Chapter 8

GILES FLETCHER, in _Christ's Victory_, pt. ii. makes the Tempter seem to be "a good old _hermit_ or _palmer_, travelling to see some _saint_, and _telling his beads!!_"

LODGE, in _The True Tragedies of Marius and Sylla_ (1594), mentions "the razor of Palermo" and "St. Paul's steeple," and introduces Frenchmen who "for forty crowns" undertake to poison the Roman consul.

MORGLAY makes Dido tell Æneas that she should have been contented with a son, even "if he had been a _cockney dandiprat_" (1582).

SCHILLER, in his _Piccolomini_, speaks of _lightning conductors_. This was about 150 years before they were invented.

SHAKESPEAKE, in his _Coriolanus_ (act ii. sc. 1), makes Menenius refer to _Galen_ above 600 years before he was born.

Cominius alludes to _Roman Plays_, but no such things were known for 250 years after the death of Cominius.--_Coriolanus_, act ii. sc. 2.

Brutus refers to the "_Marcian Waters_ brought to Rome by Censorinus." This was not done till 300 years afterwards.

In _Hamlet_, the prince Hamlet was educated at _Wittemberg School_, which was not founded till 1502; whereas Saxo-Germanicus, from whom Shakespeare borrowed the tale, died in 1204. Hamlet was thirty years old when his mother talks of his going back to school (act i. sc. 2).

In 1 _Henry IV._, the carrier complains that "the _turkeys_ in his pannier are quite starved" (act ii. sc. 5), whereas turkeys came from America, and the New World was not even discovered for a century after. Again in _Henry V._, Grower is made to say to Fluellen, "Here comes Pistol, swelling like a turkey-cock" (act v. sc. 1).

In _Julius Cæsar_, Brutus says to Cassius, "Peace, count the clock." To which Cassius replies, "The clock has stricken three."

Clocks were not known to the Romans, and striking-clocks were not invented till some 1400 years after the death of Cæsar.

VIRGIL places Æneas in the port Velinus, which was made by Curius Dentatus.

This list, with very little trouble, might be greatly multiplied. The hotbed of anachronisms is mediaeval romance; there nations, times and places, are most recklessly disregarded. This may be instanced by a few examples from Ariosto's great poem, _Orlando Furioso_.

Here we have Charlemagne and his paladins joined by Edward king of England, Richard earl of Warwick, Henry duke of Clarence, and the dukes of York and Gloucester (bk. vi.). We have cannons employed by Cymosco king of Friza (bk. iv.), and also in the siege of Paris (bk. vi.). We have the Moors established in Spain, whereas they were not invited over by the Saracens for nearly 300 years after Charlemagne's death. In bk. xvii. we have Prester John, who died in 1202; and in the last three books we have Constantine the Great, who died in 337.

ANAC'REON, the prince of erotic and bacchanalian poets, insomuch that songs on these subjects are still called Anacreon'tic (B.C. 563-478).

_Anacreon of Painters_, Francesco Albano or Alba'ni (1578-1660).

_Anacreon of the Guillotine_, Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (1755-1841).

_Anacreon of the Temple_, Guillaume Amfrye, abbé de Chaulieu (1639-1720).

_Anacreon of the Twelfth Century_, Walter Mapes, "The Jovial Toper." His famous drinking song, "Meum est prepositum ..." has been translated by Leigh Hunt (1150-1196).

_The French Anacreon_. 1. Pontus de Thiard, one of the "Pleiad poets" (1521-1605). 2. P. Laujon, perpetual president of the _Caveau Moderne_, a Paris club, noted for its good dinners, but every member was of necessity a poet (1727-1811).

_The Persian Anacreon_, Mahommed Hafiz. The collection of his poems is called _The Divan_ (1310-1389).

_The Sicilian Anacreon_, Giovanni Meli (1740-1815).

ANACREON MOORE, Thomas Moore of Dublin (1780-1852), poet, called "Anacreon," from his translation of that Greek poet, and his own original anacreontic songs.

Described by Mahomet and Anacreon Moore.

Byron, _Don Juan_, i. 104.

ANAGNUS, Inchastity personified in _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher (canto vii.). He had four sons by Caro, named Maechus (_adultery_), Pornei'us (_fornication_), Acath'arus, and Asel'gês (_lasciviousness_), all of whom are fully described by the poet. In the battle of Mansoul (canto xi.) Anagnus is slain by Agnei'a (_wifely chastity_), the spouse of Encra'tes (_temperance_) and sister of Parthen'ia (_maidenly chastity_). (Greek, _anagnos_, "impure.") (1633.)

ANAGRAMS.

CHARLES JAMES STUART (James I.). _Claims Arthur's Seat_.

DAME ELEANOR DAVIES (prophetess in the reign of Charles I.). _Never so mad a ladie_.

HORATIO NELSON. _Honor est a Nilo_.

MARIE TOUCHET (mistress of Charles IX.). _Je charme tout_ (made by Henri IV.).

Pilate's question, QUID EST VERITAS? _Est vir qui adest_.

SIR ROGER CHARLES DOUGHTY TICHBORNE, BARONET. _You horrid butcher, Orton, biggest rascal here._

A'NAH, granddaughter of Cain and sister of Aholiba'mah. Japhet loved her, but she had set her heart on the seraph Azaz'iel, who carried her off to another planet when the Flood came.--Byron, _Heaven and Earth_.

Anah and Aholibamah are very different characters: Anah is soft, gentle, and submissive; her sister is proud, imperious, and aspiring; the one loving in fear, the other in ambition. She fears that her love makes her "heart grow impious," and that she worships the seraph rather than the Creator.--Ed. Lytton Bulwer (Lord Lytton).

ANAK OF PUBLISHERS, so John Murray was called by lord Byron (1778-1843).

AN'AKIM or ANAK, a giant of Palestine, whose descendants were terrible for their gigantic stature. The Hebrew spies said that they themselves were mere grasshoppers in comparison of them.

I felt the thews of Anakim, The pulses of a Titan's heart.

Tennyson, _In Memoriam_, iii.

(The Titans were giants, who, according to classic fable, made war with Jupiter or Zeus, 1 _syl_.)

ANAMNES'TES (4 _syl_), the boy who waited on Eumnestês (Memory). Eumnestês was a very old man, decrepit and half blind, a "man of infinite remembrance, who things foregone through many ages held," but when unable to "fet" what he wanted, was helped by a little boy yclept Anamnestês, who sought out for him what "was lost or laid amiss." (Greek, _eumnêstis_, "good memory;" _anamne'stis_, "research or calling up to mind.")

And oft when things were lost or laid amiss, That boy them sought and unto him did lend; Therefore the Anamnestes clepêd is, And that old man Eumnestes.

Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 9 (1590).

ANANI'AS, in _The Alchemist_, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1610).

("Wasp" in _Bartholomew Fair_, "Corbaccio" in _The Fox_, "Morose" in _The Silent Woman_, all by B. Jonson.)

ANARCHUS, king of the Dipsodes (2 _syl_.), defeated by Pantag'ruel, who dressed him in a ragged doublet, a cap with a cock's feather, and married him to "an old lantern-carrying hag." The prince gave the wedding-feast, which consisted of garlic and sour cider. His wife, being a regular termagant, "did beat him like plaster, and the ex-tyrant did not dare call his soul his own."--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 31 (1533).

ANASTA'SIUS, the hero of a novel called _Memoirs of Anastasius_, by Thomas Hope (1770-1831), a most brilliant and powerful book. It is the autobiography of a Greek, who, to escape the consequences of his crimes and villainies, becomes a renegade, and passes through a long series of adventures.

Fiction has but few pictures which will bear comparison with that of Anastasius, sitting on the steps of the lazaretto of Trieste, with his dying boy in his arms.--_Encyc. Brit_. Art. "Romance."

ANASTASIUS GRÜN, the _nom de plume_ of Anton Alexander von Auersperg, a German poet (1806-1876).

ANASTERAX, brother of Niquee [_ne.kay_], with whom he lives in incestuous intercourse. The fairy Zorphee, in order to withdraw her god-daughter from this alliance, enchanted her.--_Amadis de Gaul_.

AN'CHO, a Spanish brownie, who haunts the shepherds' huts, warms himself at their fires, tastes their clotted milk and cheese, converses with the family, and is treated with familiarity mixed with terror. The Ancho hates church bells.

ANCIENT MARINER (_The_), by Coleridge. For the crime of having shot an albatross (a bird of good omen to seamen) terrible sufferings are visited upon him, which are finally remitted through his repentance; but he is doomed to wander over the earth and repeat his story to others as a warning lesson.

AN'DERSON (_Eppie_), a servant at the inn of St. Ronan's Well, held by Meg Dods.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan's Well_ (time, George III.).

ANDRÉ (2 _syl_.). Petit-André and Trois Echelles are the executioners of Louis XI. of France. They are introduced by sir W. Scott, both in _Quentin Durward_ and in _Anne of Geierstein_.

_André_, the hero and title of a novel by George Sand (Mde. Dudevant). This novel and that called _Consuelo_ (4 _syl_.) are considered her best (1804-1876).

ANDRE'OS, Fortitude personified in _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher (canto x.). "None fiercer to a stubborn enemy, but to the yielding none more sweetly kind." (Greek, _andria_ or _andreia_, "manliness.")

ANDREW, gardener, at Ellangowan, to Godfrey Bertram the laird.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

ANDREWS, a private in the royal army of the duke of Monmouth.--Sir W. Scott, _Old Mortality_ (time, Charles II.).

_Andrews (Joseph)_, the hero and title of a novel by Fielding. He is a footman who marries a maid-servant. Joseph Andrews is a brother of [Richardson's] "Pamela," a handsome, model young man.

The accounts of Joseph's bravery and good qualities, his voice too musical to halloa to the dogs, his bravery in riding races for the gentlemen of the county, and his constancy in refusing bribes and temptation, have something refreshing in their _naïveté_ and freshness, and prepossess one in favor of that handsome young hero.--Thackeray.

ANDROCLUS AND THE LION. Androclus was a runaway Roman slave, who took refuge in a cavern. A lion entered, and instead of tearing him to pieces, lifted up its fore-paw that Androclus might extract from it a thorn. The fugitive, being subsequently captured, was doomed to fight with a lion in the Roman arena, and it so happened that the very same lion was let out against him; it instantly recognized its benefactor, and began to fawn upon him with every token of gratitude and joy. The story being told of this strange behavior, Androclus was forthwith set free.

A somewhat similar anecdote is told of sir George Davis, English consul at Florence at the beginning of the present century. One day he went to see the lions of the great duke of Tuscany. There was one which the keepers could not tame, but no sooner did sir George appear, than the beast manifested every symptom of joy. Sir George entered the cage, when the creature leaped on his shoulder, licked his face, wagged its tail, and fawned like a dog. Sir George told the great duke that he had brought up this lion, but as it grew older it became dangerous, and he sold it to a Barbary captain. The duke said he bought it of the same man, and the mystery was cleared up.

ANDROMACHE [_An. drom'. a. ky_], widow of Hector. At the downfall of Troy both she and her son Asty'anax were allotted to Pyrrhus king of Epirus, and Pyrrhus fell in love with her, but she repelled his advances. At length a Grecian embassy, led by Orestês son of Agamemnon, arrived, and demanded that Astyanax should be given up and put to death, lest in manhood he should attempt to avenge his father's death. Pyrrhus told Andromachê that he would protect her son in defiance of all Greece if she would become his wife, and she reluctantly consented thereto. While the marriage ceremonies were going on, the ambassadors rushed on Pyrrhus and slew him, but as he fell he placed the crown on the head of Andromachê, who thus became the queen of Epirus, and the ambassadors hastened to their ships in flight.--Ambrose Philips, _The Distressed Mother_ (1712).

ANDROMEDA, beautiful daughter of the king of Ethiopia. To appease Neptune, she was bound to a rock to be devoured by Neptune. Perseus slew the monster and made the maiden his wife.

ANDRONI'CA, one of Logistilla's handmaids, noted for her beauty.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

ANDRONI'CUS (_Titus_), a noble Roman general against the Goths, father of Lavin'ia. In the play so called, published among those of Shakespeare, the word all through is called _Andron'icus_ (1593).

_Marcus Andronicus_, brother of Titus, and tribune of the people.

ANDROPH'ILUS, Philanthropy personified in _The Purple Island_, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). Fully described in canto x. (Greek, _Andro-philos_, "a lover of mankind.")

ANDY (_Handy_), Irish lad in the employ of Squire Egan. He has boundless capacity for bulls and blunders.--Samuel Lover, _Handy Andy_.

ANEAL (2 _syl_.), daughter of Maä'ni, who loves Djabal, and believes him to be "hakeem'" (the incarnate god and founder of the Druses) returned to life for the restoration of the people and their return to Syria from exile in the Spo'radês. When, however, she discovers his imposture, she dies in the bitterness of her disappointment.--Robert Browning, _The Return of the Druses_.

_L'ange de Dieu_, Isabeau la belle, the "inspired prophet-child" of the Camisards.

ANGELA MESSENGER, heiress to Messenger's Brewery and an enormous fortune. In order to know the people of the East End she lives among them as a dressmaker. She sees their needs, and to supply these in part, builds _The People's Palace_--or Palace of Delights.--_All Sorts and Conditions of Men_, by Walter Besant (1889).

ANGEL'ICA, in Bojardo's _Orlando Innamorato_ (1495), is daughter of Gal'aphron king of Cathay. She goes to Paris, and Orlando falls in love with her, forgetful of wife, sovereign, country, and glory. Angelica, on the other hand, disregards Orlando, but passionately loves Rinaldo, who positively dislikes her. Angelica and Rinaldo drink of certain fountains, when the opposite effects are produced in their hearts, for then Rinaldo loves Angelica, while Angelica loses all love for Rinaldo.

_Angelica_, in Ariosto's _Orlando Furioso_ (1516), is the same lady, who marries Medoro, a young Moore, and returns to Cathay, where Medoro succeeds to the crown. As for Orlando, he is driven mad by jealousy and pride.

The fairest of her sex, Angelica, ...Sought by many prowest knights, Both painim and the peers of Charlemagne.

Milton, _Paradise Regained_, iii. (1671).

_Angelica (The Princess_), called "The Lady of the Golden Tower." The loves of Parisme'nos and Angelica form an important feature of the second part of _Parismus Prince of Bohemia_, by Emanuel Foord (1598).

_Angelica_, an heiress with whom Valentine Legend is in love. For a time he is unwilling to declare himself because of his debts; but Angelica gets possession of a bond for £4000, and tears it. The money difficulty being adjusted, the marriage is arranged amicably.--W. Congreve, _Love for Love_ (1695).

Mrs. Anne Bracegirdle equally delighted in melting tenderness and playful coquetry, in "Statira" or "Millamant;" and even at an advanced age, when she played "Angelica."--C. Dibden.

_Angelica_, the troth-plight wife of Valère, "the gamester." She gives him a picture, and enjoins him not to part with it on pain of forfeiting her hand. However, he loses it in play, and Angelica in disguise is the winner of it. After much tribulation, Valère is cured of his vice, and the two are happily united by marriage.--Mrs. Centlivre, _The Gamester_ (1705).

ANGELI'NA, daughter of lord Lewis, in the comedy called _The Elder Brother_, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1637).

_Angelina_, daughter of don Charino. Her father wanted her to marry Clodio, a coxcomb, but she preferred his elder brother Carlos, a bookworm, with whom she eloped. They were taken captives and carried to Lisbon. Here in due time they met, the fathers who went in search of them came to the same spot, and as Clodio had engaged himself to Elvira of Lisbon, the testy old gentlemen agreed to the marriage of Angelina with Carlos.--C. Cibber, _Love Makes a Man_.

Angelique' (3 _syl._), daughter of Argan the _malade imaginaire_. Her lover is Cléante (2 _syl._). In order to prove whether his wife or daughter loved him the better, Argan pretended to be dead, whereupon the wife rejoiced greatly that she was relieved of a "disgusting creature," hated by every one; but the daughter grieved as if her heart would break, rebuked herself for her shortcomings, and vowed to devote the rest of her life in prayer for the repose of his soul. Argan, being assured of his daughter's love, gave his free consent to her marriage with Cléante.--Molière, _Malade Imaginaire_ (1673).

_Angelique_, the aristocratic wife of George Dandin, a French commoner. She has a liaison with a M. Clitandre, but always contrives to turn the tables on her husband. George Dandin first hears of a rendezvous from one Lubin, a foolish servant of Clitandre, and lays the affair before M. and Mde. Sotenville, his wife's parents. The baron with George Dandin call on the lover, who denies the accusation, and George Dandin has to beg pardon. Subsequently, he catches his wife and Clitandre together, and sends at once for M. and Mde. Sotenville; but Angelique, aware of their presence, pretends to denounce her lover, and even takes up a stick to beat him for the "insult offered to a virtuous wife;" so again the parents declare their daughter to be the very paragon of women. Lastly, George Dandin detects his wife and Clitandre together at night-time, and succeeds in shutting his wife out of her room; but Angelique now pretends to kill herself, and when George goes for a light to look for the body, she rushes into her room and shuts him out. At this crisis the parents arrive, when Angelique accuses her husband of being out all night in a debauch; and he is made to beg her pardon on his knees.--Molière, _George Dandin_ (1668).

AN'GELO, in _Measure for Measure_, lord deputy of Vienna in the absence of Vincentio the duke. His betrothed lady is Maria'na. Lord Angelo conceived a base passion for Isabella, sister of Claudio, but his designs were foiled by the duke, who compelled him to marry Mariana.--Shakespeare (1603).

_An'gelo_, a gentleman friend to Julio in _The Captain_, a drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1613).

ANGELS (_Orders of_). According to Dionysius the Areop'agite, the angels are divided into nine orders: Seraphim and Cherubim, in the _first_ circle; Thrones and Dominions, in the _second_ circle; Virtues, Powers, Principalities, Archangels, and Angels, in the _third_ circle.

Novem angelorum ordines dicimus, quia videlicet esse, testante sacro eloquio, scimus Angelos, Archangelos, Virtutes, Potestates, Principatus, Dominationes, Thronos, Cherubim, atque Seraphim.--St. Gregory the Great, _Homily_ 34.

(See _Hymns Ancient and Modern_, No. 253, ver. 2, 3.)

ANGER ... THE ALPHABET. It was Athenodo'rus the Stoic who advised Augustus to repeat the alphabet when he felt inclined to give way to anger.

Un certain Grec disait à l'empereur Auguste, Comme une instruction utile autant que juste, Que, lorsqu' une aventure en colère nous met, Nous devons, avant tout, dire notre alphabet, Afin que dans ce temps la bile se tempère, Et qu'on ne fasse rien que l'on ne doive faire.

Molière, _L'École des Femmes_, ii. 4 (1662).

ANGIOLI'NA (4 _syl_.), daughter of Loreda'no, and the young wife of Mari'no Faliero, the doge of Venice. A patrician named Michel Steno, having behaved indecently to some of the women assembled at the great civic banquet given by the doge, was kicked out of the house by order of the doge, and in revenge wrote some scurrilous lines against the dogaressa. This insult was referred to "The Forty," and Steno was sentenced to two months' imprisonment, which the doge considered a very inadequate punishment for the offence.--Byron, _Marino Faliero_.

The character of the calm, pure-spirited Angiolina is developed most admirably. The great difference between her temper and that of her fiery husband is vividly portrayed, but not less vividly touched is that strong bond of union which exists in the common nobleness of their deep natures. There is no spark of jealousy in the old man's thoughts. He does not expect the fervor of youthful passion in his young wife; but he finds what is far better--the fearless confidence of one so innocent that she can scarcely believe in the existence of guilt.... She thinks Steno's greatest punishment will be "the blushes of his privacy."--Lockhart.

ANGLAN'TE'S LORD, Orlando, who was lord of Anglantê and knight of Brava.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

AN'GLIDES (3 _syl_.), wife of good prince Boud'wine (2 _syl_.), brother to sir Mark king of Cornwall ("the falsest traitor that ever was born"). When king Mark slew her husband, Anglides and her son Alisaunder made their escape to Magounce (_i.e. Arundel_), where she lived in peace, and brought up her son till he received the honor of knighthood.--Sir T. Malory, _Hist, of Pr. Arthur_, ii. 117, 118 (1470).

AN'GUISANT, king of Erin (_Ireland_), subdued by king Arthur fighting in behalf of Leod'ogran king of Cam'eliard (3 _syl_.).--Tennyson, _Coming of King Arthur_.

ANGULE (_St._), bishop of London, put to death by Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, Roman general in Britain in the reign of Diocletian.

St. Angule put to death, one of our holiest men, At London, of that see the godly bishop then.

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xxiv. (1622).

ANGURVA'DEL, Frithiof's sword, inscribed with Runic characters, which blazed in time of war, but gleamed dimly in time of peace.

ANICE, the woman who steals Fenn's fancy, rather than his heart, from his wife, in George Parsons Lathrop's story, _An Echo of Passion_ (1882).

ANIMULA, beauteous being revealed in a drop of water by a microscope of extraordinary and inconceivable power.--_The Diamond Lens_, by Fitz-James O'Brien (1854).

ANJOU (_The Fair Maid of_), lady Edith Plantagenet, who married David earl of Huntingdon (a royal prince of Scotland). Edith was a kinswoman of Richard Coeur de Lion, and an attendant on queen Berengaria.