor of Matapa´. Fortunio put on military costume, and went in place of her father. On her way, a fairy gave her a horse named Comrade, not only of incredible swiftness, but all-knowing and endowed with human speech; she also gave her an inexhaustible Turkey-leather trunk, full of money, jewels and fine clothes. By the advice of Comrade she hired seven gifted servants, named Strongback, Lightfoot, Marksman, Fine-ear, Boisterer, Trinquet, and Grugeon. After performing several marvelous feats by the aid of her horse and servants, Fortunio married Alfurite (3 _syl._), the king of her country. Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (1682).

⁂ This tale is reproduced in Grimm’s _Goblins_.

_Fortunio’s Horse_, Comrade, which not only possessed incredible speed, but knew all things, and was gifted with human speech.

_Fortunio’s Attendants_.

Trinquet drank up the lakes and ponds, and thus caught for his master [_sic_] most delicate fish. Lightfoot hunted down venison, and caught hares by the ears. As for Marksman, he gave neither partridge or pheasant any quarter, and whatever amount of game Marksman shot, Strongback would carry without inconvenience.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Fortunio,” 1682).

_Fortunio’s Sisters_. Whatever gifts Fortunio sent her sisters their touch rendered them immediately worthless. Thus the coffers of jewels and gold “became only cut glass and false pistoles” the moment the jealous sisters touched them.

_Fortunio’s Turkey-leather Trunk_, full of suits of all sorts, swords, jewels, and gold. The fairy told Fortunio “she needed but to stamp with her foot, and call for the Turkey-leather trunk, and it would always come to her, full of money and jewels, fine linen and laces.”—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_, (1682).

=Forty Thieves=, also called the tale of “Ali Baba.” These thieves lived in a vast cave, the door of which opened and shut at the words, “Open, Sesamê!” “Shut, Sesamê!” One day, Ali Baba, a wood-monger, accidentally discovered the secret, and made himself rich by carrying off gold from the stolen hoards. The captain tried several schemes to discover the thief, but was always outwitted by Morgia´na, the wood-cutter’s female slave, who, with boiling oil, killed the whole band, and at length stabbed the captain himself with his own dagger.—_Arabian Nights_ (“Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves”).

=Forwards= (_Marshal_). Blucher is so called for his dash and readiness to attack in the campaign of 1813 (1742-1819).

Fosca´ri (_Francis_), doge of Venice for thirty-five years. He saw three of his sons die, and the fourth, named Jac´opo, was banished by the Council of Ten for taking bribes from his country’s enemies. The old doge also was deposed at the age of 84. As he was descending the “Giant Staircase” to take leave of his son, he heard the bell announce the election of his successor, and he dropped down dead.

_Jac´opo Foscari_, the fourth and only surviving son of Francis Foscari, the doge of Venice. He was banished for taking bribes of foreign princes. Jacopo had been several times tortured, and died soon after his banishment to Candia.—Byron, _The Two Foscari_ (1820).

=Fosco= (_Count_), the airy, witty, unconscionable villain of Wilkie Collins’ _Woman in White_. Gallant, audacious and fat.

=Foss= (_Corporal_), a disabled soldier, who served many years under Lieutenant Worthington, and remained his ordinary when the lieutenant retired from the service. Corporal Foss loved his master and Miss Emily, the lieutenant’s daughter, and he gloried in his profession. Though brusque in manner, he was tender-hearted as a child.—G. Colman, _The Poor Gentleman_ (1812).

⁂ Corporal Foss is modelled from “Corporal Trim,” in Sterne’s _Tristram Shandy_ (1759).

=Foster= (_Captain_), on guard at Tully Veolan ruin.—Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

_Foster_, the English champion.—Sir W. Scott, _The Laird’s Jock_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Foster_ (_Anthony_) or “Tony-fire-the-Faggot,” agent of the earl of Leicester at Cumnor Place.—Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Foster_ (_Sir John_), the English warden.—Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time Elizabeth).

_Foster_ (_Dr. James_), a dissenting minister, who preached on Sunday evenings for above twenty years, from 1728-1748, in Old Jewry (died 1753).

Let modest Foster, if he will, excel Ten metropolitans in preaching well. Pope.

_Foster_ (_Silas_), the bucolic master of the house that shelters the reformers of The Blithedale Romance. He gulps his tea, helps himself to dip-toast with the flat of his own knife, and perpetrates terrible enormities with the butter-plate, “behaving less like a sensible Christian than the worst kind of an ogre.”—Nathaniel Hawthorne, _The Blithedale Romance_ (1852).

=Foul-weather Jack=, Commodore Byron (1723-1786.)

=Foundling= (_The_), Harriet Raymond, whose mother died in childbirth, was committed to the charge of a _gouvernante_, who announced to her father (Sir Charles Raymond) that the child was dead. This, however, was not true, for the _gouvernante_ changed the child’s name to Fidelia, and sold her at the age of 12 to one Villiard. One night, Charles Belmont, passing Villiard’s house, heard the cries of a girl for help; he rescued her and took her to his own home, where he gave her in charge to his sister Rosetta. The two girls became companions and friends, and Charles fell in love with the “foundling.” The _gouvernante_, on her death-bed, revealed the secret to Sir Charles Raymond, the mystery was cleared up, and Fidelia became the wife of Charles Belmont. Rosetta gave her hand to Fidelia’s brother, Colonel Raymond.—Edward Moore, _The Foundling_ (1748).

=Fountain, Bellamore, and Hare´brain=, suitors to Lady Hartwell, a widow. They are the chums of Valentine the gallant, who would not be persuaded to keep his estate.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _Wit without Money_ (1639).

=Fountain of Life=, Alexander Hales, “the Irrefragible Doctor” (*-1245).

=Fountain of Oblivion.= The student, Hieronymous, is told to seek out a certain fountain and cast a scroll into it, “and he shall find peace.” He obeys, and sees mirrored there his own life, and himself as boy and man, and beside him a maiden whose face is like that of the woman he loves.

“And the name was no longer Hermione, but was changed to Mary; and the student, Hieronymous, is lying at your feet!”—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, _Hyperion_ (1839).

=Fountain of Youth=, a marvellous fountain in the island of Bim´ini (one of the Baha´ma group). It had the virtue of restoring the aged to youth again. In the middle ages it was really believed to exist, and Juan Ponce de Leon, among other Spanish navigators, went in serious quest of this fountain.

=Four Kings= (_The_) of a pack of cards are Charlemagne (_the Franco-German king_), David (_the Jewish king_), Alexander (_the Macedonian king_), and Cæsar (_the Roman king_). These four kings are representatives of the four great monarchies.

=Four Masters= (_The_). (1) Michael O’Clerighe, (2) Cucoirighe O’Clerighe; (3) Maurice Conry; (4) Fearfeafa Conry. These four masters were the authors of the _Annals of Donegal_.

⁂ O’Clerighe is sometimes Anglicized into _Clerkson_, and Cucoirighe into _Peregrine_.

=Fourberies de Scapin= (_Les_), by Molière (1671). Scapin is the valet of Lèandre, son of seignior Gèronte (2 _syl._), who falls in love with Zerbinette, supposed to be a gypsy, but in reality the daughter of seignior Argante (2 _syl._), stolen by the gypsies in early childhood. Her brother Octave (2 _syl._) falls in love with Hyacinthe, whom he supposes to be Hyacinthe Pandolphe of Tarentum, but who turns out to be Hyacinthe Gèronte, the sister of Lèandre. Now, the gypsies demand £1500 as the ransom of Zerbinette, and Octave requires £80 for his marriage with Hyacinthe. Scapin obtains both these sums from the fathers under false pretences, and at the end of the comedy is brought in on a litter, with his head bound as if on the point of death. He begs forgiveness, which he readily obtains; whereupon the “sick man” jumps from the litter to join the banqueters. (See SCAPIN.)

=Fourde´lis=, personification of France, called the true love of Burbon (_Henri IV._), but enticed away from him by Grantorto (_rebellion_). Talus (_power_ or _might_) rescues her, but when Burbon catches her by her “ragged weeds,” she starts back in disdain. However, the knight lifts her on his steed, and rides off with her,—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 2 (1596).

=Fou´rierism=, a communistic system; so called from François Charles Fourier of Besançon (1772-1837).

=Fourolle= (2 _syl._), a Will-o’-the-wisp, supposed to have the power of charming sinful human beings into the same form. The charm lasted for a term of years only, unless it chanced that some good Catholic, wishing to extinguish the wandering flame, made to it the sign of the cross, in which case the sinful creature became a fourolle every night, by way of penance.

=Fourteen=, the name of a young man who could do the work of fourteen men, but had also the appetite of fourteen men. Like Christoph´erus, he carried our Lord across a stream, for which service the Saviour gave him a sack, saying, “Whatever you wish for will come into this sack, if you only say ‘Artchila murtchila!’” (_i.e._ “come (_or_ go) into my sack”). Fourteen’s last achievement was this: He went to paradise, and being refused admission, poked his sack through the keyhole of the door; then crying out “Artchila murtchila!” (“get into the sack”), he found himself on the other side of the door, and, of course, in paradise.—Rev. W. Webster, _Basque Legends_, 195 (1877).

_Fourteen._ This number plays a very conspicuous part in French history, especially in the reigns of Henri IV. and Louis XIV. For example:

14th May, 1029, the _first_ Henri was consecrated, and 14th May, 1610, the _last_ Henri was assassinated.

14 letters compose the name of _Henri de Bourbon_, the 14th king of France and Navarre.

14th December, 1553 (14 _centuries_, 14 _decades_, and 14 _years from the birth of Christ_), Henri IV. was born, and 1553 added together = 14.

14th May, 1554, Henri II. ordered the enlargement of the Rue de la Ferronnerie. This order was carried out, and 4 times 14 years later Henri IV. was assassinated there.

14th May, 1552, was the birth of Margaret de Valois, first wife of Henri IV.

14th May, 1588, the Parisians revolted against Henri III., under the leadership of Henri de Guise.

14th March, 1590, Henri IV. gained the battle of Ivry.

14th May, 1590, Henri IV. was repulsed from the faubourgs of Paris.

14th November, 1590, “The Sixteen” took oath to die rather than serve the Huguenot king Henri IV.

14th November, 1592, the Paris _parlement_ registered the papal bull which excluded Henry IV. from reigning.

14th December, 1599, the Duke of Savoy was reconciled to Henri IV.

14th September, 1606, the dauphin (Louis XIII.), son of Henri IV., was baptized.

14th May, 1610, Ravaillac murdered Henri IV. in the Rue de la Ferronnerie. Henri IV. lived 4 times 14 years, 14 weeks, and 4 times 14 days, _i.e._ 56 years and 5 months.

14 May, 1643, died Louis XIII., son of Henri IV. (the same day and month as his father). And 1643 added together=14; just as 1553 (_the birth of Henri IV._)=14.

Louis XIV. mounted the throne 1643, which added together=14.

Louis XIV. died 1715, which added together=14.

Louis XIV. lived 77 years, which added together=14.

Louis XV. mounted the throne 1715, which added together=14.

Louis XV. died 1774 (the two extremes are 14, and the two means 77=14.)

Louis XVI. published the edict for the convocation of the states-general in the 14th year of his reign (September 27, 1788).

Louis XVIII. was restored to the throne, Napoleon abdicated, the “Peace of Paris” was signed, and the “Congress of Vienna” met in 1814; and these figures added together=14.

In 1832=14, was the death of the Duc de Reichstadt (only son of Napoleon I.).

In 1841=14, the law was passed for the fortification of Paris.

In 1850=14, Louis Phillippe died.

=Fox= (_That_), Herod Antipas (B.C. 4 to A.D. 39).

Go ye, and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils.—_Luke_ xiii. 32.

_Fox_ (_The Old_), Marshal Soult (1769-1851).

=Foxley= (_Squire Matthew_), a magistrate who examines Darsie Latimer [_i.e._ Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet], after he had been attacked by the rioters.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Fracasse= (_Capitaine_), the French Bombastes Furioso.—Theophile Gautier.

=Fra Diavolo=, the sobriquet of Michel Pozza, a Calabrian insurgent and brigand chief. In 1799 Cardinal Ruffo made him a colonel in the Neapolitan army, but in 1806 he was captured by the French, and hanged at Naples. Auber has a comic opera so entitled, the libretto of which was written by Scribe, but nothing of the true character of the brigand chief appears in the opera.

=Fradu´bio= [_i.e. Brother Doubt_]. In his youth he loved Frælissa, but riding with her one day they encountered a knight accompanied by Duessa (_false faith_), and fought to decide which lady was the fairer. The stranger knight fell, and both ladies being saddled on the victor, Duessa changed her rival into a tree. One day Fradubio saw Duessa bathing, and was so shocked at her deformity that he determined to abandon her, but the witch anointed him during sleep with herbs to produce insensibility, and then planted him as a tree beside Frælissa. The Red Cross Knight plucked a bough from this tree, and seeing with horror that blood dripped from the rift, was told this tale of the metamorphosis.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 2 (1590).

=Frail= (_Mrs._), a demirep. Scandal says she is a mixture of “pride, folly, affectation, wantonness, inconstancy, covetousness, dissimulation, malice and ignorance, but a celebrated beauty” (act i.). She is entrapped into marriage with Tattle.—W. Congreve, _Love for Love_ (1695).

=Frampton= (_Major_), the great man of the little village of Hillsborough, and a connoisseur in peach-brandy. Losing money, horses, wagons, and all his negroes except his body-servant, at cards, he blows out his brains in a convenient pine thicket.—Joel Chandler Harris, _Georgian Sketches_ (1888).

=Francatelli=, a _chef de cuisine_ at Windsor Castle, Crockford’s, and at the Freemasons’ Tavern. He succeeded Ude at Crockford’s.

=Frances=, daughter of Vandunke (2 _syl._), burgomaster of Bruges.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggars’ Bush_ (1622).

=France= (_Everidge_), the unworldly daughter of a worldly mother.—A. D. T. Whitney’s story, _Odd or Even?_ (1880).

=Francesea=, daughter of Guido da Polenta (lord of Ravenna). She was given by her father in marriage to Lanciotto, son of Malatesta, lord of Rimini, who was deformed. His brother Paolo, who was a handsome man, won the affections of Francesca; but being caught in adultery, both of them were put to death by Lanciotto. Francesca told Dantê that the tale of Lancelot and Guinever caused her fall. The tale forms the close of Dantê’s _Hell_, v., and is alluded to by Petrarch in his _Triumph of Love_, iii.

⁂ Leigh Hunt has a poem on the subject, and Silvio Pellico has made it the subject of a tragedy.

George H. Boker’s play under the same title is also founded upon Dante’s story. Lawrence Barrett as Lanciotto, Louis James as _Pepe_ and Marie Wainwright as _Francesca_ will long be recollected by American theatre-goers.

_Francesca_, a Venetian maiden, daughter of old Minotti, governor of Corinth. Alp, the Venetian commander of the Turkish army in the siege of Corinth, loved her; but she refused to marry a renegade. Alp was shot in the siege, and Francesca died of a broken heart.—Byron, _Siege of Corinth_ (1816).

Medora, Neuha, Leila, Francesca, and Theresa, it has been alleged, are but children of one family, with differences resulting from climate and circumstances.—Finden, _Byron Beauties_.

⁂ “Medora” in _The Corsair_; “Neuha” in _The Island_; “Leila” in _The Giaour_; and “Theresa,” in _Mazeppa_.

=Francesco=, the “Iago” of Massinger’s _Duke of Milan_; the Duke Sforza “the More” being Othello; and the cause of hatred being that Sforza had seduced “Eugenia” Francesco’s sister. As Iago was Othello’s favorite and ancient, so Francesco was Sforza’s favorite and chief minister. During Sforza’s absence with the camp, Francesco tried to corrupt the duke’s beautiful young bride Marcelia, and being repulsed, accused her to the duke of wishing to play the wanton with him. The duke believed his favorite minister, and in his mad jealously ran upon Marcelia and slew her. He was then poisoned by Eugenia, whom he had seduced.—Massinger, _The Duke of Milan_ (1622). (See FRANCISCO.)

=Francis=, the faithful, devoted servant of “the stranger.” Quite impenetrable to all idle curiosity.—Benj. Thompson, _The Stranger_ (1797).

_Francis_ (_Ayrault_), a visionary who living in the dream-world he has evoked, neglects his nearest of kin, and lets opportunities of happiness, usefulness and patriotic service go by unimproved.—Thomas Wentworth Higginson, _The Monarch of Dreams_ (1887).

_Francis_ (_Father_), a Dominican monk, the confessor of Simon Glover.—Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

_Francis_ (_Le Baron_). Young French nobleman who renounces king and country. Is shipwrecked in New England, marries Molly Wilder and settles in Plymouth as a physician. He is the father of Lazarus le Baron.—“Round Robin Series,” _A Nameless Nobleman_.

_Francis_ (_Father_), a monk of the convent at Namur.—Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Franciscans.= So called from St. Francis, of Assisi, their founder, in 1208. Called “Min´orites” (_or Inferiors_), from their professed humility; “Gray Friars,” from the color of their coarse clothing; “Mendicants,” because they obtained their daily food by begging; “Observants,” because they observed the rule of poverty. Those who lived in convents were called “Conventual Friars.”

=Franciscan Sisters= were called “Clares,” “Poor Clares,” “Minoresses,” “Mendicants,” and “Urbanites” (3 _syl._)

=Francis´co=, the son of Valentine. Both father and son are in love with Cellide (2 _syl._), but the lady naturally prefers the son.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _Mons. Thomas_ (1619).

_Francis´co_, a musician, Antonio’s boy in _The Chances_, a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1620).

_Francisco_, younger brother of Valentine (the gentleman who will not be persuaded to keep his estate). (See FRANCESCO.)—Beaumont and Fletcher, _Wit Without Money_ (1639).

=Frank=, sister to Frederick; passionately in love with Captain Jac´omo the woman-hater.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Captain_ (1613).

=Frankenstein= (3 _syl._), a student, who constructed, out of the fragments of bodies picked from churchyards and dissecting-rooms, a human form without a soul. The monster had muscular strength, animal passions, and active life, but “no breath of divinity.” It longed for animal love and animal sympathy, but was shunned by all. It was most powerful for evil, and being fully conscious of its own defects and deformities, sought with persistency to inflict retribution on the young student who had called it into being,—Mrs. Shelley, _Frankenstein_ (1817).

In the summer of 1816, Lord Byron and Mr. and Mrs. Shelley resided on the banks of the lake of Geneva ... and the Shelleys often passed their evenings with Byron, at his house at Diodati. During a week of rain, having amused themselves with reading German ghost stories, they agreed to write something in imitation of them. “You and I,” said Lord Byron to Mrs. Shelley. “will publish ours together.” He then began his tale of the _Vampire_ ... but the most memorable part of this story-telling compact was Mrs. Shelley’s wild and powerful romance of _Frankenstein_.—T. Moore, _Life of Byron_.

=Frankford= (_Mr._ and _Mrs._). Mrs. Frankford proved unfaithful to her marriage vow, and Mr. Frankford sent her to reside on one of his estates. She died of grief; but on her death-bed her husband went to see her, and forgave her.—John Heywood, _A Woman Killed by Kindness_ (1576-1645).

=Frankland= (_Harry_), Englishman saved from death, when buried in the ruins of Lisbon, by the exertions of the woman he has wronged and deserted.—Edwin Lasseter Bynner, _Agnes Surriage_ (1886).

=Franklin= (_Lady_), the half-sister of Sir John Vesey, and a young widow. Lady Franklin had an angelic temper, which nothing disturbed, and she really believed that “whatever is is best.” She could bear with unruffled feathers even the failure of a new cap or the disappointment of a new gown. This paragon of women loved and married Mr. Graves, a dolorous widower, for ever sighing over the superlative excellences of his “sainted Maria,” his first wife.—Lord E. Bulwer Lytton, _Money_ (1840).

_Frank´lin_ (_The Polish_), Thaddeus Czacki (1765-1813).

=Franklin’s Tale= (_The_), in Chaucer’s _Canterbury Tales_, is that of “Dorigen and Arvir´agus.” Dorigen, a lady of rank, married Arviragus, out of pity for his love and meekness. One Aurelius tried to corrupt her, but she said she would never listen to his suit till “on these coasts there n’is no stone y-seen.” Aurelius contrived by magic to clear the coast of stones, and Arviragus insisted that Dorigen should keep troth with him. When Aurelius heard thereof, and saw the deep grief of the lady, he said he would rather die than injure so true a wife and so noble a gentleman.

⁂ This tale is taken from _The Decameron_, x. 5. (See DIANORA.) There is also a similar one in Boccaccio’s _Filocopo_.

=Frankly= (_Charles_), a lighted-hearted, joyous, enthusiastic young man, in love with Clarinda, whom he marries.—Dr. Hoadley, _The Suspicious Husband_ (1747).

=Frank= (_Warrington_), a young teacher who goes out into the world to seek her fortune as a governess. She wins the affections of the eldest son of her employers, and, although preferring at heart an earlier lover, marries the gay handsome heir secretly. When the truth is revealed, the bridegroom is killed in a duel by the brother of a woman to whom he had been betrothed. Frank Warrington, humbler and wiser, returns to her country home, and eventually marries her first love.—Mirian Coles Harris, _Frank Warrington_ (1863).

=Franval= (_Madame_), born of a noble family, is proud as the proudest of the old French _noblesse_. Captain St. Alme, the son of a merchant, loves her daughter; but the haughty aristocrat looks with disdain on such an alliance. However, her daughter Marianne is of another way of thinking, and loves the merchant’s son. Her brother intercedes in her behalf, and madame makes a virtue of necessity, with as much grace as possible.—Th. Holcroft, _The Deaf and Dumb_ (1785).

=Fra´teret´to=, a fiend, who told Edgar that Nero was an angler in the Lake of Darkness.—Shakespeare, _King Lear_ (1605).

=Fraud=, seen by Dantê between the sixth and seventh circles of the Inferno.

His face the semblance of a just man’s wore (So kind and gracious was its outward cheer). The rest was serpent all. Dantê, _Hell_, xvii. (1300).

=Fred= or Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales, father of George III. It was of this prince that the following epitaph was written:

Here lies Fred, Who was alive, and is dead. Had it been his father, I had much rather; Had it been his brother, Still better than another; Had it been his sister, No one would have missed her; Had it been the whole generation, Still better for the nation; But, since ’tis only Fred Who was alive, and is dead, There’s no more to be said!

=Frederick=, the usurping duke, father of Celia and uncle of Rosalind. He was about to make war upon his banished brother, when a hermit encountered him, and so completely changed him that he not only restored his brother to his dukedom, but retired to a religious house, and passed the rest of his life in penitence and acts of devotion.—Shakespeare, _As You Like It_ (1598).

_Frederick_, the unnatural and licentious brother of Alphonso, king of Naples, whose kingdom he usurped. He tried to seduce Evanthé (3 _syl._), the chaste wife of Valerio, but not succeeding in his infamous design, he offered her as a concubine for one month to any one who, at the end of that period, would yield his head to the block. As no one would accept the terms, Evanthê was restored to her husband.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _A Wife for a Month_ (1624).

_Frederick_ (_Don_), a Portuguese merchant, the friend of Don Felix.—Mrs. Centlivre, _The Wonder_ (1714).

=Frederick the Great in Flight=. In 1741 was the battle of Molwitz, in which the Prussians carried the day, and the Austrians fled; but Frederick, who commanded the cavalry, was put to flight early in the action, and thinking that all was lost, fled with his staff many miles from the scene of action.

Frederick the Great from Molwitz deigned to run. Byron, _Don Juan_, viii. 22 (1824.)

_Frederick_ (_Olyphant_). Young man who has incurred the enmity of one of the Brotherhood of the Sea. In consequence, he is abducted upon the threshold of a friend’s house, and put on board a vessel with directions to the Brotherhood never to allow him to land. He gains his liberty through the accidental drowning of his jailor, and returns to New York, where his absence had excited the wildest alarm among his friends and the most fanciful speculations among acquaintances.—Brander Matthews, _The Last Meeting_.

_Frederick_ (_Owen_). Rector and friend of the Major’s family, in Constance Fenimore Woolson’s novel, _For the Major_.

=Freeborn John=, John Lilburne, the republican (1613-1657).

=Freedom= (_Wheeler_). Hard-headed Yankee whose determination that one of his children shall bear his name is thwarted by circumstances until he gives up and “lets the Lord have His way.”—Rose Terry Cooke, _Freedom Wheeler’s Controversy_ (1881).

=Freehold=, a grumpy, rusty, but soft-hearted old gentleman farmer, who hates all new-fangled notions, and detests “men of fashion.” He lives in his farm-house with his niece and daughter.

_Aura Freehold_, daughter of Freehold. A pretty, courageous, high-spirited lass, who wins the heart of Modely, a man of the world and a libertine.—John Philip Kemble, _The Farm-house_.

=Freelove= (_Lady_), aunt to Harriot [Russet]. A woman of the world, “as mischievous as a monkey, and as cunning too” (act i. 1).—George Colman, _The Jealous Wife_ (1761).

=Freeman= (_Charles_), the friend of Lovel, whom he assists in exposing the extravagance of his servants.—Rev. J. Townley, _High Life Below Stairs_ (1763).

_Freeman_ (_Sir Charles_), brother of Mrs. Sullen and friend of Aimwell.—George Farquhar, _The Beaux’ Stratagem_ (1705).

_Freeman_ (_Mrs._), a name assumed by the duchess of Marlborough in her correspondence with Queen Anne, who called herself “Mrs. Morley.”

=Freemason= (_The lady_), the Hon. Miss Elizabeth St. Leger (afterwards Mrs. Aldworth), daughter of Arthur, lord of Doneraile. In order to witness the proceedings of a lodge held in her father’s house, she hid herself in an empty clock-case; but, on being discovered, she was compelled to become a member of the craft.

=Free Joe=, negro manumitted by his master, the latter committing suicide immediately afterward. Joe has an easy time until his wife’s master refuses to let a “free nigger” hang about his place. He consorts with “poor white folks” in order to see “Lucinda,” meeting her secretly. At length she does not come for a month to the trysting-place, and he consults a fortune-teller who shows him that her master has taken her out of the county. Still he awaits her at the appointed rendezvous many days and nights, always sure that she will come, and laughing when others doubt it. One morning his friends, the poor whites, find him there dead.—Joel Chandler Harris, _Free Joe_ (1888).

=Free´port= (_Sir Andrew_), a London merchant, industrious, generous, and of sound good sense. He was one of the members of the hypothetical club under whose auspices the _Spectator_ was enterprised.

=Freiherr von Guttingen=, having collected the poor of his neighborhood in a great barn, burnt them to death, and mocked their cries of agony. Being invaded by a swarm of mice, he shut himself up in his castle of Güttingen, in the lake of Constance; but the vermin pursued him, and devoured him alive. The castle then sank in the lake, and may still be seen there. (See Hatto.)

=Freischütz= (_Der_), a legendary German archer, in league with the devil. The devil gave him seven balls, six of which were to hit with certainty any mark he aimed at; but the seventh was to be directed according to the will of the giver.—Weber, _Der Freischütz_ (an opera, 1822).

⁂ The libretto is by F. Kind, taken from Apel’s _Gespensterbuch_ (or ghost book). A translation of Apel’s story may be found in De Quincey’s works.

=Freron= (_Jean_), the person bitten by a mad dog, referred to by Goldsmith in the lines:

The man recovered of the bite The dog it was that died. _Elegy on a Mad Dog_. Un serpent mordit Jean Freron, eh bien? Le serpent en mourut. Gibbon, _Decline and Fall, etc._, vii. 4 (Milman’s notes).

=Freston=, an enchanter, introduced in the romance of _Don Belia´nis of Greece_.

_Freston_, the enchanter, who bore Don Quixote especial ill-will. When the knight’s library was destroyed, he was told that some enchanter had carried off the books and the cupboard which contained them. The niece thought the enchanter’s name was Munaton; but the don corrected her, and said, “You mean Freston.” “Yes, yes,” said the niece, “I know the name ended in _ton_.”

“That Freston,” said the knight, “is doing me all the mischief his malevolence can invent; but I regard him not.”—Ch. 7.

“That cursed Freston,” said the knight, “who stole my closet and books, has transformed the giants into windmills” (ch. 8).—Cervantes, _Don Quixote._ I. i. (1605).

=Friars.= The four great religious orders were Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustines, and Car´melites (3 _syl._). Dominicans are called _black_ friars, Franciscans _grey_ friars, and the other two _white_ friars. A fifth order was the Trinitarians or Crutched friars, a later foundation. The Dominicans were furthermore called _Frates Majores_, and the Franciscans _Frates Minores_.

(For friars famed in fable or story, see under each respective name or pseudonym.)

=Friar= (_Lawrence_). Ecclesiastic, who performs the marriage ceremony between Romeo and Juliet in Shakespeare’s play of that name.

=Friar’s Tale= (_The_), by Chaucer, in _The Canterbury Tales_ (1388). An archdeacon employed a sumpnor as his secret spy to find out offenders, with the view of exacting fines from them. In order to accomplish this more effectually, the sumpnor entered into a compact with the devil, disguised as a yeoman. Those who imprecated the devil were to be dealt with by the yeoman-devil, and those who imprecated God were to be the sumpnor’s share. They came in time to an old woman “of whom they knew no wrong,” and demanded twelve pence “for cursing.” She pleaded poverty, when the sumpnor exclaimed, “The foul fiend fetch me if I excuse thee!” and immediately the foul fiend at his side did seize him, and made off with him, too.

=Fribble=, a contemptible molly-coddle, troubled with weak nerves. He “speaks like a lady for all the world, and never swears.... He wears nice white gloves, and tells his lady-love what ribbons become her complexion, where to stick her patches, who is the best milliner, where they sell the best tea, what is the best wash for the face, and the best paste for the hands. He is always playing with his lady’s fan, and showing his teeth.” He says when he is married:

“All the domestic business will be taken from my wife’s hands. I shall make the tea, comb the dogs, and dress the children myself.”—D. Garrick, _Miss in Her Teens_, ii. (1753).

=Friday= (_My man_), a young Indian, whom Robinson Crusoe saved from death on a Friday, and kept as his servant and companion on the desert island.—Defoe, _Robinson Crusoe_ (1709).

=Friend= (_The Poor Man’s_), Nell Gwynne (1642-1691).

=Friend of Man= (_The_), the Marquis de ÈMirabeau; so called from one of his books, entitled _L’Ami des Hommes_ (1715-1789).

=Friends.=

_Frenchmen_: Montaigne and Etienne de la Boëtie.

_Germans_: Goethe and Schiller.

_Greeks_: Achillês and Patroc´les; Diomēdês and Sthen´alos; Epaminondas and Pelop´idas; Harmo´dius and Aristogi´ton; Herculês and Iola´os; Idomeneus (4 _syl._) and Merĭon; Pyl´adês and Ores´tês; Septim´ios and Alcander; Theseus (2 _syl._) and Pirith´oös.

_Jews_: David and Jonathan.

_Syracusans_: Damon and Pythias; Sacharissa and Amŏret.

_Trojans_: Nisus and Euryalus.

Of _Feudal History_: Amys and Amylion.

=Friendly= (_Sir Thomas_), a gouty baronet living at Friendly Hall.

_Lady Friendly_, wife of Sir Thomas.

_Frank Friendly_, son of Sir Thomas and fellow-collegian with Ned Blushington.

_Dinah Friendly_, daughter of Sir Thomas. She marries Edward Blushington, “the bashful man.”—W. T. Moncrieff, _The Bashful Man_.

=Frithiof= [_Frit.yof_], a hero of Icelandic story. He married Ingëborg [_In.ge.boy´e_] daughter of a petty Norwegian king, and the widow of Hring. His adventures are recorded in an ancient Icelandic saga of the thirteenth century.

⁂ Bishop Tegnor has made this story the groundwork for his poem entitled _Frithiof’s Saga_.

_Frithiof’s Sword_, Angurva´del.

⁂ _Frithiof_ means “peace-maker,” and _Angurvadel_ means “stream of anguish.”

=Fritz= (_Old_), Frederick II. “the Great,” king of Prussia (1712, 1740-1786).

_Fritz_, a gardener, passionately fond of flowers, the only subject he can talk about.—E. Stirling, _The Prisoner of State_ (1847).

=Frog= (_Nic._), the linen-draper. The Dutch are so called in Arbuthnot’s _History of John Bull_.

Nic. Frog was a cunning, sly rogue, quite reverse of John [_Bull_] in many particulars; covetous, frugal; minded domestic affairs; would pinch his belly to save his pocket; never lost a farthing by careless servants or bad debts. He did not care much for any sort of diversions, except tricks of high German artists and legerdemain; no man exceeded Nic. in these. Yet it must be owned that Nic. was a fair dealer, and in that way acquired immense riches.—Dr. Arbuthnot, _History of John Bull_, v. (1712).

=Frollo= (_Claude_), an archdeacon, absorbed in a search after the philosopher’s stone. He has a great reputation for sanctity, but entertains a base passion for Esmeralda, the beautiful gypsy girl. Quasimodo flings him into the air from the top of Notre Dame, and dashes him to death.—Victor Hugo, _Notre Dame de Paris_ (1831).

=Fronde War= (_The_), a political squabble during the ministry of Maz´arin in the minority of Louis XIV. (1648-1653).

=Frondeur=, a “Mrs. Candor,” a backbiter, a railer, a scandal-monger; any one who flings stones at another. (French, _frondeur_, “a slinger,” _fronde_, “a sling.”)

“And what about Diebitsch?” began another frondeur.—_Véra_, 200.

=Frondeurs=, the malcontents in the Fronde war.

=Front de Bœuf= (_Sir Reginald_), a follower of Prince John of Anjou, and one of the knight’s challengers.—Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Frontaletto=, the name of Sa´cripant’s horse. The word means “Little head.”—Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Fronti´no,= the horse of Bradaman´tê (4 _syl._). Roge´ro’s horse bore the same name. The word means “Little head.”—Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

The renowned Frontino, which Bradamantê purchased at so high a price, could never be thought thy equal [i.e. _Rosinantês equal_].—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605).

=Frost= (_Jack_), Frost personified.

Jack Frost looked forth one still, clear night, And he said, “Now I shall be out of sight, So over the valley and over the height In silence I’ll take my way.” Hannah F. Gould.

=Froth= (_Master_), a foolish gentleman. Too shallow for great crime and too light for virtue.—Shakespeare, _Measure for Measure_ (1603).

_Froth_ (_Lord_), a good boon companion; but he vows that “he laughs at nobody’s jests but his own or a lady’s.” He says, “Nothing is more unbecoming a man of quality than a laugh; ’tis such a vulgar expression of the passion; every one can laugh.” To Lady Froth he is most gallant and obsequious, though her fidelity to her liege lord is by no means immaculate.

_Lady Froth_, a lady of letters, who writes songs, elegies, satires, lampoons, plays, and so on. She thinks her lord the most polished of all men, and his bow the pattern of grace and elegance. She writes an heroic poem called _The Syllabub_, the subject of which is Lord Froth’s love for herself. In this poem she calls her lord “Spumoso” (_Froth_), and herself “Biddy” (her own name). Her conduct with Mr. Brisk is most blamable.—W. Congreve, _The Double Dealer_ (1700).

=Frothal=, king of Sora, and son of Annir. Being driven by tempest to Sarno, one of the Orkney Islands, he was hospitably entertained by the king, and fell in love with Coma´la, daughter of Starno, king of Inistore or the Orkneys. He would have carried her off by violence, but her brother Cathulla interfered, bound Frothal, and, after keeping him in bonds for three days, sent him out of the island. When Starno was gathered to his fathers, Frothal returned and laid siege to the palace of Cathulla; but Fingal, happening to arrive at the island, met Frothal in single combat, overthrew him, and would have slain him, if Utha, his betrothed (disguised in armor), had not interposed. When Fingal knew that Utha was Frothal’s sweetheart, he not only spared the foe, but invited both to the palace, where they passed the night in banquet and song.—Ossian, _Carric-Thura_.

=Fudge Family= (_The_), a family supposed by T. Moore to be visiting Paris after the peace. It consists of Phil Fudge, Esq., his son Robert, his daughter Biddy, and a poor relation named Phelim Connor (an ardent Bonapartist and Irish patriot), acting as bear-leader to Bob. These four write letters to their friends in England. The skit is meant to satirize the _parvenu_ English abroad.

_Phil Fudge, Esq._, father of Bob and Biddy Fudge; a hack writer devoted to legitimacy and the Bourbons. He is a secret agent of Lord Castlereagh [_Kar.´sl.ray_], to whom he addresses letters ii. and ix. and points out to his lordship that Robert Fudge will be very glad to receive a snug Government appointment, and hopes that his lordship will not fail to bear him in mind. Letter vi. he addresses to his brother, showing how the Fudge family is prospering, and ending thus:

Should we but still enjoy the sway Of Sidmouth and of Castlereagh, I hope ere long to see the day When England’s wisest statesmen, judges, Lawyers, peers, will all be—FUDGES.

_Miss Biddy Fudge_, a sentimental girl of 18, in love with “romances, high bonnets, and Mde. le Roy.” She writes letters i., v., x., and xi., describing to her friend Dolly or Dorothy the sights of Paris, and especially how she becomes acquainted with a gentleman whom she believes to be the king of Prussia in disguise, but afterwards she discovers that her disguised king calls himself “Colonel Calicot.” Going with her brother to buy some handkerchiefs, her visions of glory are sadly dashed when “the hero she fondly had fancied a king” turns out to be a common linen-draper. “There stood the vile treacherous thing, with the yard-measure in his hand.” “One tear of compassion for your poor heart-broken friend. P.S.—You will be delighted to know we are going to hear Brunel to-night, and have obtained the governor’s box; we shall all enjoy a hearty good laugh, I am sure.”

_Bob_ or _Robert Fudge_, son of Phil Fudge, Esq., a young exquisite of the first water, writes letters iii. and viii. to his friend Richard. These letters describe how French dandies dress, eat, and kill time.—T. Moore (1818).

⁂ A sequel, called _The Fudge Family in England_, was published.

=Fulgentio=, a kinsman of Roberto (king of the two Sicilies). He was the most rising and most insolent man in the court. Cami´ola calls him “a suit-broker,” and says he had the worse report among all good men for bribery and extortion. This canker obtained the king’s leave for his marriage with Camiŏla, and he pleaded his suit as a right, not a favor; but the lady rejected him with scorn, and Adoni killed the arrogant “sprig of nobility” in a duel.—Massinger, _The Maid of Honor_ (1637).

=Fulkerson=, Western man who removes to New York, and sets up a magazine founded upon “the greatest idea that has been struck since—the creation of man. I don’t want to claim too much, and I draw the line at the creation of man. But if you want to ring the morning stars into the prospectus, all right!”

He makes a success of it, as he has a habit of making of everything; marries a Southern girl, and goes to live over “the office.” “In New York you may do anything.” He violates all sorts of conventionalities, talks slang and loudly, yet is everybody’s friend and most people’s favorite.—W.D. Howells, _A Hazard of New Fortunes_ (1889).

=Fulmer=, a man with many shifts, none of which succeed. He says:

“I have beat through every quarter of the compass ... I have blustered for prerogative; I have bellowed for freedom; I have offered to serve my country; I have engaged to betray it ... I have talked treason, writ treason ... And here I set up as a bookseller, but men leave off reading; and if I were to turn butcher, I believe ... they’d leave off eating.”

_Patty Fulmer_, an unprincipled, flashy woman, living with Fulmer, with the brevet rank of wife. She is a swindler, a scandal-monger, anything, in short, to turn a penny by; but her villainy brings her to grief.—Cumberland, _The West Indian_ (1771).

=Fum=, George IV. The Chinese _fum_ is a mixture of goose, stag, and snake, with the beak of a cock; a combination of folly, cowardice, malice, and conceit.

And where is Fum the Fourth, our royal bird? Byron, _Don Juan_, xi. 78 (1824).

=Fum-Hoam=, the mandarin who restored Malek-al-Salem, king of Georgia, to his throne, and related to the king’s daughter Gulchenraz [Gundogdi] his numerous metamorphoses; he was first Piurash, who murdered Siamek the usurper; then a flea; then a little dog; then an Indian maiden named Massouma; then a bee; then a cricket; then a mouse; then Abzenderoud the imaum´; then the daughter of a rich Indian merchant, the Jezdad of Iolcos, the greatest beauty of Greece; then a foundling found by a dyer in a box; then Dugmê, queen of Persia; then a young woman named Hengu; then an ape; then a midwife’s daughter of Tartary; then the only son of the sultan of Agra; then an Arabian physician; then a wild man named Kolao; then a slave; then the son of a cadi of Erzerûm; then a dervise; then an Indian prince; and lastly Fum-Hoam.—T.S. Gueulette, _Chinese Tales_ (1723).

_Fum-Hoam_, first president of the ceremonial academy of Pekin.—Goldsmith, _Citizen of the World_ (1764).

=Funk= (_Peter_), auctioneer whose business is to cheat the unwary. Having been branded by a placard placed before his door, “_Beware of Mock Auctions!_” he concerts a scheme for labeling other places of business and general resort, including newspaper offices and churches.—Charles Frederick Briggs, _The Knickerbocker Magazine_ (1846).

=Fungo´so=, a character in Ben Jonson’s drama, _Every Man in His Humour_ (1598).

Unlucky as Fungoso in the play. Pope, _Essay on Criticism_, 328 (1711).

=Furor= (_intemperate anger_), a mad man of great strength, the son of Occasion. Sir Guyon, the “Knight of Temperance,” overcomes both Furor and his mother, and rescues Phaon from their clutches.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 4 (1590).

=Fusber´ta=, the sword of Rinaldo.—Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Fus´bos=, minister of state to Artaxam´is, king of Uto´pia. When the king cuts down the boots which Bombastês has hung defiantly on a tree, the general engages the king in single combat, and slays him. Fusbos then coming up, kills Bombastês, “who conquered all but Fusbos, Fusbos him.” At the close of the farce, the slain ones rise one after the other and join the dance, promising “to die again tomorrow,” if the audience desires it.—W.B. Rhodes, _Bombastês Furioso_.

_Fusbos_, a _nom de plume_ of Henry Plunkett, one of the first contributors to _Punch_.

=Fy´rapel= (_Sir_), the leopard, the nearest kinsman of King Lion, in the beast epic of _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).

=Gabble Rechet=, a cry like that of hounds, heard at night, foreboding trouble. Said to be the souls of unbaptized children wandering through the air till the day of judgment.—Charles Reade, _Put Yourself in His Place_.

=Gabor=, a Hungarian who aided Ulric in saving Count Stral´enheim from the Oder, and was unjustly suspected of being his murderer.—Bryon, _Werner_ (1822).

=Ga´briel= (2 or 3 _syl._), according to Milton is called “chief of the angelic guards” _(Paradise Lost_, iv. 549); but in bk. vi. 44, etc., Michael is said to be “of celestial armies prince,” and Gabriel “in military prowess next.”

Go, Michael of celestial armies prince; And thou in military prowess next, Gabriel; lead forth to battle these my sons Invincible. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, vi. 44, etc, (1665).

⁂ Gabriel is so called “The Messenger of the Messiah,” because he was sent by the Messiah to execute his orders on the earth. He is referred to in _Daniel_ viii. 16, ix. 21; and in _Luke_ i. 19, 26.

_Gabriel_ (according to the _Korân_ and Sale’s notes):

1. It is from this angel that Mahomet professes to have received the _Korân_; and he acts the part of the Holy Ghost in causing believers to receive the divine revelation.—Ch. ii.

2. It was the angel Gabriel that won the battle of Bedr. Mahomet’s forces were 319, and the enemy’s a _thousand_; but Gabriel (1) told Mahomet to throw a handful of dust in the air, and so doing the eyes of the enemy were “confounded;” (2) he caused the army of Mahomet to appear twice as many as the army opposed to it; (3) he brought from heaven 3000 angels, and, mounted on his horse Haïzûm, led them against the foe.—Ch. iii.

3. Gabriel appeared twice to Mahomet in his angelic form: first “in the highest part of the horizon,” and next “by the lote tree,” on the right hand of the throne of God.—Ch. liv.

5. Gabriel’s horse is called Haïzûm, and when the golden calf was made, a little of the dust from under this horse’s feet being thrown into its mouth, the calf began to low, and received life.—Ch. ii.

_Gabriel_ (according to other legends):

The Persians call Gabriel “the angel of revelations,” because he is so frequently employed by God to carry His messages to man.

The Jews call Gabriel their enemy and the messenger of wrath; but Michael they call their friend, and the messenger of all good tidings.

In mediæval romance, Gabriel is the second of the seven spirits which stand before the throne of God, and he is frequently employed to carry the prayers of man to heaven, or bring the messages of God to man.

Longfellow, in the _Golden Legend_, makes Gabriel “the angel of the moon,” and says that he “brings to man the gift of hope.”

=Gabriel Lajeunesse=, son of Basil the blacksmith of Grand Pré, in Acadia (now _Nova Scotia_). He was legally plighted to Evangeline, daughter of Benedict Bellefontaine (the richest farmer of the village); but next day all the inhabitants were exiled by order of George II., and their property confiscated. Gabriel was parted from his troth-plight wife, and Evangeline spent her whole life in trying to find him. After many wanderings, she went to Philadelphia, and became a sister of mercy. The plague visited this city, and in the almshouse the sister saw an old man stricken down by the pestilence. It was Gabriel. He tried to whisper her name, but died in the attempt. He was buried, and Evangeline lies beside him in the grave.—Longfellow, _Evangeline_ (1849).

=Gabrielle= (_Charmante_), or _La Belle Gabrielle_, daughter of Antoine d’Estrèes (grand-master of artillery and governor of the Ile de France). Henri IV. (1590) happened to stay for the night at the chateau de Cœuvres, and fell in love with Gabrielle, then 19 years old. To throw a veil over his intrigue, he gave her in marriage to Damerval de Liancourt, created her duchess of Beaufort, and took her to live with him at court.

The song beginning “Charmante Gabrielle ...” is ascribed to Henri VI.

=Gabrielle= (_von Dohna_). Brought up by her widowed father in singleness of heart and happiness until when she is over twenty he is again betrothed, and his _fiancée_ persuades him to send his daughter to visit a relative, the Countess von Kronfels. She is a selfish old woman who adores her dog, and slights her invalid son. Gabrielle is dutiful to the old countess, and an angel of mercy to her son, although for awhile she dislikes and fears him. Finally, she tells the crippled man:

“You are a greater hero in my eyes than if you were leading men to battle. You may send me away if you will, but you will break my heart.”

He loves her too well to let her go.—Blanche Willis Howard, _The Open Door_ (1889).

=Gabri´na=, wife of Arge´o, baron of Servia, tried to seduce Philandre, a Dutch knight; but Philandre fled from the house, where he was a guest. She then accused him to her husband of a wanton insult, and Argeo, having apprehended him, confined him in a dungeon. One day, Gabrina visited him there, and implored him to save her from a knight who sought to dishonor her. Philandre willingly espoused her cause, and slew the knight, who proved to be her husband. Gabrina then told her champion that if he refused to marry her, she would accuse him of murder to the magistrates. On this threat he married her, but ere long was killed by poison. Gabrina now wandered about the country as an old hag, and being fastened on Odori´co, was hung by him to the branch of an elm.—Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Gabriolet´ta,= governess of Brittany, rescued by Am´adis de Gaul from the hands of Balan (“the bravest and strongest of all giants”).—Vasco de Lobeira, _Amadis de Gaul_, iv. 129 (fourteenth century.)

=Gadshill=, a companion of Sir John Falstaff. This thief receives his name from a place called Gadshill, on the Kentish road, notorious for the many robberies committed there.—Shakespeare, 1 _Henry IV._ act ii. sc. 4 (1597).

=Ga´heris= (_Sir_), son of Lot (king of Orkney) and Morgause (King Arthur’s sister). Being taken captive by Sir Turquine, he was liberated by Sir Launcelot du Lac. One night, Sir Gaheris caught his mother in adultery with Sir Lamorake, and, holding her by the hair, struck off her head.

=Gaiour= [_Djow.´r_], emperor of China, and father, of Badour´a (the “most beautiful woman ever seen upon earth”). Badoura married Camaral´zaman, the most beautiful of men.—_Arabian Nights_ (“Camaralzaman and Badoura”). (See GIAOUR).

=Gal´ahad= (_Sir_), the chaste son of Sir Launcelot and the fair Elaine (King Pelles’s daughter, pt. iii. 2), and thus was fulfilled a prophecy that she should become the mother of the noblest knight that was ever born. Queen Guenevere says that Sir Launcelot “came of the eighth degree from our Saviour, and Sir Galahad is of the ninth ... and, therefore, be they the greatest gentlemen of all the world” (pt. iii. 35). His sword was that which Sir Balin released from the maiden’s scabbard (see BALIN), and his shield belonged to King Euelake [_Evelake_], who received it from Joseph of Arimathy. It was a snow-white shield, on which Joseph had made a cross with his blood (pt. iii. 39). After divers adventures, Sir Galahad came to Sarras, where he was made king, was shown the sangraal by Joseph of Arimathy, and “took the Lord’s body between his hands,” and died. Then suddenly “a great multitude of angels bear his soul up to heaven,” and “sithence was never no man that could say he had seen the sangraal” (pt. iii. 103).

Sir Galahad was the only knight who could sit in the “Siege Perilous,” a seat in the Round Table reserved for the knight destined to achieve the quest of the holy graal, and no other person could sit in it without peril of his life (pt. iii. 32). He also drew from the iron and marble rock the sword which no other knight could release (pt. iii. 33). His great achievement was that of the Holy Graal.

Sometimes on lonely mountain-meres I find a magic bark; I leap on board: no helmsman steers I float till all is dark. A gentle sound, an awful light! Three angels bear the holy Grail With folded feet, in stoles of white On sleeping wings they sail. Ah, blessed vision! blood of God! My spirit beats her mortal bars, As down dark tides the glory slides And star-like mingles with the stars. Tennyson, _Sir Galahad_.

Then the bishop took a wafer, which was made in the likeness of bread, and at the lifting up [_the elevation of the host]_ there came a figure in the likeness of a child, and the visage was as red and as bright as fire; and he smote himself into that bread; so they saw that the bread was formed of a fleshly man, and then he put it into the holy vessel again ... then he took the holy vessel and came to Sir Galahad as he kneeled down, and there he received his Saviour ... then went he and kissed Sir Bors ... and kneeled at the table and made his prayers; and suddenly his soul departed ... and a great multitude of angels bear his soul to heaven.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 101-103 (1470).

⁂ Sir Galahalt, the son of Sir Brewnor, must not be confounded with Sir Galahad, the son of Sir Launcelot.

=Galahalt= (_Sir_), called “The Haut Prince,” son of Sir Brewnor. He was one of the knights of the Round Table.

=Gal´antyse= (3 _syl._), the steed given to Graunde Armoure by King Melyzyus.

And I myselfe shall give you a worthy stede, Called Galantyse, to helpe you in your nede. Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-tyme of Plesure_, xxviii. (1515).

=Ga´laor= (_Don_), brother of Am´adis de Gaul. A _desultor amoris_, who, as Don Quixote says, “made love to every pretty girl he met.” His adventures form a strong contrast to those of his more serious brother.—_Amadis de Gaul_ (fourteenth century).

A barber in the village insisted that none equalled “The Knight of the Sun” [i.e. _Amadis_], except Don Galaor his brother.—Cervantes, _Don Quixote,_ I. 1 (1605).

=Gal´apas=, a giant of “marvellous height” in the army of Lucius, king of Rome. He was slain by King Arthur.

[_King Arthur_] slew a great giant named Galapas ... He shortened him by smiting off both his legs at the knees, saying, “Now art thou better of a size to deal with than thou wert.” And after, he smote off his head.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, I. 115 (1470).

=Gal´aphron= or GALLAPHRONE (3 _syl._), a king of Cathay, father of Angelica.—Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495); Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

When Agrican ... besieged Albracca ... The city of Gallaphrone, whence to win The fairest of her sex, Angelica. Milton, _Paradise Regained_, iii. (1671).

=Galasp=, or rather George Gillespie, mentioned by Milton in _Sonnet_, x., was a Scottish writer against the independents, and one of the “Assembly of Divines” (1583-1648). See Colkitto.

=Galatea.= Lovely statue, made by Pygmalion, and endued with life by Venus at the prayer of the sculptor-lover.

=Galate´a=, a sea-nymph, beloved by Polypheme (3 _syl._) She herself had a heartache for Acis. The jealous giant crushed his rival under a huge rock, and Galatēa, inconsolable at the loss of her lover, was changed into a fountain. The word Galatea is used poetically for any rustic maiden.

⁂ Handel has an opera called _Acis and Galatea_ (1710).

_Galatea_, a wise and modest lady attending on the princess in the drama of _Philaster_ or _Love Lies a-bleeding,_ by Beaumont and Fletcher (1608).

=Gala´tine= (3 _syl._), the sword of Sir Gaw´ain, King Arthur’s nephew.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 93 (1470).

=Galbraith= (_Miss Lucy_), a young lady who finds herself _en tête-a-tête_ with her _çi-devant_ lover in a parlor-car. Conversation ensues and a quarrel. Upon attempting to leave the car, she discovers that it is uncoupled and solitary upon the track. In the fright of the alarm caused by what she assumes to be peril, she falls into her lover’s arms entreating forgiveness. The reconciliation is complete by the time they arrive safely at Schenectady.—W. D. Howells, _The Parlor Car, A Farce_ (1876).

=Galbraith= (_Major Duncan_), of Garschattachin, a militia officer.—Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

=Ga´len=, an apothecary, a medical man (in disparagement). Galen was the most celebrated physician of ancient Greece, and had a greater influence on medical science than any other man before or since (A. D. 130-200).

Unawed, young Galen bears the hostile brunt, Pills in his rear, and Cullen in his front. Wm. Falconer, _The Midshipman_.

Dr. William Cullen, of Hamilton, Lanarkshire, author of _Nosology_, (1712-1790).

=Gal´enist=, a herb doctor.

The Galĕnist and Paracelsian S. Butler, _Hudibras_, iii. 3 (1678).

=Galeotti Martivalle=, (_Martius_), astrologer of Louis XI. Being asked by the superstitious king if he knew the day of his own death, the crafty astrologer replied that he could not name the exact day, but he had learnt thus much by his art—that it would occur just twenty-four hours before the decease of his majesty (ch. xxix.).—Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

⁂ Thrasullus the soothsayer made precisely the same answer to Tibe´rius, emperor of Rome.

=Galera´na= is called by Ariosto the wife of Charlemagne; but the nine wives of that emperor are usually given as Hamiltrude (3 _syl._), Desidera´ta, Hil´degarde (3 _syl._), Fastrade (2 _syl._), Luitgarde, Maltegarde, Gersuinde, Regi´na, and Adalin´da.—Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_, xxi. (1516).

=Galère= (2 _syl._). _Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?_ Scapin wants to get from Géronte (a miserly old hunks) £1500, to help Leandre, the old man’s son, out of a money difficulty. So Scapin vamps up a cock-and-bull story about Leandre being invited by a Turk on board his galley, where he was treated to a most sumptuous repast; but when the young man was about to quit the galley, the Turk told him he was a prisoner, and demanded £1500 for his ransom within two hours’ time. When Géronte hears this, he exclaims, “Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?” and he swears he will arrest the Turk for extortion. Being shown the impossibility of so doing, he again exclaims, “Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?” and it flashes into his mind that Scapin should give himself up as surety for the payment of the ransom. This of course Scapin objects to. The old man again exclaims, “Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?” and commands Scapin to go and tell the Turk that £1500 is not to be picked off a hedge. Scapin says the Turk does not care a straw about that, and insists on the ransom. “Mais, que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?” cries the old hunks; and tells Scapin to go and pawn certain goods. Scapin replies there is no time, the two hours are nearly exhausted. “Que diable,” cries the old man again, “allait-il faire dans cette galère?” and when at last he gives the money, he repeats the same words, “Mais, que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?”—Molière, _Les Fourberies de Scapin_. ii. 11 (1671).

=Gal´gacus=, chief of the Caledonians, who resisted Agricŏla with great valor. In A. D. 84 he was defeated, and died on the field. Tacĭtus puts into his mouth a noble speech, made to his army before the battle.

Galgacus, their guide, Amongst his murthered troops there resolutely died. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612).

=Galia´na=, a Moorish princess, daughter of Gadalfe, king of Tolēdo. Her father built for her a palace on the Tagus, so splendid that “a palace of Galiana” has become a proverb in Spain.

=Galien Restored=, a mediæval romance of chivalry. Galien was the son of Jaqueline (daughter of Hugh, king of Constantinople). His father was Count Oliver of Vienne. Two fairies interested themselves in Jaqueline’s infant son; one, named Galienne, had the child named after her, Galien; and the other insisted that he should be called “Restored,” for that the boy would _restore_ the chivalry of Charlemagne.—Author unknown.

=Galile´o= [GALILEI], born at Pisa, but lived chiefly in Florence. In 1633 he published his work on the Copernican system, showing that “the earth moved and the sun stood still.” For this he was denounced by the Inquisition of Rome, and accused of contradicting the Bible. At the age of 70 he was obliged to abjure his system, in order to gain his liberty. After pronouncing his abjuration, he said, in a stage whisper, _E pur si muove_ (“It does move, though”). This is said to be a romance (1564-1642).

=Galinthia=, daughter of Prœtus, king of Argos. She was changed by the Fates into a cat, and in that shape was made by Hecate her high priestess.—Antonius Liberalis, _Metam_, xxix.

=Gallegher=, audacious errand-boy in the office of a daily newspaper. He outwits police and sporting-men, and shows detective genius unequalled by a “professional,” becoming the means of arresting a noted murderer, and driving into town after midnight with the news of this event and of a big prize-fight, sinking exhausted on the office floor with the exclamation, “I beat the town!”—Richard Harding Davis, _Gallegher_ (1890).

=Gallegos= [_Gal´.le.goze_], the people of Galacia (once a province of Spain).

=Gallice´næ=, priestesses of Gallic mythology, who had power over the winds and waves. There were nine of them, all virgins.

=Galligan´tus=, the giant who lived with Hocus-Pocus, the conjuror. When Jack the Giant-killer blew the magic horn, both the giant and conjuror were overthrown.—_Jack the Giant-killer._

=Gallo-ma´nia=, a _furor_ for everything French. Generally applied to that vile imitation of French literature and customs which prevailed in Germany in the time of Frederick II. of Prussia. It is very conspicuous in the writings of Wieland (1733-1813).

=Galloping Dick=, Richard Ferguson, the highwayman, executed in 1800.

=Galloway= (_The Fair Maid of_), Margaret, only daughter of Archibald, fifth earl of Douglas. She married her cousin William, to whom the earldom passed in 1443. After the death of her first husband, she married his brother James (the last earl of Douglas).

=Gallowglasses=, heavy-armed foot-soldiers of Ireland and the western isles; the light-armed troops were called kernes.

—— the merciless Macdonwald —— from the western isles Of kernes and gallowglasses is supplied. Shakespeare’s _Macbeth_, act i. sc. 2.

=Gallura’s Bird=, the cock, the emblem of Gallura in Sardinia, ruled by Nino di Gallura de’Visconti. Dante meets Nino in purgatory, who sends a message to his daughter, but reproaches the mother with her marriage after his death, to Galeazzo de’Visconti of Milan, whose emblem was a viper.

For her so fair a burial will not make The viper which calls Milan to the field, As had been made by shrill Gallura’s bird. Dante, _Purgatorio_, viii.

=Gal´way Jury=, an independent jury, neither to be brow-beaten nor led by the nose. In 1635, certain trials were held in Ireland, respecting the right of the Crown to the counties of Ireland. Leitrim, Roscommon, Sligo, and Mayo gave judgment for the Crown, but Galway stood out, whereupon each of the jury was fined £4000.

=Ga´ma= (_Vasco da_), the hero of Camoëns’s _Lusiad_. Sagacious, intrepid, tender-hearted, pious, and patriotic. He was the first European navigator who doubled the Cape of Good Hope (1497).

Gama, captain of the venturous band, Of bold emprise, and born for high command, Whose martial fires, with prudence close allied, Ensured the smiles of fortune on his side. Camoens, _Lusiad_, i. (1569).

⁂ Gama is also the hero of Meyerbeer’s posthumous opera called _L’Africaine_ (1865).

=Gam´elyn= (3 _syl._), youngest of the three sons of Sir Johan di Boundys, who, on his death-bed, left “five plowes of land” to each of his two elder sons, and the residue of his property to the youngest. The eldest son took charge of Gamelyn, but treated him shamefully. On one occasion he said to him, “Stand still, gadelyng, and hold thy peace.” To which the proud boy retorted, “I am no gadelyng, but the lawful son of a lady and true knight.” On this, the elder brother sent his servants to chastise him, but he drove them off “with a pestel.” At a wrestling match young Gamelyn threw the champion, and carried off the prize ram; but on reaching home found the door closed against him. He at once kicked the door down, and threw the porter into a well. The elder brother now bound the young madcap to a tree, and left him two days without food; but Adam the spencer, unloosed him; and Gamelyn fell upon a party of ecclesiastics, who had come to dine with his brother, and “sprinkled holy water on them with a stout oaken cudgel.” The sheriff sent to apprehend the young spitfire, but he fled with Adam into the woods, and came upon a party of foresters sitting at meat. The captain gave him welcome, and Gamelyn in time became “king of the outlaws.” His brother being sheriff, would have put him to death, but Gamelyn hanged his brother on a forest tree. After this the king appointed him chief ranger, and he married.—The Coke’s _Tale of Gamelyn_, formerly attributed to Chaucer.

⁂ Lodge has made this tale the basis of his romance entitled _Rosalynd_ or _Eupheus’ Golden Legacye_ (1590); and from Lodge’s novel Shakespeare has borrowed the plot, with some of the character and dialogue, of _As You Like It_.

=Gamelyn de Guar´dover= (_Sir_), an ancestor of Sir Arthur Wardour.—Sir W. Scott, _Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Gamester= (_The_), a tragedy by Ed. Moore (1753). The name of the gamester is Beverley, who in despair commits suicide; and the object of the play is to show the great evils of gambling.

_Gamester (The)_, by Mrs. Centlivre (1705). The hero is Valere, to whom Angelica gives a picture, which she enjoins him not to lose on pain of forfeiting her hand. Valere loses it in play, and Angelica, in disguise, is the winner. After much tribulation, Valere is cured of his vice, the picture is restored, and the two are happily united in marriage.

=Gammer Gurton’s Needle=, by Mr. S., Master of Arts. It was in existence, says Warton, in 1551 (_English Poetry_, iv. 32). Sir Walter Scott says; “It was the supposed composition of John Still, M.A., afterwards bishop of Bath and Wells;” but in 1551 John Still was a boy not nine years old. The fun of this comedy turns on the loss and recovery of a _needle_, with which Gammer Gurton was repairing the breeches of her man Hodge. The comedy contains the famous drinking song, “I cannot eat but little Meat.”

=Gamp= (_Sarah_), a monthly nurse, residing in Kingsgate Street, High Holborn. Sarah was noted for her gouty umbrella, and for her perpetual reference to an hypothetical Mrs. Harris, whose opinions were a confirmation of her own. She was fond of strong tea and strong stimulants. “Don’t ask me,” she said, “whether I won’t take none, or whether I will, but leave the bottle on the chimley piece, and let me put my lips to it when I am so dispoged.” When Mrs. Prig “her pardner,” stretched out her hand to the teapot [_filled with gin_], Mrs. Gamp stopped the hand and said with great feeling, “No, Betsy! drink fair, wotever you do.” (See HARRIS.)—C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_, xlix. (1843).

⁂ A big, pawky umbrella is called a _Mrs. Gamp_, and in France, _un Robinson_, from Robinson Crusoe’s umbrella.

⁂ Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris have Parisian sisters in Mde. Pochet and Mde. Gibou, creations of Henri Monnier.

=Gan.= (See GANELON.)

=Gan´dalin=, earl of the Firm Island, and ’squire of Am´adis de Gaul.

Gandalin, though an earl, never spoke to his master but cap in hand, his head bowing all the time, and his body bent after the Turkish manner.—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iii. 6 (1605).

=Gan´elon= (2 _syl._), count of Mayence, the “Judas” of Charlemagne’s paladins. His castle was built on the Blocksberg, the loftiest peak of the Hartz Mountains. Charlemagne was always trusting this base knight, and was as often betrayed by him. Although the very business of the paladins was the upholding of Christianity, Sir Ganelon was constantly intriguing for its overthrow. No doubt jealousy of Sir Roland made him a traitor, and he basely planned with Marsillus (the Moorish king), the attack of Roncesvallês. The character of Sir Ganelon was marked with spite, dissimulation, and intrigue, but he was patient, obstinate and enduring. He was six feet and a half in height, had large glaring eyes and fiery red hair. He loved solitude, was very taciturn, disbelieved in the existence of moral good, and has become a by-word for a false and faithless friend. Dantê has placed him in his “Inferno.” (Sometimes called GAN.)

The most faithless spy since the days of Ganelon.—Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_, xxiv. (1820).

=Ganem=, “The Slave of Love.” The hero and title of one of the _Arabian Nights_ tales. Ganem was the son of a rich merchant of Damascus, named Abou Aibou. On the death of his father he went to Bagdad, to dispose of the merchandise left, and accidentally saw three slaves secretly burying a chest in the earth. Curiosity induced him to disinter the chest, when lo! it contained a beautiful woman, sleeping from the effects of a narcotic drug. He took her to the lodgings, and discovered that the victim was Fetnab, the caliph’s favorite, who had been buried alive by order of the sultana, out of jealousy. When the caliph heard thereof, he was extremely jealous of the young merchant, and ordered him to be put to death, but he made good his escape in the guise of a waiter, and lay concealed till the angry fit of the caliph had subsided. When Haroun-al-Raschid (the caliph) came to himself, and heard the unvarnished facts of the case, he pardoned Ganem, gave to him Fetnab for a wife, and appointed him to a lucrative post about the court.

=Gan´esa=, goddess of wisdom, in Hindû mythology.

Then Camdeo _[Love]_ bright and Ganesa sublime Shall bless with joy their own propitious clime. Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, i. (1799).

=Ganlesse= (_Richard_), _alias_ SIMON CANTER, _alias_ EDWARD CHRISTIAN, one of the conspirators.—Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Ganna=, the Celtic prophetess, who succeeded Velle´da. She went to Rome, and was received by Domitian with great honor.—Tacitus, _Annals_, 55.

=Ganor=, Gano´ra, Geneura, Ginevra, Genievre, Guinevere, Guenever, are different ways of spelling the name of Arthur’s wife; called by Geoffrey of Monmouth, Guanhuma´ra or Guan´humar; but Tennyson has made Guenevere the popular English form.

=Gants Jaunes= (_Des_), dandies, men of fashion.

=Gan´ymede= (3 _syl._), a beautiful Phrygian boy, who was carried up to Olympos on the back of an eagle, to become cup-bearer to the gods instead of Hebê. At the time of his capture he was playing a flute while tending his father’s sheep.

There fell a flute when Ganymede went up— The flute that he was wont to play upon. Jean Ingelow, _Honours_, ii.

(Jupiter compensated the boy’s father for the loss of his son, by a pair of horses.)

Tennyson, speaking of a great reverse of fortune from the highest glory to the lowest shame, says:

They mounted _Ganymedes_, To tumble _Vulcans_ on the second morn. _The Princess_, iii.

_The Birds of Ganymede_, eagles. Ganymede is represented as sitting on an eagle, or attended by that bird.

To see upon her shores her foul and conies feed, And wantonly to hatch the birds of Ganymede. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).

⁂ Ganymede is the constellation _Aquarius_.

=Garagan´tua=, a giant, who swallowed five pilgrims with their staves in a salad.—Rabelais, _The History of Garagantua_ (1533).

“You must borrow me Garagantua’s mouth first: ’tis a word too great for any mouth of this age’s size.”—Shakespeare, _As You Like It_, act iii. sc. 2.

=Gar´cias=. _The soul of Peter Garcias_, money. Two scholars, journeying to Salamanca, came to a fountain, which bore this inscription; “Here is buried the soul of the licentiate Peter Garcias.” One scholar went away laughing at the notion of a buried _soul_, but the other, cutting with his knife, loosened a stone, and found a purse containing 100 ducats.—Lesage, _Gil Blas_ (to the reader, 1715).

=Garcilas´o=, surnamed “the Inca,” descended on the mother’s side from the royal family of Peru (1530-1568). He was the son of Sebastian Garcilaso, a lieutenant of Alvarado and Pizarro. Author of _Commentaries on the Origin of the Incas, their Laws and Government_.

_Garcilaso_ [DE LA VEGA], called “The Petrarch of Spain”, born at Toledo (1503-1536). His poems are eclogues, odes, and elegies of great _naïveté_, grace, and harmony.

Sometimes he turned to gaze upon his book, Boscan or Garcilasso [_sic_]. Byron, _Don Juan_ i. 95 (1819).

=Garda= (_Thorne_). Beautiful, untaught and utterly unreasonable girl, whom everybody pets and who always gets her own way. She fascinates men and outwits women, defies all authority, and never loses her temper. In a lazy way she falls in love with one man after another, and is most constant to the least worthy. The best and kindest woman among her friends suffers in reputation from her escapades, and Garda accepts the sacrifice as a matter of course. The incarnation of sensuous selfishness.—Constance Fennimore Woolson, _East Angels_ (1886).

=Gardening= (_Father of Landscape_), Lenotre (1613-1700).

=Gar´diner= (_Richard_), porter to Miss Seraphine Arthuret and her sister Angelica.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

_Gardiner (Colonel)_, colonel of Waverley’s Regiment.—Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Gareth= (_Sir_), according to Ancient romance, was the youngest son of Lot, king of Orkney and Morgawse, Arthur’s [half] sister. His mother, to deter him from entering Arthur’s court, said, jestingly, she would consent to his so doing if he concealed his name and went as a scullion for twelve months. To this he agreed, and Sir Kay, the king’s steward, nicknamed him “Beaumains,” because his hands were unusually large. At the end of the year he was knighted, and obtained the quest of Linet, who craved the aid of some knight to liberate her sister Lionês, who was held prisoner by Sir Ironside in Castle Perilous. Linet treated Sir Gareth with great contumely, calling him a washer of dishes and a kitchen knave; but he overthrew the five knights and liberated the lady, whom he married. The knights were—first, the Black Knight of the Black Lands _or_ Sir Pere´ard (2 _syl._), the Green Knight _or_ Sir Pertolope, the Red Knight _or_ Sir Perimo´nês, the Blue Knight _or_ Sir Persaunt of India (four brothers), and lastly, the Red Knight of the Red Lands or Sir Ironside.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 120-153 (1470).

⁂ According to Tennyson, Sir Gareth was “the last and tallest son of Lot, king of Orkney, and of Bellicent his wife.” He served as kitchen knave in King Arthur’s hall a twelvemonth and a day, and was nicknamed “Fair-hands” (_Beaumains_). At the end of twelve months he was knighted, and obtained leave to accompany Lynette to the liberation of her sister Lyonors, who was held captive in Castle Perilous by a knight called Death or Mors. The passages to the castle were kept by four brothers, called by Tennyson, Morning Star _or_ Phos´phorus, Noonday Sun _or_ Meridies, Evening Star _or_ Hespĕrus, and Night _or_ Nox, all of whom he overthrew. At length Death leapt from the cleft skull of Night, and prayed the knight not to kill him, seeing that what he did his brothers had made him do. At starting, Lynette treated Gareth with great contumely, but softened to him more and more after each victory, and at last married him.

He that told the tale in olden times Says that Sir Gareth wedded Lyonors; But he that told it later says Lynette. Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ (“Gareth and Lynette”).

_Gareth and Linet´_ is in reality an allegory, a sort of Bunyan’s _Pilgrim’s Progress_, describing the warfare of a Christian from birth to his entrance into glory. The “Bride” lived in Castle Perilous, and was named Lionês; Linet´ represents the “carnal world,” which, like the inhabitants of the City of Destruction, jest and jeer at everything the Christian does. Sir Gareth fought with four knights, keepers of the roads “to Zion” or Castle Perilous, viz., Night, Dawn, Midday, and Evening, meaning the temptations of the four ages of man. Having conquered in all these, he had to encounter the last enemy, which is Death, and then the bride was won—the bride who lived in Castle Perilous or Mount Zion.

⁂ Tennyson, in his version of this beautiful allegory, has fallen into several grave errors, the worst of which is his making Gareth marry Linet instead of the true bride. This is like landing his Pilgrim in the City of Destruction, after having finished his journey and passed the flood. Gareth’s _brother_ was wedded to the world (_i.e._ Linet), but Gareth himself was married to the “true Bride,” who dwelt in Castle Perilous. Another grave error is making Death crave of Gareth not to kill him, as what he did he was compelled to do by his elder brothers. I must confess that this to me is quite past understanding.—See _Notes and Queries_, January 19, February 16, March 16, 1878.

=Gar´gamelle= (3 _syl._), wife of Grangousier and daughter of the Parpaillons. On the day that she gave birth to Gargantua, she ate 16 qrs. 2 bush. 3 pecks and a pipkin of dirt, the mere remains left in the tripe which she had for supper, although the tripe had been cleaned with the utmost care.—Rabelais, _Gargantua_, i. 4 (1533).

⁂ Gargamelle is an allegorical skit on the extravagance of queens, and the dirt is their pin-money.

=Gargan´tua=, son of Grangousier and Gargamelle. It needed 17,913 cows to supply the babe with milk. Like Garagantua (_q.v._), he ate in his salad lettuces as big as walnut trees, in which were lurking six pilgrims from Sebastian. He founded and endowed the abbey of Theleme (2 _syl._), in remembrance of his victory over Picrochole (3 _syl._).—Rabelais, _Gargantua_, i. 7 (1533).

⁂ Of course, Gargantua is an allegorical skit on the allowance accorded to princes for their maintenance.

_Gargantua’s Mare._ This mare was as big as six elephants, and had feet with fingers. On one occasion, going to school, the “boy” hung the bells of Notre Dame de Paris on his mare’s neck, as jingles; but when the Parisians promised to feed his beast for nothing, he restored the peal. This mare had a terrible tail “every whit as big as the steeple of St. Mark’s,” and on one occasion being annoyed by wasps, she switched it about so vigorously that she knocked down all the trees in the vicinity. Gargantua roared with laughter, and cried, “Je trouve beau ce!” where upon the locality was called “Beauce.”—Rabelais, _Gargantua_, i. 16 (1533).

⁂ Of course this “mare” is an allegorical skit on the extravagance of court mistresses, and the “tail” is the suite in attendance on them.

=Gargan´tuan Curriculum=, a course of studies including all languages, all sciences, all the fine arts, with all athletic sports and calisthenic exercises.—Grangousier wrote to his son, saying:

“There should not be a river in the world, no matter how small, thou dost not know the name of, with the nature and habits of all fishes, all fowls of the air, all shrubs and trees, all metals, minerals, gems and precious stones. I would, furthermore, have thee study the Talmudists and Cabalists, and get a perfect knowledge of man, together with every language, ancient and modern, living or dead.”—Rabelais, _Pantag´ruel´_ ii. 8 (1533).

=Gar´gery= (_Mrs. Joe_), Pip’s sister. A virago, who kept her husband and Pip in constant awe.

_Joe Gargery_, a blacksmith, married to Pip’s sister. A noble-hearted simple-minded man who loved Pip sincerely. Though uncouth in manners and ungainly in appearance, Joe Gargery was one of nature’s gentlemen.—C. Dickens, _Great Expectations_ (1860).

=Gargouille= (2 _syl._), the great dragon that lived in the Seine, ravaged Rouen, and was slain by St. Roma´nus in the seventh century.

=Garlic.= The purveyor of the sultan of Casgar says he knew a man who lost his thumbs and great toes from eating garlic. The facts were these: A young man was married to the favorite of Zobeidê, and partook of a dish containing garlic; when he went to his bride, she ordered him to be bound, and cut off his two thumbs and two great toes, for presuming to appear before her without having purified his fingers. Ever after this he always washed his hands 120 times with alkali and soap after partaking of garlic in a ragout.—_Arabian Nights_ (“The Purveyor’s Story”).

=Gar´rat= (_The mayor of_). Garrat is a village between Wandsworth and Tooling. In 1780 the inhabitants associated themselves together to resist any further encroachments on their common, and the chairman was called the _Mayor_. The first “mayor” happened to be chosen on a general election, and so it was decreed that a new mayor should be appointed at each general election. This made excellent capital for electioneering squibs, and some of the greatest wits of the day have ventilated political grievances, gibbeted political characters, and sprinkled holy water with good stout oaken cudgels under the mask of “addresses by the mayors of Garrat.”

_The Mayor of Garrat_, a farce by S. Foote (1762).

=Garrick.= Cool-headed, cool-hearted Federal agent who runs all sorts of dangers to bear into camp dispatches found upon a dead comrade, and marries a woman many degrees too noble for one whose ideals of morality are lower than becomes a man so brave in other matters.—Rebecca Harding Davis, _Waiting for the Verdict_ (1866).

=Garter.= According to legend, Joan, countess of Salisbury, accidentally dropped her garter at a court ball. It was picked up by her royal partner, Edward III., who gallantly diverted the attention of the guests from the lady by binding the blue band round his own knee, saying, as he did so,“Honi soit qui mal y pense.”

The earl’s greatest of all grandmothers Was grander daughter still to that fair dame Whose garter slipped down at the famous ball. Robert Browning, _A Blot on the ’Scutcheon_, i., 3.

=Gartha=, sister of Prince Oswald of Vero´na. When Oswald was slain in single combat by Gondibert (a combat provoked by his own treachery), Gartha used all her efforts to stir up civil war; but Hermegild, a man of great prudence, who loved her, was the author of wiser counsel, and diverted the anger of the camp by a funeral pageant of unusual splendor. As the tale is not finished, the ultimate lot of Gartha is unknown.—Sir William Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

=Garth= (_Sip_), woman of the people, who “puts” everything “honest” to people. Shrewd, deep of heart and almost fierce of will, girding at her limitations, yet profoundly in sympathy with her fellow-sufferers, she becomes a valuable ally to her high-bred friend, Perley Kelso, in her efforts to bring comfort and beauty into the dwellings of the poor.—Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, _The Silent Partner_ (1871).

_Garth_ (_Caleb_), surveyor and land-agent. Excellent man, but better at lending than keeping money.

_Mary Garth_, his daughter; sensible and true woman, with few graces of person and no affectations.—George Eliot, _Middlemarch._

=Gas´abal,= the ’squire of Don Galaor.

Gasabal was a man of such silence that the author names him only once in the course of his voluminous history.—_Don Quixote_, I. iii. 6 (1605).

=Gascoigne= (_Sir William_). Shakespeare says that Prince Henry “struck the chief justice in the open court;” but it does not appear from history that any blow was given. The fact is this:

One of the gay companions of the prince being committed for felony, the prince demanded his release, but Sir William told him the only way of obtaining a release would be to get from the king a free pardon. Prince Henry now tried to rescue the prisoner by force, when the judge ordered him out of court. In a towering fury, the prince flew to the judgment seat, and all thought he was about to slay the judge; but Sir William said very firmly and quietly. “Syr, remember yourselfe. I kepe here the place of the kynge, your sovereigne lorde and father, to whom you owe double obedience; wherefore I charge you in his name to desyste of your wylfulnes.... And nowe for your contempte goo you to the pryson of the Kynges Benche, whereunto I commytte you, and remayne ye there prisoner untyll the pleasure of the kynge be further known.” With which words the prince being abashed, the noble prisoner departed and went to the King’s Bench.—Sir Thomas Elyot, _The Governour_ (1531).

=Gashford=, secretary to Lord George Gordon. A detestable, cruel sneak, who dupes his half-mad master, and leads him to imagine he is upholding a noble cause in plotting against the English Catholics. To wreak vengeance on Geoffrey Haredale, he incites the rioters to burn “The Warren,” where Haredale resided. Gashford commits suicide.—C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

=Gaspar= or Casper (“_the white one_”), one of the three Magi or kings of Cologne. His offering to the infant Jesus was _frankincense_, in token of divinity.

⁂ The other two were Melchior (“king of light”), who offered _gold_, symbolical of royalty; and Balthazar (“lord of treasures”), who offered _myrrh_, to denote that Christ would die. Klopstock, in his _Messiah_, makes the number of the Magi _six_, not one of which names agrees with those of Cologne Cathedral.

=Gaspard=, the steward of Count De Valmont, in whose service he had been for twenty years, and to whom he was most devotedly attached.—W. Dimond, _The Foundling of the Forest_.

=Gas´pero=, secretary of state, in the drama called _The Laws of Candy_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647).

=Gathe´ral= (_Old_), steward to the duke of Buckingham.—Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Gath´erill= (_Old_), bailiff to Sir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak.—Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Gauden´tio di Lucca=, the hero and title of a romance by Simon Berington. He makes a journey to Mezzoramia, an imaginary country in the interior of Africa.

=Gau´difer=, a champion in the romance of _Alexander_.

=Gaudio´sa= (_Lady_), wife of Pelayo; a wise and faithful counsellor, high-minded, brave in danger, and a real helpmate.—Southey, _Roderick, Last of the Goths_ (1814).

=Gaudissart=, the droll French bagman.

=Gaul=, son of Morni of Strumon. He was betrothed to Oith´ona, daughter of Nuäth, but before the day of marriage he was called away by Fingal to attend him on an expedition against the Britons. At the same time Nuäth was at war, and sent for his son Lathmon; so Oithona was left unprotected in her home. Donrommath, lord of Uthal (or Cuthal) seized this opportunity to carry her off, and concealed her in a cave in the desert island of Trom´athon. When Gaul returned to claim his betrothed, he found she was gone, and was told by a vision in the night where she was hidden. Next day, with three followers, Gaul went to Tromathon, and the ravisher coming up, he slew him and cut off his head. Oithona, armed as a combatant, mingled with the fighters and was wounded. Gaul saw what he thought a youth dying, and went to offer assistance, but found it was Oithona, who forthwith expired. Disconsolate, he returns to Dunlathmon, and thence to Morven. Ossian, _Oithona_.

=Gaunt´grim=, the wolf, in Lord Lytton’s _Pilgrims of the Rhine_ (1834).

Bruin is always in the sulks, and Gauntgrim always in a passion.—Ch. xii.

=Gavar´ni=, the pseudonym of Sulpice Paul Chevalier, the great caricaturist of the French _Charivari_ (1803-1896).

=Gavroche= (_2 syl._), type of the Parisian street arab.—Victor Hugo, _Les Misèrables_ (1862).

=Gawain= [_Gaw´’n_], son of King Lot and Morguase (Arthur’s sister). His brothers were Agravain, Ga´heris, and Ga´reth. The traitor Mordred was his half-brother, being the adulterous offspring of Morgause and Prince Arthur. Lot was king of Orkney. Gawain was the second of the fifty knights created by King Arthur; Tor was the first, and was dubbed the same day (pt. i. 48). When the adulterous passion of Sir Launcelot for Queen Guenever came to the knowledge of the king, Sir Gawain insisted that the king’s honor should be upheld. Accordingly, King Arthur went in battle array to Benwicke (_Brittany_), the “realm of Sir Launcelot,” and proclaimed war. Here Sir Gawain fell, according to the prophecy of Merlin, “With this sword shall Launcelot slay the man that in this world he loved the best” (pt. i. 44). In this same battle the king was told that his bastard son Mordred had usurped his throne, so he hastened back with all speed, and in the great battle of the West received his mortal wound (pt. iii. 160-167).—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470).

Of Arthurian knights, Gawain is called the “Courteous,” Sir Kay the “Rude and Boastful,” Mordred the “Treacherous,” Launcelot the “Chivalrous,” Galahad the “Chaste,” Mark the “Dastard,” Sir Palomides (_3 syl._) the “Saracen,” _i.e._ unbaptized, etc.

=Gawky= (_Lord_), Richard Grenville (1711-1770).

=Gaw´rey=, a flying woman, whose wings served the double purpose of flying and dress.—R. Pultock, _Peter Wilkins_ (1750).

=Gay= (_Walter_), in the firm of Dombey and Son; an honest, frank, and ingenuous youth, who loved Florence Dombey, and comforted her in her early troubles. Walter Gay was sent in the merchantman called _The Son and Heir_, as junior partner, to Barbadoes, and survived a shipwreck. After his return from Barbadoes, he married Florence.—C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

=Gayless= (_Charles_), the penniless suitor of Melissa. His valet is Sharp.—Garrick, _The Lying Valet_ (1741).

=Gaylords= (_The_). Village family in good circumstances.

_Squire Gaylord_, shrewd lawyer, with one tender place in his heart—his love for his only child.

_Mrs. Gaylord_, a calvinistic invalid, in awe of her imperious lord.

_Marcia Gaylord_, headstrong village beauty, who elopes with Bartley Hubbard, a newspaper man; goes with him to Boston; shares his capricious fortunes; adores and is madly jealous of him and goes home to nurse her sick mother, without her husband’s consent. He sues for a divorce, prevented by her father’s arrival prepared to give the other side of the question.—W. D. Howells, _A Modern Instance_.

=Gay´ville= (_Lord_), the affianced husband of Miss Alscrip “the heiress,” whom he detests; but he ardently loves Miss Alton, her companion. The former is conceited, overbearing, and vulgar, but very rich; the latter is modest, retiring, and lady-like, but very poor. It turns out that £2000 a year of “the heiress’s” property was entailed on Sir William Charleton’s heirs, and therefore descended to Mr. Clifford in right of his mother. This money Mr. Clifford settles on his sister, Miss Alton (whose real name is Clifford). Sir Clement Flint tears the conveyance, whereby Clifford retains the £2000 a year, and Sir Clement settles the same amount on Lord Gayville, who marries Miss Alton, _alias_ Miss Clifford.

_Lady Emily Gayville_, sister of Lord Gayville. A bright, vivacious, and witty lady, who loves Mr. Clifford. Clifford also greatly loves Lady Emily, but is deterred from proposing to her because he is poor and unequal to her in a social position. It turns out that he comes into £2000 a year in right of his mother, Lady Charlton; and is thus enabled to offer himself to the lady, by whom he is accepted.—General Burgoyne, _The Heiress_ (1781).

=Gayworthys’= (_The_), New England household.

_Dr. Gayworthy._ Excellent man and physician. His heart is bound up in his step-grandson in whose favor he makes a will.

_Johanna and Rebecca Gayworthy_; one round, laughing and fair; the other, slight, brown, delicate, serious-eyed. Each has a lover and each her disappointment and victory.

_Mrs. Vorse_ or “Sister Prue,” step-daughter, a widow with one son—_Gershom_, who is wild for sea-life, and gets it.

_Mrs. Gair_, née Gayworthy; the town-sister, diplomatic and suave. She secretes the doctor’s will and manœuvres Gershom off to sea.

_Sadie, or Say Gair_; upright little girl, who grows into a sound-hearted woman, and brings crooked things straight after many days and much striving, by marrying Gershom.—A.D.T. Whitney, _The Gayworthys_ (1865).

=Gaz´ban=, the black slave of the old fire-worshipper, employed to sacrifice the Mussulmans to be offered on the “mountain of fire.”—_Arabian Nights_ (“Amgiad and Assad”).

=Gazette= (_Sir Gregory_), a man who delights in news, without having the slightest comprehension of politics.—Samuel Foote, _The Knights_.

=Ge´ber=, an Arabian alchemist, born at Thous, in Persia (eighth century). He wrote several treatises on the “art of making gold,” in the usual mystical jargon of the period; and hence our word _gibberish_ (“senseless jargon”).

This art the Arabian Geber taught ... The Elixir of Perpetual Youth. Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_.

=Geddes= (_Joshua_), the quaker.

_Rachael Geddes_, sister of Joshua.

_Philip Geddes_, grandfather of Joshua and Rachael Geddes.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Geierstein= [_Gi´.er.stine_], Arnold, count of.

_Count Albert of Geierstein_, brother of Arnold Biederman, disguised (1) as the black priest of St. Paul’s; (2) as president of the secret tribunal; (3) as monk at Mont St. Victoire.

_Anne of Geierstein_, called “The Maiden of the Mist,” daughter of Count Albert, and baroness of Arnheim.

_Count Heinrich of Geierstein_, grandfather of Count Arnold.

_Count Williewald of Geierstein_, father of Count Arnold.—Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Geislaer= (_Peterkin_), one of the insurgents at Liège [_Le.aje_].—Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Geith= (_George_), a model of untiring industry, perseverance, and moral courage. Undaunted by difficulties, he pursued his onward way, and worked as long as breath was left him.—Mrs. Trafford [Riddell], _George Geith_.

=Gelert=, Llewellyn’s favorite hound. One day, Llewellyn returned from hunting, when Gêlert met him smeared with gore. The chieftain felt alarmed, and instantly went to look for his baby son. He found the cradle overturned, and all around was sprinkled with gore and blood. He called his child, but no voice replied, and thinking the hound had eaten it, he stabbed the animal to the heart. The tumult awoke the baby boy, and on searching more carefully, a huge wolf was found under the bed, quite dead. Gêlert had slain the wolf and saved the child.

And now a gallant tomb they raise, With costly sculpture decked; And marbles, storied with his praise. Poor Gêlert’s bones protect. Hon. W.R. Spencer, _Beth Gêlerts_ (“Gêlerts Grave”).

⁂ This tale, with a slight difference, is common to all parts of the world. It is told in the _Gesta Romanorum_ of Follicŭlus, a knight, but the wolf is a “serpent,” and Folliculus, in repentance, makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In the sanskrit version, given in the _Pantschatantra_ (A.D. 540), the tale is told of the brahmin Devasaman, an “ichneumon” and “black snake” taking the places of the dog and the wolf. In the Arabic version by Nasr-Allah (twelfth century), a “weasel” is substituted for the dog; in the Mongolian _Uligerun_ a “polecat;” in the Persian _Sindibadnâmeh_, a “cat;” and in the _Hitopadesa_ (iv. 3), an “otter.” In the Chinese _Forest of Pearls from the Garden of the Law_, the dog is an “ichneumon,” as in the Indian version (A.D. 668). In Sandabar, and also in the Hebrew version, the tale is told of a dog. A similar tale is told of Czar Piras of Russia; and another occurs in the _Seven Wise Masters_.

=Gel´latly= (_Davie_) idiot servant of the baron of Bradwardine (3 _syl._).

_Old Janet Gellatly_, the idiot’s mother.—Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

⁂ In some editions the word is spelt “Gellatley.”

=Geloi´os.= Silly laughter personified. Geloios is slain by Encra´tês (_temperance_) in the battle of Mansoul. (Greek, _gĕloios_, “facetious”).

=Gem of Normandy=, Emma, daughter of Richard “the Fearless,” duke of Normandy. She first married Ethelred II. of England, and then Canute, but survived both, and died in 1052.

=Gems emblems of the Twelve Apostles.=

ANDREW, the bright blue _sapphire_, emblematic of his heavenly faith.

BARTHOLOMEW, the red _carnelian_, emblematic of his martyrdom.

JAMES, the white _chalcedony_, emblematic of his purity.

JAMES THE LESS, the _topaz_, emblematic of delicacy.

JOHN, the _emerald_, emblematic of his youth and gentleness.

MATTHEW, the _amethyst_, emblematic of sobriety. Matthew was once a “publican,” but was “sobered” by the leaven of Christianity.

MATTHIAS, the _chrysolite_, pure as sunshine.

PETER, the _jasper_, hard and solid as the rock of the Church.

PHILIP, the friendly _sardonyx_.

SIMEON of Cana, the pink _hyacinth_, emblematic of sweet temper.

THADDEUS, the _chrysoprase_, emblematic of serenity and trustfulness.

THOMAS, the _beryl_, indefinite in lustre, emblematic of his doubting faith.

=Gems symbolic of the Months.=

_January_, the jacinth or hyacinth, symbolizing constancy and fidelity.

_February_, the amethyst, symbolizing peace of mind and sobriety.

_March_, the blood-stone or jasper, symbolizing courage and success in dangerous enterprise.

_April_, the sapphire and diamond, symbolizing repentance and innocence.

_May_, the emerald, symbolizing success in love.

_June_, the agate, symbolizing long life and health.

_July_, the carnelian, symbolizing cure of evils resulting from forgetfulness.

_August_, the sardonyx or onyx, symbolizing conjugal felicity.

_September_, the chrysolite, symbolizing preservation from folly, or its cure.

_October_, the aqua-marine, opal, or beryl, symbolizing hope.

_November_, the topaz, symbolizing fidelity and friendship.

_December_, the turquoise or ruby, symbolizing brilliant success.

⁂ Some doubt exists between May and June, July and August. Thus some give the _agate_ to May, and the _emerald_ to June; the _carnelian_ to August, and the _onyx_ to July.

=Gem´ini= (“_the twins_”). Castor and Pollux are the two principal stars of this constellation; the former has a bluish tinge, and the latter a damask red.

As heaven’s high twins, whereof in Tyrian blue The one revolveth; through his course immense Might love his fellow of the damask hue. Jean Ingelow, _Honours_, i.

_Gemini._ Mrs. Browning makes Eve view in the constellation _Gemini_ a symbol of the increase of the human race, and she loved to gaze on it.—E. B. Browning, _A Drama of Exile_ (1850).

=Geneu´ra.= (See GINEURA).

⁂ Queen Guinever or Guenever is sometimes called “Geneura,” or “Genevra.”

=Gene´va Bull= (_The_), Stephen Marshall, a Calvinistic preacher.

=Geneviève= (_St._) the patron saint of Paris, born at Nanterre. She was a shepherdess, but went to Paris when her parents died, and was there during Attila’s invasion (A.D. 451). She told the citizens that God would spare the city, and “her prediction came true.” At another time, she procured food for the Parisians suffering from famine. At her request, Clovis built the church of St. Pierre et St. Paul, afterwards called Ste. Geneviève. Her day is January 3. Her relics are deposited in the Panthèon now called by her name (419-512).

=Genii= or =Ginu=, an intermediate race between angels and men. They ruled on earth before the creation of Adam—D’Herbelot, _Bibliothèque Orientale_, 357 (1697). Also spelt Djinn and Jinn.

⁂ Solomon is supposed to preside over the whole race of genii. This seems to have arisen from a mere confusion of words of somewhat similar sound. The chief of the genii was called a suleyman, which got corrupted into a proper name.

=Genius and Common Sense=, T. Moore says that Common Sense and Genius once went out together on a ramble by moonlight. Common Sense went prosing on his way, arrived home in good time, and went to bed; but Genius, while gazing at the stars, stumbled into a river, and died.

⁂ This story is told of Thalês, the philosopher, by Plato. Chaucer has also an allusion thereto in his _Miller’s Tales_.

So ferde another clerk with ’stronomye: He walkêd in the feeldês for to prye Upon the sterrês, what ther shuld befall, Til he was in a marlê pit i-fall, Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_, (1388).

=Genna´ro= the natural son of Lucrezia di Borgia (daughter of Pope Alexander VI.) before her marriage with Alfonso, duke of Ferra´ra. He was brought up by a Neapolitan fisherman. In early manhood he went to Venice, heard of the scandalous cruelty of Lucrezia, and with the heedless petulance of youth, mutilated the duke’s escutcheon by striking out the B, thus converting Borgia into Orgia (_orgies_). Lucrezia demanded vengeance, and Gennaro was condemned to death by poison. When Lucrezia discovered that the offender was her own son, she gave him an antidote to the poison, and set him free. Not long after this, at a banquet given by Negro´ni Lucrezia revealed herself to Gennaro as his mother, and both expired of poison in the banquet hall.—Donizetti, _Lucrezia di Borgia_ (1834).

=Gennil= (_Ralph_), a veteran in the troop of Sir Hugo de Lacy.—Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Genove´va,= wife of Siegfried, count palatine of Brabant. Being suspected of infidelity, she was driven into the forest of Ardennes, where she gave birth to a son, who was suckled by a white doe. After a time Siegfried discovered his error, and both mother and child were restored to their proper home.—_German Popular Stories._

Tieck and Müller have popularized the tradition, and Raupach has made it the subject of a drama.

=Gentle Shepherd= (_The_), George Grenville. In one of his speeches he exclaimed in the House, “Tell me where!” when Pitt hummed the line of a popular song, “Gentle Shepherd, tell me where!” and the House was convulsed with laughter (1712-1770).

_Gentle Shepherd_ (_The_), the title and chief character of Allan Ramsay’s pastoral (1725).

=Gentleman of Europe= (_The First_), George IV. (1762, 1820-1830).

It was the “first gentleman in Europe” in whose high presence Mrs. Rawdon passed her examination, and took her degree in reputation; so it must be flat disloyalty to doubt her virtue. What a noble appreciation of character must there not have been in Vanity Fair when that august sovereign was invested with the title of _Premier Gentilhomme_ of all Europe!—Thackeray, _Vanity Fair_ (1843).

_Gentleman of Europe_ (_First_), Louis d’Artois.

=Gentleman Smith=, William Smith, actor, noted for his gentlemanly deportment on the stage (1730-1790).

=Geoffrey=, archbishop of York.—Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

_Geoffrey_, the old ostler of John Mengs (inn-keeper at Kirchhoff).—Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Geoffrey Crayon=, the hypothetical name of the author of the _Sketch-Book_ by Washington Irving (1818-1820).

=George= (_Honest_). General Monk, George, duke of Albemarle, was so called by the votaries of Cromwell (1608-1670).

_George_ (_Mr._), a stalwart, handsome, simple-hearted fellow, son of Mrs. Rouncewell, the housekeeper at Chesney Wold. He was very wild as a lad, and ran away from his mother to enlist as a soldier; but on his return to England he opened a shooting-gallery in Leicester Square, London. When Sir Leicester Dedlock, in his old age, fell into trouble, George became his faithful attendant.—C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853).

_George_ (_St._), the patron saint of England. He was born at Lydda, but brought up in Cappadocia, and suffered martyrdom in the reign of Diocletian, April, 23, A.D. 303. Mr. Hogg tells us of a Greek inscription at Ezra, in Syria, dated 346, in which the martyrdom of St. George is referred to. At this date was living George, bishop of Alexandria, with whom Gibbon, in his _Decline and Fall_, has confounded the patron saint of England; but the bishop died in 362, or fifty-nine years after the prince of Cappadocia. (See RED CROSS KNIGHT.)

⁂ Mussulmans revere St. George under the name of “Gherghis.”

_St. George’s Bones_ were taken to the church in the City of Constantine.

_St. George’s Head._ One of his heads was preserved at Rome. Long forgotten, it was rediscovered in 751, and was given in 1600 to the church of Ferrara. Another of his heads was preserved in the church of Mares-Moutier, in Picardy.

_St. George’s Limbs._ One of his arms fell from heaven upon the altar of Pantaleon, at Cologne. Another was preserved in a religious house of Barala, and was transferred thence in the ninth century to Cambray. Part of an arm was presented by Robert of Flanders to the City of Toulouse; another part was given to the abbey of Auchin, and another to the Countess Matilda.

=George and the Dragon= (_St._). St. George, son of Lord Albert of Coventry, was stolen in infancy by “the weird lady of the woods,” who brought the lad up to deeds of arms. His body had three marks; a dragon on the breast, a garter round one of the legs, and a blood-red cross on the right arm. When he grew to manhood, he fought against the Saracens. In Libya he heard of a huge dragon, to which a damsel was daily given for food, and it so happened that when he arrived the victim was Sabra, the king’s daughter. She was already tied to the stake when St. George came up. On came the dragon; but the knight, thrusting his lance into the monster’s mouth, killed it on the spot. Sabra, being brought to England, became the wife of her deliverer, and they lived happily in Coventry till death.—Percy, _Reliques_ III. iii. 2.

_St. George and the Dragon_, on old guinea-pieces, was the design of Pistrucci. It was an adaptation of a didrachm of Tarentum, B.C. 250.

⁂ The encounter between George and the dragon took place at Berytus (_Beyrut_).

The tale of St. George and the dragon is told in the _Golden Legends_ of Jacques de Voragine.—See S. Baring-Gould, _Curious Myths of The Middle Ages_.

=George I. and the duchess of Kendal= (1719). The duchess was a German, whose name was Erangard Melrose de Schulemberg. She was created duchess of Munster, in Ireland, baroness Glastonbury, Countess of Feversham, and duchess of Kendal (died 1743).

=George II.= His favorite was Mary Howard, duchess of Suffolk.

George II., when angry, vented his displeasure by kicking his hat about the room. We are told that Xerxes vented his displeasure at the loss of his bridges by ordering the Hellespont to be fettered, lashed with 300 stripes, and insulted.

=George III., and the Fair Quakeress.= When George III. was about 20 years of age he fell in love with Hannah Lightfoot, daughter of a linen-draper in Market Street, St. James’s. He married her in Kew Church, 1759, but of course the marriage was not recognized. (See LOVERS.)

⁂ The following year (September, 1760), he married the Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Hannah Lightfoot married a Mr. Axford, and passed out of public notice.

=George IV. and Mrs. Mary Robinson=, generally called Perdita. Mary Darby, at the age of 15, married Mr. Robinson, who lived a few months on credit, and was then imprisoned for debt. Mrs. Robinson sought a livelihood on the stage, and George IV., then Prince of Wales and a mere lad, saw her as “Perdita,” fell in love with her, corresponded with her under the assumed name of “Florizel,” and gave her a bond for £20,000, subsequently cancelled for an annuity of £500 (1758-1800).

⁂ George IV. was born 1762, and was only 16 in 1778, when he fell in love with Mrs. Robinson. The young prince suddenly abandoned her, and after two other love affairs, privately married, at Carleton House (in 1785), Mrs. Fitzherbert, a lady of good family, and a widow, seven years his senior. The marriage being contrary to the law, he married the Princess Caroline of Brunswick, in 1795; but still retained his connection with Mrs. Fitzherbert, and added a new favorite, the Countess of Jersey.

=George= [DE LAVAL], a friend of Horace de Brienne (2 _syl._). Having committed forgery, Carlos (_alias_ Marquis d’Antas), being cognizant of it, had him in his power; but Ogarita (_alias_ Martha) obtained the document, and returned it to George.—E. Stirling, _Orphan of the Frozen Sea_ (1856).

=George-a-Green=, the pinner or pound-keeper of Wakefield, one of the chosen favorites of Robin Hood.

Veni Wakefield peramænum, Ubi quærens Georgium Greenum, Non inveni, sed in lignum, Fixim reperi Georgii signum, Ubi allam bibi feram, Donec Georgio fortior eram. _Drunken Barnaby_ (1640).

Once in Wakefield town, so pleasant, Sought I George-a-Green, the peasant; Found him not, but spied instead, sir, On a sign, “The George’s Head,” sir: Valiant grown with ale like nectar. What cared I for George or Hector?

⁂ Robert Green has a drama entitled _George-a-Green, the Pinner of Wakefield_ (1589).

=Georgian Women= (_The_) Allah, wishing to stock his celestial harem, commissioned an imaum to select for him forty of the loveliest women he could find. The imaum journeyed into Frankistan, and from the country of the Ingliz carried off the king’s daughter. From Germany he selected other maidens; but when he arrived at Gori (north-west of Tiflis) he fell in love with one of the beauties, and tarried there. Allah punished him by death, but the maidens remained in Gori, and became the mothers of the most beautiful race of mortals in the whole earth.—_A Legend._

=Georgina [Vesey]=, daughter of Sir John Vesey. Pretty, but vain and frivolous. She loved, as much as her heart was susceptible of such a passion, Sir Frederick Blount, but wavered between her liking and the policy of marrying Alfred Evelyn, a man of great wealth. When she thought the property of Evelyn was insecure, she at once gave her hand to Sir Frederick.—Lord E. Bulwer Lytton, _Money_ (1840).

=Geraint´= (_Sir_) of Devon, one of the knights of the Round Table. He was married to E´nid, only child of Yn´iol. Fearing lest Enid should be tainted by the queen, Sir Geraint left the court, and retired to Devon. Half sleeping and half waking, he overheard part of Enid’s words, and fancying her to be unfaithful to him, treated her for a time with great harshness; but Enid nursed him when he was wounded with such wifely tenderness that he could no longer doubt her fealty, and a complete understanding being established, “they crowned a happy life with a fair death.”—Tennyson, _Idylls of the King_ (“Geraint and Enid”).

=Ger´aldin= (_Lord_), son of the earl of Glenallen. He appears first as William Lovell, and afterwards as Major Neville. He marries Isabella Wardour (daughter of Sir Arthur Wardour).

_Sir Aymer de Geraldin_, an ancestor of Lord Geraldin.—Sir W. Scott, _the Antiquary_ (time, George III.)

=Ger´aldine= (3 _syl._), a young man who comes home from his travels to find his playfellow (who should have been his wife) married to old Wincott, who receives him hospitably as a friend of his father’s, takes delight in hearing tales of his travels, and treats him most kindly. Geraldine and the wife mutually agree not in any wise to wrong so noble and confiding an old gentleman.—John Heywood, _The English Traveller_ (1576-1645).

_Geraldine_ (_Lady_), an orphan, the ward of her uncle Count de Valmont, and the betrothed of Florian (“the foundling of the forest,” and the adopted son of the count). This foundling turns out to be his real son, who had been rescued by his mother and carried into the forest to save him from the hands of Longueville, a desperate villain.—W. Dimond, _The Foundling of the Forest_.

_Geraldine_ (_The Fair_), the lady whose praises are sung by Henry Howard, earl of Surrey. Supposed to be Elizabeth Fitzgerald, daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth earl of Kildare. She married the earl of Lincoln.

=Gerard= (_John_), an English botanist (1545-1607), who compiled the _Catalogus Arborum, Fruticum, et Plantorum, tam Indigenarum quam Exoticarum, in Horto Johanis Gerardi_. Also author of the _Herbal or General History of Plants_ (1597).

Of these most helpful herbs yet tell we but a few, To those unnumbered sorts of simples here that grew... Not skillful Gerard yet shall ever find them all. Drayton, _Polyolbion_ xiii. (1613).

_Gerard_, attendant of Sir Patrick Charteris (provost of Perth).—Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Gerhard the Good=, a merchant of Cologne, who exchanges his rich freight for a cargo of Christian slaves, that he may give them their liberty. He retains only one, who is the wife of William, king of England. She is about to marry the merchant’s son, when the king suddenly appears, disguised as a pilgrim. Gerhard restores the wife, ships both off to England, refuses all recompense, and remains a merchant as before.—Rudolf of Ems (a minnesinger), _Gerhard the Good_ (thirteenth century).

=Ger´ion.= So William Browne, in his _Britannia’s Pastorals_ (fifth song), calls Philip of Spain. The allusion is to Geryon of Gadês (_Cadiz_), a monster with three bodies (or, in other words, a king over three kingdoms) slain by Herculês.

⁂ The three kingdoms over which Philip reigned were Spain, Germany and the Netherlands.

=Gerlinda= or =Girlint=, the mother of Hartmuth, king of Norway. When Hartmuth carried off Gudrun the daughter of Hettel (_Attila_), who refused to marry him, Gerlinda put her to the most menial work, such as washing the dirty linen. But her lover, Herwig, king of Heligoland, invaded Norway, and having gained a complete victory, put Gerlinda to death.—_An Anglo-Saxon Poem_ (thirteenth century).

=German Literature= (_Father of_), Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781).

=Germany=, formerly called Tongres. The name was changed (according to fable) in compliment to Ger´mana, sister of Julius Cæsar, and wife of Salvius Brabon, duke of Brabant.—Jehan de Maire, _Illustrations de Gaule_, iii. 20-23.

Geoffrey of Monmouth says that Ebraucus, one of the descendants of Brute, king of Britain, had twenty sons, all of whom, except the eldest, settled in Tongres which was then called Germany, because it was the land of the _germans_ or brothers.

These germans did subdue all Germany, Of whom it hight. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 10 (1590).

=Geron´imo,= the friend of Sganarelle (3 _syl._). Sganarelle asks him if he would advise his marrying. “How old are you?” asks Geronimo; and being told that he is 63, and the girl under 20, says, “No.” Sganarelle, greatly displeased at his advice, declares he is hale and strong, that he loves the girl, and has promised to marry her. “Then do as you like,” says Geronimo.—Molière, _Le Mariage Force_ (1664).

⁂ This joke is borrowed from Rabelais. Panurge asks Pantagruel whether he advises him to marry. “Yes,” says the prince; whereupon Panurge states several objections. “Then don’t,” says the prince. “But I wish to marry,” says Panurge. “Then do it by all means,” says the prince. Every time the prince advises him to marry, Panurge objects; and every time the prince advises the contrary, the advice is equally unacceptable.—_Pantagruel_, iii. 9 (1545).

=Géronte´= (2 _syl._), father of Léandre and Hyacinthe; a miserly old hunks. He has to pay Scapin £1500 for the “ransom” of Léandre, and after having exhausted every evasion, draws out his purse to pay the money, saying, “The Turk is a villain!” “Yes,” says Scapin. “A rascal!” “Yes,” says Scapin. “A thief!” “Yes,” says Scapin. “He would wring from me £1500! would he?” “Yes,” says Scapin. “Oh, if I catch him, won’t I pay him out?” “Yes,” says Scapin. Then putting his purse back into his pocket, Géronte´ walks off, saying, “Pay the ransom, and bring back the boy.” “But the money; where’s the money?” says Scapin. “Oh, didn’t I give it you?” “No,” says Scapin. “I forgot,” says Géronte, and he pays the money (act ii. 11).—Molière, _Les Fourberies de Scapin_ (1671).

In the English, version called _The Cheats of Scapin_, by Otway, Géronte is called “Gripe” Hyacinthe is called “Clara,” Léandre is Anglicized into “Leander,” and the sum of money borrowed is £200.

_Geronte_ (2 _syl._), the father of Lucinde (2 _syl._). He wanted his daughter to marry Horace, but as she loved Léandre, in order to avoid a marriage she detested she pretended to have lost the power of articulate speech, and only answered, “Han, hi, hon!” “Han, hi, hon, han!” Sganarelle, “le médecin malgré lui,” seeing that this jargon was put on, and ascertaining that Léandre was her lover, introduced him as an apothecary, and the young man soon effected a perfect cure with “pills matrimoniac.”—Molière, _Le Médecin Malgré Lui_ (1666).

=Ger´rard=, king of the beggars, disguised under the name of Clause. He is the father of Florez, the rich merchant of Bruges.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggars’ Bush_ (1622).

=Ger´trude= (2 _syl._), Hamlet’s mother. On the death of her husband, who was king of Denmark, she married Claudius, the late king’s brother. Gertrude was accessory to the murder of her first husband, and Claudius was principal. Claudius prepared poisoned wine, which he intended for Hamlet; but the queen not knowing it was poisoned drank it and died; Hamlet, seeing his mother fall dead, rushed on the king and killed him.—Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596).

⁂ In the _Historie of Hamblett_, Gertrude is called “Geruth.”

_Gertrude_, daughter of Albert, patriarch of Wy´oming. One day an Indian brought to Albert a lad (nine years old) named Henry Waldegrave (2 _syl._), and told the patriarch he had promised the boy’s mother, at her death, to place her son under his care. The lad remained at Wyoming for three years, and was then sent to his friends. When grown to manhood, Henry Waldegrave returned to Wyoming, and married Gertrude; but three months afterwards Brandt, at the head of a mixed army of British and Indians attacked the settlement, and both Albert and Gertrude were shot. Henry Waldegrave then joined the army of Washington, which was fighting for American independence.—Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_ (1809).

_Gertrude._ Brave heroine of Maria S. Cummins’s _Lamplighter_. She raises herself by sheer force of energy and talent from the lowly station in which she was born to a position of highest respectability and influence (1853).

=Gerun´dio= (_Fray_), _i.e._ Friar Gerund, the hero and title of a Spanish romance, by the Jesuit De l’Isla. It is a satire on the absurdities and bad taste of the popular preachers of the time (1758).

=Ge´ryon’s Sons=, the Spaniards; so called from Geryon, an ancient king of Spain, whose oxen were driven off by Her´culês. This task was one of the hero’s “twelve labors.” Milton uses the expression in _Paradise Lost_, xi. 410 (1665).

=Geryon´eo=, a human monster with three bodies. He was of the race of giants, being the son of Geryon, the tyrant who gave all strangers “as food to his kine, the fairest and the fiercest kine alive.” Geryoneo promised to take the young widow Belgê (2 _syl._) under his protection; but it was like the wolf protecting the lamb, for “he gave her children to a dreadful monster to devour.” In her despair she applied to King Arthur for help, and the British king, espousing her cause, soon sent Geryoneo “down to the house of dole.”—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 10, 11 (1596).

⁂ “Geryoneo” is the house of Austria, and Philip of Spain in particular. “King Arthur” is England, and the earl of Leicester in particular. The “Widow Belgê” is the Netherlands; and the monster that devoured her children the inquisition, introduced by the duke of Alva. “Geryoneo” had three bodies, for Philip ruled over three kingdoms—Spain, Germany and the Netherlands. The earl of Leicester, sent in 1585 to the aid of the Netherlands, broke off the yoke of Philip.

=Ges´mas=, the impenitent thief crucified with our Lord. In the apocryphal _Gospel of Nicodemus_, he is called Gestas. The penitent thief was Dismas, Dysmas, Demas, or Dumacus.

Three bodies on three crosses hang supine; Dismas and Gesmas and the power Divine. Dismas seeks heaven, Gesmas his own damnation. The Mid-one seeks our ransom and salvation. _Translation of a Latin Charm._

=Gessler= (_Albrecht_), the brutal and tyrannical governor of Switzerland, appointed by Austria over the three forest cantons. When the people rose in rebellion, Gessler insulted them by hoisting his cap on a pole, and threatening death to any one who refused to bow down to it in reverence. William Tell refused to do so, and was compelled to shoot at an apple placed on the head of his own son. Having dropped an arrow by accident, Gessler demanded why he had brought a second. “To shoot you,” said the intrepid mountaineer, “if I fail in my task.” Gessler then ordered him to be cast into Kusnacht Castle, “a prey to the reptiles that lodged there.” Gessler went in the boat to see the order executed, and as the boat neared land, Tell leapt on shore, pushed back the boat, shot Gessler, and freed his country from Austrian domination.—Rossini, _Guglielmo Tell_ (1829).

=Geta,= according to Sir Walter Scott, the representative of a stock slave and rogue in the new comedy of Greece and Rome (? _Getês_).

The principal character, upon whose devices and ingenuity the whole plot usually turns, is the _Geta_ of the piece—a witty, roguish, insinuating, and malignant slave, the confidant of a wild and extravagant son, whom he aids in his pious endeavors to cheat a suspicious, severe, and griping father.—Sir Walter Scott, _The Drama_.

=Ghengis Khan=, a title assumed by Tamerlane or Timour the Tartar (1336-1405).

=Giaffir= [_Djaf.fir_], pacha of Aby´dos, and father of Zuleika [_Zu.lee´.kah_]. He tells his daughter he intends her to marry the governor of Magne´sia, but Zuleika has given her plight to her cousin Selim. The lovers take to flight; Giaffir pursues and shoots Selim; Zuleika dies of grief; and the father lives on, a broken-hearted old man, calling to the winds, “Where is my daughter?” and echo answers, “Where?”—Byron, _Bride of Abydos_ (1813).

=Giam´schid= [_Jam.shid_], suleyman of the Peris. Having reigned seven hundred years, he thought himself immortal; but God, in punishment, gave him a human form, and sent him to live on earth, where he became a great conqueror, and ruled over both the East and West. The bulwark of the Peris’ abode was composed of green chrysolite, the reflection of which gives to the sky its deep blue-green hue.

Soul beamed forth in every spark That darted from beneath the lid, Bright as the jewel of Giamschid, Byron, _The Giaour_ (1813).

She only wished the amorous monarch had shown more ardor for the carbuncle of Giamschid.—W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1786).

=Giants of Mythology and Fable.= Strabo makes mention of the skeleton of a giant 60 cubits in height. Pliny tells us of another 46 cubits. Boccaccio describes the body of a giant from bones discovered in a cave near Trapani, in Sicily, 200 cubits in length. One tooth of this “giant” weighed 200 ounces; but Kircher says the tooth and bones were those of a mastodon.

AC´AMAS, one of the Cyclops.—_Greek Fable._

ADAMASTOR, the giant Spirit of the Cape. His lips were black, teeth blue, eyes shot with livid fire, and voice louder than thunder.—Camoëns, _Lusiad_, v.

ÆGÆON, the hundred-handed giant. One of the Titans.—_Greek Fable._

AG´ROIS, one of the giants called Titans. He was killed by the Parcæ.—_Greek Fable._

ALCYONEUS [_Al´.sĭ.ŏ.nuce_] or AL´CION, brother of Porphyrĭon. He stole some of the Sun’s oxen, and Jupiter sent Herculês against him, but he was unable to prevail, for immediately the giant touched the earth he received fresh vigor. Pallas, seizing him, carried him beyond the moon, and he died. His seven daughters were turned into halcyons, or kingfishers.—Apollonios of Rhodes, _Argonautic Expedition_, i. 6.

AL´GEBAR´. The giant Orīon is so called by the Arabs.

ALIFANFARON or ALIPHARNON, emperor of Trapoban.—_Don Quixote._

ALOE´OS, (4 _syl._), son of Titan and Terra.—_Greek Fable_.

ALOI´DES (4 _syl._), sons of Alēĕus (4 _syl._), named Otos and Ephialtês (_q.v._).

AM´ERANT, a cruel giant slain by Guy of Warwick.—Percy, _Reliques_.

ANGOULAFFRE, the Saracen giant. He was 12 cubits high, his face measured 3 feet in breadth, his nose was 9 inches long, his arms and legs 6 feet. He had the strength of thirty men, and his mace was the solid trunk of an oak tree, 300 years old. The tower of Pisa lost its perpendicularity by the weight of this giant leaning against it to rest himself. He was slain in single combat by Roland, at Fronsac.—L’Epine, _Croquemitaine_.

ANTÆOS, 60 cubits (85 feet) in height.—Plutarch.

ARGES (2 _syl._), one of the Cyclops.—_Greek Fable._

ASCHAPART, a giant 30 feet high, and with 12 inches between his eyes. Slain by Sir Bevis of Southampton.—_British Fable._

ATLAS, the giant of the Atlas Mountains, who carries the world on his back. A book of maps is called an “atlas” from this giant.—_Greek Fable_.

BALAN, “bravest and strongest of the giant race.”—_Amădis of Gaul_.

BELLE, famous for his three leaps, which gave names to the places called Wanlip, Burstall, and Bellegrave.—_British Fable_.

BELLE´RUS, the giant from whom Cornwall derived its name “Bellerium.”—_British Fable_. Milton: Lycidas.

BLUNDERBORE (3 _syl._), the giant who was drowned because Jack scuttled his boat.—_Jack the Giant-killer_.

BRIARE´OS (4 _syl._), a giant with a hundred hands. One of the Titans.—_Greek Fable_.

BROBDINGNAG, a country of giants, to whom an ordinary-sized man was “not half so big as a round little worm pricked from the lazy finger of a maid.”—Swift, _Gulliver’s Travels_.

BRONTES (2 _syl._), one of the Cyclops.—_Greek Fable_.

BURLONG, a giant mentioned in the romance of _Sir Tryamour_.

CACUS, of Mount Aventine, who dragged the oxen of Hereculês into his cave tail foremost.—_Greek Fable_.

CALIG´ORANT, the Egyptian giant, who entrapped travellers with an invisible net.—Ariosto.

CARACULIAMBO, the giant that Don Quixote intended should kneel at the foot of Dulcin´ea.—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_.

CEUS or CŒUS, son of Heaven and Earth. He married Phœbê, and was the father of Latōna.—_Greek Fable_.

CHALBROTH, the stem of all the giant race.—Rabelais, _Pantagruel_.

CHRISTOPHERUS, or ST. CHRISTOPHER, the giant who carried Christ across a ford, and was well-nigh borne down with the “child’s” ever-increasing weight.—_Christian Legend_.

CLYTIOUS, one of the giants who made war upon the gods. Vulcan killed him with a red-hot iron mace.—_Greek Fable_.

COLBRAND, the Danish giant slain by Guy of Warwick.—_British Fable_.

CORFLAMBO, a giant who was always attended by a dwarf.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iv. 8.

CORMORAN´, the Cornish giant who fell into a pit twenty feet deep, dug by Jack and filmed over with a thin layer of grass and gravel.—_Jack the Giant-killer_.

CORMORANT, a giant discomfited by Sir Brian.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, vi. 4.

COULIN, the British giant pursued by Debon, and killed by falling into a deep chasm.—_British Fable_.

CYCLOPS, giants with only one eye, and that in the middle of the forhead. They lived in Sicily, and were blacksmiths.—_Greek Fable_.

DESPAIR, of Doubting Castle, who found Christian and Hopeful asleep on his grounds, and thrust them into a dungeon. He evilly entreated them, but they made their escape by the key “Promise.”—Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, i.

DONDASCH, a giant contemporary with Seth. “There were giants in the earth in those days.”—_Oriental Fable_.

ENCEL´ADOS, “most powerful of the giant race.” Overwhelmed under Mount Etna.—_Greek Fable_.

EPHIALTES (4 _syl_.), a giant who grew nine inches every month.—_Greek Fable_.

ERIX, son of Goliah [_si_.] and grandson of Atlas. He invented legerdemain.—Duchat, _Œuvres de Rabelais_ (1711).

EU´RYTOS, one of the giants that made war with the gods. Bacchus killed him with his thyrsus.—_Greek Fable_.

FERRACUTE, a giant 36 feet in height, with the strength of forty men.—_Turpin’s Chronicle_.

FERRAGUS, a Portuguese giant.—_Valentine and Orson_.

FIERABRAS, of Alexandria, “the greatest giant that ever walked the earth.”—_Mediæval Romance_.

FION, son of Comnal, an enormous giant, who could place his feet on two mountains, and then stoop and drink from a stream in the valley between.—_Gaelic Legend_.

FIORGWYN, the gigantic father of Frigga.—_Scandinavian Mythology_.

FRACASSUS, father of Ferrăgus, and son of Morgantê.

Primus erat quidam Fracassus prole gigantis, Cujus stirps olim Morganto venit ab illo. Qui bacchioconem campanæ ferre solebat, Cum quo mille hominum colpos fracasset in uno Merlin Cocaius [_i.e._ Théophile Folengo], _Histoire Macaronique_ (1606).

GABBARA, the father of Goliah [_sic_] of Secondille, and inventor of the custom of drinking healths.—Duchat, _Œuvres de Rabelais_ (1711).

GALAPAS, the giant slain by King Arthur.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_.

GALLIGANTUS, the giant who lived with Hocus-Pocus the conjuror.—_Jack the Giant-killer_.

GARAGANTUA, same as Gargantua (_q.v._).

GARGANTUA, a giant so large that it required 900 ells of linen for the _body_ of his shirt, and 200 more for the _gussets_; 406 ells of velvet for his shoes, and 1100 cow-hides for their soles. His toothpick was an elephant’s tusk, and 17,913 cows were required to give him milk. This was the giant who swallowed five pilgrims, with their staves, in a salad.—Rabelais, _Gargantua_.

GEMMAGOG, son of the giant Oromedon, and inventor of Poulan shoes, _i.e._ shoes with a spur behind, and turned-up toes fastened to the knees. These shoes were forbidden by Charles V. of France, in 1365, but the fashion revived again.—Duchat, _Œuvres de Rabelais_ (1711).

GERYON´EO, a giant with three bodies [_Philip II. of Spain_].—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 11.

GIRALDA, the giantess. A statue of victory on the top of an old Moorish tower in Seville.

GODMER, son of Albion, a British giant slain by Canu´tus, one of the companions of Brute.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 10.

GOEM´AGOT, the Cornish giant who wrestled with Cori´neus (3 _syl._), and was hurled over a rock into the sea. The place where he fell was called “Lam Goëmagot.”—Geoffrey, _British History_.

GOGMAGOG, king of the giant race of Albion when Brute colonized the island. He was slain by Cori´neus. The two statues of Guildhall represent Gogmagog and Corineus. The giant carries a pole-axe and spiked balls. This is the same as Goëmagot.

GRANGOUSIA, the giant king of Utopia.—Rabelais, _Pantagruel_.

GRANTORTO, the giant who withheld the inheritance of Ire´na.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v.

GRIM, the giant slain by Greatheart, because he tried to stop pilgrims on their way to the Celestial City.—Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, ii.

GRUM´BO, the giant up whose sleeve Tom Thumb crept. The giant, thinking some insect had crawled up his sleeve, gave it a shake, and Tom fell into the sea, when a fish swallowed him.—_Tom Thumb_.

GYGES, who had fifty heads and a hundred hands. He was one of the Titans.—_Greek Fable_.

HAPMOUCHE, the giant “fly-catcher.” He invented the drying and smoking of neats’ tongues.—Duchat, _Œuvres de Rabelais_ (1711).

HIPPOL´YTOS, one of the giants who made war with the gods. He was killed by Hermês.—_Greek Fable_.

HRASVELG, the giant who keeps watch over the Tree of Life, and devours the dead.—_Scandinavian Mythology_.

HURTALI, a giant in the time of the Flood. He was too large of stature to get into the ark, and therefore rode straddle-legs on the roof. He perpetuated the giant race. Atlas was his grandson.

INDRACITTRAN, a famous giant of Indian mythology.

JOTUN, the giant of Jötunheim or Giant-land, in Scandinavian story.

JULIANCE, a giant of Arthurian romance.

KIFRI, the giant of atheism and infidelity.

KOTTOS, a giant with a hundred hands. One of the Titans.—_Greek Fable_.

MALAMBRU´NO, the giant who shut up Antonoma´sia and her husband in the tomb of the deceased queen of Candaya.—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iii. 45.

MARGUTTE (3 _syl._), a giant 10 feet high, who died of laughter when he saw a monkey pulling on his boots.—Pulci, _Morgante Maggiore_.

MAUGYS, the giant warder with whom Sir Lybius does battle.—_Libeaux_.

MAUL, the giant of sophistry, killed by Greatheart, who pierced him under the fifth rib.—Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, ii.

MONT-ROGNON, one of Charlemagne’s paladins.

MORGANTE (3 _syl._), a ferocious giant, who died by the bite of a crab.—Pulci, _Morgante Maggiore_.

MUGILLO, a giant famous for his mace with six balls.

OFFERUS, the pagan name of St. Christopher, whose body was 12 ells in height.—_Christian Legend_.

OGIAS, an antediluvain giant, mentioned in the apocrypha condemned by Pope Gelasius I. (492-496).

ORGOGLIO, a giant thrice the height of an ordinary man. He takes captive the Red Cross Knight, but is slain by King Arthur.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i.

ORI´ON, a giant hunter, noted for his beauty. He was slain by Diana, and made a constellation.—_Greek Fable_.

OTOS, a giant, brother of Ephialtês. They both grew nine inches every month. According to Pliny, he was 46 cubits (66 feet) in height.—_Greek Fable_.

PALLAS, one of the giants called Titans. Minerva flayed him, and used his skin for armor; hence she was called Pallas Minerva.—_Greek Fable_.

PANTAG´RUEL, son of Gargantua, and last of the race of giants.

POLYBO´TES (4 _syl._), one of the giants who fought against the gods. The sea-god pursued him to the island of Cos, and, tearing away a part of the island, threw it on him and buried him beneath the mass.—_Greek Fable_.

POLYPHE´MOS, king of the Cyclops. His skeleton was found at Trapa´ni, in Sicily, in the fourteenth century, by which it is calculated that his height was 300 feet.—_Greek Fable_.

PORPHYR´ION, one of the giants who made war with the gods. He hurled the island of Delos against Zeus; but Zeus, with the aid of Herculês, overcame him.—_Greek Fable_.

PYRAC´MON, one of the Cyclops.—_Greek Fable_.

RITHO, the giant who commanded King Arthur to send his beard to complete the lining of a robe.—_Arthurian Romance_.

SLAY-GOOD, a giant slain by Greatheart. Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, ii.

STER´OPES (3 _syl._), one of the Cyclops.—_Greek Fable_.

TARTARO, the Cyclops of Basque legendary lore.

TEUTOBOCH´US, a king, whose remains were discovered in 1613, near the river Rhone. His tomb was 30 feet long.—Mazurier, _Histoire Véritable du Géant Teutobochus_ (1618).

THAON, one of the giants who made war with the gods. He was killed by the Parcæ.—Hesiod, _Theogony_.

TITANS, a race of giants.—_Greek Fable_.

TIT´YOS, a giant whose body covered nine acres of land. He tried to defile Latōna, but Apollo cast him into Tartarus, where a vulture fed on his liver, which grew again as fast as it was devoured.—_Greek Fable_.

TYPHŒUS, a giant with a hundred heads, fearful eyes, and most terrible voice. He was the father of the Harpies. Zeus [Jupiter] killed him with a thunderbolt, and he lies buried under Mount Etna.—Hesiod, _Theogony_.

TYPHON, son of Typhœus, a giant with a hundred heads. He was so tall that he touched heaven with his head. His offspring were Gorgon, Geryon, Cerberos, and the hydra of Lernê. He lies buried under Mount Etna.—Homer, _Hymns_.

WIDENOSTRILS, a huge giant, who lived on windmills, and died from eating a lump of fresh butter.—Rabelais, _Pantagruel_ iv. 17.

YOHAK, the giant guardian of the caves of Babylon.—Southey, _Talaba_, v.

⁂ Those who wish to pursue this subject further, should consult the notes of Duchat, bk. ii. 1 of his _Œuvres de Rabelais_.

=Giants in Real Life.=

ANAK, father of the Anakim. The Hebrew spies said they themselves were mere grasshoppers in comparison to these giants.—_Josh._ xv. 14; _Judges_ i. 20; _Numb._ xiii. 33.

ANAK, 7 feet 8 inches at the age of 26. Exhibited in London, 1862-5. Born at Ramonchamp, in the Vosges (1 _syl._), 1840. His real name was Joseph Brice.

ANDRON´ICUS II., 10 feet. Grandson of Alexius Comnēnus. Nicetas asserts that he had seen him.

BAMFORD (_Edward_), 7 feet 4 inches. Died in 1768, and was buried in St. Dunstan’s Churchyard.

BATES (_Captain_), 7 feet 11 inches; of Kentucky. Exhibited in London, 1871.

BLACKER (_Henry_), 7 feet 4 inches, and most symmetrical. Born at Cuckfield, Sussex, in 1724. Generally called “The British Giant.”

BRADLEY, 7 feet 8 inches at death. Born at Market Weighton, in Yorkshire. His right hand is preserved in the museum of the College of Surgeons (1798-1820).

BRICE (_Joseph_), 7 feet 8 inches. His hand could span 15½ inches.

BUSBY (_John_), 7 feet 9 inches; of Darfield. His brother was about the same height.

CHANG-WOO-GOO, 7 feet 6 inches; of Fychou. The Chinese giant. Exhibited in London, 1865-6.

CHARLEMAGNE, 8 feet nearly. He could squeeze together three horse-shoes at once with his hands.

COTTER (_Patrick_), 8 feet 7½ inches. The Irish giant. A cast of his hand is preserved in the museum of the College of Surgeons (died 1802).

ELEA´ZER, 7 cubits (10 feet 6 inches). The Jewish giant mentioned by Josephus. He lived in the reign of Vitellius.

ELEIZEGUE (_Joachim_), 7 feet 10 inches. The Spanish giant. Exhibited in London.

EVANS (_William_), 8 feet at death. Porter to Charles I. (died 1632).

FRANK (_Big_), 7 feet 8 inches; weight 22 stone; girth round the chest, 58 inches. He was an Irishman, whose name was Francis Sheridan (died 1870).

FRENZ (_Louis_), 7 feet 4 inches. The French giant.

GABARA, 9 feet 9 inches. An Arabian giant. Pliny says he was the tallest man seen in the days of Claudius.

GILLY, 8 feet. A Swede; exhibited as a show in the early part of the nineteenth century.

GOLI´ATH, 6 cubits and a span (? 9 feet 4 inches).—1 _Sam._ xvii. 4, etc. His “brother” was also a giant.—2 _Sam._ xxi. 19; 1 _Chron._ xx. 5.

GORDON (_Alice_), 7 feet. An Essex giantess (died 1737).

HALE (_Robert_), 7 feet 6 inches; born at Somerton. Generally called “The Norfolk Giant” (1820-1862).

HAR´DRADA (_Harold_), “5 ells of Norway in height” (nearly 8 feet). The Norway giant.

LA PIERRE, 7 feet 1 inch; of Stratgard, in Denmark.

LOUIS, 7 feet 4 inches. The French giant. His left hand is preserved in the museum of the College of Surgeons.

LOUSHKIN, 8 feet 5 inches. The Russian giant, and drum-major of the Imperial Guards.

M’DONALD (_James_), 7 feet 6 inches; of Cork (died 1760).

M’DONALD (_Samuel_), 6 feet 10 inches. A Scotchman; usually called “Big Sam” (died 1802).

MAGRATH (_Cornelius_), 7 feet 8 inches. He was an orphan, reared by Bishop Berkley, and died at the age of 20 (1740-1760).

MAXIMI´NUS, 8 feet 6 inches. The Roman emperor (235-238).

MELLON (_Edmund_), 7 feet 6 inches. Born at Port Leicester, Ireland (1665-1684).

MIDDLETON (_John_), 9 feet 3 inches. “His hand was 17 inches long, and 8½ inches broad.” He was born at Hale, in Lancashire, in the reign of James I.—Dr. Plott, _History of Staffordshire_.

MILLER (_Maximilian Christopher_), 8 feet. His hand measured 12 inches, and his fore-finger 9 inches long. The Saxon giant. Died in London (1674-1734).

MURPHY, 8 feet 10 inches. An Irish giant, contemporary with O’Brien. Died at Marseilles.

O’BRIEN or _Charles Byrne_, 8 feet 4 inches. The Irish giant. His skeleton is preserved in the museum of the College of Surgeons (1761-1783).

OG, king of Bashan. “His bed was 9 cubits by 4 cubits” (? 13½ feet by 6 feet).—_Deut._ iii. 11.

⁂ The Great Bed of Ware is 12 feet by 12 feet.

OSEN (_Heinrich_), 7 feet 6 inches; weight, 300 lbs. or 37-1/4 stone. Born in Norway.

PORUS, an Indian king who fought against Alexander near the river Hydaspês (B.C. 327). He was a giant “5 cubits in height” [7½ feet], with strength in proportion.—Quintus Curtius, _De rebus gestis Alexandri Magni_.

RIECHART (_J. H._), 8 feet 3 inches, of Friedberg. His father and mother were both giants.

SALMERON (_Martin_), 7 feet 4 inches. A Mexican.

SAM (_Big_), 6 feet 10 inches. (See “M’Donald.”)

SHERIDAN (_Francis_), 7 feet 8 inches. (See “Frank.”)

SWAN (_Miss Anne Hanen_), 7 feet 11 inches; of Nova Scotia.

⁂ In 1682, a giant 7 feet 7 inches was exhibited in Dublin. A Swede 8 feet 6 inches was in the body-guard of a king of Prussia. A human skeleton 8 feet 6 inches is preserved in the museum of Trinity College, Dublin.

Becanus says he had seen a man nearly 10 feet high, and a woman fully 10 feet. Gasper Bauhin speaks of a Swiss 8 feet in height. Del Rio says he saw a Piedmontes in 1572 more than 9 feet in stature. C.S.F. Warren, M.A., says (in _Notes and Queries_, August 14, 1875) that his father knew a lady 9 feet high; “her head touched the ceiling of a good-sized room.” Vanderbrook says he saw a black man, at Congo, 9 feet high.

=Giant of Literature=, Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1783).

=Giant’s Leap= (_Lam Goëmagot_) or “Goëmagot’s Leap.” Now called Haw, near Plymouth. The legend is that Cori´neus (3 _syl._) wrestled with Goëmagot, king of the Albion giants, heaved the monster on his shoulder, carried him to the top of a high rock, and cast him into the sea.

At the beginning of the encounter, Corineus and the giant, standing front to front, held each other strongly in their arms, and panted aloud for breath; but Goëmagot presently grasping Croineus with all his might, broke three of his ribs, two on the right side and one on his left. Corineus, highly enraged, roused up his whole strength, snatched up the giant, ran with him on his shoulders to the neighboring cliff, and heaved him into the sea.... The place where he fell is called Lam Goëmagot to this day.—Geoffrey, _British History_, i. 16 (1142).

=Giaour= [_djow´.er_]. Byron’s tale called _The Giaour_ is supposed to be told by a Turkish fisherman who had been employed all the day in the gulf of Ægi´na, and landed his boat at night-fall on the Piræ´us, now called the harbor of Port Leonê. He was eye-witness of all the incidents, and in one of them a principal agent (see line 352: “I hear the sound of coming feet....”). The tale is this: Leilah, the beautiful concubine of the Caliph Hasson, falls in love with a giaour, flees from the seraglio, is overtaken by an emir, put to death, and cast into the sea. The giaour cleaves Hassan’s skull, flees for his life, and becomes a monk. Six years afterwards he tells his history to his father confessor on his death-bed, and prays him to “lay his body with the humblest dead, and not even to inscribe his name on his tomb.” Accordingly, he is called “the Giaour,” and is known by no other name (1813).

=Giauha´re= (4 _syl._), daughter of the king of Saman´dal, the mightiest of the undersea empires. When her father was made captive by king Saleh, she emerged for safety to a desert island, where she met Bed´er, the young king of Persia, who proposed to make her his wife; but Griauharê “spat on him,” and changed him “into a white bird with red beak and red legs.” The bird was sold to a certain king, and, being disenchanted, resumed the human form. After several marvellous adventures, Beder again met the under-sea princess, proposed to her again, and she became his wife and queen of Persia.—_Arabian Nights_ (“Beder and Griauharê”).

=Gibbet=, a foot-pad and a convict, who “left his country for his country’s good.” He piqued himself on being “the best-behaved man on the road.”

’Twas for the good of my country I should be abroad.—George Farquhar, _The Beaux’ Stratagem_, iii. 3 (1707).

I thought it rather odd ... and said to myself, as Gibbet said when he heard that Aimwell had gone to church, “That looks suspicious.”—James Smith.

_Gibbet_ (Master), secretary to Martin Joshua Bletson (parliamentary commissioner).—Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

=Gib´bie= (_Guse_), a half-witted lad in the service of Lady Bellenden.—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

Like Goose Gibbie of famous memory, he first kept the turkeys, and then, as his years advanced, was promoted to the more important office of minding the cows.—Keightley.

=Gibby=, a Scotch Highlander in attendance on Colonel Briton. He marries Inis, the waiting-woman of Isabella.—Mrs. Centlivre, _The Wonder_ (1714).

=Gibou=, (_Madame_), a type of feminine vulgarity. A hard-headed, keen-witted, coarsely clever, and pragmatical _maîtresse femme_, who believes in nothing but a good digestion and money in the Funds.—Henri Monnier, _Scènes Populaires_ (1852.)

Mde. Pochet and Mde. Gibou are the French “Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris.”

=Gibson= (_Janet_), a young dependent on Mrs. Margaret Bertram of Singleside.—Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Gifford= (_John_). This pseudonym has been adopted by three authors: (1) John Richards Green, _Blackstone’s Commentaries Abridged_, 1823; (2) Edward Foss, _An Abridgment of Blackstone’s Commentaries_ (1821); (3) Alexander Whellier, _The English Lawyer_.

_Gifford_ (_William_), author of _The Baviad_, a poetical satire, which annihilated the Delia Crusca school of poets (1794). In 1796, Gifford published _The Mœviad_, to expose the low state of dramatic authorship.

He was a man with whom I had no literary sympathies.... He had, however, a heart full of kindness for all living creatures except authors: _them_ he regarded as a fishmonger regards eels, or as Izaak Walton did worms.—Southey.

=Giggleswick Fountain= ebbs and flows eight times a day. The tale is that Giggleswick was once a nymph living with the Oreads on Mount Craven. A satyr chanced to see her, and resolved to win her; but Giggleswick fled to escape her pursuer, and praying to the “topic gods” (the local genii), was converted into a fountain, which still pants with fear. The tale is told by Drayton, in his _Polyolbion_, xxviii. (1622).

=Gilbert=, butler to Sir Patrick Charteris, provost of Perth.—Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

_Gilbert_ (_Miss_), an ambitious girl with a taste for literary celebrity. She writes one book which is a slight success, another which “takes.” Petted from her childhood, and spoiled by the tolerable measure of adulation she receives subsequently, she needs the discipline of mortification and schooling to tone her down to what an originally fine nature was designed to become. She becomes the happy wife of a self-made man who has done his work well.—Josiah Gilbert Holland, _Miss Gilbert’s Career_ (1859).

_Gilbert_ (_Sir_), noted for the sanative virtue of his sword and cere-cloth. Sir Launcelot touched the wounds of Sir Meliot with Sir Gilbert’s sword and wiped them with a cere-cloth, and “anon a wholer man was he never in all his life”—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 116 (1470).

=Gilbert with the White Hand=, one of the companions of Robin Hood, mentioned often in _The Lyttell Geste of Robyn Hode_ (fytte v. and vii.).

Thair saw I Maitlaind upon auld Beird Gray Robene Hude and Gilbert “with the quhite hand,” Quhom Hay of Nauchton slew in Madin-land. _Scottish Poems_, i. 122.

=Gil´bertscleugh=, cousin to Lady Margaret Bellenden.—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

=Gil Blas=, son of Blas of Santilla´ne, ’squire or “escudero” to a lady, and brought up by his uncle, Canon Gil Perês. Gil Blas went to Dr. Godinez’s school, of Oviedo [_O.ve.á.do._] and obtained the reputation of being a great scholar. He had fair abilities, a kind heart, and good inclinations, but was easily led astray by his vanity. Full of wit and humor, but lax in his morals. Duped by others at first, he afterwards played the same devices on those less experienced. As he grew in years, however, his conduct improved, and when his fortune was made he became an honest, steady man.—Lesage, _Gil Blas_ (1715).

(Lesage has borrowed largely from the romance of Espinel, called _Vida del Escudero Marcos de Obregon_ (1618), from which he has taken his prologue, the adventure of the parasite (bk. i. 2), the dispersion of the company of Cacabelos by the muleteer (bk. i. 3),the incident of the robber’s cave (bk. i. 4, 5), the surprise by the corsairs, the contributions levied by Don Raphael and Ambrose (bk. i. 15, 16), the service with the duke of Lerma, the character of Sangrado (called by Espinel _Sagredo_), and even the reply of Don Matthias de Silva when asked to fight a duel early in the morning, “As I never rise before one, even for a party of pleasure, it is unreasonable to expect that I should rise at six to have my throat cut,” bk. iii. 8.)

=Gilda=, beautiful daughter of the jester, Rigoletto. She is beloved by his master, the duke, who abducts her, Rigoletto conniving at the deed under the impression that the wife of his enemy occupies the chamber given without his knowledge to Gilda.—Verdi, _Rigoletto_.

=Gildas de Ruys= (_St._) near Vannes, in France. This monastery was founded in the sixth century, by St. Gildas, “The Wise” (516-565).

For some of us knew a thing or two In the abbey of St. Gildas de Ruys. Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_.

=Gil´deroy=, a famous robber. There were two of the name, both handsome Scotchmen, both robbers and both were hanged. One lived in the seventeenth century and “had the honor” of robbing Cardinal Richelieu and Oliver Cromwell. The other was born in Roslin, in the eighteenth century, and was executed in Edinburgh for “stealing sheep, horses and oxen.” In the Percy _Reliques_, I. iii. 12, is the lament of Gilderoy’s widow at the execution of her “handsome” and “winsome” Gilderoy; and Campbell has a ballad on the same subject. Both are entitled “Gilderoy,” and refer to the latter robber; but in Thomson’s _Orpheus Caledonius_, ii, is a copy of the older ballad.

⁂ Thomson’s ballad places Gilderoy in the reign of Mary, “queen of Scots,” but this is not consistent with the tradition of his robbing Richelieu and Cromwell. We want a third Gilderoy for the reign of Queen Mary—one living in the sixteenth century.

=Gilding a Boy.= A naked boy was gilded all over, to adorn a pageant when Leo X. was made Pope, and died of suffocation.—Vasari, _Life of Puntormo_.

=Gildip´pe= (3 _syl._) wife of Edward, an English baron, who accompanied her husband to Jerusalem, and performed prodigies of valor in the war (bk. ix.). Both she and her husband were slain by Solyman (bk. xx.).—Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

=Giles=, a farmer in love with Patty, “the maid of the mill” and promised to him by her father; but Patty refuses to marry him. Ultimately, “the maid of the mill” marries Lord Aimworth. Giles is a blunt, well-meaning, working farmer, with no education, no refinement, no notion of the amenities of social life.—Bickerstaff, _The Maid of the Mill_.

_Giles_ (1 _syl._), serving-boy to Claud Halcro.—Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time William III.).

_Giles_ (1 _syl._), warder of the Tower.—Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

_Giles_ (1 _syl._), jailer of Sir Reginald Front de Bœuf.—Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

_Giles (Will)_, apprentice of Gibbie Girder, the cooper at Wolf’s Hope village.—Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time,f William III.).

_Giles_, the “farmer’s boy,” “meek, fatherless, and poor,” the hero of Robert Bloomfield’s principal poem, which is divided into “Spring,” “Summer,” “Autumn,” and “Winter” (1798).

=Giles of Antwerp=, Giles Coignet, the painter (1530-1600).

=Gillfillan= (_Habakkuk_), called “Gifted Gilfillan,” a Camero´nian officer and enthusiast.—Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Gill= (_Harry_), a farmer, who forbade old Goody Blake to carry home a few sticks, which she had picked up from his land, to light a wee-bit fire to warm herself by. Old Goody Blake cursed him for his meanness, saying he should never from that moment cease from shivering with cold; and, sure enough, from that hour, a-bed or up, summer or winter, at home or abroad, his teeth went “chatter, chatter, chatter still.” Clothing was of no use, fires of no avail, for, spite of all, he muttered, “Poor Harry Gill is very cold.”—Wordsworth, _Goody Blake and Harry Gill_ (1798).

_Gill_ (_Mrs. Peter_). Bustling matron with a genius for innovation. She conducts her household affairs according to sanitary and sanatory principles; discovers that condiments are pernicious and that beans are excellent for the complexion; is bent upon a water-cure, and finds out and invents so many “must bes” and “don’ts” as to ruin the comfort of husband and children.—Robert B. Roosevelt, _Progressive Petticoats_ (1874).

=Gil´lamore= (3 _syl._) or =Guillamur=, king of Ireland, being slain in battle by Arthur, Ireland was added by the conqueror to his own dominions.

How Gillamore again to Ireland he pursued ... And having slain the king, the country waste he laid. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).

=Gil´lian=, landlady of Don John and Don Frederic.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Chances_ (1620).

_Gillian (Dame)_, tirewoman to Lady Eveline, and wife of Raoul the huntsman.—Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Gilliflowers.= A nosegay of these flowers was given by the fairy Amazo´na to Carpil´lona in her flight. The virtue of this nosegay was, that so long as the princess had it about her person, those who knew her before would not recognize her.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Princess Carpillona,” 1682).

=Gills= (_Solomon_), ship’s instrument maker. A slow, thoughtful old man, uncle of Walter Gay, who was in the house of Mr. Dombey, merchant. Gills was very proud of his stock-in-trade, but never seemed to sell anything.—C. Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ (1846).

=Gilpin= (_John_), a linen-draper and train-band captain, living in London. His wife said to him, “Though we have been married twenty years, we have taken no holiday;” and at her advice the well-to-do linen-draper agreed to make a family party, and dine at the Bell, at Edmonton. Mrs. Gilpin, her sister, and four children went in the chaise, and Gilpin promised to follow on horseback. As madam had left the wine behind, Gilpin girded it in two stone bottles to his belt, and started on his way. The horse, being fresh, began to trot, and then to gallop; and John, being a bad rider, grasped the mane with both his hands. On went the horse, off flew John Gilpin’s cloak, together with his hat and wig. The dogs barked, the children screamed, the turnpike men (thinking he was riding for a wager) flung open their gates. He flew through Edmonton, and never stopped till he reached Ware, when his friend the calender gave him welcome, and asked him to dismount. Gilpin, however, declined, saying his wife would be expecting him. So the calender furnished him with another hat and wig, and Gilpin harked back again, when similar disasters occurred, till the horse stopped at his house in London.—W. Cowper, _John Gilpin_ (1786).

⁂ John Gilpin was a Mr. Beyer, of Paternoster Row, who died in 1791, and it was Lady Austin who told the anecdote to the poet. The marriage adventure of Commodore Trunnion in _Peregrine Pickle_ is a similar adventure.

=Gines de Passamonte=, one of the galley-slaves set free by Don Quixote. Gines had written a history of his life and adventures. After being liberated, the slaves set upon the knight; they assaulted him with stones, robbed him and Sancho of everything they valued, broke to pieces “Mambrino’s helmet,” and then made off with all possible speed, taking Sancho’s ass with them. After a time the ass was recovered (pt. I. iv. 3).

“Hark ye, friend,” said the galley-slave, “Gines is my name, and Passamonte the title of my family.”—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iii. 8 (1605).

⁂ This Gines re-appears in pt. II. ii. 7 as “Peter the showman,” who exhibits the story of “Melisendra and Don Gayferos.” The helmet also is presented whole and sound at the inn, where it becomes a matter of dispute whether it is a basin or a helmet.

=Gineura=, the troth-plight bride of Ariodantês, falsely accused of infidelity, and doomed to die unless she found within a month a champion to do battle for her honor. The duke who accused her felt confident that no champion would appear, but on the day appointed Ariodantês himself entered the lists. The duke was slain, the lady vindicated, and the champion became Gineura’s husband.—Arisoto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

Shakespeare, in _Much Ado about Nothing_, makes Hero falsely accused of infidelity, through the malice of Don John, who induces Margaret (the lady’s attendant) to give Borachio a rendezvous at the lady’s chamber window. While this was going on, Claudio, the betrothed lover of Hero, was brought to a spot where he might witness the scene, and, believing Margaret to be Hero, was so indignant, that next day at the altar he denounced Hero as unworthy of his love. Benedict challenged Claudio for slander, but the combat was prevented by the arrest and confession of Borachio. Don John, finding his villainy exposed, fled to Messina.

Spencer has introduced a similar story in his _Faëry Queen_, v. 11 (the tale of “Irena,” _q.v._).

=Gin´evra=, the young Italian bride who, playing hide-and-seek, hid herself in a large trunk. The lid accidentally fell down, and was held fast by a spring-lock. Many years afterwards the trunk was sold and the skeleton discovered.—Rogers, _Italy_ (1792).

T. Haynes Bayley wrote a ballad called _The Mistletoe Bough_, on the same tradition. He calls the bridegroom “young Lovell.”

A similar narrative is given by Collet, in his _Causes Célèbres_.

Marwell Old Hall, once the residence of the Seymours, and subsequently of the Dacre family, has a similar tradition attached to it, and “the very chest is now the property of the Rev. J. Haygarth, rector of Upham.”—_Post-Office Directory_.

Bramshall, Hampshire, has a similar tale and chest.

The same tale is also told of the great house at Malsanger, near Basingstoke.

=Gingerbread= (_Giles_), the hero of an English nursery tale.

_Jack the Giant-killer_, _Giles Gingerbread_, and _Tom Thumb_ will flourish in wide-spreading and never-ceasing popularity.—Washington Irving.

=Ginn or Jân= (singular _masculine_ Jinnee, _feminine_ Jinniyeh), a species of beings created long before Adam. They were formed of “smokeless fire” or fire of the simoom, and were governed by monarchs named suleyman, the last of whom was Jân-ibn-Jân or Gian-ben-Gian, who “built the pyramids of Egypt.” Prophets were sent to convert them, but on their persistent disobedience, an army of angels drove them from the earth. Among the Ginn was one named Aza´zel. When Adam was created, and God commanded the angels to worship him, Azazel refused, saying, “Why should the spirits of fire worship a creature made of earth?” Whereupon God changed him into a devil, and called him Iblis or Eblis (“despair”). Spelt also Djinn.

=Gi´ona=, a leader of the anabaptists, once a servant of Comte d’Oberthal, but discharged from his service for theft. He joined the rebellion of the anabaptists, but, with the rest of the conspirators, betrayed the “prophet-king,” John of Leyden, when the emperor arrived with his army.—Meyerbeer, _Le Prophète_ (1849).

=Giovan´ni= (_Don_), a Spanish libertine of the aristocratic class. His valet, Leporello, says, “He had 700 mistresses in Italy, 800 in Germany, 91 in France and Turkey, and 1003 in Spain.” When the measure of his iniquity was full, a legion of foul fiends carried him off to the devouring gulf.—Mozart’s opera, _Don Giovanni_ (1787).

(The libretto of this opera is by Lorenzo da Ponte).

⁂ The origin of this character was Don Juan Teno´rio, of Seville, who lived in the fourteenth century. The traditions concerning him were dramatized by Tirso de Mo´lina; thence passed into Italy and France. Glück has a musical ballad called _Don Juan_ (1765); Molière, a comedy on the same subject (1665); and Thomas Corneille (brother of the _Grand Corneille_) brought out, in 1673, a comedy on the same subject, called _Le Festin de Pierre_, which is the second title of Molière’s _Don Juan_. Goldoni, called “The Italian Molière,” has also a comedy on the same favorite hero.

=Gipsey=, the favorite greyhound of Charles I.

One evening his [_Charles I._] dog scraping at the door, he commanded me [_Sir Philip Warwick_] to let in Gipsey.—_Memoirs_, 329.

=Gypsey Ring=, a flat gold ring, with stones _let into it_, at given distances. So called because the stones were originally Egyptian pebbles—that is, agate and jasper.

⁂ The tale is, that the gypsies are wanderers because they refused to shelter the Virgin and Child in their flight into Egypt.—Aventinus, _Annales Boiorum_, viii.

=Giralda= of Seville, called by the Knight of the Mirrors a giantess, whose body was of brass, and who, without ever shifting her place, was the most unsteady and changeable female in the world. In fact, this Giralda was no other than the brazen statue on a steeple in Seville, serving for a weathercock.

“I fixed the changeable Giralda ... I obliged her to stand still; for during the space of a whole week no wind blew but from the north.”—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. i. 14 (1615).

=Girder= (_Gibbie_, _i.e._ Gilbert), the cooper at Wolf’s Hope village.

_Jean Girder_, wife of the cooper.—Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

=Girdle= (_Armi´da’s_), a cestus worn by Armi´da, which, like that of Venus, possessed the magical charm of provoking irresistible love.—Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

_Girdle_ (_Flor´imel’s_), the prize of a grand tournament, in which Sir Sat´yrane (3 _syl._), Sir Brianor, Sir Sanglier, Sir Artĕgal, Sir Cambel, Sir Tri´amond, Brit´omart, and others took part. It was accidentally dropped by Florimel in her flight (bk. iii. 7, 31), picked up by Sir Satyrane, and employed by him for binding the monster which frightened Florimel to flight, but afterwards came again into Sir Satyrane’s possession, when he placed it for safety in a golden coffer. It was a gorgeous girdle, made by Vulcan for Venus, and embossed with pearls and precious stones; but its chief merit was

It gave the virtue of chaste love And wifehood true to all that it did bear; But whosoever contrary doth prove, Might not the same about her middle wear, But it would loose, or else asunder tear. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. 7 (1590).

_Girdle_ (_Venus’s_), a girdle on which was embroidered the passions, desires, joys, and pains of love. It was usually called a cestus, which means “embroidered,” and was worn lower down than the cin´gulum or matron’s girdle, but higher up than the zone or maiden’s girdle. It was said to possess the magical power of exciting love. Homer describes it thus:

In this was every art, and every charm, To win the wisest, and the coldest warm; Fond love, the gentle vow, the gay desire, The kind deceit, the still reviving fire, Persuasive speech, and more persuasive sighs, Silence that spoke, and eloquence of eyes. Pope, _Iliad_, xiv.

=Girdle of Opakka=, foresight and prudence.

“The girdle of Opakka, with which Kifri the enchanter is endued, what is it,” said Shemshelnar, “but foresight and prudence—the best ‘girdle’ for the sultans of the earth?”—Sir G. Morell [_i.e_. J. Ridley], _Tales of the Genii_ (“History of Mahoud,” tale vii., 1751).

=Girdles=, impressed with mystical characters, were bound with certain ceremonies round women in gestation, to accelerate the birth and alleviate the pains of labor. It was a Druid custom, observed by the Gaels, and continued in practice till quite modern times.

Aldo offered to give Erragon “a hundred steeds, children of the rein; a hundred hawks with fluttering wing, ... and a hundred girdles to bind high-bosomed maids, friends of the births of heroes.”—Ossian, _The Battle of Lora._

=Girnington= (_The laird of_), previously Frank Hayston, laird of Bucklaw, the bridegroom of Lucy Ashton. He is found wounded by his bride on the wedding night, recovers and leaves the country; but the bride goes mad and dies.—Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

=Giulia= (_Donna_), suspected wife of Don Alonzo in Richard Mansfield’s play _Don Juan_. She becomes the fast friend of the youthful lovers, although forced by her husband’s brutality to decoy Juan into the trap set for him by Alonzo (1891).

=Gjallar=, Heimdall’s horn, which he blows to give the gods notice when any one approaches the bridge Bifröst.—_Scandinavian Mythology_.

=Gladiator= (_The Dying_). This famous statue, found at Nettuno (the ancient _Antium_), was the work of Agasĭas, a sculptor of Ephesus.

=Glads´moor= (_Mr._), almoner of the earl of Glenallan, at Glenallan House.—Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Glamorgan=, according to British fable, is _gla_ or _glyn_ Morgan (valley or glen of Morgan). Cundah´ and Morgan (says Spenser) were sons of Goneril and Regan, the two elder daughters of King Leyr. Cundah chased Morgan into Wales, and slew him in the glen which perpetuates his name.

Then gan the bloody brethren both to raine: But fierce Cundah gan shortly to envy His brother Morgan ... Raisd warre, and him in batteill overthrew; Whence as he to those woody hilles did fly, Which hight of him Gla-morgan, there him slew. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 10, 33 (1590).

This is not quite in accordance with Geoffrey’s account:

Some restless spirits ... inspired Margan with vain conceits, ... who marched with an army through Cunedagius’s country, and began to burn all before him; but he was met by Cunedagius, with all his forces, who attacked Margan ... and, putting him to flight, ... killed him in a town of Kambria, which since his death has been called Margan to this day.—_British History_, ii. 15 (1142).

=Glasgow= (_The Bishop of_).—Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_, xix. (time, Henry I.).

=Glasgow Arms=, an oak tree with a bird above it, and a bell hanging from one of the branches; at the foot of the tree a salmon with a ring in its mouth. The legend is that St. Kentigern built the city and hung a bell in an oak tree to summon the men to work. This accounts for the “oak and bell.” Now for the rest: A Scottish queen, having formed an illicit attachment to a soldier, presented her paramour with a ring, the gift of her royal husband. This coming to the knowledge of the king, he contrived to abstract it from the soldier while he was asleep, threw it into the Clyde, and then asked his queen to show it him. The queen, in great alarm, ran to St. Kentigern, and confessed her crime. The father confessor went to the Clyde, drew out a salmon with the ring in its mouth, handed it to the queen, and by this means both prevented a scandal and reformed the repentant lady.

A similar legend is told of Dame Rebecca Berry, wife of Thomas Elton of Stratford Bow, and relict of Sir John Berry, 1696. She is the heroine of the ballad called _The Cruel Knight_. The story runs thus: A knight, passing by a cottage, heard the cries of a woman in labor. By his knowledge of the occult sciences, he knew that the infant was doomed to be his future wife; but he determined to elude his destiny. When the child was of a marriageable age, he took her to the seaside, intending to drown her, but relented, and, throwing a ring into the sea, commanded her never to see his face again, upon pain of death, till she brought back that ring with her. The damsel now went as cook to a noble family, and one day, as she was preparing a cod-fish for dinner, she found the ring in the fish, took it to the knight, and thus became the bride of Sir John Berry. The Berry arms show a fish, and in the dexter chief a ring.

=Glass= (_Mrs._), a tobacconist, in London, who befriended Jeanie Deans while she sojourned in town, whither she had come to crave pardon from the queen for Effie Deans, her half-sister, lying under sentence of death for the murder of her infant born before wedlock.—Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

=Glass Armor.= When Cherry went to encounter the dragon that guarded the singing apple, he arrayed himself in glass armor, which reflected objects like a mirror. Consequently, when the monster came against him, seeing its reflection in every part of the armor, it fancied hundreds of dragons were coming against it, and ran away in alarm into a cave, which Cherry instantly closed up, and thus became master of the situation.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Princess Fairstar,” 1682).

=Glasse= (_Mrs._), author of a cookery-book immortalized by the saying, “First catch [_skin_] your hair, then cook it.” Mrs. Glasse is the _nom de plume_ of Dr. John Hill (1716-1775).

=Glas´tonbury=, in Arthurian romance, was the burial place of King Arthur. Selden, in his _Illustrations of Drayton_, gives an account of Arthur’s tomb “betwixt two pillars,” and says that “Henry II. gave command to Henry de Bois (then abbot of Glastonbury) to make great search for the body of the British king, which was found in a wooden coffin some 16 foote deepe, and afterwards they found a stone on whose lower side was fixed a leaden cross with the name inscribed.”

_Glastonbury Thorn._ The legend is that Joseph of Arimatheēa stuck his staff into the ground in “the sacred isle of Glastonbury,” and that this thorn blossoms “on Christmas Day” every year. St. Joseph was buried at Glastonbury.

Not great Arthur’s tomb, nor holy Joseph’s grave, From sacrilege had power their sacred bones to save ... [_Here_] trees in winter bloom and bear their summer’s green. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iii. (1612).

=Glatisant=, the questing beast. It had the head of a serpent, the body of a libbard, buttocks of a lion, foot of a hart, and in its body “there was a noise like that of thirty couple of hounds questing” (_i.e._ in full cry). Sir Palomi´dês the Saracen was forever following this beast.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, ii. 52, 53, 149 (1470).

=Glau´ce= (2 _syl._), nurse of the Princess Brit´omart. She tried by charms to “undo” her lady’s love for Sir Artegal, “but love that is in gentle heart begun, no idle charm can remove.” Finding her sorcery useless, she took the princess to consult Merlin, and Merlin told her that by marrying Artegal she would found a race of kings from which would arise “a royal virgin that shall shake the power of Spain.” The two now started in quest of the knight, but in time got separated. Glaucê became “the squire” of Sir Scu´damore, but re-appears (bk. iii. 12) after the combat between Britomart and Artegal, reconciles the combatants, and the princess consents “to be the love of Artegal, and to take him for her lord” (bk. iv. 5, 6).—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_ (1590, 1596).

=Glaucus=, accomplished young Athenian, whose house in Pompeii is a marvel of beauty and taste. He loves Ione, and is beloved by Nydia, the blind flower-girl. He is rescued from a terrible fate in the ampitheatre by the eruption of Vesuvius, escapes from the city, guided by Nydia, and weds Ione.—E. L. Bulwer, _Last Days of Pompeii_ (1834).

_Glaucus_, a fisherman of Boæ´tia. He observed that all the fish which he laid on the grass received fresh vigor, and immediately leaped into the sea. This grass had been planted by Kronos, and when Glaucus tasted it, he also leaped into the sea, and became a prophetic marine deity. Once a year he visited all the coasts of Greece, to utter his predictions. Glaucus is the sailors’ patron deity.

[_By_] old soothsaying Glaucus’ spell. Milton, _Comus_, 874 (1634).

As Glaucus, when he tasted of the herb That made him peer among the ocean gods. Dante, _Paradise_, i. (1311).

_Glaucus_, son of Hippolytus. Being smothered in a tub of honey, he was restored to life by [a] dragon given him by Escula´pios (probably a medicine so called.)—Apollodorus, _Bibliotheca_, 23.

_Glaucus_, of Chios, inventor of the art of soldering metal. Pausanias, _Itinerary of Greece._

_A second Glaucus_, one who ruins himself by horses. This refers to Glaucus, son of Sis´yphos, who was killed by his horses. Some say he was trampled to death by them, and some that he was eaten by them.

_Glauci et Diomēdis permutatio_, a very foolish exchange. Homer (_Iliad_, vi.) tells us that Glaucus changed his golden armor for the iron one of Diomēdês. The French say, _C’est le troc de Glaucus et de Diomede_. This Glaucus was the grandson of Bellerophon. (In Greek, “Glaukos.”)

=Glegg= (_Mrs._),one of the Dodson sisters in George Eliot’s _Mill on the Floss_, and the least amiable. When displeased or thwarted she takes to her bed, reads _Baxter’s Saints’ Rest_, and lives on water-gruel.

=Glenallan= (_Joscelind, dowager countess of_), whose funeral takes place by torchlight in the Catholic chapel.

_The earl of Glenallan_, son of the dowager countess.—Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Glenalvon=, heir of Lord Randolph. When young Norval, the son of Lady Randolph, makes his unexpected appearance, Glenalvon sees in him a rival, whom he hates. He pretends to Lord Randolph that the young man is a suitor of Lady Randolph’s, and, having excited the passion of jealousy, contrives to bring his lordship to a place where he witnesses their endearments. A fight ensues, in which Norval slays Glenalvon, but is himself slain by Lord Randolph, who then discovers too late that the supposed suitor was his wife’s son.—Home, _Douglas_ (1757).

=Glencoe= (2 _syl._), the scene of the massacre of M’Ian and thirty-eight of his glenmen, in 1692. All Jacobites were commanded to submit to William III. by the end of December, 1691. M’Ian was detained by a heavy fall of snow, and Sir John Dalrymple, the master of Stair, sent Captain Campbell to make an example of “the rebel.”

⁂ Talfourd has a drama entitled _Glencoe, or the Fall of the M’Donalds_.

=Glendale= (_Sir Richard_), a papist conspirator with Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Glendin´ning= (_Elspeth_) or ELSPETH BRYDONE (2 _syl._), widow of Simon Glendinning, of the Tower of Glendearg.

_Halbert_ and _Edward Glendinning_, sons of Elspeth Glendinning.—Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

_Glendinning (Sir Halbert)_, the knight of Avenel, husband of Lady Mary of Avenel (2 _syl._).—Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Glendoveer´=, plu. _Glendoveers_, the most beautiful of the good spirits of Hindû mythology.

... the glendoveers. The loveliest of all of heavenly birth. Southey, _Curse of Kehama_, vi, 2 (1809.)

=Glendow´er= (_Owen_), a Welsh nobleman, descended from Llewellyn (last of the Welsh kings). Sir Edmund Mortimer married one of his daughters. Shakespeare makes him a wizard, but very highly accomplished.—Shakespeare, 1 _Henry IV_. (1597).

=Glengar´ry.= So M’Donald of Glengarry (who gave in his adhesion to William III.) is generally called.

=Glenpro´sing= (_The old lady_), a neighbor of old Jasper Yellowley.—Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

=Glenthorn= (_Lord_), the hero of Miss Edgeworth’s novel called _Ennui_. Spoiled by indolence and bad education, he succeeds, by a course of self-discipline, in curing his mental and moral faults, and in becoming a useful member of society (1809).

The history of Lord Glenthorn affords a striking picture of _ennui_, and contains some excellent delineations of character.—Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 569.

=Glenvar´loch= (_Lord_), or Nigel Olifaunt, the hero of Scott’s novel called _The Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

=Glinter=, the palace of Foresti “the peace-maker,” son of Balder. It was raised on pillars of gold, and had a silver roof.

=Gloria´na=, “the greatest glorious queen of Faëry-land.”

By Gloriana I mean [_true_] Glory in my general intention, but in my particular I conceive the most excellent and glorious person of our sovereign the queen [_Elizabeth_], and her kingdom is Faerye-land.—Spenser, _Introduction to The Faëry Queen_ (1590).

=Glorious John=, John Dryden (1631-1701).

=Glorious Preacher= (_The_), St. John Chrysostom (i.e. _John Goldenmouth_, 354-407).

=Glory= (_Old_), Sir Francis Burdett (1770-1844).

_Glory_ (_Mc Whirk_). Irish girl rescued from wretched dependence by a benevolent woman, and made at home in a comfortable dwelling. She has a big, warm heart that yearns over everything helpless and hurt, and, whereas, in her childhood, she mourned over “the good times” she was “not in,” she comes to rejoice constantly in the blessed truth that she is “in” them all.—A.D.T. Whitney, _Faith Gartney’s Girlhood_ (1863).

=Glossin= (_Mr. Gilbert_), a lawyer, who purchases the Ellangowan estate, and is convicted by Counsellor Pleydell of kidnapping Henry Bertram, the heir. Both Glossin and Dirk Hatteraick, his accomplice, are sent to prison, and in the night Hatteraick first strangles the lawyer and then hangs himself.—Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Gloucester= (_The duke of_), brother of Charles II.—Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

_Gloucester (Richard, duke of)_, in the court of King Edward IV.—Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.)

_Gloucester, (The earl of)_, in the court of King Henry II.—Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Glover= (_Simon_), the old glover of Perth, and father of the “fair maid.”

_Catharine Glover_, “the fair maid of Perth,” daughter of Simon the glover, and subsequently bride of Henry Smith the armorer.—Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

_Glover (Heins)_, the betrothed of Trudchen [_i.e. Gertrude_] Pavillon, daughter of the syndic’s wife.—Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Glowrowrum= (_The old lady_), a friend of Magnus Troil.—Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

=Glück=, a German musical composer, greatly patronized by Marie Antoinette. Young France set up against him the Italian Piccini. Between 1774 and 1780 every street, coffee-house, school and drawing-room in Paris canvassed the merits of these two composers, not on the score of their respective talents, but as the representatives of the German and Italian schools of music. The partisans of the German school were called Glückists, and those of the Italian school Piccinists.

Est-ce Glück, est-ce Puccini, Que doit couronner Polymnie? Donc entre Glück et Puccini Tout le Parnasse est désuni. L’un soutient ce que l’autre nie, Et Clio veut battre Uranie, Pour moi, qui crains toute manie, Plus irrésolu que Babouc N’épeusant Piccini ni Glück, Je n’y connais rien: ergo Glück.

⁂ A similar contest raged in England between the Bononcinists and Handelists. The prince of Wales was the leader of the Handel or German party, and the duke of Marlborough of the Bononcini or Italian school. (See TWEEDLEDUM.)

=Glumdalca=, queen of the giants, captive in the court of King Arthur. The king cast love-glances at her, and made Queen Dollallolla jealous; but the giantess loved Lord Grizzle, and Lord Grizzle loved the Princess Huncamunca, and Huncamunca loved the valiant Tom Thumb.—_Tom Thumb_, by Fielding the novelist (1730), altered by O’Hara, author of _Midas_ (1778).

=Glum-dal´clitch=, a girl nine years old “and only forty feet high.” Being such a “little thing,” the charge of Gulliver was committed to her during his sojourn in Brobdingnag.—Swift, _Gulliver’s Travels_.

Soon as Glumdalclitch missed her pleasing care, She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her hair. Pope.

=Glumms=, the male population of the imaginary country Nosmnbdsgrsutt, visited by Peter Wilkins. The Glumms, like the females, called gawreys (_q.v._), had wings, which served both for flying and dress—R. Pultock, _Peter Wilkins_ (1750).

=Glutton= (_The_), Vitellius, the Roman emperor (born a.d. 15, reigned 69, died 69). Visiting the field after the battle of Bedriac, in Gaul, he exclaimed, “The body of a dead enemy is a delightful perfume.”

⁂ Charles IX. of France, when he went in grand procession to visit the gibbet on which Admiral Coligny was hanging, had the wretched heartlessness to exclaim, in doggerel verse;

Fragrance sweeter than the rose Rises from our slaughtered foes.

_Glutton (The)_, Gabius Apicius, who lived during the reign of Tiberius. He spent £800,000 on the luxuries of the table, and when only £80,000 of his large fortune remained, he hanged himself, thinking death preferable to “starvation on such a miserable pittance.”

=Glynn= (_The Marshes of_). Title of a poem by Sidney Lanier, descriptive of a marsh on the Southern coast.

The creeks overflow; a thousand riverlets run Twixt the roots of the sod; the blades of the marsh-grass stir, Passeth a hurrying sound of wings that westward whir; Passeth, and all is still, and the currents cease to run, And the sea and the marsh are one. Poems, by Sidney Lanier (1884).

=Gna=, the messenger of Frigga.—_Scandinavian Mythology._

=Goats.= _The Pleiades_ are called in Spain _The Seven Little Goats_.

So it happened that we passed close to the Seven Little Goats.—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iii. 5 (1615).

⁂ Sancho Panza affirmed that two of the goats were of a green color, two carnation, two blue, and one motley; “but,” he adds, “no he-goat or cuckold ever passes beyond the horns of the moon.”

=Goatsnose=, a prophet, born deaf and dumb, who uttered his predictions by signs.—Rabelais, _Pantag´ruel_, iii. 20 (1545).

=Gobbo= (_Old_), the father of Launcelot. He was stone blind.

_Launcelot Gobbo_, son of Old Gobbo. He left the service of Shylock the Jew for that of Bassa´nio, a Christian. Launcelot Gobbo is one of the famous clowns of Shakespeare.—Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_ (1698).

=Gob´ilyve= (_Godfrey_), the assumed name of False Report. He is described as a dwarf, with great head, large brows, hollow eyes, crooked nose, hairy cheeks, a pied beard, hanging lips, and black teeth. His neck was short, his shoulders awry, his breast fat, his arms long, his legs “kewed,” and he rode “brigge-a-bragge on a little nag.” He told Sir Graunde Amoure he was wandering over the world to find a virtuous wife, but hitherto without success. Lady Correction met the party, and commanded Gobilyve (3 _syl._) to be severely beaten for a lying varlet.—Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-tyme of Plesure_, xxix., xxxi., xxxii. (1515).

=Gobseck=, a grasping money-lender, the hero and title of one of Balzac’s novels.

=God.=

_Full of the god_, full of wine, partly intoxicated.

_God made the country, and man made the town._—Cowper’s _Task_ (“The Sofa”). Varro, in his _De Re Rustica_, has: “Divina Natura agros dedit, ars humana ædificavit urbes.”

_God sides with the strongest._ Napoleon I. said, “Le bon Dieu est toujours du coté des gros bataillons.” Julius Cæsar made the same remark.

=Godam=, a nickname applied by the French to the English, in allusion to a once popular oath.

=Godfrey= (_de Bouillon_), the chosen chief of the allied crusaders, who went to wrest Jerusalem from the hands of the Saracens. He was calm, circumspect, prudent, and brave. Godfrey despised “worldly empire, wealth, and fame.”—Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_ (1575).

_Godfrey_ (_Sir Edmondbury_), a magistrate killed by the papists. He was very active in laying bare their nefarious schemes, and his body was found pierced with his own sword, in 1678.—Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

⁂ Dryden calls Sir Edmondbury “Agag,” and Dr. Titus Otes he calls “Corah.”

Corah might for Agag’s murder call, In terms as coarse as Samuel used to Saul. _Absalom and Achitophel_, i. (1681).

_Godfrey_ (_Miss_), an heiress, daughter of an Indian governor.—Sam. Foote, _The Liar_ (1761).

=God´inez= (_Doctor_), a schoolmaster, “the most expert flogger in Oviedo” [_Ov.e.a.´do_]. He taught Gil Blas, and “in six years his worthy pupil understood a little Greek, and was a tolerable Latin scholar.”—Lesage, _Gil Blas_, i. (1716).

=Godi´va= or =Godgifu=, wife of Earl Leofric. The tale is that she begged her husband to remit a certain tax which oppressed the people of Coventry. Leofric said he would do so only on one condition—that she would ride naked through the city at midday. So the lady gave orders that all people should shut up their windows and doors; and she rode naked through the town, and delivered the people from the tax. The tale further says that all the people did as the lady bade them except Peeping Tom, who looked out, and was struck blind.

⁂ This legend is told at length by Drayton in his _Polyolbion_, xiii. (1613).

=Godless Florins=, English two-shilling pieces issued by Shiel when master of the mint. He was a Roman Catholic, and left out F.D. (_defender of the faith_) from the legend. They were issued and called in the same year (1849).

=Godmanchester Hogs and Huntingdon Sturgeon.=

During a very high flood in the meadows between Huntingdon and Godmanchester, something was seen floating, which the Godmanchester people thought was a black hog, and the Huntingdon folk declared was a sturgeon. When rescued from the waters, it proved to be a young donkey.—Lord Braybrooke (Pepys, _Diary_, May 22, 1667).

=Godmer=, a British giant, son of Albion, slain by Canu´tus, one of the companions of Brute.

Those three monstrous stones... Which that huge son of hideous Albion, Great Godmer, threw in fierce contention At bold Canutus; but of him was slain. Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 10 (1590).

=Goëmot= or =Goëmagot=, a British giant, twelve cubits high, and of such prodigious strength that he could pull up a full-grown oak at one tug. Same as Gogmagog (_q.v._).

On a certain day, when Brutus was holding a solemn festival to the gods ... this giant, with twenty more of his companions, came in upon the Britons, among whom he made a dreadful slaughter; but the Britons at last ... killed them every one but Goëmagot ... him Brutus preserved alive, out of a desire to see a combat between the giant and Corineus, who took delight in such encounters.... Corineus carried him to the top of a high rock, and tossed him into the sea.—Geoffrey, _British History_, i. 16 (1142).

_Goëmagot’s Leap_, or “Lam Goemagot,” now called Haw, near Plymouth; the place where the giant fell when Corin’eus (3 _syl._) tossed him down the craggy rocks, by which he was mangled to pieces.—Geoffrey, _British History_, i. 16 (1142).

⁂ Southey calls the word _Lan-gœ-mā-gog_. (See GOGMAGOG).

=Goer´vyl=, sister of Prince Madoc, and daughter of Owen, late king of North Wales. She accompanied her brother to America, and formed one of the colony of Caer-madoc, south of the Missouri (twelfth century).—Southey, _Madoc_ (1805).

=Goetz von Berlichingen=, or _Gottfried of the Iron Hand_, a famous German burgrave, who lost his right hand at the siege of Landshut. The iron hand which replaced the one he had lost is still shown at Jaxthausen, the place of his birth. Gottfried took a prominent part in the wars of independence against the electors of Brandenberg and Bavaria, in the sixteenth century (1480-1562).

⁂ Goethe has made this the title and subject of an historical drama.

=Goffe= (_Captain_), captain of the pirate vessel.—Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

=Gog=, according to _Ezek._ xxxviii., xxxix., was “prince of Magog”, (a country or people). Calmet says Camby´sês, king of Persia, is meant; but others think Antiochus Epiph´anês is alluded to.

_Gog_, in _Rev._ xx. 7-9, means Antichrist. Gog and Magog, in conjunction, mean all princes of the earth who are enemies of the Christian Church.

⁂ Sale says Gog is a Turkish tribe.—_Al Korân_, xviii. note.

=Gog and Magog.= Prester John in his letter to Manuel Comnēnus, emperor of Constantinople, speaks of Gog and Magog as two separate nations tributary to him. These, with thirteen others, he says, are now shut up behind inaccessible mountains, but at the end of the world they will be let loose, and overrun the whole earth.—Albericus Trium Fontium, _Chronicles_ (1242).

Sale tells us that Gog and Magog are called by the Arabs “Yajui” and “Ma-jûj,” which are two nations or tribes descended from Japhet, son of Noah. Gog, according to some authorities, is a Turkish tribe; and Magog is the tribe called “Gilân” by Ptolemy, and “Geli” or “Gelæ” by Strabo.—_Al Korân_, xviii. note.

Respecting the re-appearance of Gog and Magog, the _Korân_ says: “They [_the dead_] shall not return ... till Gog and Magog have a passage opened for them, and they [_the dead_] shall hasten from every high hill,” _i.e._ the resurrection (ch. xxi.).

_Gog and Magog._ The two statues of Guildhall so called are in reality the statues of Gogmagog or Goëmagot and Corineus, referred to in the next article. (See also CORINEUS.) The Albion giant is known by his pole-axe and spiked ball. Two statues so called stood on the same spot in the reign of Henry V.; but those now seen were made by Richard Saunders, in 1708, and are fourteen feet in height.

In Hone’s time, children and country visitors were told that every day, when the giants heard the clock strike twelve, they came down to dinner.—_Old and New London_, i. 387.

Another tale was that they then fell foul of each other in angry combat.

=Gog´magog=, king of the Albion giants, eighteen feet in height, killed by Corin in a wrestling match, and flung by him over the Hoe or Haw of Plymouth. For this achievement, Brute gave his follower _all_ that _horn_ of land now called Cornwall, Cor´n[w]all, a contraction of Corinall. The contest is described by Drayton in his _Polyolbion_, i. (1612).

E’en thus unmoved Stood Corineus, the sire of Guendolen, When, grappling with his monstrous enemy, He the brute vastness held aloft, and bore, And headlong hurled, all shattered, to the sea, Down from the rock’s high summit, since that day Called Lan´-gæma´gog. Southey, _Joan of Arc_, viii. 395.

Cornwall means _Cornu Galliæ_ or _Walliæ_—_the horn of Gallia_ or _Wallia_ (g and w being convertible letters,) and Gaul and Wales different forms of the same word.

=Gog´magog Hill=, the higher of the two hills some three miles south-east of Cambridge. It once belonged to the Balsham Hills, but, “being rude and bearish, regarding neither God nor man,” it was named in reproach Gogmagog. The legend is that this Gogmagog Hill was once a huge giant, who fell in love with the nymph Granta, and, meeting her alone, told her all his heart, saying:

“Sweeting mine, if thou mine own wilt be, I’ve many a pretty gaud I keep in store for thee: A nest of broad-faced owls, and goodly urchins too (Nay, nymph, take heed of me, when I begin to woo); And better far than that, a bulchin two years old, A curled-pate calf it is, and oft could have been sold: And yet besides all this, I’ve goodly bear-whelps tway, Full dainty for my joy when she’s disposed to play And twenty sows of lead to make our wedding-ring;”

but the saucy nymph only mocked the giant, and told his love story to the Muses, and all made him their jest and sport and laughter.—Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxi. (1622).

=Gold of Tolo´sa= (_The_), ill gains, which never prosper. The reference is to Cæpio, the Roman consul, who, on his march to Gallia Narbonensis, stole from Tolosa (_Toulouse_) the gold and silver consecrated by the Cimbrian Druids to their gods. He was utterly defeated by the Cimbrians, and some 112,000 Romans were left dead on the field of battle (B.C. 106).

=Gold Poured down the Throat.= Marcus Licin´ius Crassus, surnamed “The Rich,” one of the first Roman triumvirate, tried to make himself master of Parthia, but being defeated and brought captive to Oro´dês, king of Parthia, he was put to death by having molten gold poured down his throat. “Sate thy greed with this,” said Orodês.

Manlius Nepos Aquilius tried to restore the kings of Bithynia and Cappado´cia, dethroned by Mithridātês, but being unsuccessful and made prisoner, he was put to death by Mithridātês by molten gold poured down his throat.

In hell, the avaricious are punished in the same way, according to the _Shephearde’s Calendar_.

And ladles full of melted gold Were poured adown their throats. _The Dead Man’s Song_ (1579).

=Gol´demar= (_King_), a house-spirit, sometimes called King Vollmar. He lived three years with Neveling von Hardenberg, on the Hardenstein at the Ruhr, and the chamber in which he lived is still called Vollmar’s chamber. This house-spirit, though sensible to the touch, was invisible. It played beautifully on the harp, talked freely, revealed secrets, and played dice. One day, a person determined to discover its whereabouts, but Goldemar cut him to pieces and cooked the different parts. Never after this was there any trace of the spirit. The roasted fragments disappeared in the Lorrain war in 1651, but the pot in which the man’s head was boiled was built into the kitchen wall of Neveling von Hardenberg, where it remains to this day.—Von Steinen, _German Mythology_, 477.

=Golden Ass= (_The_), a romance in Latin, by Apule´ius (4 _syl._). It is the adventures of Lucian, a young man who had been transformed into an ass, but still retained his human consciousness. It tells us the miseries which he suffered at the hands of robbers, eunuchs, magistrates, and so on, till the time came for him to resume his proper form. It is full of wit, racy humor, and rich fancy, and contains the exquisite episode of Cupid and Psy´chê (bks. iv., v., vi.).

=Golden Dragon of Bruges= (_The_), The golden dragon was taken in one of the crusades from the church of St. Sophia, at Constantinople, and placed on the belfry of Bruges, but Philip van Artevelde (2 _syl._) transported it to Ghent, where it still adorns the belfry.

Saw great Artevelde victorious scale the Golden Dragon’s nest. Longfellow, _The Belfry of Bruges_.

=Golden Fleece= (_The_), the fleece of the ram which transported Phryxos to Colchis. When Phryxos arrived there, he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece to King Æētês, who hung it on a sacred oak. It was stolen by Jason, in his “Argonautic expedition.”

_The Golden Fleece of the North._ Fur and peltry of Siberia is so called.

=Golden Gate.= The gate of mercy before which one of the ten foolish virgins waits when her companions have returned to their evil courses.

“When the night falls, who knows what mercy waits To pardon guilt and sin? Perchance the Lord Himself unbarred the gates And led the wanderer in.” Walter Learned, _Between Times_ (1889).

=Golden Legend= (_The_), a collection of hagiology, made in the thirteenth century, by James de Voragine, a Dominican. The Legend consists of 177 sections, each of which is devoted to a particular saint or festival, arranged in the order of the calendar.

=Golden Mouth=, St. Chrysostom (347-407). The name is the Greek _chrusos stŏma_, “gold mouth.”

=Golden Stream= (_The_), Joannes Damascēnus (died 756).

=Golden-tongued= (_The_), St. Peter, of Ravenna (433-450). Our equivalent is a free translation of the Greek _chrysol´ogos_ (_chrusos logos_, “gold discourse”).

=Goldfinch= (_Charles_), a vulgar, horse fellow, impudent and insolent in manner, who flirts with Widow Warren, and conspires with her and the Jew Silky to destroy Mr. Warren’s will. By this will the widow was left £600 a year, but the bulk of the property went to Jack Milford, his natural son, and Sophia Freelove, the daughter of Widow Warren by a former marriage. (See BEAGLE.)

Father was a sugar-baker, grandfather a slop-seller, I’m a gentleman.—Holcroft, _The Road to Ruin_, ii. 1 (1792).

=Goldiebirds= (_Messrs._), creditors of Sir Arthur Wardour.—Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Gold-mine= (_The_) or =Miller of Grenoble=, a drama by E. Stirling (1854). (For the plot, see SIMON.)

=Gold-mines= (_King of the_), a powerful, handsome prince, who was just about to marry the Princess All-Fair, when Yellow Dwarf claimed her as his betrothed, and carried her to Steel Castle on a Spanish cat. A good siren gave the betrothed king a diamond sword to secure All-Fair’s deliverance; but after overcoming every obstacle, he was so delighted at seeing her that he dropped his sword. In a moment Yellow Dwarf snatched it up, and stabbed his rival to the heart. The king of the Gold-mines and All-Fair were both changed into two palm trees.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The Yellow Dwarf,” 1682).

=Goldsmith= (_Oliver_).

Here lies Nolly Goldsmith, for shortness called Noll, Who wrote like an angel, and talked like poor poll. David Garrick.

_Goldsmith_ (_Rev. J._), one of the many pseudonyms adopted by Sir Richard Phillips, in a series of school books. Some other of his false names were the Rev. David Blair, James Adair, Rev. C. Clarke, etc., with noted French names for educational French books.

=Gol´thred= (_Lawrence_), mercer, near Cumnor Place.—Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time Elizabeth).

=Gold´y.= Oliver Goldsmith was so-called by Dr. Johnson (1728-1774).

=Gol´gotha= (“_the place of a skull_”), a small elevated spot north-west of Jerusalem, where criminals were executed. Used in poetry to signify a battle-field or place of great slaughter.

Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds, Or memorize another Golgotha. Shakespeare, _Macbeth_, act i. sc. 2. (1606).

⁂ In the University of Cambridge, the dons’ gallery in Great St. Mary’s is called “Golgotha” because the _heads_ of the colleges sit there.

_Golgotha_ (_The City_), Temple Bar, London; so called because the heads of traitors, etc., used at one time to be exposed there after decapitation. This was not done from any notion of punishment, but simply to advertise the fact as a warning to evil-doers. Temple Bar was taken away from the Strand in 1878.

=Golightly= (_Mr._), the fellow who wants to borrow 5_s._ in _Lend me Five Shillings_, a farce by J.M. Morton.

=Goltho=, the friend of Ul´finore (3 _syl._). He was in love with Birtha, daughter of Lord As´tragon, the sage; but Birtha loved the Duke Gondibert. The tale being unfinished, the sequel of Goltho is not known.—Sir William Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

=Gomer= or =Godmer=, a British giant, slain by Canu´tus, one of the companions of Brute. (See GOEMOT.)

Since Gomer’s giant brood inhabited this isle. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xiv. (1613.)

=Gomez=, a rich banker, 60 years of age, married to Elvi´ra, a young wife. He is mean, covetous, and jealous. Elvira has a liaison with Colonel Lorenzo, which Dominick, her father confessor, aids and abets; but the amour is constantly thwarted, and it turns out that Lorenzo and Elvira are brother and sister.—Dryden, _The Spanish Fryar_ (1680).

=Gond´ibert= (_Duke_), of the royal line of Lombardy. Prince Oswald of Verona, out of jealousy, stirs up a faction fight against him, which is limited by agreement to four combatants on each side. Oswald is slain by Gondibert, and Gondibert is cured of his wounds by Lord As´tragon, a philosopher and sage. Rhodalind, the only child of Aribert, king of Lombardy, is in love with Gondibert, and Aribert hopes that he will become his son-in-law and heir, but Gondibert is betrothed to Birtha. One day while walking with his affianced Birtha, a messenger from the king comes post haste to tell him that Aribert had publicly proclaimed him his heir, and that Rhodalind was to be his bride. Gondibert still told Birtha he would remain true to her, and gave her an emerald ring, which would turn pale if his love declined. As the tale was never finished, the sequel cannot be given.—Sir W. Davenant, _Gondibert_ (died 1668).

=Gon´eril=, eldest daughter of King Lear, and wife of the duke of Albany. She treated her aged father with such scant courtesy, that he could not live under her roof; and she induced her sister Regan to follow her example. Subsequently both the sisters fell in love with Edmund, natural son of the earl of Gloucester, whom Regan designed to marry when she became a widow. Goneril, out of jealousy, now poisoned her sister, and “after slew herself.” Her name is proverbial for “filial ingratitude.”—Shakespeare, _King Lear_ (1605).

=Gonin=, a buffoon of the sixteenth century, who acquired great renown for his clever tricks, and gave rise to the French phrase, _Un tour de maître Gonin_ (“a trick of Master Gonin’s”).

=Gonnella=, domestic jester to the Margrave Nicolo d’Este, and to his son Borso, duke of Ferrara. The horse he rode on was _ossa atque pellis totus_, and like Rosinantê, has become proverbial. Gonnella’s jests were printed in 1506.

=Gonsalez= [_Gon.zalley_], Fernan Gonsalez or Gonsalvo, a Spanish hero of the tenth century, whose life was twice saved by his wife Sancha. His adventures have given birth to a host of ballads.

(There was a Hernandez Gonsalvo of Cordŏva, called “The great Captain” (1443-1515), to whom some of the ballads refer, and this is the hero of Florian’s historical novel entitled _Gonzalve de Cordoue_ (1791), borrowed from the Spanish romance called _The Civil Wars of Granada_, by Gines Perez de la Hita).

=Gonza´lo=, an honest old counsellor of Alonso, King of Naples.—Shakespeare, _The Tempest_ (1609).

_Gonzalo_, an ambitious but politic lord of Venice.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Laws of Candy_ (1647.)

=Good Earl= (_The_), Archibald, eighth earl of Angus, who died in 1588.

=Good Regent= (_The_), James Stuart, earl of Murray, regent of Scotland after the imprisonment of Queen Mary, his half-sister. (Born 1533, regent 1567, assassinated 1570).

=Goodfellow= (_Robin_), son of King Oberon. When six years old, he was so mischievous that his mother threatened to whip him, and he ran away; but falling asleep, his father told him he should have anything he wished for, with power to turn himself into any shape, so long as he did harm to none but knaves and queens.

His first exploit was to turn himself into a horse, to punish a churl, whom he conveyed into a great plash of water and left there, laughing, as he flew off “Ho, ho, ho!” He afterwards went to a farm-house, and taking a fancy to a maid, does her work during the night. The maid, watching him, and observing him rather bare of clothes, provides him with garments, which he puts out, laughing “Ho, ho, ho!” He next changes himself into a Will-o-the-wisp, to mislead a party of merry-makers, and having misled them all night, he left them at daybreak, with a “Ho, ho, ho!” At another time, seeing a fellow ill-using a maiden, he changed himself into a hare, ran between his legs, and then growing into a horse, tossed him into a hedge, laughing, “Ho, ho, ho!”—_The Mad Pranks and Merry Jests of Robin Goodfellow_ (1580). (Percy Society, 1841).

_Goodfellow_ (_Robin_), a general name for any domestic spirit, as imp, urchin, elf, hag, fay, Kit-wi’-the-can´stick, spoorn, man-i’-the-oak, Puck, hobgoblin, Tom-tumbler, bug, bogie, Jack-o’-lantern, Friar’s lantern, Will-o’-the-wisp, Ariel, nixie, kelpie, etc., etc.

A bigger kind than these German kobolds is that called with us Robin Goodfellows, that would in those superstitious times grind corn for a mess of milk, cut wood, or do any manner of drudgery work.... These have several names ... but we commonly call them Pucks.—Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, 47.

⁂ The Goodfellows, being very numerous, can hardly be the same as Robin, son of Oberon, but seem to obtain the name because their character was similar, and, indeed, Oberon’s son must be included in the generic name.

=Goodman of Ballengeich=, the assumed name of James V. of Scotland when he made his disguised visits through the districts round Edinburgh and Stirling.

⁂ Haroun-al-Raschid, Louis XI., Peter “The Great,” etc., made similar visits in disguise, for the sake of obtaining information by personal inspection.

=Good´man Grist=, the miller, a friend of the smugglers.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Goodricke= (_Mr._), a Catholic priest at Middlemas.—Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.).

=Goodsire= (_Johnnie_), a weaver, near Charles’s Hope farm.—Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time George II.).

=Goodwill=, a man who had acquired £10,000 by trade, and wished to give his daughter Lucy in marriage to one of his relations, in order to keep the money in the family: but Lucy would not have any one of the boobies, and made choice instead of a strapping footman. Goodwill had the good sense to approve of the choice.—Fielding, _The Virgin Unmasked_.

=Goody Blake=, a poor old woman detected by Harry Gill picking up sticks from his farm-land. The farmer compelled her to leave them, and threatened to punish her for trespass. Goody Blake turned on the lusty yeoman, and said never from the moment should he know the blessing of warmth; and sure enough, neither clothing, fire, nor summer sun ever did make him warm again.

No word to any man he utters, A bed or up, to young or old; But ever to himself he mutters, “Poor Harry Gill is very cold.” Wordsworth, _Goody Blake and Harry Gill_ (1798).

=Goody Palsgrave=, a name of contempt given to Frederick V., elector palatine. He is also called the “Snow King” and the “Winter King,” because the Protestants made him king of Bohemia in the autumn of 1619, and he was set aside in the autumn of 1620.

=Goody Two-shoes=, a nursery tale supposed to be by Oliver Goldsmith, written in 1765 for Newbery, the bookseller of St. Paul’s Churchyard.

=Goose Gibbie=, a half-witted lad, first entrusted to “keep the turkeys,” but afterwards “advanced to the more important office of minding the cows.”—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

=Goosey Goderich=, Frederick Robinson, created viscount Goderich in 1827. So called by Cobbett, for his incapacity as a statesman (premier 1827-1828).

=Gor´boduc=, GORBODUG, or GORBOGUD, a mythical British king, who had two sons (Ferrex and Porrex). Ferrex was driven by his brother out of the kingdom, and on attempting to return with a large army, was defeated by him and slain. Soon afterwards, Porrex himself was murdered in his bed by his own mother, Widen, who loved Ferrex the better.—Geoffrey, _British History_, ii. 16 (1142).

_Gorboduc_, the first historical play in the language. The first three acts by Thomas Norton, and the last two by Thomas Sackville, afterwards Lord Buckhurst (1562). It is further remarkable as being the father of Iambic ten-syllable blank verse.

Those who last did tug In worse than civil war, the sons of Gorbodug. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612).

=Gor´brias=, lord-protector of Ibe´ria, and father of King Arba´ces (3 _syl._).—Beaumont and Fletcher, _A King or No King_ (1611).

=Gor´dius=, a Phrygian peasant, chosen by the Phrygians for their king. He consecrated to Jupiter his wagon, and tied the yoke to the draught-tree so artfully that the ends of the cord could not be discovered. A rumor spread abroad that he who untied this knot would be king of Asia, and when Alexander the Great was shown it, he cut it with his sword, saying, “It is thus we loose our knots.”

=Gordon= (_The Rev. Mr._), chaplain in Cromwell’s troop.—Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

_Gordon_ (_Lord George_), leader of the “No Popery riots” of 1779. Half mad, but really well-intentioned, he countenanced the most revolting deeds, urged on by his secretary, Gashford. Lord George Gordon died in jail, 1793.—C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

=Gordo´nius= or =Gordon= (_Bernard_), a noted physician of the thirteenth century in the Rouergue (France), author of _Lilium Medicinœ, de Morborum prope Omnium Curatione, septem Particulis Distributum_ (Naples, 1480).

And has Gordonius “the divine,” In his famous _Lily of Medicine_ ... No remedy potent enough to restore you? Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_.

=Gor´gibus=, an honest, simple-minded citizen of middle life, father of Madelon and uncle of Cathos. The two girls have their heads turned by novels, but are taught by a harmless trick to discern between the easy manners of a gentleman and the vulgar pretentions of a lackey.—Molière, _Les Précieuses Ridicules_ (1659).

_Gorgibus_, father of Célie. He is a headstrong, unreasonable old man, who tells his daughter that she is forever reading novels, and filling her mind with ridiculous notions about love. “Vous parlez de Dieu bien moins que de Lélie,” he says, and insists on her giving up Lélie for Valère, saying, “S’il ne l’est amant, il le sera mari,” and adds, “L’amour est souvent un fruit du mariage.”

Jetez-moi dans le feu tous ces méchants écrits [i.e. _romances_] Qui gatent tous les jours tant de jeunes esprits; Lisez moi, comme il faut, an lieu de ces sornettes, _Les Quatrains_ de Pibrac, et les doctes _Tablettes_ Du conseiller Matthieu; l’ouvrage est de valeur. Et plein de beaux dictons à réciter par cœur. Molière, _Sganarelle_ (1660).

=Gor´loïs= (3 _syl._), said by some to be the father of King Arthur. He was lord of Tintag´il Castle, in Cornwall; his wife was Igrayne (3 _syl._) or Igerna, and one of his daughters (Bellicent) was, according to some authorities, the wife of Lot, king of Orkney.

⁂ Gorloïs was not the father of Arthur, although his wife (Igrayne or Igerna) was his mother.

Then all the kings asked Merlin, “For what cause is that beardless boy Arthur made king?” “Sirs,” said Merlin, “because he is King Uther’s son, born in wedlock ... More than three hours after the death of Gorlois, did the king wed the fair Igrayne.”—Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 2, 6 (1470).

[_Uther_] was sorry for the death of Gorlois, but rejoiced that Igerna was now at liberty to marry again ... they continued to live together with much affection, and had a son and daughter, whose names were Arthur and Anne.—Geoffrey, _British History_, iii. 20 (1142).

⁂ It is quite impossible to reconcile the contradictory accounts of Arthur’s sister and Lot’s wife. Tennyson says Bellicent, but the tales compiled by Sir T. Malory all give Margawse. Thus in _La Mort d’Arthur_, i. 2, we read: “King Lot of Lothan and of Orkeney wedded Margawse [_Arthur’s sister_]” (pt. i. 36), “whose sons were Gawaine, Agravaine, Gaheris, and Gareth;” but Tennyson says Gareth was “the last tall son of Lot and Bellicent.”

=Gosh=, the Right Hon. Charles Arbuthnot, the most confidential friend of the duke of Wellington, with whom he lived.

=Gosling= (_Giles_), landlord of the Black Bear inn, near Cumnor place.

_Cicely Gosling_, daughter of Giles.—Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Gospel Doctor= (_The_), John Wycliffe (1324-1384).

=Gospeller= (_The Hot_), Dr. R. Barnes, burnt at Smithfield, 1540.

=Gossips= (_Prince of_), Samuel Pepys, noted for his gossiping _Diary_, commencing January 1, 1659, and continued for nine years (1632-1703).

=Goswin=, a rich merchant of Bruges, who is in reality Florez, son of Gerrard, king of the beggars. His mistress, Bertha, the supposed daughter of Vandunke, the burgomaster of Bruges, is in reality the daughter of the duke of Brabant.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Beggar’s Bush_ (1622).

=Goths= (_The last of the_), Roderick, the thirty-fourth of the Visigothic line of kings in Spain. He was the son of Cor´dova, who had his eyes put out by Viti´za, the king of the Visigoths, whereupon Roderick rose against Vitiza and dethroned him; but the sons and adherents of Vitiza applied to the Moors, who sent over Tarik with 90,000 men, and Roderick was slain at the battle of Xerres, A.D. 711.

⁂ Southey has an epic poem called _Roderick, the Last of the Goths_. He makes “Rusilla” to be the mother of Roderick.

=Gothland= or =Gottland=, an island called “The eye of the Baltic.” Geoffrey of Monmouth says that when King Arthur had added Ireland to his dominions, he sailed to Iceland, which he subdued, and then both “Doldavius, king of Gothland, and Gunfasius, king of the Orkneys, voluntarily became his tributaries.”—_British History_, ix. 10 (1142).

To Gothland now again this conqueror maketh forth ... Where Iceland first he won, and Orkney after got. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, iv. (1612).

=Gottlieb= [_Got.leeb_], a cottage farmer, with whom Prince Henry of Hoheneck went to live after he was struck with leprosy. The cottager’s daughter Elsie volunteered to sacrifice her life for the cure of the prince, and was ultimately married to him.—Hartmann von der Aue, _Poor Henry_ (twelfth century); Longfellow, _Golden Legend_.

=Gour´lay= (_Ailsie_), a privileged fool or jester.—Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

_Gourlay_ (_Ailsie_), an old sibyl at the death of Alice Gray.—Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

=Gourmaz= (_Don_), a national portrait of the Spanish nobility.—Pierre Corneille, _The Cid_ (1636).

The character of Don Gourmaz, for its very excellence, drew down the censure of the French Academy.—Sir W. Scott, _The Drama_.

=Go´vernale= (3 _syl._), first the tutor and then the attendant of Sir Tristram de Lionês.

=Gow= (_Old Niell_), the fiddler.

_Nathaniel Grow_, son of the fiddler.—Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

_Gow_ (_Henry_) or HENRY SMITH, also called “Gow Chrom” and “Hal of the Wynd,” the armorer. Suitor of Catharine Glover “the fair maid of Perth,” whom he marries.—Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Gowk-thrapple= (_Maister_), a covenanting preacher.—Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

A man of coarse, mechanical, perhaps rather intrinsically feeble intellect, with the vehemence of some pulpit-drumming Gowk-thrapple.—Carlyle.

=Graaf= (_Count_), was a great speculator in corn. One year a sad famine prevailed, and he expected, like Pharaoh, king of Egypt, to make an enormous fortune by his speculation, but an army of rats, pressed by hunger, invaded his barns, and then swarming into the castle, fell on the old baron, worried him to death, and then devoured him. (See HATTO).

=Graal= (_Saint_) or ST. GREAL, is generally said to be the vessel or platter used by Christ at the last supper, in which Joseph of Arimathea caught the blood of the crucified Christ. In all descriptions of it in the Arthurian romances, it is simply the visible “presence” of Christ, or realization of the Catholic idea that the wafer, after consecration, is changed into the very body of the Saviour, and when Sir Galahad “achieved the quest of the Holy Graal,” all that is meant is that he saw with his bodily eyes the visible Saviour into which the holy wafer had been transmuted.

Then the bishop took a wafer, which was made in the likeness of bread, and at the lifting up [_the elevation of the host_] there came a figure in the likeness of a child, and the visage was as red and as bright as fire, and he smote himself into that bread: so they saw that the bread was formed of a fleshly man, and then he put it into the holy vessel again ... then [_the bishop_] took the holy vessel and came to Sir Galahad as he kneeled down, and there he received his Saviour.—Pt. iii. 101, 102.

King Pelles and Sir Launcelot caught a sight of the St. Graal; but did not “achieve it,” like Galahad.

When they went into the castle to take their repast ... there came a dove to the window, and in his bill was a little censer of gold, and there withall was such a savor as if all the spicery of the world had been there ... and a damsel, passing fair, bare a vessel of gold between her hands, and thereto the king kneeled devoutly and said his prayers ... “Oh mercy!” said Sir Launcelot, “what may this mean?”... “This,” said the king, “is the holy Sancgreall which ye have seen.”—Pt. iii. 2.

When Sir Bors de Ganis went to Corbin, and saw Galahad, the son of Sir Launcelot, he prayed that the boy might prove as good a knight as his father, and instantly the white dove came with the golden censer, and the damsel bearing the Sancgraal, and told Sir Bors that Galahad would prove a better knight than his father, and would “achieve the Sancgreall;” then both dove and damsel vanished.—Pt. iii. 4.

Sir Percival, the son of Sir Pellinore, king of Wales, after his combat with Sir Ector de Maris (brother of Sir Launcelot), caught a sight of the Holy Graal, and both were cured of their wounds thereby. Like Sir Bors, he was with Sir Galahad when the quest was achieved (pt. iii. 14). Sir Launcelot was also miraculously cured in the same way (pt. iii. 18).

King Arthur, the queen, and all the 150 knights saw the Holy Graal as they sat at supper when Galahad was received into the fellowship of the Round Table:

First they heard a crackling and crying of thunder ... and in the midst of the blast entered a sun-beam more clear by seven times than ever they saw day, and all were lighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost ... then there entered the hall the Holy Greal [_consecrated bread_] covered with white samite; but none might see it, nor who bare it ... and when the Holy Greal had been borne thro’ the hall, the vessel suddenly departed.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 35 (1470).

⁂ The chief romances of the St. Graal are: _Parceval le Gallois_, by Chrétien de Troyes, in verse, and _Roman des Diverses Quêtes de St. Graal_, by Walter Mapes, in prose, both written in the latter part of the twelfth century; _Titurel, or the Guardian of the Holy Graal_, by Wolfram von Eschenbach; _the Romance of Parzival_, by the same—partly founded upon the poem of Chrétien—and the _Life of Joseph of Arimathēa_, by Robert de Borron, all belonging to the early part of the thirteenth century; _The Holy Grail_, by Tennyson.

=Gracchi= (_The_). Caius and Tiberius Gracchus, sons of the Roman matron, Cornelia, and leaders of the populace in several revolutions.

=Grace= (_Lady_), a sister of Lady Townly, and the engaged wife of Mr. Manly. The very opposite of a lady of fashion. She says:

“In summer I could pass my leisure hours in reading, walking, ... or sitting under a green tree: in dressing, dining, chatting with an agreeable friend; perhaps hearing a little music, taking a dish of tea, or a game at cards; managing my family, looking into its accounts, playing with my children ... or in a thousand other innocent amusements.”—Vanbrugh and Cibber, _The Provoked Husband_, iii. (1728).

“No person,” says George Colman, “has ever more successfully performed the elegant levities of ‘Lady Townly’ upon the stage, or more happily practiced the amiable virtues of ‘Lady Grace’ in the circles of society, than Miss Farren (the countess of Dirby, 1759-1829).”

=Grace-be-here Humgudgeon=, a corporal in Cromwell’s troop.—Sir W. Scott, _Woodstock_ (time, Commonwealth).

=Grace= (_Rev. Paul_), mild, nervous little Oxonian curate who yet does good parish-work among colliers and peasants.—Frances Hodgson Burnett, _That Lass o’ Lowrie’s_, (1877).

_Grace Pelham_, accomplished and good daughter of the Colonel who plays a prominent part in the army novels of Captain Charles King.—Charles King, U.S.A., _The Colonel’s Daughter_.

=Gracio´sa=, a lovely princess, who is the object of a step-mother’s most implacable hatred. The step-mother’s name is Grognon, and the tale shows how all her malicious plots are thwarted by Percinet, a fairy prince, in love with Graciosa.

=Gracio´so=, the licensed fool of Spanish drama. He has his coxcomb and truncheon, and mingles with the actors without aiding or abetting the plot. Sometimes he transfers his gibes from the actors to the audience, like our circus clowns.

=Gradas´so=, king of Serica´na, “bravest of the pagan knights.” He went against Charlemagne with 100,000 vassals in his train, “all discrowned kings,” who never addressed him but on their knees.—Bojardo, _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495); Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Grad´grind= (_Thomas_), a man of facts and realities. Everything about him is square; his forehead is square, and so is his fore-finger, with which he emphasizes all he says. Formerly he was in the wholesale hardware line. In his greatness he becomes M.P. for Coketown, and he lives at Stone Lodge, a mile or so from town. He prides himself on being eminently practical; and though not a bad man at heart, he blights his children by his hard, practical way of bringing them up.

_Mrs. Gradgrind_, wife of Thomas Gradgrind. A little thin woman, always taking physic, without receiving from it any benefit. She looks like an indifferently executed transparency without light enough behind the figure. She is always complaining, always peevish, and dies soon after the marriage of her daughter Louisa.

_Tom Gradgrind_, son of the above, a sullen young man, much loved by his sister, and holding an office in the bank of his brother-in-law, Josiah Bounderby. Tom robs the bank, and throws suspicion on Stephen Blackpool, one of the hands in Bounderby’s factory. When found out, Tom takes refuge in the circus of the town, disguised as a black servant, till he effects his escape from England.

_Louisa Gradgrind_, eldest daughter of Thomas Gradgrind, M.P. She marries Josiah Bounderby, banker and mill-owner. Louisa has been so hardened by her bringing up, that she appears cold and indifferent to everything, but she dearly loves her brother Tom.—C. Dickens, _Hard Times_, (1854).

=Græme= (_Roland_), heir of Avenel (2 _syl._). He first appears as page to the lady of Avenel, then as page to Mary Queen of Scots.

_Magdalen Græme_, dame of Heathergill, grandmother of Roland Græme. She appears to Roland disguised as Mother Nicneven, an old witch at Kinross.—Sir W. Scott, _The Abbott_ (time Elizabeth).

_Græme_ (_William_), the red riever [_free-booter_] at Westburnflat.—Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

=Grævius= or _J.G. Græfe_ of Saxony, editor of several of the Latin classics (1632-1703).

Believe me, lady, I have more satisfaction in beholding you than I should have in conversing with Grævius and Gronovius.—Mrs. Cowley, _Who’s the Dupe?_ i. 3.

(Abraham Gronovius was a famous philologist, 1694-1775.)

=Gra´hame= (_Colonel John_), of Claverhouse, in the royal army under the duke of Monmouth. Afterwards viscount of Dundee.

_Cornet Richard Grahame_, the colonel’s nephew, in the same army.—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

=Grahams=, nicknamed “Of the Hen.” The reference is this: The Grahams, having provided for a great marriage feast, found that a raid had been made upon their poultry by Donald of the Hammer (_q.v._). They went in pursuit, and a combat took place; but as the fight was for “cocks and hens,” it obtained for the Grahams the nickname of _Gramoch an Garrigh_.

=Gram=, Siegfried’s sword.

=Grammarians= (_Prince of_), Apollonios, of Alexandria. Priscian called him _Grammaticorum Princeps_ (second century B.C.)

=Grammont= (_The Count of_). He promised marriage to la belle Hamilton, but left England without performing the promise; whereupon the brothers followed him and asked him if he had not forgotten something. “True, true,” said the count, “excuse my short memory;” and returning with the brothers, he made the young lady countess of Grammont.

=Grand Jument=, meant for Diana, of Poitiers.—Rabelais, _Gargantua and Pantagruel_.

=Grand Monarque= [_mo.nark´_], Louis XIV. (1638, 1643-1715).

=Grandison=, (_Sir Charles_), the hero of a novel by S. Richardson, entitled _The History of Sir Charles Grandison_. Sir Charles is the beau ideal of a perfect hero, the union of a good Christian and perfect English gentleman; but such a “faultless monster the world ne’er saw.” Richardson’s ideal of this character was Robert Nelson, reputed author of the _Whole Duty of Man_ (1753).

Like the old lady mentioned by Sir Walter Scott, who chose _Sir Charles Grandison_ because she could go to sleep for half an hour at any time during its reading, and still find the personages just where she left them, conversing in the cedar parlor.—_Encyc. Brit._, Art. “Romance.”

Grandison is the English _Emile_, but an Emile completely instructed. His discourses are continual precepts, and his actions are examples. Miss Byron is the object of his affection.—_Editor of Arabian Nights Continued_, iv. 72.

=Grandmother.= Lord Byron calls the _British Review_ “My Grandmother’s Review,” and jestingly says he purchased its favorable criticism of _Don Juan_.

For fear some prudish readers should grow skittish, I’ve bribed “My Grandmother’s Review,” _The British_; I sent it in a letter to the editor, Who thanked me duly by return of post.... And if my gentle Muse he please to roast.... All I can say is—that he had the money. Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 209, 210 (1819).

=Grane= (2 _syl._), Siegfried’s horse, whose speed outstripped the wind.

=Grane´angowl= (_Rev. Mr._), chaplain to Sir Duncan Campbell, at Ardenvohr Castle.—Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time Charles I.).

=Granger= (_Captain_), in love with Elizabeth Doiley, daughter of a retired slop-seller. The old father resolves to give her to the best scholar, himself being judge. Gradus, an Oxford pedant, quotes two lines of Greek, in which the word _panta_ occurs four times. “Pantry!” cries old Doiley; “no, no; you can’t persuade me that’s Greek.” The captain talks of “refulgent scintillations in the ambient void opake; crysalic spheroids, and astifarous constellations;” and when Gradus says, “It is a rant in English,” the old man boils with indignation. “Zounds!” says he; “d’ye take me for a fool? D’ye think I don’t know my own mother tongue? ’Twas no more like English than I am like Whittington’s cat!” and he drives off Gradus as a vile impostor.—Mrs. Cowley, _Who’s the Dupe?_

_Granger._ (See EDITH.)

=Grangousier=, father of Gargantua, “a good sort of a fellow in his younger days, and a notable jester. He loved to drink neat, and would eat salt meat” (bk. i. 3). He married Gargamelle (3 _syl._) daughter of the king of the Parpaillons, and had a son named Gargantua.—Rabelais, _Gargantua_, i. 3 (1533).

⁂ “Grangousier” is meant for John d’Albret, king of Navarre; “Gargamelle” for Catherine de Foix, queen of Navarre; and “Gargantua” for Henri d’Albert, king of Navarre. Some fancy that “Grangousier” is meant for Louis XII., but this cannot be, inasmuch as he is distinctly called a “heretic for declaiming against the saints” (ch. xlv.).

=Grantam= (_Miss_), a friend of Miss Godfrey, engaged to Sir James Elliot.—Sam. Foote, _The Liar_ (1761).

=Grant´mesnil= (_Sir Hugh de_), one of the knights challengers at the tournament.—Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Grantorto=, the personification of rebellion in general, and of the evil genius of the Irish rebellion of 1580 in particular. Grantorto is represented as a huge giant, who withheld from Irēna [i.e. _Iernê_ or _Ireland_] her inheritance. Sir Artĕgal [_Arthur, Lord Grey of Wilton_], being sent to destroy him, challenged him to single combat, and having felled him to the earth with his sword Chrysa´or, “reft off his head to ease him of his pain.”—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 12 (1596).

=Grass= (_Cronos_), a grass which gives those who taste it an irresistible desire for the sea. Glaucus, the Bœo´tian fisherman, observed that all the fishes which he laid on the grass instantly leaped back into the water, whereupon he also tasted the grass, and was seized with the same irresistible desire. Leaping into the sea, he became a minor sea-god, with the gift of prophecy.

=Gra´tian= (_Father_), the begging friar at John Mengs’s inn at Kirchhoff.—Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Gratia´no,= one of Antonio’s friends. He “talked an infinite deal of nothing, more than any man in all Venice.” Gratiano married Nerissa, the waiting-gentlewoman of Portia.—Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_ (1598).

_Gratiano_, brother of Brabantio, and uncle of Desdemona.—Shakespeare, _Othello_ (1611).

=Graunde Amoure= (_Sir_), walking in a meadow, was told by Fame of a beautiful lady named La belle Pucell, who resided in the Tower of Musyke. He was then conducted by Gouvernance and Grace to the Tower of Doctrine, where he received instruction from the seven Sciences:—Gramer, Logyke, Rethorike, Arismetricke, Musyke, Geometry, and Astronomy. In the Tower of Musyke he met La belle Pucell, with whom he fell in love, but they parted for a time. Graunde Amoure went to the Tower of Chivalry to perfect himself in the arts of knighthood, and there he received his degree from King Melyz´yus. He then started on his adventures, and soon encountered False Report, who joined him and told him many a lying tale; but Lady Correction, coming up, had False Report soundly beaten, and the knight was entertained at her castle. Next day he left, and came to a wall where hung a shield and horn. On blowing the horn, a three-headed monster came forth, with whom he fought, and cut off the three heads, called, Falsehood, Imagination, and Perjury. He passed the night in the house of Lady Comfort, who attended to his wounds; and next day he slew a giant fifteen feet high and with seven heads. Lastly, he slew the monster Malyce, made by enchantment of seven metals. His achievements over, he married La belle Pucell, and lived happily till he was arrested by Age, having for companions Policye and Avarice. Death came at last to carry him off, and Remembrance wrote his epitaph.—Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-tyme of Plesure_ (1515).

_Graunde Amoure’s Steed_, Galantyse, the gift of King Melyz´yus when he conferred on him the degree of knighthood.

I myselfe shall give you a worthy stede, Called Galantyse, to helpe you in your nede. Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-tyme of Plesure_, xxviii. (1515).

_Graunde Armoure’s sword_, Clare Prudence.

Drawing my swerde, that was both faire and bright, I clippëd Clare Prudence. Stephen Hawes, _The Passe-tyme of Plesure_, xxxiii. (1515).

=Grave´airs= (_Lady_), a lady of very dubious virtue, in _The Careless Husband_, by Colley Cibber (1704).

Mrs. Hamilton [1730-1788], upon her entrance, was saluted with a storm of hisses, and advancing to the footlights said, “Gemmen and ladies, I s’pose as how you hiss me because I wouldn’t play ‘Lady Graveairs’ last night at Mrs. Bellamy’s benefit. I would have done so, but she said as how my audience stunk, and were all tripe people.” The pit roared with laughter, and the whole house shouted “Mrs. Tripe!” a title which the fair speechifier retained ever after.—_Memoir of Mrs. Hamilton_ (1803.)

=Gray=, (_Old Alice_), a former tenant of the Ravenswood family.—Sir W. Scott, _Bride of Lammermoor_ (time, William III.).

_Gray_ (_Dr. Gideon_), the surgeon at Middlemas.

_Mrs. Gray_, the surgeon’s wife.

_Menie Gray_, the “surgeon’s daughter,” taken to India and given to Tippoo Saib as an addition to his harem, but, being rescued by Hyder Ali, was restored to Hartley; after which she returned to her country.—Sir W. Scott, _The Surgeon’s Daughter_ (time, George II.).

_Gray_ (_Daniel_). A Christian of the olden type; Puritan by ancestry, rigid in creed, austere in manner. Supposed to be a portrait of the author’s father.

“He could see naught but vanity in beauty And naught but weakness in a fond caress, And pitied men whose views of Christian duty Allowed indulgence in such foolishness.”

Yet so true of heart and faithful in duty to _God_ and man that—

“If I ever win the home in heaven For whose sweet rest I ever hope and pray, In the great company of the forgiven I shall be sure to find old Daniel Gray.” Josiah Gilbert Holland, _Old Daniel Gray_ (1879).

_Gray_ (_Duncan_) wooed a young lass called Maggie, but as Duncan looked asklent, Maggie “coost her head” and bade Duncan behave himself. “Duncan fleeched, and Duncan prayed,” but Meg was deaf to his pleadings; so Duncan took himself off in dudgeon. This was more than Maggie meant, so she fell sick and like to die. As Duncan “could na be her death,” he came forward manfully again, and then “they were crouse [_merry_] and canty bath. Ha, ha! the wooing o’t.”—R. Burns, _Duncan Gray_ (1792).

_Gray_ (_Mary_), daughter of a country gentleman of Perth. When the plague broke out in 1668, Mary Gray and her friend Bessy Bell retired to an unfrequented spot called Burn Braes, where they lived in a secluded cottage and saw no one. A young gentleman brought them food, but he caught the plague, communicated it to the two ladies, and all three died.—Allan Ramsay, _Bessy Bell and Mary Gray_.

_Gray_ (_Auld Robin_). Jennie, a Scotch lass, was loved by young Jamie; “but saving a crown, he had naething else besides.” To make that crown a pound, young Jamie went to sea, and both were to be for Jennie. He had not been gone many days when Jennie’s mother fell sick, her father broke his arm, and their cow was stolen; then auld Robin came forward and maintained them both. Auld Robin loved the lass, and “wi’ tears in his ’ee,” said, “Jennie, for their sakes, oh, marry me!” Jennie’s heart said “nay,” for she looked for Jamie back; but her father urged her, and the mother pleaded with her eye, and so she consented. They had not been married above a month when Jamie returned. They met; she gave him one kiss, and though she “gang like a ghaist,” she made up her mind, like a brave good lassie, to be a gude wife, for auld Robin was very kind to her (1772).

This ballad was composed by Lady Anne Lindsay, daughter of the earl of Balcarres (afterwards Lady Barnard). It was written to an old Scotch tune called _The Bridegroom Grat when the Sun went down_. Auld Robin Gray was her father’s herdsman. When Lady Anne was writing the ballad, and was piling distress on Jennie, she told her sister that she had sent Jamie to sea, made the mother sick, and broken the father’s arm, but wanted a fourth calamity. “Steal the cow, sister Anne,” said the little Elizabeth; and so “the cow was stolen awa’,” and the song completed.

=Grayson= (_Mrs._). Brave wife who, weaponless and alone, when an Indian tries to enter the block-house by an upper window, clamps his wrist to the window sill in such a way that, as his foot slips, he is suspended by it. He hangs thus for a moment, and the wrist breaks. She lets him go, and he falls to ground without.—William Gilmore Simms, _The Yemassee_ (1835).

=Graysteel=, the sword of Kol, fatal to its owner. It passed into several hands, and always brought ill-luck with it.—_Icelandic Edda._

=Gray Swan=. Ship in which a sailor-boy sails away, not to return for twenty years, when he comes back to his mother and incites her to defence of the missing son by feigning to blame him for his twenty years’ silence. Her spirited vindication of her darling causes him to discover himself to her.—Alice Cary, _Poems_ (1876).

=Great Captain= (_The_), Gonsalvo de Cor´dova, _el Gran Capitan_ (1453-1515).

Manuel I. [Comnēnus], emperor of Trebizond, is so called also (1120, 1143-1180).

=Great Cham of Literature=, Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784).

=Great Commoner= (_The_), William Pitt (1759-1806).

=Great Dauphin= (_The_), Louis, the son of Louis XIV. (1661-1711).

⁂ The “Little Dauphin” was the duke of Bourgoyne, son of the Great or Grand Dauphin. Both died before Louis XIV.

=Great Duke= (_The_), the duke of Wellington (1769-1852).

Bury the Great Duke With an empire’s lamentation; Let us bury the Great Duke To the noise of the mourning of a mighty nation. Tennyson.

=Great-Head= or CANMORE, Malcolm III. of Scotland (* 1057-1093).

=Great Heart=. The valiant guide reappears in George Wood’s satire. _Modern Pilgrims_, published in 1855.

=Great-heart= (_Mr._), the guide of Christiana and her family to the Celestial City. Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, ii. (1685).

=Great Magician= (_The_) or _The Great Magician of the North_, Sir Walter Scott. So called by Professor John Wilson (1771-1832).

=Great Marquis= (_The_), James Graham, marquis of Montrose (1612-1650).

I’ve told thee how we swept Dundee, And tamed the Lindsays’ pride; But never have I told thee yet How the Great Marquis died. Aytoun.

_Great Marquis_ (_The_), Dom Sebastiano Jose de Carvalho, Marquis de Pombal, greatest of all the Portuguese statesmen (1699-1782).

=Great Moralist= (_The_), Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784).

=Great Unknown= (_The_), Sir Walter Scott, who published his _Waverley Novels_ anonymously (1771-1832).

=Great Unwashed= (_The_). The artisan class were first so called by Sir W. Scott.

=Greaves= (_Sir Launcelot_), a well-bred young English squire of the George II. period; handsome, virtuous, and enlightened, but crack-brained. He sets out, attended by an old sea-captain, to detect fraud and treason, abase insolence, mortify pride, discourage slander, disgrace immodesty, and punish ingratitude. Sir Launcelot, in fact, is a modern Don Quixote, and Captain Crow is his Sancho Panza. T. Smollet, _The Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves_ (1760).

Smollett became editor of the _Critical Review_, and an attack in that journal on Admiral Knowles led to a trial for libel. The author was sentenced to pay a fine of £100, and suffer three months imprisonment. He consoled himself in prison by writing his novel of _Launcelot Greaves_.—Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 65.

=Grecian Daughter= (_The_), Euphrasia, daughter of Evander, a Greek who dethroned Dionysius the Elder, and became king of Syracuse. In his old age he was himself dethroned by Dionysius the Younger, and confined in a dungeon in a rock, where he was saved from starvation by his daughter, who fed him with “the milk designed for her own babe.” Timoleon having made himself master of Syracuse, Dionysius accidentally encountered Evander, his prisoner, and was about to kill him, when Euphrasia rushed forward and stabbed the tyrant to the heart.—A. Murphy, _The Grecian Daughter_ (1772).

⁂ As an historical drama, this plot is much the same as if the writer had said that James I. (of England) abdicated and retired to St. Germain, and when his son James II. succeeded to the crown, he was beheaded at White hall; for Murphy makes Dionysius the Elder to have been dethroned, and going to Corinth to live (act i.), and Dionysius the Younger to have been slain by the dagger of Euphrasia; whereas Dionysius the Elder never was dethroned, but died in Syracuse at the age of 63; and Dionysius the Younger was not slain in Syracuse, but being dethroned, went to Corinth, where he lived and died in exile.

=Greedy= (_Justice_), thin as a thread paper, always eating and always hungry. He says to Sir Giles Overreach (act iii. 1), “Oh, I do much honor a chine of beef! Oh, I do reverence a loin of veal!” As a justice, he is most venial—the promise of a turkey will buy him, but the promise of a haunch of venison will out-buy him.—Massinger, _A New Way to Pay Old Debts_ (1628).

=Greek Church= (_Fathers of the_): Eusebius, Athana´sius, Basil “the great,” Gregory Nazianze´nus, Gregory of Nyssa, Cyril of Jerusalem, Chrys´ostom, Epipha´nius, Cyril of Alexandria, and Ephraim, deacon of Edessa.

=Greeks= (_Last of the_) Philopœ´men of Megalop´olis, whose great object was to infuse into the Achæans a military spirit, and establish their independence (B.C. 252-183).

_Greeks joined Greeks._ Clytus said to Alexander that Philip was the greater warrior:

I have seen him march, And fought beneath his dreadful banner, where The boldest at this table would have trembled. Nay, frown not, sir, you cannot look me dead; When Greeks joined Greeks, then was the tug of war. N. Lee, _Alexander the Great, iv. 2_ (1678).

⁂ Slightly altered into _When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war_. This line of Nathaniel Lee has become a household phrase.

_To play the Greek_, to act like a harlot. When Cressid says of Helen, “Then she’s a merry Greek indeed,” she means that Helen is no better than a _fille publique_. Probably Shakespeare had his eye upon “fair Hiren,” in Peel’s play called _The Turkish Mahomet and Hyren the Fair Greek._ “A fair Greek” was at one time a euphemism for a courtezan.

=Green= (_Mr. Paddington_), clerk at Somerset House.

_Mrs. Paddington Green_, his wife.—T.M. Morton, _If I had a Thousand a Year_.

_Green_ (_Verdant_), a young man of infinite simplicity, who goes to college, and is played upon by all the practical jokers of _alma mater_. After he has bought his knowledge by experience, the butt becomes the “butter” of juveniles greener than himself. Verdant Green wore spectacles, which won for him the nickname of “Gig-lamps.”—Cuthbert Bede [Rev. Edw. Bradley], _Verdant Green_ (1860).

_Green_ (_Widow_), a rich, buxom dame of 40, who married first for money, and intended to choose her second husband “to please her vanity.” She fancied Waller loved her, and meant to make her his wife, but Sir William Fondlove was her adorer. When the politic widow discovered that Waller had fixed his love on another, she gave her hand to the old beau, Sir William; for if the news got wind of her love for Waller, she would become the laughing-stock of all her friends.—S. Knowles, _The Love-Chase_ (1837).

_Green Bird_ (_The_), a bird that told one everything it was asked. An oracular bird, obtained by Fairstar after the failure of Cherry and her two brothers. It was this bird who revealed to the king that Fairstar was his daughter and Cherry his nephew. Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Fairstar and Prince Cherry,” 1682).

=Green Horse= (_The_), the 5th Dragoon Guards (_not_ the 5th Dragoons). So called from their green velvet facings.

=Green Howard=, (_The_), the 19th Foot. So called from the Hon. Charles Howard, their colonel from 1738 to 1748.

=Green Knight= (_The_), Sir Pertolope (3 _syl_.), called by Tennyson “Evening Star” or “Hesperus.” He was one of the four brothers who kept the passages of Castle Perilous, and was overthrown by Sir Gareth.—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 127 (1470); Tennyson, _Idylls_ (“Gareth and Lynette”).

⁂ Tennyson in his “Gareth and Lynette” chooses to call the _Green_ Knight “Evening Star,” and the _Blue_ Knight “Morning Star.” In the old romance the combat with the “Green Knight” was at _dawn_, and with the “Blue Knight” at _sunset_.—See _Notes_ and _Queries_ (February 16, 1878).

_Green Knight_ (_The_), a pagan knight, who demanded Fezon in marriage, but being overcome by Orson, was obliged to resign his claim.—_Valentine and Orson_ (fifteenth century).

=Green Linnets=, the 39th Foot. Their facings are green.

=Green Man= (_The_). The man who used to let off fireworks was so called in the reign of James I.

Have you any squibs, any green man in your shows?—John Kirke [R. Johnson], _The Seven Champions of Christendom_ (1617).

_Green Man_ (_The_), a gentleman’s gamekeeper, at one time clad in green.

But the green man shall I pass by unsung?... A squire’s attendant clad in keeper’s green. Crabbe, _Borough_ (1810).

=Greenhalgh=, messenger of the earl of Derby.—Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Greenhorn= (_Mr. Gilbert_), an attorney, in partnership with Mr. Gabriel Grinderson.

_Mr. Gernigo Greenhorn_, father of Mr. Gilbert.—Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Greenleaf= (_Gilbert_), the old archer at Douglas Castle.—Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

=Gregory=, a faggot-maker of good education, first at a charity school, then as waiter on an Oxford student, and then as the fag of a travelling physician. When compelled to act the doctor, he says the disease of his patient arises from “propria quæ maribus tribuuntur mascula dicas, ut sunt divorum, Mars, Bacchus, Apollo, virorum.” And when Sir Jasper says, “I always thought till now that the heart is on the left side and the liver on the right,” he replies, “Ay, sir, so they were formerly, but we have changed all that.” In Molière’s comedy, _Le Médecin Malgré Lui,_ Gregory is called “Sganarelle,” and all these jokes are in act ii. 6.—Henry Fielding, _The Mock Doctor_.

_Gregory_, father and son, hangmen in the seventeenth century. In the time of the Gregorys, hangmen were termed “esquires.” In France, executioners were termed “monsieur,” even to the breaking out of the Revolution.

=Gregson= (_Widow_), Darsie Latimer’s landlady at Shepherd’s Bush.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

_Gregson_ (_Gilbert_), the messenger of Father Buonaventura.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Gre´mio,= an old man who wishes to marry Bianca, but the lady prefers Lucentio, a young man.—Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_ (1594).

=Grendel=, the monster from which Beowulf delivered Hrothgar, king of Denmark. It was half monster, half man, whose haunt was the marshes among “a monster race.” Night after night it crept stealthily into the palace called Heorot, and slew sometimes as many as thirty of the inmates. At length Beowulf, at the head of a mixed band of warriors, went against it and slew it.—_Beowulf_, an Anglo-Saxon epic (sixth century).

=Grenville= (_Sir Richard_), the commander of _The Revenge_, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Out of his crew, ninety were sick on shore, and only a hundred able-bodied men remained on board. _The Revenge_ was one of the six ships under the command of Lord Thomas Howard. While cruising near the Azores, a Spanish fleet of fifty-three ships made towards the English, and Lord Howard sheered off, saying, “My ships are out of gear, and how can six ships-of-the-line fight with fifty-three?” Sir Richard Grenville, however, resolved to stay and encounter the foe, and “ship after ship the whole night long drew back with her dead; some were sunk, more were shattered;” and the brave hundred still fought on. Sir Richard was wounded and his ship riddled, but his cry was still “Fight on!” When resistance was no longer possible, he cried, “Sink the ship, master gunner! sink her! Split her in twain, nor let her fall into the hands of the foe!” But the Spaniards boarded her and praised Sir Richard for his heroic daring. “I have done my duty for my queen and faith,” he said, and died. The Spaniards sent the prize home, but a tempest came on, and _The Revenge_, shot-shattered, “went down, to be lost evermore in the main.”—Tennyson, _The Revenge_, a ballad of the fleet (1878).

Froude has an essay on the subject. Canon Kingsley, in _Westward Ho_! has drawn Sir Richard Grenville, and alludes to the fight. Arber published three small volumes on Sir Richard’s noble exploit. Gervase Markham has a long poem on the subject. Sir Walter Raleigh says: “If Lord Howard had stood to his guns, the Spanish fleet would have been annihilated.” Probably Browning’s _Hervé Riel_ was present to the mind of Tennyson when he wrote the ballad of _The Revenge_.

=Gresham and the Pearl.= When Queen Elizabeth visited the Exchange, Sir Thomas Gresham pledged her health in a cup of wine containing a precious stone crushed to atoms, and worth £15,000.

Here £15,000 at one clap goes Instead of sugar; Gresham drinks the pearl Unto his queen and mistress. Pledge it lords. Heywood, _If You Know not Me, You Know Nobody_.

⁂ It is devoutly to be hoped that Sir Thomas was above such absurd vanity. Very well for Queen Cleopatra, but more than ridiculous in such an imitation.

_Gresham and the Grasshopper._ There is a vulgar tradition that Sir Thomas Gresham was a foundling, and that the old beldame who brought him up was attracted to the spot where she found him, by the loud chirping of a grasshopper.

⁂ This tale arose from the grasshopper, which forms the crest of Sir Thomas.

_To Sup with Sir Thomas Gresham_, to have no supper. Similarly, “to dine with Duke Humphrey,” is to have nowhere to dine. The Royal Exchange was at one time a common lounging-place for idlers.

Tho’ little coin thy purseless pockets line, Yet with great company thou’rt taken up; For often with Duke Humphrey thou dost dine, And often with Sir Thomas Gresham sup. Hayman, _Quidlibet_ (Epigram on a loafer, 1628).

=Gretchen.= Viragoish wife of _Rip Van Winkle,_ in Washington Irving’s story of that name.

_Gretchen_, a German diminutive of Margaret; the heroine of Goethe’s _Faust_. Faust meets her on her return from church, falls in love with her, and at last seduces her. Overcome with shame, Gretchen destroys the infant to which she gives birth, and is condemned to death. Faust attempts to save her; and, gaining admission to the dungeon, finds her huddled on a bed of straw, singing wild snatches of ballads, quite insane. He tries to induce her to flee with him, but in vain. At daybreak Gretchen dies, and Faust is taken away.

Gretchen is a perfect union of homeliness and simplicity, though her love is strong as death; yet is she a human woman throughout, and never a mere abstraction. No other character ever drawn takes so strong a hold on the heart.

=Greth´el= (_Gammer_), the hypothetical narrator of the tales edited by the brothers Grimm.

⁂ Said to be Frau Viehmänin, wife of a peasant in the suburbs of Hessê Cassel, from whose mouth the brothers transcribed the tales.

=Grey= (_Lady Jane_), a tragedy by N. Rowe, (1715).

In _French_, Laplace (1745), Mde. de Staël (1800), Ch. Brifaut (1812), and Alexandre Soumet (1844), produced tragedies on the same subject. Paul Delaroche has a fine picture called “Le Supplice de Jane Grey” (1835).

=Gribouille=, the wiseacre who threw himself into a river that his clothes might not get wetted by the rain.—_A French Proverbial Saying._

=Gride= (_Arthur_), a mean old usurer, who wished to marry Madeline Bray, but Madeline loved Nicholas Nickleby, and married him. Gride was murdered.—C. Dickens, _Nicholas Nickleby_ (1838).

=Grier= (_Mrs._), straight-laced pietist, who says “if she didn’t think the heathen would be lost she wouldn’t see the use of the plan of salvation.”—Margaret Deland, _John Ward, Preacher_.

=Grieux= (_le chevalier de_), the hero of a French novel by the Abbé Antoine François Prévost (1697-1763). The passionate love of the hero, the Chevalier de Grieux, for Manon, leads him into a hundred dangers, the consequences of her frivolity and inconstancy. But he dares and suffers all for her sake, and at last, when she is sent into shameful exile by the authorities, he follows her, shares her privations, and remains with her till she dies.

=Grieve= (_Jackie_), landlord of an ale-house near Charlie’s Hope.—Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Griffin= (_Allan_), landlord of the Griffin inn, at Perth.—Sir W. Scott, _Fair Maid of Perth_ (time, Henry IV.).

=Griffin-feet=, the mark by which the Desert Fairy was known in all her metamorphoses.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“The Yellow Dwarf,” 1682).

=Griffiths= (_Old_), steward of the earl of Derby.—Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time Charles II.).

_Griffiths_ (_Samuel_), London agent of Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time George III.).

=Griflet= (_Sir_), knighted by King Arthur at the request of Merlin, who told the king that Sir Griflet would prove “one of the best knights of the world, and the strongest man of arms.”—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 20 (1470).

=Griggsby’s Station.= Old home of a newly-made rich family, for which they pine,—

“In a great big house with cyarpets on the stairs And the pump right in the kitchen.”

“Let’s go a-visitin’ back to Griggsby Station. Back where they’s nothin’ aggervatin’ any more, Shet away safe in the woods around the old location, Back where we ust to be so happy an’ so pore.” James Whitcomb Reilly, _Afterwhiles_ (1888).

=Grildrig=, a mannikin.

She gave me the name “Grildrig,” which the family took up, and afterwards the whole kingdom. The word imports what the Latin calls _manunculus_ the Italian _homunceletion_, and the English _mannikin_.—Dean Swift, _Gulliver’s Travels_ (“Voyage to Brobdingnag,” 1726).

=Grim=, a fisherman who rescued, from a boat turned adrift, an infant named Habloc, whom he adopted and brought up. This infant was the son of the king of Denmark, and when restored to his royal father, the fisherman, laden with rich presents, built the village, which he called after his own name, _Grims-by_ or “Grim’s town.”

⁂ The ancient seal of the town contained the names of “Gryme” and “Habloc.”

_Grim (Giant,)_ a huge giant, who tried to stop pilgrims on their way to the Celestial City. He was slain by Mr. Greatheart.—Bunyan, _Pilgrim’s Progress_, ii. (1684).

=Grimalkin=, a cat, the spirit of a witch. Any witch was permitted to assume the body of a cat nine times. When the “first Witch” (in _Macbeth_) hears a cat mew, she says, “I come, Grimalkin” (act i. sc. 1).

=Grime=, the partner of Item the usurer. It is to Grime that Item appeals when he wants to fudge his clients. “Can we do so, Mr. Grime?” brings the stock answer, “Quite impossible, Mr. Item.”—Holcroft, _The Deserted Daughter_ (1784), altered into _The Steward_.

=Grimes= (_Peter_) the drunken thievish son of a steady fisherman. He had a boy, whom he killed by ill-usage, and two others he made away with; but escaped conviction through defect of evidence. As no one would live with him, he turned mad, was lodged in the parish poor-house, confessed his crimes in delirium, and died.—Crabbe, _Borough_, xxii, (1810).

=Grimes´by= (_Gaffer_), an old farmer at Marlborough.—Sir. W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Grimwig=, an irascible old gentleman, who hid a very kind heart under a rough exterior. He was Mr. Brownlow’s great friend, and was always declaring himself ready to “eat his head” if he was mistaken on any point on which he passed an opinion.—C. Dickens, _Oliver Twist_ (1837).

=Grinderson= (_Mr. Gabriel_), partner of Mr. Greenhorn. They are the attorneys who press Sir Arthur Wardour for the payment of debts. Sir. W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Grip=, the clever raven of Barnaby Rudge. During the Gordon riots it learnt the cry of “No Popery!” Other of its phrases were: “I’m a devil!” “Never say die!” “Polly, put the kettle on!” etc.—C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

=Gripe= (_1 syl._), a scrivener, husband of Clarissa, but with a _tendre_ for Araminta, the wife of his friend Moneytrap. He is a miserly, money-loving, pig-headed hunks, but is duped out of £250 by his foolish liking for his neighbors wife.—Sir John Vanbrugh, _The Confederacy_ (1695).

_Gripe_ (_1 syl._), the English name of Géronte, in Otway’s version of Molière’s comedy of _Les Fourberies de Scapin_. His daughter, called in French, Hyacinthe, is called “Clara,” and his son Leandre is Anglicized into “Leander.”—Th. Otway, _The Cheats of Scapin_.

_Gripe (Sir Francis)_, a man of 64, guardian of Miranda, an heiress, and father of Charles. He wants to marry his ward for the sake of her money, and as she cannot obtain her property without his consent to her marriage, she pretends to be in love with him, and even fixes the day of espousals. “Grady,” quite secure that he is the man of her choice, gives his consent to her marriage, and she marries Sir George Airy, a man of 24. The old man laughs at Sir George, whom he fancies he is duping, but he is himself the dupe all through.—Mrs. Centlivre, _The Busy Body_ (1709).

December 2, 1790, Munden made his bow to the Covent Garden audience as Sir Francis Gripe.”—_Memoir of J.S. Munden_ (1832).

=Gripus=, a stupid, venal judge, uncle of Alcmēna, and the betrothed of Phædra (Alcmena’s waiting-maid), in Dryden’s comedy of _Amphitryon_. Neither Gripus nor Phædra is among the _Dramatis personæ_ of Molière’s comedy of _Amphitryon_.

=Grisilda= or =Griselda=, the model of patience and submission, meant to allegorize the submission of a holy mind to the will of God. Grisilda was the daughter of a charcoal-burner, but became the wife of Walter, marquis of Saluzzo. Her husband tried her, as God tried Job, and with the same result: (1) He took away her infant daughter, and secretly conveyed it to the queen of Pa´via to be brought up, while the mother was made to believe that it was murdered. (2) Four years later she had a son, which was also taken from her, and was sent to be brought up with his sister. (3) Eight years later, Grisilda was divorced, and sent back to her native cottage, because her husband, as she was told, intended to marry another. When, however, Lord Walter saw no indication of murmuring or jealousy, he told Grisilda that the supposed rival was her own daughter, and her patience and submission met with their full reward.—Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Clerk’s Tale,” 1388).

=Griskinis´sa=, wife of Artaxaminous, king of Utopia. The king felt in doubt, and asked his minister of state this knotty question:

Shall I my Griskiniss’s charms forego, Compel her to give up the royal chair, And place the rosy Distaffina there?

The minister reminds the king that Distaffina is betrothed to his general.

And would a king his general supplant? I can’t advise, upon my soul I can’t. W.B. Rhodes, _Bombastes Furioso_ (1790).

=Grissel= or =Grizel=. Octavia, the wife of Mark Antony, and sister of Augustus, is called the “patient Grizel of Roman story.” Forms of the name Griselda.

For patience she will prove a second Grissel. Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_, act iii. sc. 1 (1594).

=Griz´el Dal´mahoy= (_Miss_), the seamstress.—Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

=Griz´zie,= maid-servant to Mrs. Saddletree.—Sir W. Scott, _Heart of Midlothian_ (time, George II.).

_Grizzie_, one the servants of the Rev. Josiah Gargill.—Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

=Griz´zle=, chambermaid at the Golden Arms inn, at Kippletringan.—Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

_Grizzle (Lord)_, the first peer of the realm in the court of King Arthur. He is in love with the Princess Huncamunca, and as the lady is promised in marriage to the valiant Tom Thumb, he turns traitor, and “leads his rebel rout to the palace gate.” Here Tom Thumb encounters the rebels, and Glumdalca, the giantess, thrusts at the traitor, but misses him. Then the “pigmy giant-killer” runs him through the body. The black cart comes up to drag him off, but the dead man tells the carter he need not trouble himself, as he intends “to bear himself off,” and so he does.—_Tom Thumb_, by Fielding the novelist (1730), altered by Kane O’Hara, author of _Midas_ (1778).

=Groat´settar= (_Miss Clara_), niece of the old lady Glowrowrum, and one of the guests at Burgh Westra.

_Miss Maddie Groatsettar_, niece of the old lady Glowrowrum, and one of the guests at Burgh Westra.—Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

=Groffar´ius=, king of Aquitania, who resisted Brute, the mythical great-grandson of Æneas, who landed there on his way to Britain.—M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, i. (1612).

=Gronovius=, father and son, critics and humanists (father, 1611-1671; son, 1645-1716).

I have more satisfaction in beholding you than I should have in conversing with Grævius and Gronovius. I had rather possess your approbation than that of the elder Scaliger.—Mrs. Cowley, _Who’s the Dupe?_ i. 3.

(Scaliger, father (1484-1558), son (1540-1609), critics and humanists).

=Groom= (_Squire_), “a downright, English, Newmarket, stable-bred gentleman-jockey, who, having ruined his finances by dogs, grooms, cocks, and horses ... thinks to retrieve his affairs by a matrimonial alliance with a City fortune.” (canto i. 1). He is one of the suitors of Charlotte Goodchild; but, supposing the report to be true that she has lost her money, he says to her guardian:

“Hark ye! Sir Theodore; I always make my match according to the weight my thing can carry. When I offered to take her into my stable, she was sound and in good case; but I hear her wind is touched. If so, I would not back her for a shilling. Matrimony is a long course, ... and it won’t do.”—C. Macklin, _Love â la Mode_ ii. 1 (1779).

This was Lee Lewes’s great part [1740-1803]. One morning at rehearsal, Lewes said something not in the play. “Hoy, hoy!” cried Macklin; “what’s that? what’s that?” “Oh,” replied Lewes, “’tis only a bit of my nonsense.” “But,” said Macklin, gravely, “I like my nonsense, Mr. Lewes, better than yours.”—J. O’Keefe.

=Grotto of Eph´esus.= Near Ephesus was a grotto containing a statue of Diana, to which was attached a pipe of reeds. If a young woman, charged with dishonor, entered this grotto, and the reed gave forth _musical_ sounds, she was declared to be a pure virgin; but if it gave forth _hideous noises_, she was denounced and never seen more. Corinna put the grotto to the test, at the desire of Glaucon of Lesbos, and was never seen again by the eye of man.—E. Bulwer Lytton, _Tales of Milētus_, iii. (See CHASTITY, for other tests.)

=Groveby= (_Old_), of Gloomstock Hall, aged 65. He is the uncle of Sir Harry Groveby. Brusque, hasty, self-willed, but kind-hearted.

_Sir Harry Groveby_, nephew of old Groveby, engaged to Maria “the maid of the Oaks.”—J. Burgoyne, _The Maid of the Oaks_.

=Groves= (_Jem_), landlord of the Valiant Soldier, to which was attached “a good dry skittle-ground.”—C. Dickens, _The Old Curiosity Shop_, xxix. (1840).

=Grub= (_Jonathan_), a stock broker, weighted with the three plagues of life—a wife, a handsome marriageable daughter, and £100,000 in the Funds, “any one of which is enough to drive a man mad; but all three to be attended to at once is too much.”

_Mrs. Grub_, a wealthy city woman, who has moved from the east to the fashionable west quarter of London, and has abandoned merchants and tradespeople for the gentry.

_Emily Grub_, called _Milly_, the handsome daughter of Jonathan. She marries Captain Bevil of the Guards.—O’Brien, _Cross Purposes_.

=Grub´binol=, a shepherd who sings with Bumkinet a dirge on the death of Blouzelinda.

Thus wailed the louts in melancholy strain, Till bonny Susan sped across the plain; They seized the lass, in apron clean arrayed, And to the ale-house forced the willing maid; In ale and kisses they forgot their cares, And Susan, Blouzelinda’s loss repairs. Gay, _Pastoral_, v. (1714).

(An imitation of Virgil’s _Ecl._, v. “Daphnis.”)

=Gru´dar and Bras´solis.= Cairbar and Grudar both strove for a spotted bull “that lowed on Golbun Heath,” in Ulster. Each claimed it as his own, and at length fought, when Grudar fell. Cairbar took the shield of Grudar to Brassolis, and said to her, “Fix it on high within my hall; ’tis the armor of my foe;” but the maiden, “distracted, flew to the spot, where she found the youth in his blood,” and died.

Fair was Brassolis on the plain. Stately was Grudar on the hill.—Ossian, _Fingal_, I.

=Grueby= (_John_), servant to Lord George Gordon. An honest fellow, who remained faithful to his master to the bitter end. He twice saved Haredale’s life; and, although living under Lord Gordon and loving him, detested the crimes into which his master was betrayed by bad advice and false zeal.—C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

=Grugeon=, one of Fortunio’s seven attendants. His gift was that he could eat any amount of food without satiety. When Fortunio first saw him, he was eating 60,000 loaves for his breakfast.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Fortunio,” 1682).

=Grum´ball= (_The Rev. Dr._), from Oxford, a papist conspirator with Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.)

=Grumbo=, a giant in the tale of _Tom Thumb_. A raven having picked up Tom Thumb, dropped him on the flat roof of the giant’s castle. When old Grumbo went there to sniff the air, Tom crept up his sleeve; the giant, feeling tickled, shook his sleeve, and Tom fell into the sea below. Here he was swallowed by a fish, and the fish, being caught, was sold for King Arthur’s table. It was thus that Tom got introduced to the great king, by whom he was knighted.

=Grumio=, one of the servants of Petruchio.—Shakespeare, _Taming of the Shrew_ (1594).

=Grundy= (_Mrs._). Dame Ashfield, a farmer’s wife, is jealous of a neighboring farmer named Grundy. She tells her husband that Farmer Grundy got five shillings a quarter more for his wheat than they did; that the sun seemed to shine on purpose for Farmer Grundy; that Dame Grundy’s butter was the crack butter of the market. She then goes into her day-dreams, and says, “If our Nelly were to marry a great baronet, I wonder what Mrs. Grundy would say?” Her husband makes answer:

“Why dan’t thee letten Mrs. Grundy alone? I do verily think when thee goest to t’other world, the vurst question thee’ll ax ’ill be, if Mrs. Grundy’s there?”—Th. Morton, _Speed the Plough_, i. 1 (1798).

=Gryll=, one of those changed by Acras´ia into a hog. He abused Sir Guyon for disenchanting him; whereupon the palmer said to the knight, “Let Gryll be Gryll, and have his hoggish mind.”—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 12 (1590).

Only a target light upon his arm He careless bore, on which old Gryll was drawn, Transformed into a hog. Phin. Fletcher, _The Purple Island_, vii. (1633).

=Gryphon=, a fabulous monster, having the upper part like a vulture or eagle, and the lower part like a lion. Gryphons were the supposed guardians of goldmines, and were in perpetual strife with the Arimas´pians, a people of Scythia, who rifled the mines for the adornment of their hair.

As when a gryphon thro’ the wilderness, With winged course, o’er hill or moory dale, Pursues the Arimaspian, who, by stealth, Had from his wakeful custody purloined The guarded gold. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, ii. 943, etc. (1665).

_The Gryphon_, symbolic of the divine and human union of Jesus Christ. The fore part of the gryphon is an eagle, and the hinder part a lion. Thus Dantê saw in purgatory the car of the Church drawn by a gryphon.—Dantê, _Purgatory_, xxix. (1308).

=Guadia´na=, the ’squire of Durandartê, changed into a river of the same name. He was so grieved at leaving his master that he plunged instantaneously under ground, and when obliged to appear “where he might be seen, he glided in sullen state to Portugal.”—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. ii. 6 (1615).

=Gualber´to= (_St._), heir of Valdespe´sa, and brought up with the feudal notion that he was to be the avenger of blood. Anselmo was the murderer he was to lie in wait for, and he was to make it the duty of his life to have blood for blood. One day, as he was lying in ambush for Anselmo, the vesper bell rang, and Gualberto (3 _syl._) fell in prayer, but somehow could not pray. The thought struck him that if Christ died to forgive sin, it could not be right in man to hold it beyond forgiveness. At this moment Anselmo came up, was attacked, and cried for mercy. Gualberto cast away his dagger, ran to the neighboring convent, thanked God he had been saved from blood-guiltiness, and became a hermit noted for his holiness of life.—Southey, _St. Gualberto_.

=Gua´rini= (_Philip_), the ’squire of Sir Hugo de Lacy.—Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Guari´nos= (_Admiral_), one of Charlemagne’s paladins, taken captive at Roncesvallês. He fell to the lot of Marlo´tês, a Moslem, who offered him his daughter in marriage, if he would become a disciple of the Arabian prophet. Guarinos refused, and was kept in a dungeon for seven years, when he was liberated, that he might take part in a joust. The admiral then stabbed the Moor to his heart, and, vaulting on his gray horse, Treb´ozond, escaped to France.

=Gu´drun=, a lady married to Sigurd by the magical arts of her mother; and on the death of Sigurd to Atli, (_Attila_), whom she hated for his fierce cruelty, and murdered. She then cast herself into the sea, and the waves bore her to the castle of King Jonakun, who became her third husband.—_Edda_ of Sämund Sigfusson (1130).

_Gudrun_, a model of heroic fortitude and pious resignation. She was the daughter of King Hettel (_Attila_), and the betrothed of Herwig, king of Heligoland, but was carried off by Harmuth, king of Norway, who killed Hettel. As she refused to marry Harmuth, he put her to all sorts of menial work. One day, Herwig appeared with an army, and having gained a decisive victory, married Gudrun, and at her intercession pardoned Harmuth the cause of her great misery.—_A North-Saxon Poem_ (thirteenth century).

=Gud´yill= (_Old John_), butler to Lady Bellenden.—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

=Guelph´o= (3 _syl._), son of Actius IV. Marquis d’Este and of Cunigunda (a German). Guelpho was the uncle of Rinaldo, and next in command to Godfrey. He led an army of 5000 men from Carynthia, in Germany, to the siege of Jerusalem, but most of them were cut off by the Persians. Guelpho was noted for his broad shoulders and ample chest.—Tasso, _Jerusalem Delivered_, iii. (1575).

=Guen´dolen= (3 _syl._), a fairy whose mother was a human being. King Arthur fell in love with her, and she became the mother of Gyneth. When Arthur deserted the frail fair one, she offered him a parting cup; but as he took it in his hands, a drop of the liquor fell on his horse and burnt it so severely that it “lept twenty feet high,” ran mad, and died. Arthur dashed the cup on the ground, whereupon it set fire to the grass and consumed the fairy palace. As for Guendolen, she was never seen afterwards.—Sir W. Scott, _The Bridal of Triermain_, i. 2 (“Lyulph’s Tales,” 1813).

=Guendolœ´na,= wife of Locrin (eldest son of Brute, whom he succeeded), and daughter of Cori´neus (3 _syl._). Being divorced, she retired to Cornwall, and collected an army, which marched against Locrin, who “was killed by the shot of an arrow.” Guendolœna now assumed the reins of government, and her first act was to throw Estrildis (her rival) and her daughter Sabre, into the Severn, which was called Sabri´na or Sabren from that day.—Geoffrey, _British History_, ii. 4, 5 (1142.)

=Guenever= or =Guinever=, a corrupt form of _Guanhuma´ra_ (4 _syl._), daughter of King Leodegrance, of the land of Camelyard. She was the most beautiful of women, was the wife of King Arthur, but entertained a criminal attachment for Sir Launcelot du Lac. Respecting the latter part of the queen’s history, the greatest diversity occurs. Thus Geoffrey says:

King Arthur was on his way to Rome ... when news was brought him that his nephew Mordred, to whose care he had entrusted Britain had ... set the crown upon his own head; and that the queen Guanhumara had wickedly married him.... When King Arthur returned and put Mordred and his army to flight ... the queen fled from York to the City of Legions [_Newport in South Wales_], where she resolved to lead a chaste life among the nuns of Julius the martyr.—_British History_, xi. 1 (1142).

Another version is, that Arthur, being informed of the adulterous conduct of Launcelot, went with an army to Bentwick (_Brittany_), to punish him. That Mordred (his son by his own sister), left as regent, usurped the crown, proclaimed that Arthur was dead, and tried to marry Guenever, the queen; but she shut herself up in the Tower of London, resolved to die rather than marry the usurper. When she heard of the death of Arthur, she “stole away” to Almesbury, “and there she let make herself a nun, and wore white cloaths and black.” And there lived she “in fasting, prayers and almsdeeds, that all marvelled at her virtuous life.”—Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii, 161-170 (1470).

⁂ For Tennyson’s version, see GUINEVERE.

=Guene´vra= (3 _syl._), wife of Necetaba´nus, the dwarf, at the cell of the hermit of Engaddi.—Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Guenn.= Beautiful Breton peasant, haughty and gay, who refuses to sit as a model to the artists who haunt the region, until Hamor prevails over her scruples. Up to now, her love for her deformed brother has been the strongest passion of her strong nature. The love she learns to feel for Hamor masters all else, and when convinced that it is hopeless she grows desperate. She is “found drowned.”—Blanche Willis Howard, _Guenn_.

=Guer´in= or =Gueri´no=, son of Millon, king of Alba´nia. On the day of his birth his father was dethroned, but the child was rescued by a Greek slave, who brought it up and surnamed it _Meschi´no_ or “the Wretched.” When grown to man’s estate Guerin fell in love with the princess Elizena, sister of the Greek emperor, who held his court at Constantinople.—_An Italian Romance._

=Guesclin’s Dust a Talisman.= Guesclin, or rather Du Guesclin, constable of France, laid siege to Châteauneuf-de-Randan, in Auvergne. After several assaults the town promised to surrender if not relieved within fifteen days. Du Guesclin died in this interval, but the governor of the town came and laid the keys of the city on the dead man’s body, saying he resigned the place to the hero’s ashes (1380).

France ... demands his bones [_Napoleon’s_], To carry onward in the battle’s van, To form, like Guesclin’s dust, her talisman. Byron, _Age of Bronze_, iv. (1821).

=Gugner=, Odin’s spear, which never failed to hit. It was made by the dwarf Eitri.—_The Eddas_.

=Guide´rius=, eldest son of Cym´beline, (3 _syl._), king of Britain, and brother of Arvir´agus. They were kidnapped in infancy by Belarius, out of revenge for being unjustly banished, and were brought up by him in a cave. When grown to manhood, Belarius introduced them to the king and told their story; whereupon Cymbeline received them as his sons, and Guiderius succeeded him on the throne.—Shakespeare, _Cymbeline_ (1605).

Geoffrey calls Cymbeline “Kymbelinus, son of Tenuantius;” says that he was brought up by Augustus Cæsar, and adds, “In his days was born our Lord Jesus Christ.” Kymbeline reigned ten years, when he was succeeded by Guiderius. The historian says that Kymbeline _paid_ the tribute to the Romans, and that it was Guiderius who refused to do so, “for which reason Claudius the emperor marched against him, and he was killed by Hamo.”—_British History_, iv. 11, 12, 13 (1142).

=Guido,= “the Savage,” son of Amon and Constantia. He was the younger brother of Rinaldo. Being wrecked on the coast of the Am´azons, he was compelled to fight their ten male champions, and having slain them all, to marry ten of the Amazons. From this thraldom Guido made his escape, and joined the army of Charlemagne.—Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

_Guido_ [FRANCESCHINI], a reduced nobleman, who tried to repair his fortune by marrying Pompilia, the putative child of Pietro and Violantê. When the marriage was accomplished, and the money secure, Guido ill-treated the putative parents; and Violantê, in revenge, declared that Pompilia was not their child at all, but the offspring of a Roman wanton. Having made this declaration, she next applied to the law-courts for the recovery of the money. When Guido heard this tale, he was furious, and so ill-treated his child-wife that she ran away, under the protection of a young canon. Guido pursued the fugitives, overtook them, and had them arrested; whereupon the canon was suspended for three years, and Pompilia sent to a convent. Here her health gave way, and as the birth of a child was expected, she was permitted to leave the convent and live with her putative parents. Guido, having gained admission, murdered all three, and was himself executed for the crime.—R. Browning, _The Ring and the Book_.

=Guild= (_Engineer_), who, in passing through Providence at night, was wont to give a signal to his wife which meant—

“To my trust true, So, love to you! Working or waiting, good night!”

One night the whistle was not heard.

“Guild lay under his engine dead.”—Francis Bret Harte, _Guild’s Signal_.

=Guil´denstern=, one of Hamlet’s companions, employed by the king and queen to divert him, if possible, from his strange and wayward ways.—Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596).

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are favorable examples of the thorough-paced time-serving court knave ... ticketed and to be hired for any hard or dirty work.—Cowden Clarke.

=Guillotine= (3 _syl._). So named from Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a French physician, who proposed its adoption, to prevent unnecessary pain. Dr. Guillotin did not invent the guillotine, but he improved the Italian machine (1791). In 1792 Antoine Louis introduced further improvements, and hence the instrument is sometimes called _Louisette, or Louison_. The original Italian machine was called _mannaja_; it was a clumsy affair, first employed to decapitate Beatrice Cenci, in Rome, A.D. 1600.

It was the popular theme for jests. It was [called _La mère Guillotine_], the “sharp female,” the “best cure for headache.” It “infallibly prevented the hair from turning grey.” It “imparted a peculiar delicacy to the complexion.” It was the “national razor,” which shaved close. Those “who kissed the guillotine, looked through the little window and sneezed into the sack.” It was the sign of “the regeneration of the human race.” It “superseded the cross.” Models were worn[_as ornaments_].—C. Dickens, A _Tale of Two Cities_, iii. 4 (1859).

=Guinart= (_Roque_), whose true name was Pedro Rocha Guinarda, chief of a band of robbers who levied black mail in the mountainous districts of Catalonia. He is introduced by Cervantes in his tale of _Don Quixote._

=Guinea= (_Adventures of a_), a novel by Charles Johnstone (1761). A guinea, as it passes into different hands, is the historian of the follies and vices of its master for the time being; and thus a series of scenes and personages is made to pass before the reader, somewhat in the same manner as in _The Devil upon Two Sticks_ and in _The Chinese Tales_.

=Guin´evere= (_3 syl._). So Tennyson spells the name of Arthur’s queen in his _Idylls_. He tells us of the liaison between her and “Sir Lancelot,” and says that Mordred, having discovered this familiarity, “brought his creatures to the basement of the tower for testimony.” Sir Lancelot flung the fellow to the ground, and instantly took to horse; while Guinevere fled to the nunnery at Almesbury. Here the king took leave of her; and when the abbess died, the queen was appointed her successor, and remained head of the establishment for three years, when she also died.

⁂ It will be seen that Tennyson departs from the _British History_, by Geoffrey, and the _History of Prince Arthur_ as edited by Sir T. Malory. (See GUENEVER.)

=Guiomar=, mother of the vain-glorious Duar´te.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647).

=Guiscardo=, the ’squire, but previously the page, of Tancred, king of Salerno. Sigismunda, the king’s daughter, loved him, and clandestinely married him. When Tancred discovered it, he ordered the young man to be waylaid and strangled. He then went to his daughter’s chamber, and reproved her for loving a base-born “slave.” Sigismunda boldly defended her choice, but next day received a human heart in a golden casket. It needed no prophet to tell her what had happened, and she drank a draught of poison. Her father entered just in time to hear her dying request that she and Guiscardo might be buried in the same tomb. The royal father

Too late repented of his cruel deed, One common sepulchre for both decreed; Intombed the wretched pair in royal state, And on their monument inscribed their fate. Dryden, _Sigismunda and Guiscardo_ (from Boccaccio).

=Guise= (_Henri de Lorraine, duc de_) commenced the Massacre of St. Bartholomew by the assassination of Admiral Coligny [_Co.leen´.ye_]. Being forbidden to enter Paris, by order of Henri III., he disobeyed the injunction, and was murdered (1550-1588).

⁂ Henri de Guise has furnished the subject of several tragedies. In _English_ we have _Guise, or the Massacre of France_, by John Webster (1620); _The Duke of Guise_, by Dryden and Lee. In _French_ we have _Etats de Blois (the Death of Guise)_, by François Raynouard (1814).

=Guis´la= (2 _syl._). sister of Pelayo, in love with Numac´ian, a renegade. “She inherited her mother’s leprous taint.” Brought back to her brother’s house by Adosinda, she returned to the Moor, “cursing the meddling spirit that interfered with her most shameless love.”—Southey, _Roderick, Last of the Goths_ (1814).

=Gui´zor= (2 _syl._), groom of the Saracen Pollentê. His “scalp was bare, betraying his state of bondage.” His office was to keep the bridge on Pollentê’s territory, and to allow no one to pass without paying “the passage penny.” This bridge was full of trap-doors, through which travellers were apt to fall into the river below. When Guizor demanded toll of Sir Artĕgal, the knight gave him a “stunning blow, saying, ‘Lo! there’s my hire;’” and the villain dropped down dead.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 2 (1596).

⁂ Upton conjectures that “Guizor” is intended for the Duc de Guise, and his master “Pollentê” for Charles IX. of France, both notorious for the St. Bartholomew Massacre.

=Gulbey´az,= the sultana. Having seen Juan amongst Lambro’s captives, “passing on his way to sale,” she caused him to be purchased, and introduced into the harem in female attire. On discovering that he preferred Dudù, one of the attendant beauties, to herself, she commanded both to be sewed up in a sack, and cast into the Bosphorus. They contrived, however, to make their escape.—Byron, _Don Juan_, vi. (1824).

=Gul´chenraz=, surnamed “Gundogdi” (“morning”), daughter of Malek-al-salem, king of Georgia, to whom Fum-Hoam, the mandarin, relates his numerous and extraordinary transformations, or rather metempsychoses.—T. S. Gueulette, _Chinese Tales_, (1723).

=Gul´chenrouz=, son of Ali Hassan (brother of the Emir´ Fakreddin); the “most delicate and lovely youth in the whole world.” He could “write with precision, paint on vellum, sing to the lute, write poetry, and dance to perfection; but could neither hurl the lance nor curb the steed.” Gulchenrouz was betrothed to his cousin Nouron´ihar, who loved “even his faults;” but they never married, for Nouronihar became the wife of the Caliph Vathek.—W. Beckford, _Vathek_ (1784).

Even beggars, in soliciting alms, will give utterance to some appropriate passage from the _Gulistan_.—J. J. Grandville.

=Gul´liver= (_Lemuel_), first a surgeon, then a sea-captain of several ships. He gets wrecked on the coast of Lilliput, a country of pygmies. Subsequently he is thrown among the people of Brobdingnag, giants of tremendous size. In his next voyage he is driven to Lapu´ta, an empire of quack pretenders to science and knavish projectors. And in his fourth voyage he visits the Houyhnhnms [_Whin´.nms_], where horses are the dominant powers.—Dean Swift, _Travels in Several Remote Nations_ ... _by Lemuel Gulliver_ (1726).

=Gulna´rê= (3 _syl._), daughter of Faras´chê (3 _syl._), whose husband was king of an under-sea empire. A usurper drove the king, her father, from his throne, and Gulnarê sought safety in the Island of the Moon. Here she was captured, made a slave, sold to the king of Persia, and became his favorite, but preserved a most obstinate and speechless silence for twelve months. Then the king made her his wife, and she told him her history. In due time a son was born, whom they called Beder (“the full moon”).

Gulnarê says that the under-sea folk are never wetted by the water, that they can see as well as we can, that they speak the language “of Solomon’s seal,” and can transport themselves instantaneously from place to place.—_Arabian Nights_ (“Beder and Giauharê”).

_Gulnare_ (2 _syl._), queen of the harem, and the most beautiful of all the slaves of Seyd [_Seed_]. She was rescued by Conrad the corsair from the flames of the palace; and, when Conrad was imprisoned, she went to his dungeon, confessed her love, and proposed that he should murder the sultan and flee. As Conrad refused to assassinate Seyd, she herself did it, and then fled with Conrad to the “Pirate’s Isle.” The rest of the tale is continued in _Lara_, in which Gulnare assumes the name of Kaled, and appears as a page.—Byron, _The Corsair_ (1814).

=Gulvi´gar= (“_weigher of gold_”), the Plutus of Scandinavian mythology. He introduced among men the love of gain.

=Gum´midge= (_Mrs._), the widow of Dan’el Peggotty’s partner. She kept house for Dan’el, who was a bachelor. Old Mrs. Gummidge had a craze that she was neglected and uncared for, a waif in the wide world, of no use to any one. She was always talking of herself as the “lone lorn cre’tur’.” When about to sail for Australia, one of the sailors asked her to marry him, when “she ups with a pail of water and flings it at his head.”—C. Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849.)

=Gundof´orus=, an Indian king for whom the Apostle Thomas built a palace of sethym wood, the roof of which was ebony. He made the gates of the horn of the “horned snake,” that no one with poison might be able to pass through.

=Gungnir=, Odin’s spear.—_Scandinavian Mythology_.

=Günther=, king of Burgundy, and brother of Kriemhild (2 _syl._). He resolved to wed Brunhild, the martial queen of Issland, and won her by the aid of Siegfried; but the bride behaved so obstreperously that the bridegroom had again to apply to his friend for assistance. Siegfried contrived to get possession of her ring and girdle, after which she became a submissive wife. Günther, with base ingratitude, was privy to the murder of his friend, and was himself slain in the dungeon of Etzel by his sister Kriemhield.—_The Nibelungen Lied._

⁂ In history, Günther is called “Güntacher,” and Etzel “Attila.”

=Gup´py= (_Mr._), clerk in the office of Kenge and Carboy. A weak, commonplace youth, who has the conceit to propose to Esther Summerson, the ward in Chancery.—C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853).

=Gurgus´tus=, according to Drayton, son of Belīnus. This is a mistake, as Gurgustus, or rather Gurgustius, was son of Rivallo; and the son of Belīnus was Gurgiunt Brabtruc. The names given by Geoffrey, in his _British History_, run thus; Leir (_Lear_), Cunedag, his grandson, Rivallo, his son, Gurgustius, his son, Sisillius, his son, Jago, nephew of Gurguitius, Kinmarc, son of Sisillius, then Gorbogud. Here the line is broken, and the new dynasty begins with Molmutius of Cornwall, then his son Belinus, who was succeeded by his son Gurgiunt Brabtruc, whose son and successor was Guithelin, called by Drayton “Guynteline.”—Geoffrey, _British History,_ ii., iii. (1142).

In greatness next succeeds Belinus’ worthy son Gurgustus, who soon left what his great father won To Guynteline his heir M. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612).

=Gurney= (_Gilbert_), the hero and title of a novel by Theodore Hook. This novel is a spiced autobiography of the author himself (1835).

_Gurney_ (_Thomas_), shorthand writer, and author of a work on the subject called _Brachygraphy_ (1705-1770).

If you would like to see the whole proceedings... The best is that in shorthand ta’en by Gurney, Who to Madrid on purpose made a journey. Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 189 (1819).

_Gurney._ City visitor to Cedarswamp, making fishing and flirting his business while there. Deserts a country girl, “Lett,” to make love to the new teacher, Miss Hungerford.—Sally Pratt McLean, _Cape Cod Folks_ (1881).

=Gurth=, the swine-herd and thrall of Cedric of Rotherwood.—Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=Gurton= (_Gammer_), the heroine of an old English comedy. The plot turns upon the loss of a needle by Gammer Gurton, and its subsequent discovery sticking in the breeches of her man Hodge.—Mr. J. S., Master of Arts (1561).

=Guse Gibbie=, a half-witted lad in the service of Lady Bellenden.—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

=Gushington= (_Angelina_), the _nom de plume_ of Lady Dufferin.

=Gusta´vus Vasa= (1496-1560), having made his escape from Denmark, where he had been treacherously carried captive, worked as a common laborer for a time in the copper-mines of Dalecarlia [_Da´.le.karl´.ya_]; but the tyranny of Christian II. of Denmark induced the Dalecarlians to revolt, and Gustavus was chosen their leader. The rebels made themselves masters of Stockholm; Christian abdicated, and Sweden henceforth became an independent kingdom.—H. Brooke, _Gustavus Vasa_ (1730).

=Gus´ter=, the Snagsbys’ maid-of-all-work. A poor, overworked drudge, subject to fits.—C. Dickens, _Bleak House_ (1853).

=Gusto Picaresco= (“_taste for roguery_”). In romance of this school the Spaniards especially excel, as Don Diego de Mondo´za’s _Lazarillo de Tormes_ (1553); Mateo Aleman’s _Guzman d’Alfarache_ (1599); Guevedo’s _Gran Tacano_, etc.

=Guthrie= (_John_), one of the archers of the Scottish guard in the employ of Louis XI—Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.)

=Gutter Lyrist= (_The_), Robert Williams Buchanan; so called from his poems on the loves of costermongers and their wenches (1841- ).

=Guy Carleton.= Wealthy young Englishman who is converted from skepticism by the gentle leadings of the child Fleda, and never forgets her. He meets her eight or nine years afterward and marries her.—Susan Warner, _Queechy_ (1852).

=Guy Morville.= High-spirited, generous youth, whose religious faith helps him to overcome a fiery temper. He dies, while on his bridal tour of fever contracted in nursing his cousin Philip, his rival and enemy.—C. M. Yonge, _The Heir of Redclyffe_.

Guy (_Thomas_), the miser and philanthropist. He amassed an immense fortune in 1720 by speculations in South Sea stock, and gave £238,292 to found and endow Guy’s hospital (1644-1724).

=Guy, earl of Warwick=, an English knight. He proposed marriage to Phelis or Phillis, who refused to listen to his suit till he had distinguished himself by knightly deeds. He first rescued Blanch, daughter of the emperor of Germany, then fought against the Saracens, and slew the doughty Coldran, Elmage, king of Tyre, and the Soldan himself. Then, returning to England, he was accepted by Phelis and married her. In forty days he returned to the Holy Land, when he redeemed Earl Jonas out of prison, slew the giant Am´erant, and performed many other noble exploits. Again he returned to England, just in time to encounter the Danish giant Colebrond (_2 syl._) or Colbrand, which combat is minutely described by Drayton, in his _Polyolbion_, xii. At Windsor he slew a boar “of passing might.” On Dunsmore Heath he slew the dun cow of Dunsmore, a wild and cruel monster. In Northumberland he slew a winged dragon, “black as any cole,” with the paws of a lion, and a hide which no sword could pierce (_Polyolbion_, xiii.). After this he turned hermit, and went daily to crave bread of his wife Phelis, who knew him not. On his death-bed he sent her a ring, and she closed his dying eyes (890-958).

=Guy Fawkes=, the conspirator, went under the name of John Johnstone, and pretended to be the servant of Mr. Percy (1577-1606).

=Guy Mannering=, the second of Scott’s historical novels, published in 1815, just seven months after _Waverley_. The interest of the tale is well sustained; but the love scenes, female characters, and Guy Mannering himself, are quite worthless. Not so the character of Dandy Dinmont, the shrewd and witty counsellor Pleydell, the desperate sea-beaten villainy of Hatteraick, the uncouth devotion of that gentlest of all pedants, poor Domine Sampson, and half-crazed, but noble-hearted, Meg Merrilies, the true heroine of the novel.

_Guy Mannering_ was the work of six weeks about Christmas time, and marks of haste are visible both in the plot and in its development.—Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 586.

=Guyon Guerndale.= Sensitive, imaginative young man, “forever looking for this year’s birds in the nests of the last.” He carries in a locket with him an heirloom diamond said to have been wrested from the rightful owner by a wicked ancestor. Guerndale loves a woman who marries his friend; he seeks glory and is wounded at Plevna. He “had started by believing in three things, truth, love, and friendship,” and he never recants. While in the hospital, news comes of “Annie’s” death. He determines to cast away the diamond he had once meant for her. It is an evil stone. He wrenches open the locket, reopens his wound, and bleeds to death. His friend, finding him dead, picks up the historic stone.

“The diamond was only a crystal after all.” Frederic Jesup Stimson, _Guerndale_ (1881).

=Guyn´teline= or =Guithtlin=, according to Geoffrey, son of Gurgiun´e Brabtrue (_British History_, iii. 11, 12, 13); but, according to Drayton, son of Gurgustus, an early British king. (See GURGUSTUS). His queen was Martia, who codified what are called the Martian Laws, translated into Anglo-Saxon by King Alfred. (See MARTIAN LAWS.)

Gurgustus ... left what his great father won To Guynteline his heir, whose queen ... To wise Mulmutius laws her Martian first did frame. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, viii. (1612).

=Guyon=, (_Sir_), the personification of “temperance.” The victory of temperance over intemperance is the subject of bk. ii. of the _Faëry Queen_. Sir Guyon first lights on Amavia (intemperance of _grief_), a woman who kills herself out of grief for her husband; and he takes her infant boy and commits it to the care of Medi´na. He next meets Braggadoccio (intemperance of the _tongue_), who is stripped bare of everything. He then encounters Furor (intemperance of _anger_), and delivers Phaon from his hands. Intemperance of _desire_ is discomfited in the persons of Pyr´oclês and Cym´oclês; then intemperance of _pleasure_, or wantonness, in the person of Phædria. After his victory over wantonness, he sees Mammon (intemperance of _worldly wealth and honor_); but he rejects all his offers, and Mammon is foiled. His last and great achievement is the destruction of the “Bower of Bliss,” and the binding in chains of adamant the enchantress Acrasia (or _intemperance_ generally). This enchantress was fearless against Force, but Wisdom and Temperance prevail against her.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 12 (1500).

=Guyot= (_Bertrand_), one of the archers in the Scottish guard attached to Louis XI.—Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Guzman d’Alfara´che= (_4 syl._), hero of a Spanish romance of roguery. He begins by being a dupe, but soon becomes a knave in the character of stable-boy, beggar, swindler, pander, student, merchant, and so on.—Mateo Aleman (1599).

=Guzman.= The priest who brings up _Don Juan_ in Mansfield’s play of that name. He tries to train the boy aright; failing in this, he screens him and palliates his offences; makes a desperate effort to save his life when he is menaced by Don Alonzo, frustrated by the youth’s chivalric self-devotion, and is with the hapless prisoner at the moment of his death.—Richard Mansfield, _Don Juan_ (1891).

=Gwenhid´wy=, a mermaid. The white foamy waves are called her sheep, and the ninth wave her ram.

Take shelter when you see Gwenhidwy driving her flock ashore.—_Welsh Proverb_.

... they watched the great sea fall, Wave after wave, each mightier than the last; Till, last a ninth one, gathering half the deep, And full of voices, slowly rose and plunged, Roaring, and all the wave was in a flame. Tennyson, _The Holy Grail_.

=Gwilt= (_Miss_), plotter and betrayer, in Wilkie Collins’s novel, _Armadale_.

=Gwynne= (_Nell_), one of the favorites of Charles II. She was an actress, but in her palmy days was noted for her many works of benevolence and kindness of heart. The last words of King Charles were, “Don’t let poor Nellie starve!”—Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Gyas and Cloan´thus=, two companions of Æne´as, generally mentioned together as “fortis Gyas fortisque Cloanthus.” The phrase has become proverbial for two very similar characters.—Virgil, _Æneid_.

The “strong Gyas” and the “strong Cloanthus” are less distinguished by the poet than the strong Percival and the strong Osbaldistones were by outward appearance.—Sir W. Scott.

=Gyges= (_2 syl._), one of the Titans. He had fifty heads and a hundred hands.

_Gyges_, a king of Lydia, of whom Apollo said he deemed the poor Arcadian Ag´laos more happy than the King Gyges, who was proverbial for his wealth.

_Gyges_ (_2 syl._), who dethroned Candaulês (_3 syl._), king of Lydia, and married Nyssia, the young widow. Herodotos says that Candaulês showed Gyges the queen naked, and the queen, indignant at this impropriety, induced Gyges to kill the king and marry her (bk. i. 8). He reigned B.C. 716-678.

_Gyges’s Ring_ rendered the wearer invisible. Plato says that Gyges found the ring in the flanks of a brazen horse, and was enabled by this talisman to enter the king’s chamber unseen, and murder him.

Why did you think that you had Gyges’ ring, Or the herb [_fern seed_] that gives invisibility? Beaumont and Fletcher, _Fair Maid of the Inn_, i. 1 (1647).

=Gyneth=, natural daughter of Guendŏlen and King Arthur. The king promised to give her in marriage to the bravest knight in a tournament in which the warder was given to her to drop when she pleased. The haughty beauty saw twenty knights fall, among whom was Vanoc, son of Merlin. Immediately Vanoc fell, Merlin rose, put an end to the jousts, and caused Gyneth to fall into a trance, from which she was never to wake till her hand was claimed in marriage by some knight as brave as those who had fallen in the tournament. After the lapse of 500 years, De Vaux undertook to break the spell, and had to overcome four temptations, viz., fear, avarice, pleasure, and ambition. Having succeeded in these encounters, Gyneth awoke and became his bride.—Sir W. Scott, _Bridal of Triermain_ (1813).

=Gyp=, the college servant of Blushington, who stole his tea and sugar, candles, and so on. After Blushington came into his fortune he made Gyp his chief domestic and private secretary.—W.T. Moncrieff, _The Bashful Man_.

=Gyptian= (_Saint_), a vagrant.

Percase [_perchance_] sometimes St. Gyptian’s pilgrymage Did carie me a month (yea, sometimes more) To brake the bowres [_to reject the food provided_], Bicause they had no better cheere in store. G. Gascoigne, _The Fruites of Warre_, 100 (died 1557).

=H. B.=, the initials adopted by Mr. Doyle, father of Richard Doyle, in his _Reform Caricatures_ (1830).

=H. H.=, Pen-name of Helen Hunt Jackson, authoress of _Ramona, A Century of Dishonor_, etc.

=Hackburn= (_Simon of_), a friend of Hobbie Elliott, farmer at the Heugh-foot.—Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_ (time, Anne).

=Hackum= (_Captain_), a thick-headed bully of Alsatia, once a sergeant in Flanders. He deserted his colors, fled to England, took refuge in Alsatia, and assumed the title of captain.—Shadwell, _Squire of Alsatia_ (1688).

=Hadad=, one of the six Wise Men of the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. He left his beloved consort, fairest of the daughters of Bethu´rim. At his decease she shed no tear, yet was her love exceeding that of mortals.—Klopstock, _The Messiah_, v. (1771).

=Had´away= (_Jack_), a former neighbor of Nanty Ewart, the smuggler-captain.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Ha´des= (_2 syl_.), the god of the unseen world; also applied to the grave, or the abode of departed spirits.

⁂ In the _Apostles’ Creed_, the phrase “descended into hell” is equivalent to “descended into hadês.”

=Hadgi= (_Abdallah el_), the soldan’s envoy.—Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Hadoway= (_Mrs._), Lovel’s landlady at Fairport.—Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time, George III.).

=Hafed=, a gheber or fire-worshipper, in love with Hinda, the emir’s daughter. He was the leader of a band sworn to free their country or die in the attempt. His rendezvous was betrayed, but when the Moslem came to arrest him, he threw himself into the sacred fire, and was burnt to death.—T. Moore, _Lalla Rookh_ (“The Fire-Worshippers,” 1817).

=Haf´edal=, the protector of travellers, one of the four gods of the Adites (_2 syl._).

=Hafiz=, the _nom de plume_ of Mr. Stott in the _Morning Press_. Byron calls him “grovelling Stott,” and adds, “What would be the sentiment of the Persian Anacreon ... if he could behold his name assumed by one Stott of Dromore, the most impudent and execrable of literary poachers?”—_English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1809).

=Hafod.= _As big a fool as Jack Hafod._ Jack Hafod was a retainer of Mr. Bartlett, of Castlemore, Worcestershire, and the _ultimus scurrarum_ of Great Britain. He died at the close of the eighteenth century.

=Hagan=, son of a mortal and a sea-goblin, the Achillês of German romance. He stabbed Siegfried while drinking from a brook, and laid the body at the door of Kriemhild, that she might suppose he had been killed by assassins. Hagan, having killed Siegfried, then seized the “Nibelung hoard,” and buried it in the Rhine, intending to appropriate it. Kriemhild, after her marriage with Etzel, king of the Huns, invited him to the court of her husband, and cut off his head. He is described as “well grown, strongly built, with long sinewy legs, deep broad chest, hair slightly gray, of terrible visage, and of lordly gait” (stanza 1789).—_The Nibelungen Lied_ (1210).

=Ha´garenes= (3 _syl._), the descendants of Hagar. The Arabs and the Spanish Moors are so called.

Often he [_St. James_] hath been seen conquering and destroying the Hagarenes.—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iv. 6 (1615).

=Hagenbach= (_Sir Archibald von_), governor of La Frette.—Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Hahlreiner= (_Fraulein_). The Münich landlady who accompanies H.H. as maid in her travels through Germany. During the jaunt she learns so much of other landlord’s ways and manners that “I fear me from this time henceforth, the lodgers in my dear Fraulein’s house will not find it such a marvel of cheap comfort as we did.”—Helen Hunt Jackson, _Bits of Travel_ (1872).

=Haiatal´nefous= (_5 syl._), daughter and only child of Ar´manys, king of the “Isle of Ebony.” She and Badoura were the two wives of Prince Camaral´zaman, and gave birth at the same time to two princes. Badoura called her son Amgiad (“the most glorious”), and Haiatalnefous called her’s Assad (“the most happy”).—_Arabian Nights_ (“Camaralzaman and Badoura”).

=Haidée=, “the beauty of the Cycladês,” was the daughter of Lambro, a Greek pirate, living in one of the Cycladês. Her mother was a Moorish maiden of Fez, who died when Haidee was a mere child. Being brought up in utter loneliness, she was wholly Nature’s child. One day, Don Juan was cast on the shore, the only one saved from a shipwrecked crew, tossed about for many days in the long-boat. Haidée lighted on the lad, and, having nursed him in a cave, fell in love with him. A report being heard that Lambro was dead, Don Juan gave a banquet, but in the midst of the revelry, the old pirate returned, and ordered Don Juan to be seized and sold as a slave. Haidée broke a blood-vessel from grief and fright, and, refusing to take any nourishment, died.—Byron, _Don Juan_, ii. 118; iii., iv. (1819, 1821).

=Haimon= (_The Four Sons of_), the title of a minnesong in the degeneracy of that poetic school, which rose in Germany with the house of Hohenstaufen, and went out in the middle of the thirteenth century.

=Hair.= Every three days, when Cor´sina combed the hair of Fairstar and her two brothers, “a great many valuable jewels were combed out, which she sold at the nearest town.”—Comtesse D’Aunoy, _Fairy Tales_ (“Princess Fairstar,” 1682).

“I suspected,” said Corsina, “that Cherry is not the brother of Fairstar, for he has neither a star nor collar of gold as Fairstar and her brothers have.” “That’s true,” rejoined her husband; “but jewels fall out of his hair, as well as out of the others.”—_Princess Fairstar_.

_Hair._ Mrs. Astley, an actress of the last century, wife of “Old Astley,” could stand up and cover her feet with her flaxen hair.

She had such luxuriant hair that she could stand upright and it covered her to her feet like a veil. She was very proud of these flaxen locks; and a slight accident by fire having befallen them, she resolved ever after to play in a wig. She used, therefore, to wind this immense quantity of hair round her head, and put over it a capacious caxon, the consequence of which was that her head bore about the same proportion to the rest of her figure that a whale’s skull does to its body.—Philip Astley (1742-1814).

_Hair._ Mdlle. Bois de Chêne, exhibited in London in 1852-3, had a most profuse head of hair, and also a strong black beard, large whiskers, and thick hair on her arms and legs.

Charles XII. had in his army a woman whose beard was a yard and a half long. She was taken prisoner at the battle of Pultowa, and presented to the Czar in 1724.

Johann Mayo, the German painter, had a beard which touched the ground when he stood up.

Master George Killingworthe, in the court of Ivan “the Terrible” of Russia, had a beard five feet two inches long. It was thick, broad, and of a yellowish hue.—Hakluyt (1589).

=Hair Cut Off.= It was said by the Greeks and Romans that life would not quit the body of a devoted victim till a lock of hair had first been cut from the head of the victim and given to Proserpine. Thus, when Alcestis was about to die as a voluntary sacrifice for the life of her husband, Than´atos first cut off a lock of her hair for the queen of the infernals. When Dido immolated herself, she could not die till Iris had cut off one of her yellow locks for the same purpose.—Virgil, _Æneid_, iv. 693-705.

Iris cut the yellow hair of unhappy Dido, and broke the charm.—O. W. Holmes, _Autocrat of the Breakfast Table_.

=Hair, Sign of Rank.=

The Parthians and ancient Persians of high rank wore long flowing hair.

Homer speaks of “the long-haired Greeks” by way of honorable distinction. Subsequently the Athenian cavalry wore long hair, and all Lacedæmonian soldiers did the same.

The Gauls considered long hair a notable honor, for which reason Julius Cæsar obliged them to cut off their hair in token of submission.

The Franks and ancient Germans considered long hair a mark of noble birth. Hence Clodion, the Frank, was called “The Long-Haired,” and his successors are spoken of as _les rois chevelures_.

The Goths looked on long hair as a mark of honor, and short hair as a mark of thraldom.

For many centuries long hair was in France the distinctive mark of kings and nobles.

=Haïz´um= (_3 syl._), the horse on which the archangel Gabriel rode when he led a squadron of 3000 angels against the Koreishites (_3 syl._) in the famous battle of Bedr.

=Hakem´ or Hakeem=, chief of the Druses, who resides at Deir-el-Kamar. The first hakem was the third Fatimite caliph, called B’amr-ellah, who professed to be incarnate deity, and the last prophet who had personal communication between God and man. He was slain on Mount Mokattam, near Cairo (Egypt).

Hakem the khalif vanished erst, In what seemed death to uninstructed eyes, On red Mokattam’s verge. Robert Browning, _The Return of the Druses_, i.

=Hakim= _(Adonbec el_), Saladin in the disguise of a physician. He visited Richard Cœur de Lion in sickness; gave him a medicine in which the “talisman” had been dipped, and the sick king recovered from his fever.—Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Halcro= (_Claud_), the old bard of Magnus Troil, the udaller of Zetland.—Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

⁂ A udallar is one who holds his land by allodial tenure.

=Halden or Halfdene= (_2 syl._), a Danish king, who with Basrig or Bagsecg, another Scandinavian king, made (in 871) a descent upon Wessex, and in that one year nine pitched battles were fought with the islanders. The first was Englefield, in Berkshire, in which the Danes were beaten; the second was Reading, in which the Danes were victorious; the third was the famous battle of Æscesdun or Ashdune, in which the Danes were defeated with great loss, and King Bagsecg was slain. In 909, Halfdene was slain in the battle of Wodnesfield (Staffordshire).

Reading ye regained.... Where Basrig ye outbraved, and Halden sword to sword. Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xii. (1613).

=Hal´dimund= (_Sir Ewes_), a friend of Lord Dalgarno.—Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_ (time, James I.).

Hales (_John_), called “The Ever-Memorable” (1584-1656).

The works of John Hales were published after his death, in 1659, under the title of _The Golden Remains of the Ever-Memorable Mr. John Hales of Eton College_ (three vols.).

=Halifax= (_John_), noble character, rising from poverty to affluence and honor by his own exertions, and winning for himself the name written by his mother in his Bible, “_John Halifax, Gentleman._”—Dinah Maria Muloch, Mrs. Craik.

=Halkit= (_Mr._), a young lawyer in the introduction of Sir W. Scott’s _Heart of Midlothian_ (1818).

=Hall= (_Sir Christopher_), an officer in the army of Montrose.—Sir W. Scott, _Legend of Montrose_ (time, Charles I.).

=Hall= (_Ruth_), vivacious woman, who is happily married, then widowed, reduced to poverty, and wins fortune and fame by her pen. Supposed to be the author’s own life under a thin veil of fiction.—Sarah Payson Willis (Fanny Fern), _Ruth Hall_ (184-).

=Haller= (_Mrs._). At the age of 16, Adelaid [Mrs. Haller] married the Count Waldbourg, from whom she eloped. The count then led a roving life, and was known as “the stranger.” The countess, repenting of her folly, assumed (for three years) the name of Mrs. Haller, and took service under the countess of Wintersen, whose affection she won by her amiability and sweetness of temper. Baron Steinfort fell in love with her, but hearing her tale, interested himself in bringing about a reconciliation between Mrs. Haller and “the stranger,” who happened, at the time, to be living in the same neighborhood. They met and bade adieu, but when their children were brought forth, they relented, and rushed into each other’s arms.—Benj. Thompson, _The Stranger_ (1797). Adapted from Kotzebue.

=Halliday= (_Tom_), a private in the royal army.—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time Charles II.).

=Hamarti´a=, Sin personified, offspring of the red dragon and Eve. “A foul deformed” monster, “more foul deformed the sun yet never saw.” “A woman seemed she in the upper part,” but “the rest was in serpent form,” though out of sight. Fully described in canto xii. of _The Purple Island_ (1633), by Phineas Fletcher. (Greek _hamartia_, “sin.”)

=Hamet=, son of Mandānê and Zamti (a Chinese mandarin). When the infant prince, Zaphimri, called “the orphan of China,” was committed to the care of Zamti, Hamet was sent to Corea, and placed under the charge of Morat; but when grown to manhood, he led a band of insurgents against Ti´murkan´ the Tartar, who had usurped the throne of China. He was seized and condemned to death, under the conviction that he was Zaphimri, the prince. Etan (who was the real Zaphimri) now came forward to acknowledge his rank, and Timurkan, unable to ascertain which was the true prince, ordered them both to execution. At this juncture a party of insurgents arrived, Hamet and Zaphimri were set at liberty, Timurkan was slain, and Zaphimri was raised to the throne of his forefathers.—Murphy, _The Orphan of China_.

_Hamet_, one of the black slaves of Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert, preceptor of the Knights Templars.—Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

_Hamet_, (_the Cid_) or THE CID HAMET BENENGEL´I, the hypothetical Moorish chronicler who is fabled by Cervantês to have written the adventures of “Don Quixote.”

O Nature’s noblest gift my gray goose quill!... Our task complete, like Hamet’s shall be free. Byron, _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_ (1809).

The shrewd Cid Hamet, addressing himself to his pen, says, “And now my slender quill, whether skillfully cut or otherwise, here from this rack, suspended by a wire, shalt thou peacefully live to distant times, unless the hand of some rash historian disturb thy repose by taking thee down and profaning thee.”—Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (last chap., 1615).

=Hamilton= (_Lady Emily_), sister of Lord Evandale.—Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

_Hamilton_ (_Mrs._), model Christian mother, whose character and modes of government are delineated in _Home Influence_ and _The Mother’s Recompense_.—Grace Aquilar (185-).

=Hamiltrude= (_3 syl._), a poor Frenchwoman, the first of Charlemagne’s nine wives. She bore him several children.

Her neck was tinged with a delicate rose.... Her locks were bound about her temples with gold and purple bands. Her dress was looped up with ruby clasps. Her coronet and her purple robes gave her an air of surpassing majesty.—L’Epine, _Croquemitaine_, iii.

=Hamlet=, prince of Denmark, a man of mind, but not of action; nephew of Claudius, the reigning king, who had married the widowed queen. Hamlet loved Ophelia, daughter of Polo´nius, the lord chamberlain; but feeling it to be his duty to revenge his father’s murder, he abandoned the idea of marriage and treated Ophelia so strangely that she went mad, and, gathering flowers from a brook, fell into the water and was drowned. While wasting his energy in speculation, Hamlet accepted a challenge from Laertês of a friendly contest with foils; but Laertês used a poisoned rapier, with which he stabbed the young prince. A scuffle ensued, in which the combatants changed weapons, and Laertês being stabbed, both died.—Shakespeare, _Hamlet_ (1596).

“The whole play,” says Schlegel, “is intended to show that calculating consideration which exhausts ... the power of action.” Goethe is of the same opinion, and says that “Hamlet is a noble nature, without the strength of nerve which forms a hero. He sinks beneath a burden which he cannot bear, and cannot [_make up his mind to_] cast aside.”

⁂ In the _History of Hamblet_, Hamlet’s father is called “Horvendille.”

=Hammer= (_The _),Judas Asamonæus, surnamed _Maccabæus_, “the hammer” (B.C. 166-136).

Charles Martel (689-741).

On prétend qu’on lui donna le surnom de _Martel_ parcequ’il avait écrasé comme avec un marteau les Sarrasins qui, sous la conduite d’Abdérame, avaient envahi la France.—Bouillet.

=Hammer and Scourge of England=, Sir William Wallace (1270-1305).

=Hammer of Heretics=.

1. PIERRE D’AILLY, president of the council which condemned John Huss (1350-1425).

2. ST. AUGUSTINE, “the pillar of truth and hammer of heresies” (395-430).—Hakewell.

3. JOHN FABER. So called from the title of one of his works, _Malleus Hereticorum_ (1470-1541).

=Hammer of Scotland=, Edward I. His son inscribed on his tomb: “Edwardus Longus Scotorum Malleus hic est” (1239, 1272-1307).

=Hammerlein= (_Claus_), the smith, one of the insurgents at Liège.—Sir W. Scott, _Quentin Durward_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Hamond,= captain of the guard of Rollo (“the bloody brother” of Otto, and duke of Normandy). He stabs the duke, and Rollo stabs the captain; so that they kill each other.—Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Bloody Brother_ (1639).

=Hamor= (_Everett_), artist to whom Gwenn consents to sit as a model, and who reciprocates the favor by stealing her heart, his own fancy being enthralled, while he knows that he cannot marry her.

While she dances—a breathing poem, her clear eyes seeking Hamor’s with a kind of proud pleading—“Your smile, too, O my master,” they pleaded; “your smile to crown my joy,”—he is talking of art to a young Danish woman, also an artist, and not seeing Gwenn.—Blanche Willis Howard, _Gwenn_ (1883).

=Hampden= (_John_), was born in London, but after his marriage lived as a country squire. He was imprisoned in the gatehouse for refusing to pay a tax called ship-money, imposed without the authority of parliament. The case was tried in the Exchequer Chamber, in 1638, and given against him. He threw himself heart and soul into the business of the Long Parliament, and commanded a troop in the parliamentary army. In 1643 he fell in an encounter with Prince Rupert; but he has ever been honored as a patriot, and the defender of the rights of the people (1597-1643).

[_Shall_] Hampden no more, when suffering Freedom calls, Encounter Fate, and triumph as he falls? Campbell, _Pleasures of Hope_, i. (1790).

Some village Hampden, that with dauntless breast, The little tyrant of his fields withstood. Grey, _Elegy_ (1749).

=Hamzu-ben-Ahmud=, who, on the death of Hakeem. B’amr-ellah (called the incarnate deity and last prophet), was the most zealous propagator of the new faith, out of which the semi-Mohammedan sect, called Druses, subsequently arose.

N.B.—They were not called “Druses” till the eleventh century, when one of their “apostles,” called Durzi, led them from Egypt to Syria, and the sect was called by his name.

=Handel’s Monument=, in Westminster Abbey, is by Roubillac. It was the last work executed by this sculptor.

=Han= (_Sons of_), the Chinese, so called from Hân, the village in which Lieou-pang was chief. Lieou-pang conquered all who opposed him, seized the supreme power, assumed the name of Kao-hoâng-tee and the dynasty, which lasted 422 years, was “the fifth imperial dynasty, or that of Hân.” It gave thirty emperors, and the seat of government was Yn. With this dynasty the modern history of China begins (B.C. 202 to A.D. 220).

=Handsome Englishman= (_The_). The French used to call John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, _Le Bel Anglais_ (1650-1722).

=Handsome Swordsman= (_The_). Joachim Murat was popularly called _Le Beau Sabreur_ (1767-1815).

=Handy Andy=, (See ANDY).

=Handy= (_Sir Abel_), a great contriver of inventions which would not work, and of retrograde improvements. Thus “his infallible axletree” gave way when it was used, and the carriage was “smashed to pieces.” His substitute for gunpowder exploded, endangered his life, and set fire to the castle. His “extinguishing powder” might have reduced the flames, but it was not mixed, nor were his patent fire-engines in workable order. He said to Farmer Ashfield:

“I have obtained patents for tweezers, toothpicks, and tinder-boxes ... and have now on hand two inventions, ... one for converting saw-dust into deal boards, and the other for cleaning rooms by steam-engines.”

_Lady Nelly Handy_ (his wife), formerly a servant in the house of Farmer Ashfield. She was full of affectations, overbearing, and dogmatical. Lady Nelly tried to “forget the dunghill whence she grew, and thought herself the Lord knows who.” Her extravagance was so great that Sir Abel said his “best coal-pit would not find her in white muslin, nor his India bonds in shawls and otto of roses.” It turned out that her first husband, Gerald, who had been absent twenty years, reappeared and claimed her. Sir Abel willingly resigned his claim, and gave Gerald £5000 to take her off his hands.

_Robert Handy_ (always called _Bob_), son of Sir Abel by his first wife. He fancied he could do everything better than any one else. He taught the post boy to drive, but broke the horse’s knees. He taught Farmer Ashfield how to box, but got knocked down by him at the first blow. He told Dame Ashfield he had learned lace-making at Mechlin, and that she did not make it in the right way; but he spoilt her cushion in showing her how to do it. He told Lady Handy (his father’s bride) she did not know how to use the fan, and showed her; he told her she did not know how to curtsey, and showed her. Being pestered by this popinjay beyond endurance, she implored her husband to protect her from further insults. Though light-hearted, Bob was “warm, steady, and sincere.” He married Susan, the daughter of Farmer Ashfield.—Th. Morton, _Speed the Plough_ (1798).

=Hanging Judge= (_The_), Sir Francis Page (1718-1741).

The earl of Norbury, who was chief justice of the Common Pleas in Ireland from 1820 to 1827, was also stigmatized with the same unenviable title.

=Hannah.= The friend of the Quaker widow in the garden after her husband’s funeral—“the single heart that comes at need.”—Bayard Taylor, _The Quaker Widow_.

_Hannah_, housekeeper to Mr. Fairford, the lawyer.—Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Hannah Thurston.= A country girl, a Quaker by birth and breeding, whose Madonna face and nobility of character win the regard of a wealthy citizen of the world, a travelled man who yet does not sympathize with Hannah’s “progressive” ideas on the subject of woman’s suffrage, etc. He marries her and converts her.—Bayard Taylor, _Hannah Thurston_, (1868.)

=Hans=, a simple-minded boy of five and twenty, in love with Esther, but too shy to ask her in marriage. He is a “Modus” in a lower social grade; and Esther is a “cousin Helen,” who laughs at him, loves him, and teaches him how to make love to her and win her.—S. Knowles, _The Maid of Mariendorpt_ (1838).

_Hans_, the pious ferryman on the banks of the Rhine.—Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

_Hans_ (_Adrian_), a Dutch merchant killed at Boston.—Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

=Hans of Iceland=, a novel by Victor Hugo (1824). Hans is a stern, savage, Northern monster, ghastly and fascinating.

=Hans von Rippach= [_Rip.pak_], _i.e._ Jack of Rippach. Rippach is a village near Leipsic. This Hans von Rippach is is a “Mons. Nong-tong-pas,” that is, a person asked for, who does not exist. The “joke” is to ring a house up at some unseasonable hour, and ask for Herr Hans von Rippach or Mons. Nongtongpas.

=Hanson= (_Neil_), a soldier in the castle of Garde Doloureuse.—Sir W. Scott, _The Betrothed_ (time, Henry II.).

=Hanswurst=, the “Jack Pudding” of old German comedy, but almost annihilated by Gottsched, in the middle of the eighteenth century. He was clumsy, huge in person, an immense gourmand, and fond of vulgar practical jokes.

⁂ The French “Jean Potage,” the Italian “Macaroni,” and the Dutch “Pickel Herringe,” were similar characters.

=Hapmouche= (_2 syl._), _i.e_. “fly-catcher,” the giant who first hit upon the plan of smoking pork and neats’ tongues.—Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 1.

=Happer= or =Hob=. the miller who supplies St. Mary’s Convent.

_Mysie Happer_, the miller’s daughter. Afterwards, in disguise, she acts as the page of Sir Piercie Shafton, whom she marries.—Sir W. Scott, _The Monastery_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Happuck=, a magician, brother of Ulin, the enchantress. He was the instigator of rebellion, and intended to kill the Sultan Misnar at a review, but Misnar had given orders to a body of archers to shoot the man who was left standing when the rest of the soldiers fell prostrate in adoration. Misnar went to the review, and commanded the army to give thanks to Allah for their victory, when all fell prostrate except Happuck, who was thus detected, and instantly despatched.—Sir C. Morell [James Ridley], _Tales of the Genii_ (“The Enchanter’s Tale,” vi., 1751).

Have we prevailed against Ulin and Happuck, Ollomand and Tasnar, Ahaback and Desra; and shall we fear the contrivance of a poor vizier?—_Tales of the Genii_, vii. (1751).

=Har´apha=, a descendant of Anak, the giant of Gath. He went to mock Samson in prison, but durst not venture within his reach.—Milton, _Samson Agonistes_ (1632).

=Harbor= (_In_).

“I know it is over, over! I know it is over at last! Down sail! the sheathed anchor uncover, For the stress of the voyage has passed. Life, like a tempest of ocean, Hath outbreathed its ultimate blast; There’s but a faint sobbing seaward, While the calm of the tide deepens leeward; And, behold! like the welcoming quiver Of heart-pulses throbbed through the river. Those lights in the harbor at last; The heavenly harbor at last!” Paul Hamilton Hayne (1882).

=Har´bothel= (_Master Fabian_), the squire of Sir Aymer de Valence.—Sir W. Scott, _Castle Dangerous_ (time, Henry I.).

=Hard Times,= a novel by C. Dickens (1854), dramatized in 1867 under the titlef of _Under the Earth_ or _The Sons of Toil_. Bounderby, a street Arab, raised himself to banker and cotton prince. When 55 years of age, he proposed marriage to Louisa, daughter of Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., J.P., and was accepted. One night the bank was robbed of £150, and Bounderby believed Stephen Blackpool to be the thief, because he had dismissed him, being obnoxious to the mill hands; but the culprit was Tom Gradgrind, the banker’s brother-in-law, who lay _perdu_ for a while, and then escaped out of the country. In the dramatized version, the bank was not robbed at all, but Tom merely removed the money to another drawer for safe custody.

=Hardcastle= (_Squire_), a jovial, prosy, but hospitable country gentleman of the old school. He loves to tell his long-winded stories about Prince Eugene and the duke of Marlborough. He says, “I love everything that’s old—old friends, old times, old manners, old books, old wine,” and he might have added, “old stories.”

_Mrs. Hardcastle_, a very “genteel” lady indeed. Mr. Hardcastle is her second husband, and Tony Lumpkin her son by her former husband. She is fond of “genteel” society, and the last fashions. Mrs. Hardcastle says, “There’s nothing in the world I love to talk of so much as London and the fashions, though I was never there myself.” She, foolishly mistaking her husband for a highwayman, and imploring him on her knees to take their watches, money, all they have got, but to spare their lives: “Here, good gentleman, whet your rage upon me, take my money, my life, but spare my child!” is infinitely comic.

The princess, like Mrs. Hardcastle, was jolted to a jelly.—Lord W.P. Lennox, _Celebrities_, i. 1.

_Miss Hardcastle_, the pretty, bright-eyed, lively daughter of Squire Hardcastle. She is in love with young Marlow, and “stoops” to a pardonable deceit “to conquer” his bashfulness and win him.—Goldsmith, _She Stoops to Conquer_ (1773).

=Hardie= (_Mr._), a young lawyer, in the introduction of Sir W. Scott’s _Heart of Midlothian_ (1818).

_Hardie_ (_Alfred_), lover of Julia Dodd, in Charles Reade’s _Very Hard Cash_. His father, _Richard Hardie_, wealthy and fraudulent banker, cheats _David Dodd_, Julia’s father, of £14,000, and hinders his son’s marriage to the daughter of his victim by every means in his power, going so far as to shut him up in an insane asylum on what was to have been his wedding-day.—Charles Reade, _Very Hard Cash_.

=Hardouin= (_2 syl._). Jean Hardouin, the jesuit, was librarian to Louis XIV. He doubted the truth of all received history; denied that the _Æne´id_ was the work of Virgil, or the _Odes_ of Horace the production of that poet; placed no credence in medals and coins; regarded all councils before that of Trent as chimerical; and looked on all Jansenists as infidels (1646-1729).

=Hardy= (_Mr._), father of Letitia. A worthy little fellow enough, but with the unfortunate gift of “foreseeing” everything (act v. 4).

_Letitia Hardy_, his daughter, the _fiancée_ of Dor´icourt. A girl of great spirit and ingenuity, beautiful and clever. Doricourt dislikes her without knowing her, simply because he has been betrothed to her by his parents; but she wins him by stratagem. She first assumes the airs and manners of a raw country hoyden, and disgusts the fastidious man of fashion. She then appears at a masquerade, and wins him by her many attractions. The marriage is performed at midnight, and, till the ceremony is over, Doricourt has no suspicion that the fair masquerader is his affianced, Miss Hardy.—Mrs. Cowley, _The Belle’s Stratagem_ (1780).

=Harding= (_Mr._), gentle warden of Barchester almshouse; precentor and rector of St. Cuthbert’s. Harried nearly out of his sober wits by newspaper persecution.—Anthony Trollope, _The Warden_ and _Barchester Towers_.

=Haredale= (_Geoffrey_), brother of Reuben, the uncle of Emma Haredale. He was a papist, and incurred the malignant hatred of Gashford (Lord George Gordon’s secretary) by exposing him in Westminster Hall. Geoffrey Haredale killed Sir John Chester in a duel, but made good his escape, and ended his days in a monastery.

_Reuben Haredale_, (_2 syl._), brother of Geoffrey, and father of Emma Haredale. He was murdered.

_Emma Haredale_, daughter of Reuben, and niece of Geoffrey, with whom she lived at “The Warren.” Edward Chester entertained a _tendresse_ for Emma Haredale.—C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

=Harefoot= (_Harold_). So Harold I. was called because he was swift of foot as a hare (1035-1040).

=Hargrave=, a man of fashion. The hero and title of a novel by Mrs. Trollope (1843).

=Harley=, “the man of feeling.” A man of the finest sensibilities and unbounded benevolence, but bashful as a maiden.—Mackenzie, _The Man of Feeling_ (1771).

The principal object of Mackenzie is ... to reach and sustain a tone of moral pathos by representing the effect of incidents ... upon the human mind, ... especially those which are just, honorable, and intelligent.—Sir W. Scott.

=Harlot= (_The Infamous Northern_), Elizabeth Petrowna, empress of Russia (1709-1761).

=Har´lowe= (_Clarissa_), a young lady, who, to avoid a marriage to which her heart cannot consent, but to which she is urged by her parents, casts herself on the protection of a lover, who most scandalously abuses the confidence reposed in him. He afterwards proposes marriage; but she rejects his proposal, and retires to a solitary dwelling, where she pines to death with grief and shame.—S. Richardson, _The History of Clarissa Harlowe_ (1749).

The dignity of Clarissa under her disgrace ... reminds us of the saying of the ancient poet, that a good man struggling with the tide of adversity, and surmounting it, is a sight upon which the immortal gods might look down with pleasure.—Sir W. Scott.

The moral elevation of this heroine, the saintly purity which she preserves amidst scenes of the deepest depravity and the most seductive gaiety, and the never-failing sweetness and benevolence of her temper, render Clarissa one of the brightest triumphs of the whole range of imaginative literature.—Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 161.

=Harmon= (_John_), _alias_ JOHN ROKESMITH, Mr. Boffin’s secretary. He lodged with the Wilfers, and ultimately married Bella Wilfer. He is described as “a dark gentleman, 30 at the utmost, with an expressive, one might say, a handsome face.”—C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864).

⁂ For explanation of the mystery see vol. I. ii. 13.

=Harmo´nia’s Necklace=, an unlucky possession, something which brings evil to its possessor. Harmonia was the daughter of Mars and Venus. On the day of her marriage with King Cadmus, she received a necklace made by Vulcan for Venus. This unlucky ornament afterwards passed to Sem´elê, then to Jocasta, then Eriphy´lê, but it was equally fatal in every case. (See LUCK.)—Ovid, _Metaph._, iv. 5; Statius, _Thebaid_, ii.

=Harmonious Blacksmith.= It is said that the sound of hammers on an anvil suggested to Handel the “theme” of the musical composition to which he has given this name.—See SCHOELCHER, _Life of Handel_, 65.

A similar tale is told of Pythagoras.

=Harmony= (_Mr._), a general peace-maker. When he found persons at variance, he went to them separately, and told them how highly the other spoke and thought of him or her. If it were man and wife, he would tell the wife how highly her husband esteemed her, and would apply the “oiled feather” in a similar way to the husband. “We all have our faults,” he would say, “and So-and-so-knows it, and grieves at his infirmity of temper; but though he contends with you, he praised you to me this morning in the highest terms.” By this means he succeeded in smoothing many a ruffled mind.—Inchbald, _Every One has His Fault_ (1794).

=Harold= “the Dauntless,” son of Witikind, the Dane. “He was rocked on a buckler, and fed from a blade.” Harold married Eivir, a Danish maid, who had waited on him as a page.—Sir W. Scott, _Harold the Dauntless_ (1817).

_Harold_ (_Childe_), a man of good birth, lofty bearing, and peerless intellect, who has exhausted by dissipation the pleasures of youth, and travels. Sir Walter Scott calls him “Lord Byron in a fancy dress.” In