Part 19

[4] The Kent Trophy Challenge Shield, of which an illustration is given, is of silver. In the centre chief point appears a representation of H.M.S. _Kent_, taken from a drawing supplied by the Admiralty. This is embossed and oxydized. It is surmounted by an enamelled shield, bearing the Arms of the Association of “Men of Kent and Kentish Men.” Underneath the ship, entwined with branches of laurel, are scrolls to take the names of the Officers Commanding. The lower part of shield shows the arms and motto of the County of Kent, while turrets with protruding guns form an artistic background. Below is a large ornamental tablet displaying the presentation inscription, and round the edge of the shield flows a beautifully modelled pattern of Kentish Hops, Cherries, Oakleaves, and Cob-nuts, each spray of which is separately modelled and bent into position, forming an excellent contrast with the white and burnished groundwork shield. The whole is mounted on a stout polished-oak shield, size 2 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft., and surrounded by thirty silver wreath-medallions, to be inscribed each year with the name of the winning gun-crew’s captain. The total weight of silver used is 146 ozs.

[5] A _Kent_ should have been with the two Kentish admirals Rooke and Byng at the taking of Gibraltar. She was with the fleet, but during the bombardment was stationed to keep watch off Cape de Gata, for the possible appearance on the scene of the French Toulon Fleet, which Rooke fought at Malaga, a month later. From on board the _Kent_, as the officers’ journals describe, they heard the sound of Rooke’s guns attacking Gibraltar, and uncertain whether the Toulon Fleet might not have got round by hugging the African coast, and the firing be that of the fleet in action with them, the _Kent_ turned back to Gibraltar, arriving in time to witness the first hoisting of the British flag on the fortress.

[6] The usual term with Europeans in the East at that time for the “natives,” as we say nowadays.

[7] Nelson was forty-seven when he fell; three years older than Admiral Watson was at his death. They were both also Vice-Admirals of the White.

[8] For a full account of the _Monmouth’s_ midnight battle and Captain Gardiner’s fate, see “Famous Fighters of the Fleet,” pp. 16-35.

[9] Visitors to modern Southsea, going over what remains of the old keep of Porchester Castle, will find scrawled all over the stonework of the walls of the upper apartments many names of the French prisoners of this time, with sometimes the names of their ships and the dates of their capture added.

[10] A full narrative of the campaign and battle is given in “Famous Fighters of the Fleet,” pp. 52-161.

[11] Mr. William Stuart, who died at Gortley, Letterkenny, in April, 1903, at the reputed age of one hundred and twenty, used often to relate how he, as a boy, saw a British frigate arrive in Lough Swilly towing the French captured flagship, and with Wolfe Tone among the prisoners.

[12] Incidentally, and to end the present story, it may be interesting to recall to mind that the Marquess of Donegall is Hereditary Admiral of Lough Neagh, the largest lake in the United Kingdom. The office had a real significance formerly, for Lough Neagh in the past, well within historic times, had a fleet of its own. Sir John Clotworthy, the ancestor of Viscount Massereene, who lived at Antrim Castle, had a patent for building as many vessels as might be needed for the King’s service on Lough Neagh. His fleet set out from Antrim Castle in 1642 to attack the Irish in their fort at Charlemont. The battle between the fleet on the lake and the land forces resulted in the defeat of the men on shore, with their fort, and important consequences. The second Viscount Massereene was as strong a supporter of William of Orange as his ancestor had been of the Stuarts. He was made captain of Lough Neagh, and received 6s. 8d. a day, being bound to build and maintain a gunboat on the lake. The Lough Neagh Navy has disappeared, but the lake has still its admiral in the Marquess of Donegall.

[13] Having regard to the number of foreigners on board the _Victory_, these facts are in point. For more than fifty years previous to 1794, foreigners were permitted by Act of Parliament to enter on board British merchantmen trading overseas to the extent of three-quarters of the crew. After 1794, “for the encouragement of British seamen,” an Act was passed reducing the proportion of foreigners to one-quarter of the ships’ companies, which, however, still left a large number available at various places for the purposes of impressment for the Navy. As to the “Impress Service”: in 1805, to keep up the supplies of men, forty-three permanent stations or “rendezvous” were maintained in Great Britain and Ireland, with an establishment of twenty-seven captains and sixty-three lieutenants, permanently on duty, established “in those parts of the United Kingdom where seamen chiefly resort, at which stations volunteers and impressed men are asked, and deserters from the Naval Service are apprehended.” They were distributed as follows: London and Thames, two captains and ten lieutenants; Deal and the Downs, Liverpool, and Dundee, a captain and three lieutenants at each place; Falmouth, Hull, Cork, Cowes, Poole, Waterford, Bristol, Londonderry, Leith, Shields, Dublin, Portsmouth, and Gosport, a captain and two lieutenants at each place; Newcastle, Sunderland, Yarmouth, Glasgow and Greenock, Dunbar, Limerick, Southampton, Romsey, Exeter, Lynn, Swansea, Folkestone, Ramsgate, Margate, Lerwick, and the Isle of Man, a captain and one lieutenant, or a lieutenant independently, at each place.

[14] How the _Téméraire_ played her part at Trafalgar is fully related in “Famous Fighters of the Fleet,” pp. 231-275.

[15] “Ab.” stands for Able Seaman; “Ordinary” for Ordinary Seaman; “L.M.” for Landman or Landsmen, the lowest general rating on board a man-of-war, comprising new and raw hands for the most part not yet worked up into shape, though capable of deck duties and at the guns.

[16] Died of their wounds in the week following the battle.

[17] The letter was published in some of the newspapers in the last week of December, 1805. According to the _Victory’s_ muster book there was a “James Bagley” among the Marines.

[18] See “The Enemy at Trafalgar” for what they witnessed from the French and Spanish fleet; also for a Spanish picture of Collingwood’s duel with the Spanish admiral.

[19] Bounce remained Collingwood’s faithful companion to the end; all through those five long, weary years of continuous cruising between Cadiz and the Dardanelles and off Toulon, until just before, for the worn out, prematurely-aged warrior himself, death came at length to close his sufferings, poor Bounce one dark night fell overboard and was seen no more.

[20] Trafalgar was also, as it happened, the _Victory’s_ fifth fight. Collingwood’s _Royal Sovereign_ had been eighteen years launched, and had been twice in battle. The _Sovereign_ also was actually the biggest ship in the British fleet that day, 2175 tons burthen, as compared with the 2162 tons of the _Victory_, and the 2091 tons of the _Britannia_. The _Téméraire_, again, was the hardest hitter in the whole fleet, owing to the exceptionally heavy ordnance that she carried on her upper deck. Of other ships, the _Agamemnon_, the third oldest ship present at Trafalgar, had fought her first two battles with Kempenfelt and Rodney—names that already had passed into history. Other ships of Nelson’s fleet, contemporaries mostly of the _Royal Sovereign_, had taken part in as many as four fleet battles. Four of them had been in Lord Howe’s fleet on the “Glorious First of June,” three at St. Vincent, five with Nelson at the Nile, three at Copenhagen. Three of the _Britannia’s_ consorts—the _Belleisle_, the _Tonnant_, and the _Spartiate_—were French-built ships, prizes won in battle. Two of them, indeed, had been captured by Nelson himself at the Nile. The average age of the ships of Nelson’s Trafalgar fleet was seventeen years, an age at which in the case of our modern-day battleships they are reckoned as off the active list and in sight of the sale list. Only six were less than five years old. One ship only was, so to speak, a new ship, the _Revenge_, in October, 1805, serving her first commission within seven months of leaving the stocks at Chatham Dockyard.

[21] Of the names mentioned, Mr. Johnstone may possible have been John Johnson, an ex-midshipman, rated an A.B. in July, 1805. Mr. Jones may have been Mr. Charles S. Jones, the captain’s coxswain. There were sixteen Jones’s altogether on the _Britannia’s_ books, but none were among the officers, master’s mates, and midshipmen, or the first-class volunteers. There was no Lever on board the _Britannia_ in any capacity.

INDEX

“Able men,” 13

Adlercron, Colonel, 81, 83

Admiralty visit to Chatham 1764, 187

Ages of the _Victory’s_ crew at Trafalgar, 232

Ahmed Shah, 105

Aikenhead, J., midshipman, 271

Alarm at Chatham 1764, 188-90

Albemarle (Monk), Duke of, 28, 68-70

Anson, Lord, Admiral, 62, 161, 177, 178

Antigua, 193, 199, 203

Apodoca, Spanish Admiral, 63

Armada, Spanish, 22-7, 59

“Armed Associations,” 37

Arrest of Wolfe Tone, 214

Baker, Matthew, 2, 6, 16, 17, 28

Baker, “Old Honest Jem,” 11, 19

Balasore Roads, 81, 84, 85, 86, 105, 112

Banks of Flanders, Battles of, 28, 127

Barbados, 192, 193, 202

Barclay, J., Lieut., 275

Barfleur, Battle off Cape, 29, 67, 117, 127, 128, 143, 167, 171

Barham, Lord, Admiral, 62

Bart, Jean, 29

Bartholomew’s Day, Battle of, 58

“Bases,” 12

Basseterre Roads, 194, 195, 202, 204

Battle Honours of H.M.S. _Kent_, 67, 68

Baxster, Boatswain, 9, 16

Beatty, Dr., 34

Beauffremont, de, French Admiral, 144, 153

Beeston, Sir George, Captain, 22, 25, 26

Belleisle, 143

Benbow, Admiral, 19, 29, 60, 171

Bengal Army, 79

Bently, Captain, 137, 146, 147

Berryer, M., Minister of Marine, 184

“Black Dick,” 146

Blackwood, Captain, 215, 248, 250, 257

“Black Hole,” The, 78, 80, 83, 86, 105

Blake, Admiral, 66

“Bloody Foreland,” 210

Bombay, 82, 86, 88, 105

Bomb-ketch, 169

Bompart, Commodore, 210-12

Borough, Captain Stephen, 6, 7, 15

Boscawen, Admiral, 30, 127, 129, 139, 161, 165, 184

Boscawen’s wig, 135

Bouillé, de, Marquis, 193, 199, 201, 204

“Bounce,” Collingwood’s dog, 262, 263

Boys, Commodore, 62

Braces, The, 87, 88

Brereton, W., Lieutenant, 116, 117, 118

Brest, Attack on, 27

Brest Fleet, 129

Brett, Sir Piercey, 62

Brighton, 176

Brimstone Hill, 124, 199-204

Bristol “runners,” 38

“Britannia Victrix,” 272

Budge-Budge, Attack on, 89, 93, 94, 95, 99

Bullen, Captain, 277

Bussy, M., 79, 81

Byng, George, Lord Torrington, 29, 60

Byng, Hon. John, Admiral, 31, 129, 163, 164, 165, 168

Cadiz, 21, 27

Calcutta, 78, 79, 80, 88, 96, 102

Calcutta’s Council, 102, 104

Cannon-periers, 12

Cape Finisterre, 21

Cape St. Vincent, 134

Cape François, Battle off, 31, 34

Cape Trafalgar, 132

“Captain-General of the Ocean,” 22

Career of the _Britannia_, 273, 289

Carlyle, 30, 154

Casualty List of the _Victory_, 237

Celebration of Boscawen’s victory, 139

Chacon, General, 63

Chalmers, W., Master of the _Royal Sovereign_, 260

Chandernagore, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112-120, 121, 125

Charles I, King, 19, 48, 49

Charles II, King, 19, 48, 49

Charlotte, Queen, 19, 50

Chastillon, de, Captain, 137

Chatham Dockyard, 177, 179-85, 187-90

Chesterfield, Lord, 175

Cinque Ports Fleet, 57

Clarke, Lieutenant, 121

Clavell, Lieutenant, 194, 250, 253

Clive, 77, 78, 81, 83, 96, 97, 100, 104, 105, 106, 109, 115, 116, 118, 124

Clue, de la, French Admiral, 130, 131, 134, 136

Collingwood, 39, 40, 218, 248-71; biography, 262; G. L. Newnham, 248, 253; wounded, 259

Commodore Trunnion, 65

Comparison between the _Dreadnought_ and _Victory_, 51

Conflans, de, French Admiral, 66, 143, 145, 153, 155, 158

Conn, Captain, 40

Cook, Captain, 19

Cooper, Commissioner, 181

Coote, Sir Eyre, 88, 90, 118

Copenhagen, Bombardment of, 62

Cornwall, Frederick, Captain, 165

Cornwallis, Hon. W., Captain, 196

Corbett, Secretary, 65

Corunna Expedition, 27

Cossimbazaar, 79, 103, 108

Cotes, Admiral, 31

“Counter-Armada,” 27

Counties represented at Trafalgar, 229-32, 235, 236, 267, 268, 284

“Counts of the Saxon shore,” 56

Court-martial on Admiral Byng, 163-5

Crew of the _Victory_ at Trafalgar, 228, 233

Crew of the _Téméraire_, 235-6

Crew of the _Royal Sovereign_, 268-9

Crew of the _Britannia_, 283, 284

Cromwell, 19, 48, 71

Crusaders at Lisbon, 57

Culverins, 12, 73

D’Aiguillon, Duc de, 148, 155

Death of Admiral Watson, 123

Defence of the French _Centaure_, 133-4

Delamotte, Mr., master of the _Kent_, 110

“Demi-Culverins,” 12-73

Deptford Dockyard, 6, 7, 11, 14, 18, 59

Designing the _Victory_, 182

De Spes, Spanish Ambassador, 4

Don John of Austria, 3

Donegal Bay, battle of, 210-12

Donegal peasants, 209

Dorset and Captain Hardy, 225-6

Dover, 56

Dover Road Postmasters, 70

Drake, Sir Francis, 19, 21, 22-7

Drake, Governor, 79, 80, 86, 88, 96

“_Dreadnought_ Seamen’s Hospital,” 41

Duckworth, Sir J., Admiral, 219

Dumb peal on Portsmouth bells, 178

Dum-Dum, 100

Dutch raid in the Medway, 166

“Eastern Parts,” 57

Edward VI, King, 48

Edward VII, King, 48

” ” and the _Dreadnought_, 48-50

Elizabeth, Queen, 1-5, 19, 48

England’s darkest hour, 34, 38

“English Lutheran days,” 22

“Espagnols-sur-Mer,” 59

Essex, Earl of, 27

Eton boat _Dreadnought_, 41

” _Victory_, 41

Eugene Aram, 177

Eustace, the Monk, 58

Evelyn, John, 19

Ewens, Captain, of the _Kent_, 69

Execution Deck, 179

“Fawcons,” 12

Fenner, Thomas, Captain, 21, 27

Figure head of the _Royal Sovereign_ at Trafalgar, 252

Fireships, 169

Fireships in the Hooghly, 96

Fitz-Stephen, 2, 52, 57

Fogg, Dick, Captain, 61

Fogg, Kit, Captain, 61

Forrest, Captain, 31, 32

Foreign men-of-war names translated, 127, 128

Foreigners in the British fleet at Trafalgar, 229-30, 235, 236, 269, 283

Fort d’Orleans, 107, 108, 112, 113, 115

Fortifications of Chandernagore, 109

Fort St. George, 78, 79

” St. David, 78, 81

” William, 80, 88, 97, 99, 102, 104, 105, 106

“Four Days’ Fight,” 28, 67-70

“Fowlers,” 12

Fraser, Brigadier, 199

Frederick the Great, 175

“Fresh Men,” 13

“Friend Murray,” 223

French troops at Quiberon, 148, 150

Frigate Bay, St. Kitts, 191, 193, 195, 203, 204, 207

Gardiner, Arthur, Captain, 168

Garrick, 176

Garrison of Chandernagore, 103, 109, 119

George I, King, 166

George III, King, 19, 48, 50

Gibraltar, 35, 65, 68, 130, 131, 168, 171, 215, 216

Gillingham (or Jillingham), Ordinary, 9, 20

“Golden Duke,” 22

Gonson, B., Treasurer, “Accompte of,” 9

Goongee, 98

Goschen, Lord, 53, 54

Grasse, de, French Admiral, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 203, 204, 205, 207

Gravelines, Battle of, 27

Gravina, Spanish Admiral, 40

Green Point, St. Kitts, 198

Greenwich Hospital Mausoleum, 225

Greenwich Palace, 20

“Gromets,” 13

“Gunlayer’s test,” H.M.S. _Kent_, 75

Gunman, C., Captain, 61

Guns of the _Dreadnought_, 44-7

“Half Minute Council of War,” 31

Halloran, L. B., Lieutenant, Royal Navy, 278, etc.

Hamilton, W., Midshipman, 98

Hardy, Sir T. M., Captain, 34, 223-226

Harvey, John, Captain, 62, 63

Harvey, Henry, Captain, 63

Hastings, Kentish flag at, 50

Hawke, Lord, Admiral, 66, 141, 143, 144, 145, 153, 155, 158, 184

Hawkins, Sir John, 1, 14, 28

Hawley, General, 173

Henry VIII, King, 11, 19, 48

Herbert, Arthur (Lord Torrington), 61

Hervey, Lord, Captain, 61

Hey, Rawlins, Lieutenant, 109, 120

Highwaymen in 1760, 167

Hill, Sir G., 213, 214

Hogge, Ralphe, 12

Holwell, Mr. T., 86, 123

Home Fleet Review, 49

Hood, Sir Samuel, Admiral, 192-207

Hooghly, City, 98

Hooghly, River, 81, 82, 87, 88, 89

Horsham, 10, 180

Howard, Lord, Lord High Admiral, 24, 25, 26

Howe, Lord, Admiral, 50, 145, 146, 147

Huguenots, 2-3

Hubert de Burgh, 58

Hyderabad, 79, 81

Invasion of England, 37, 129, 174

“Iron Marquis,” The, 22

“Islands Voyage,” 27

Isle of Wight, 24

Ives, surgeon of the _Kent_, 80, 91, 92, 93, 98, 110, 111, 115, 119

“Jack the Painter,” 190

Jamaica, 16

James I, King, 19

James II, King, 19

James, Duke of York, 28, 70, 167

Jervis, Sir John (Earl St. Vincent), Admiral, 223

Johnson’s _Dictionary_, 175-6

“K” Brand, Dantzic, 181

“Kent claims the first blow,” 52, 57

Kent County Shield, 52, 55

“Kentish Menne in Front,” 52

“Kentish Rising,” 62

Kentish ragstone cannon-balls, 13

Kedgeree, 89

Keppel, Commodore, 150, 151

Kilpatrick, Major, 79, 88

Kinnoull, Lord, 139

King, Sir Richard, Captain, 97

Lagos Bay, Battle of, 136-9

Langdon, Captain, 31, 32

La Tour D’Auvergne, 148

Launch of the _Britannia_, 272

Launch of the first _Dreadnought_, 14-18

Launch of Collingwood’s _Dreadnought_, 38-9

Launch of H.M.S. _Kent_, 75

Launches, royal, 48

Lawson, M., 108

Legge, George, Lord Dartmouth, 61

Lepanto, Battle of, 4, 5

Letter from H.M.S. _Kent_, 68

Letter from a _Victory_ marine, 245-6

Letter to Suraj-w-daulah, 89

Letters from Collingwood’s flagship, 269-71

Letters from the _Britannia_, 275-81

Ligonier, Viscount, 175

Lloyd’s Policies, 37

Lock, Master-Shipwright, 182

Log of the _Britannia_ at Trafalgar, 274

Log of the _Victory_, 242-3

” _Warspite_, 137-8

Longsword, William, 58

Lord High Admiral, 15, 17, 18, 70

Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 54

Louis XIV, 127

Louis XV and Quiberon, 156

Louisbourg, 167, 178

McCleverty, Captain, 131

Madras, 78, 81, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 105, 106, 109, 110, 116, 118, 119, 122, 123

Mahan, 139

Maidstone, 13, 181

Maids of Kent, Flag from, 55

Malcolm, Sir John, 119

Malcolm, Sir Pulteney, Captain, 214-219

Malleson, Colonel, 119

Malmsey, 16

Manikchand, 87, 89, 90, 91

Marlborough, Duke of, 165, 178

Marshals in the French Navy, 43

Marshmen, 7

Mary Norwood’s Execution, 177

Mary Stuart, 5

“Maryners,” 13

Marston Moor, 28

Martin, Sir T. B., Admiral of the Fleet, 234, 264

Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day, 1, 28

Mathews, Admiral, 84

Mayapore, 89

Medina Sidonia, 21, 23, 25, 26

“Mediterranean” Byng, 60

Men and Manners in 1758, 175-7

“Men of Kent and Kentish Men,” 52-5

Militia Camps, 37

Minden, 186

Minorca, 21, 86, 165, 168

Mir Jafier, 121, 122

Monument to Admiral Watson, 123, 124

“Moors,” 92

Moorshedabad, 87, 105

Morbihan, 142

“Mother of the Maids,” 20

Musée de Marine, 36

Murray, Geo., Captain, 223

Naming of the _Dreadnought_, 1, 4, 5, 14-18

Naming of the _Kent_, 71

” ” _Victory_, 184-6

Naval Estimates of 1759, 179, 182

Nawab, Vizier of Bengal, 79, 80, 87, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106

Nelson, 30, 33, 163, 177, 222-4, 245, 246, 247, 256, 258, 290

Nelson and the _Victory_, 222-3

” Monument, Portsdown, 218

Nelson’s “Dreadnought” sword, 34

Nelson’s “happiest day,” 33, 34

Nile, battle of, 62

Newfoundland “disturbance,” 187, 188

Nevis, 195, 204, 205

North Cape, 6

North Devon, 6

North-East Monsoon, 85

North Foreland, Battle off, 58, 67

North Sea Packets, 38

Northesk, Earl of, Admiral, 272

Officers of the _Britannia_ at Trafalgar, 282-8

Officers of the _Royal Sovereign_ at Trafalgar, 266, 267

Officers of the _Victory_ at Trafalgar, 226, 228

“Old Dreadnought,” 30, 127, 136

“Old Ironsides,” 272

Old London Bridge, 176

“Old Pretender,” the, 175

Old Single Dock, Chatham, 182

Omichand, 121

Opdam, Dutch Admiral, 28

Order to build the _Victory_, 181-2

Order naming the _Donegal_, 213

Orme, Indian historian, 119

Party Politics and the Navy, 35, 125

Passaro, Cape, Battle of, 29

Peasants of the Weald, 180

Pepys, Samuel, 19

Perreau, S., Lieut., 120

Pett, Phineas, 17, 59, 60

Pett, Peter, 2, 6

Philip II, King of Spain, 22, 23

Pigott, Governor, 81

Pitt, Lord Chatham, 139, 178

Plan of attack at Chandernagore, 112-13

Plassey, the sailors’ part at, 121-2

Pocock, Sir G., Admiral, 82, 111, 120

Pompadour, Madame de, 143, 156

Porchester Castle, 171

Portisham, Hardy’s birthplace, 225

Portland Bill, 23

Porto Bello, 171

Portsmouth in the Seven Years’ War, 161-77

“Port-pieces,” 12

Port Royal, 31

Prescott, General, 199

Presentation to H.M.S. _Kent_, 52-5

Presentation to H.M.S. _Donegal_, 220-1

Press-gang, working of, 169, 170, 233, 234

“Prencipall Master,” 6, 15, 17

Puritan method of naming the Navy, 28, 71-3

Quebec, 186

Quiberon Bay, 66, 142, 144, 148, 154, 156

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 27

Recalde, J. M. de, 23

Refugees from Calcutta, 80, 81, 86, 88

Regiments named— 1st Royals, 199 13th Foot, 193 15th Foot, 199 28th Foot, 193 39th Foot, 81, 88, 90 69th Foot, 193 Royal Artillery, 199

Relics of the Trafalgar _Dreadnought_, 41

Renault de St. Germain (Governor of Chandernagore), 103

Rescue of Spaniards after Trafalgar, 217, 218

Rivalry between the _Victory_ and _Royal Sovereign_ at Trafalgar, 251

Rochelle Expedition, 28

Rochfort, 155

Rodney, Sir G., Admiral, 65, 192, 200, 201, 202, 207

Rodney’s report on the disaffection in the West Indies, 202-204

Rooke, Sir George, Admiral, 60, 165

Rotherham, E., Captain, 250, 251, 252

Rupert, Prince, 28, 68, 70, 117, 167

Ruyter de, Dutch Admiral, 28, 68, 117

“St. James’s Day Fight,” 28, 67

St. Vincent—Nelson in action, 34, 223

St. Lo, Commodore, 62

Sabran de, French Captain, 134

Sailor’s devotion at Collingwood’s funeral, 265

“Saker,” 17, 74

Santa Cruz, Marquis de, 22

Saxton, Sir C., Commissioner, 39

Ships of Kent, 57