Chapter 24

Arabs, their conquest and prosperous rule in Mesopotamia, 5; Baghdad, their capital, 5; nomads in Mesopotamia, 8; their superstitious horror of the ruins and sculptures, 11; they take the gigantic head for Nimrod, 22-24; their strange ideas about the colossal winged bulls and lions and their destination, 24-25; their habit of plundering ancient tombs at Warka, 86; their conquests and high culture in Asia and Africa, 118.

Arbela, city of Assyria, built in hilly region, 50.

Architecture, Chaldean, created by local conditions, 37-39; Assyrian, borrowed from Chaldea, 50.

Areph-Kasdîm, see Arphaxad, meaning of the word, 200.

Arphaxad, eldest son of Shem, 200.

Arphakshad, see Arphaxad.

Asshur, a son of Shem, eponymous ancestor of the Assyrians in Genesis x., 131.

Asshurbanipal, King of Assyria, his Library, 100-112; conquers Elam, destroys Shushan, and restores the statue of the goddess Nana to Erech, 194-195.

Asshur-nazir-pal, King of Assyria, size of hall in his palace at Calah (Nimrud), 63.

Assyria, the same as Upper Mesopotamia, 7; rise of, 228.

Astrology, meaning of the word, 106; a corruption of astronomy, 234; the special study of priests, ib.

Astronomy, the ancient Chaldeans' proficiency in, 230; fascination of, 231; conducive to religious speculation, 232; degenerates into astrology, 234; the god Nebo, the patron of, 242.

B.

Babbar, see Ud.

Babel, same as Babylon, 237.

Bab-el-Mandeb, Straits of, 189.

Bab-ilu, Semitic name of Babylon; meaning of the name, 225, 249.

Babylonia, a part of Lower Mesopotamia, 7; excessive flatness of, 9; later name for "Shumir and Accad" and for "Chaldea," 237.

Baghdad, capital of the Arabs' empire in Mesopotamia, 5; its decay, 6.

Bassorah, see Busrah.

Bedouins, robber tribes of, 8; distinctively a nomadic people, 116-118.

Bel, third god of the first Babylonian Triad, 239; meaning of the name, 240; one of the "twelve great gods," 246; his battle with Tiamat, 288-290.

Belit, the wife of Bel, the feminine principle of nature, 244-245; one of the "twelve great gods," 246.

Bel-Maruduk, see Marduk.

Berosus, Babylonian priest; his History of Chaldea, 128; his version of the legend of Oannes, 184-185; his account of the Chaldean Cosmogony, 260-261, 267; his account of the great tower and the confusion of tongues, 292-293; his account of the Deluge, 299-301.

Birs-Nimrud or Birs-i-Nimrud, see Borsippa.

Books, not always of paper, 93; stones and bricks used as books, 97; walls and rocks, ib., 97-99.

Borsippa (Mound of Birs-Nimrud), its peculiar shape, 47; Nebuchadnezzar's inscription found at, 72; identified with the Tower of Babel, 293.

Botta begins excavations at Koyunjik, 14; his disappointment, 15; his great discovery at Khorsabad, 15-16.

Bricks, how men came to make, 39; sun-dried or raw, and kiln-dried or baked, 40; ancient bricks from the ruins used for modern constructions; trade with ancient bricks at Hillah, 42.

British Museum, Rich's collection presented to, 14.

Busrah, or Bassorah, bulls and lions shipped to, down the Tigris, 52.

Byblos, ancient writing material, 94.

C.

Ca-Dimirra (or Ka-Dimirra), second name of Babylon; meaning of the name, 216, 249.

Cain, his crime, banishment, and posterity, 129.

Calah, or Kalah, one of the Assyrian capitals, the Larissa of Xenophon, 3.

Calendar, Chaldean, 230, 318-321, 325.

Canaan, son of Ham, eponymous ancestor of many nations, 134.

Canaanites, migrations of, 190.

Cement, various qualities of, 44.

Chaldea, the same as Lower Mesopotamia, 7; alluvial formation of, 37-38; its extraordinary abundance in cemeteries, 78; a nursery of nations, 198; more often called by the ancients "Babylonia," 237.

Chaldeans, in the sense of "wise men of the East," astrologer, magician, soothsayer,--a separate class of the priesthood, 254-255.

Charm against evil spells, 162.

Cherub, Cherubim, see Kirûbu.

China, possibly mentioned in Isaiah, 136, note.

Chinese speak a monosyllabic language, 137; their genius and its limitations, 138, 139; oldest national religion of, 180, 181; their "docenal" and "sexagesimal" system of counting, 230-231.

Chronology, vagueness of ancient, 193-194; extravagant figures of, 196-197; difficulty of establishing, 211-212.

Chthon, meaning of the word, 272.

Chthonic Powers, 272, 273.

Chthonic Myths, see Myths.

Cissians, see Kasshi.

Cities, building of, fourth stage of culture, 123, 124.

Classical Antiquity, meaning of the term; too exclusive study of, 12.

Coffins, ancient Chaldean, found at Warka: "jar-coffins," 82; "dish-cover" coffins, 84; "slipper-shaped" coffin (comparatively modern), 84-86.

Conjuring, against demons and sorcerers, 158-159; admitted into the later reformed religion, 236.

Conjurors, admitted into the Babylonian priesthood, 250.

Cossæans, see Kasshi.

Cosmogonic Myths, see Myths.

Cosmogony, meaning of the word, 259; Chaldean, imparted by Berosus, 260-261; original tablets discovered by Geo. Smith, 261-263; their contents, 264 and ff.; Berosus again, 267.

Cosmos, meaning of the word, 272.

Cuneiform writing, shape and specimen of, 10; introduced into Chaldea by the Shumiro-Accads, 145.

Cush, or Kush, eldest son of Ham, 186; probable early migrations of, 188; ancient name of Ethiopia, 189.

Cushites, colonization of Turanian Chaldea by, 192.

Cylinders: seal cylinders in hard stones, 113-114; foundation-cylinders, 114; seal-cylinders worn as talismans, 166; Babylonian cylinder, supposed to represent the Temptation and Fall, 266.

D.

Damkina, goddess, wife of Êa, mother of Meridug, 160.

Decoration: of palaces, 58-62; of walls at Warka, 87-88.

Delitzsch, Friedrich, eminent Assyriologist, favors the Semitic theory, 186.

Deluge, Berosus' account of, 299-301; cuneiform account, in the 11th tablet of the Izdubar Epic, 314-317.

Demon of the South-West Wind, 168.

Diseases conceived as demons, 163.

Divination, a branch of Chaldean "science," in what it consists, 251-252; collection of texts on, in one hundred tablets, 252-253; specimens of, 253-254.

Draining of palace mounds, 70; of sepulchral mounds at Warka, 86-87.

Dumuzi, the husband of the goddess Ishtar, 303; the hero of a solar Myth, 323-326.

Dur-Sharrukin, (see Khorsabad), built in hilly region, 50.

E.

Êa, sometimes Zi-kî-a, the Spirit of the Earth and Waters, 154; protector against evil spirits and men, 160; his chief sanctuary at Eridhu, 215; second god of the first Babylonian Triad, 239; his attributions, 240; one of the "twelve great gods," 246.

Êabâni, the seer, 304; invited by Izdubar, 304-305; becomes Izdubar's friend, 307; vanquishes with him the Elamite tyrant Khumbaba, 308; smitten by Ishtar and Anatu, 310; restored to life by the gods, 314.

Ê-Babbara, "House of the Sun," 215, 248.

Eber, see Heber.

El, see Ilu.

Elam, kingdom of, conquered by Asshurbanipal, 194; meaning of the name, 220.

Elamite conquest of Chaldea, 219-221, 224-225.

Elohim, one of the Hebrew names for God, a plural of El, 354. See Ilu.

Emanations, theory of divine, 238-239; meaning of the word, 239.

Enoch, son of Cain, 129.

Enoch, the first city, built by Cain, 129.

Epic Poems, or Epics, 298-299.

Epic-Chaldæan, oldest known in the world, 299; its division into tablets, 302.

Eponym, meaning of the word, 133.

Eponymous genealogies in Genesis X., 132-134.

Epos, national, meaning of the word, 299.

Erech (now Mound of Warka), oldest name Urukh, immense burying-grounds around, 80-82; plundered by Khudur-Nankhundi, king of Elam, 195; library of, 209.

Eri-Aku (Ariokh of Ellassar), Elamite king of Larsam, 226.

Eridhu (modern Abu-Shahrein), the most ancient city of Shumir, 215; specially sacred to Êa, 215, 246, 287.

Ethiopians, see Cush.

Excavations, how carried on, 30-34.

F.

Fergusson, Jas., English explorer and writer on art subjects, 56.

Finns, a nation of Turanian stock, 138.

Flood, or Deluge, possibly not universal, 128-129.

G.

Gan-Dunyash, or Kar-Dunyash, most ancient name of Babylonia proper, 225, 286.

Genesis, first book of the Pentateuch, 127-129; Chapter X. of, 130-142; meaning of the word, 353.

Gibil, Fire, 173; hymn to, 16; his friendliness, 174; invoked to prosper the fabrication of bronze, 16.

Gisdhubar, see Izdubar.

Gudêa, _patesi_ of Sir-burla, 214.

H.

Ham, second son of Noah, 130; meaning of the name, 186.

Hammurabi, king of Babylon and all Chaldea, 226; his long and glorious reign, ib.; his public works and the "Royal Canal," 227.

Harimtu ("Persuasion"), one of the handmaidens of Ishtar, 305.

Hâsisadra, same as Xisuthros, 303; gives Izdubar an account of the great Flood, 314-317.

Heber, a descendant of Shem, eponymous ancestor of the Hebrews in Genesis X., 131, 222.

Heroes, 296-298.

Heroic Ages, 299.

Heroic Myths, see Myths.

Hillah, built of bricks from the palace of Nebuchadnezzar, carries on trade with ancient bricks, 42.

Himâlaya Mountains, 188.

Hindu-Cush (or Kush) Mountains, 188.

Hit, ancient Is, on the Euphrates, springs of bitumen at, 44.

Hivite, the, a tribe of Canaan, 133.

Hungarians, a nation of Turanian stock, 138.

I.

Idpa, the Demon of Fever, 156.

Igigi, three hundred, spirits of heaven, 250.

Ilu, or El, Semitic name for "god," 232.

Im, or Mermer, "Wind," 154.

India, 188.

Indus, the great river of India, 188.

Intercalary months, introduced by the Chaldeans to correct the reckoning of their year, 230.

Is, see Hit.

Ishtar, the goddess of the planet Venus, 242; the Warrior-Queen and Queen of Love, 245; one of the "twelve great gods," 246; offers her love to Izdubar, 308; is rejected and sends a monstrous bull against him, 309; causes Êabâni's death and Izdubar's illness, 310; descent of, into the land of shades, 326-330.

Izdubar, the hero of the great Chaldean Epic, 303; his dream at Erech, 304; invites Êabâni, 304-305; vanquishes with his help Khumbaba, the Elamite tyrant of Erech, 308; offends Ishtar, 308; vanquishes the divine Bull, with Êabâni's help, 309; is smitten with leprosy, 310; travels to "the mouth of the great rivers" to consult his immortal ancestor Hâsisadra, 310-313; is purified and healed, 313; returns to Erech; his lament over Êabâni's death, 313-314; solar character of the Epic, 318-322.

J.

Jabal and Jubal, sons of Lamech, descendants of Cain, 129.

Japhet, third son of Noah, 130.

Javan, a son of Japhet, eponymous ancestor of the Ionian Greeks, 134.

"Jonah's Mound," see Nebbi-Yunus.

Jubal, see Jabal and Jubal.

K.

Ka-Dingirra, see Ca-Dimirra.

Kar-Dunyash, see Gan-Dunyash.

Kasbu, the Chaldean double hour, 230.

Kasr, Mound of, ruins of the palace of Nebuchadnezzar, 42.

Kasshi (Cossæans or Cissians), conquer Chaldea, 228.

Kerbela and Nedjif, goal of pilgrim-caravans from Persia, 78.

Kerubim, see Kirûbu.

Khorsabad, Mound of, Botta's excavations and brilliant discovery at, 15-16.

Khudur-Lagamar (Chedorlaomer), king of Elam and Chaldea, his conquests, 221; plunders Sodom and Gomorrah with his allies, 222; is overtaken by Abraham and routed, 223; his probable date, 224.

Khudur-Nankhundi, king of Elam, invades Chaldea and carries the statue of the goddess Nana away from Erech, 195.

Khumbaba, the Elamite tyrant of Erech vanquished by Izdubar and Êabâni, 308.

Kirûbu, name of the Winged Bulls, 164.

Koyunjik, Mound of Xenophon's Mespila, 14; Botta's unsuccessful exploration of, 15; valuable find of small articles in a chamber at, in the palace of Sennacherib, 34.

Kurds, nomadic tribes of, 8.

L.

Lamech, fifth descendant of Cain, 129.

Larissa, ruins of ancient Calah, seen by Xenophon, 3.

Larsam (now Senkereh), city of Shumir, 215.

Layard meets Botta at Mossul in 1842, 17; undertakes the exploration of Nimrud, 17-18; his work and life in the East, 19-32; discovers the Royal Library at Nineveh (Koyunjik), 100.

Lebanon Mountains, 190.

Lenormant, François, eminent French Orientalist; his work on the religion of the Shumiro-Accads, 152-3; favors the Cushite theory, 186.

Library of Asshurbanipal in his palace at Nineveh (Koyunjik); discovered by Layard, 100; re-opened by George Smith, 103; contents and importance of, for modern scholarship, 106-109; of Erech, 209.

Loftus, English explorer; his visit to Warka in 1854-5, 80-82; procures slipper-shaped coffins for the British Museum, 36.

Louvre, Assyrian Collection at the, 17; "Sarzec collection" added, 89.

Louvre, Armenian contrivance for lighting houses, 68.

M.

Madai, a son of Japhet, eponymous ancestor of the Medes, 135.

Magician, derivation of the word, 255.

Marad, ancient city of Chaldea, 303.

Marduk, or Maruduk (Hebrew Merodach), god of the planet Jupiter, 241; one of the "twelve great gods," 246; special patron of Babylon, 249.

Maskim, the seven, evil spirits, 154; incantation against the, 155; the same, poetical version, 182.

Maspero, G., eminent French Orientalist, 197.

Medes, Xenophon's erroneous account of, 3-4; mentioned under the name of Madai in Genesis X., 135.

Media, divided from Assyria by the Zagros chain, 50.

Ménant, Joachim, French Assyriologist; his little book on the Royal Library at Nineveh, 105.

Meridug, son of Êa, the Mediator, 160; his dialogues with Êa, 161-162.

Mermer, see Im.

Merodach, see Marduk.

Mesopotamia, meaning of the name, 5; peculiar formation of, 6; division of, into Upper and Lower, 7.

Mespila, ruins of Nineveh; seen by Xenophon, 3; now Mound of Koyunjik, 14.

Migrations of tribes, nations, races; probable first causes of prehistoric migrations, 119; caused by invasions and conquests, 125; of the Turanian races, 146-147; of the Cushites, 188; of the Canaanites, 190.

Mizraim ("the Egyptians"), a son of Ham, eponymous ancestor of the Egyptians, 133; opposed to Cush, 189.

Monosyllabic languages--Chinese, 136-137.

Monotheism, meaning of the word, 238; as conceived by the Hebrews, 344-345.

Mosul, the residence of a Turkish Pasha; origin of the name, 6; the wicked Pasha of, 20-23.

Mound-Builders, their tombs, 335-338.

Mounds, their appearance, 9-10; their contents, 11; formation of, 72; their usefulness in protecting the ruins and works of art, 74; sepulchral mounds at Warka, 79-87.

Mugheir, see Ur.

Mul-ge, "Lord of the Abyss," 154.

Mummu-Tiamat (the "Billowy Sea"), 264; her hostility to the gods, 288; her fight with Bel, 288-290.

Mythology, definition of, 331; distinction from Religion, 331-334.

Myths, meaning of the word, 294; Cosmogonic, 294; Heroic, 297-298; Solar, 322, 339-340; Chthonic, 330, 340-341.

N.

Nabonidus, last king of Babylon, discovers Naram-sin's cylinder, 213; discovers Hammurabi's cylinder at Larsam, 218-219.

Namtar, the Demon of Pestilence, 156, 157; incantation against, 167; Minister of Allat, Queen of the Dead, 328, 329.

Nana, Chaldean goddess, her statue restored by Asshurbanipal, 195, 343-344; wife of Anu, 245.

Nannar, see Uru-Ki.

Naram-Sin, son of Sargon I. of Agadê; his cylinder discovered by Nabonidus, 213.

Nations, gradual formation of, 125-126.

Nebbi-Yunus, Mound of, its sacredness, 11; its size, 49.

Nebo, or Nabu, the god of the planet Mercury, 242; one of the "twelve great gods," 246.

Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon; his palace, now Mound of Kasr, 42; his inscription of Borsippa, 72.

Nedjif, see Kerbela.

Nergal, the god of the planet Mars, and of War, 242; one of the "twelve great gods," 246.

Niffer, see Nippur.

Nimrod, dams on the Euphrates attributed to, by the Arabs, 5; his name preserved, and many ruins called by it, 11; gigantic head declared by the Arabs to be the head of, 22-24.

Nimrud, Mound of, Layard undertakes the exploration of, 17.

Nin-dar, the nightly sun, 175.

Nineveh, greatness and utter destruction of, 1; ruins of, seen by Xenophon, called by him Mespila, 3; site of, opposite Mossul, 11.

Nin-ge, see Nin-kî-gal.

Ninîb, or Ninêb, the god of the planet Saturn, 241; one of the "twelve great gods," 246.

Nin-kî-gal, or Nin-ge, "the Lady of the Abyss," 157.

Nippur (now Niffer), city of Accad, 216.

Nizir, Mount, the mountain on which Hâsisadra's ship stood still, 301; land and Mount, 316

Noah and his three sons, 130.

Nod, land of ("Land of Exile," or "of Wanderings"), 129.

Nomads, meaning of the word, and causes of nomadic life in modern times, 118.

O.

Oannes, legend of, told by Berosus, 185.

Oasis, meaning of the word, 118.

P.

Palaces, their imposing aspect, 54; palace of Sennacherib restored by Fergusson, 56; ornamentation of palaces, 58; winged Bulls and Lions at gateways of, 58; sculptured slabs along the walls of, 58-60; painted tiles used for the friezes of, 60-62; proportions of halls, 63; roofing of, 62-66; lighting of, 66-68.

Papyrus, ancient writing material, 94.

Paradise, Chaldean legend of, see Sacred Tree and Ziggurat. Meaning of the word, 277.

Parallel between the Book of Genesis and the Chaldean legends, 350-360.

Pastoral life, second stage of culture, 120; necessarily nomadic, 121.

Patesis, meaning of the word, 203; first form of royalty in Chaldean cities, ib., 235.

Patriarchal authority, first form of government, 123; the tribe, or enlarged family, first form of the State, 123.

Penitential Psalms, Chaldean, 177-179.

Persian Gulf, flatness and marshiness of the region around, 7; reached further inland than now, 201.

Persians, rule in Asia, 2; the war between two royal brothers, 2; Persian monarchy conquered by Alexander, 4; not named in Genesis X., 134.

Platforms, artificial, 46-49.

Polytheism, meaning of the word, 237; tendency to, of the Hebrews, combated by their leaders, 345-350.

Priesthood, Chaldean, causes of its power and influence, 233-234.

R.

Races, Nations, and Tribes represented in antiquity under the name of a man, an ancestor, 130-134; black race and yellow race omitted from the list in Genesis X., 134-142; probable reasons for the omission, 135, 140.

Ramân, third god of the second Babylonian Triad, his attributions, 240-241; one of the "twelve great gods," 246.

Rassam, Hormuzd, explorer, 247, 248.

Rawlinson, Sir Henry, his work at the British Museum, 152.

Religion of the Shumiro-Accads the most primitive in the world, 148; characteristics of Turanian religions, 180, 181; definition of, as distinguished from Mythology, 331-334.

Religiosity, distinctively human characteristic, 148; its awakening and development, 149-152.

Rich, the first explorer, 13; his disappointment at Mossul, 14.

S.

Sabattuv, the Babylonian and Assyrian "Sabbath," 256.

Sabeism, the worship of the heavenly bodies, a Semitic form of religion, 232; fostered by a pastoral and nomadic life, ib.

Sabitu, one of the maidens in the magic grove, 311.

Sacred Tree, sacredness of the Symbol, 268; its conventional appearance on sculptures and cylinders, 268-270; its signification, 272-274; its connection with the legend of Paradise, 274-276.

Sargon of Agadê, see Sharrukin.

Sarzec, E. de, French explorer; his great find at Tell-Loh, 88-90; statues found by him, 214.

Scorpion-men, the Warders of the Sun, 311.

Schrader, Eberhard, eminent Assyriologist, favors the Semitic theory, 186.

Semites (more correctly Shemites), one of the three great races given in Genesis X.; named from its eponymous ancestor, Shem, 131.

Semitic language, 199; culture, the beginning of historical times in Chaldea, 202, 203.

Sennacherib, king of Assyria, his palace at Koyunjik, 34; Fergusson's restoration of his palace, 56; his "Will" in the library of Nineveh, 109.

Senkereh, see Larsam.

Sepharvaim, see Sippar.

Seth (more correctly Sheth), third son of Adam, 131.

Shamash, the Sun-god, second god of the Second Babylonian Triad, 240; one of the "twelve great gods," 246; his temple at Sippar discovered by H. Rassam, 247, 248.

Shamhatu ("Grace"), one of the handmaidens of Ishtar, 305.

Sharrukin I. of Agadê (Sargon I.), 205; legend about his birth, 206; his glorious reign, 206; Sharrukin II. of Agadê (Sargon II.), 205; his religious reform and literary labors, 207, 208; probable founder of the library at Erech, 209; date of, lately discovered, 213.

Shem, eldest son of Noah, 130; meaning of the name, 198.

Shinar, or Shineâr, geographical position of, 127.

Shumir, Southern or Lower Chaldea, 145.

Shumir and Accad, oldest name for Chaldea, 143, 144.

Shumiro-Accadian, oldest language of Chaldea, 108; Agglutinative, 145.

Shumiro-Accads, oldest population of Chaldea, of Turanian race, 144; their language agglutinative, 145; introduce into Chaldea cuneiform writing, metallurgy and irrigation, ib.; their probable migration, 146; their theory of the world, 153.

Shushan (Susa), capital of Elam, destroyed by Asshurbanipal, 194.

Siddim, battle in the veil of, 221, 222.

Sidon, a Phoenician city, meaning of the name, 133; the "first-born" son of Canaan, eponymous ancestor of the city in Genesis X., ib.

Siduri, one of the maidens in the magic grove, 311.

Sin, the Moon-god, first god of the Second Babylonian Triad, 240; one of the "twelve great gods," 246; attacked by the seven rebellious spirits, 291.

Sin-Muballit, see Amarpal.

Sippar, sister city of Agadê, 205; Temple of Shamash at, excavated by H. Rassam, 247, 248.

Sir-burla (also Sir-gulla, or Sir-tella, or Zirbab), ancient city of Chaldea, now Mound of Tell-Loh; discoveries at, by Sarzec, 88-90.

Sir-gulla, see Sir-burla.

Smith, George, English explorer; his work at the British Museum, 102; his expeditions to Nineveh, 103; his success, and his death, 104; his discovery of the Deluge Tablets, 301.

Sorcerers believed in, 157.

Spirits, belief in good and evil, the first beginning of religion, 150; elementary, in the primitive Shumiro-Accadian religion, 153-155; evil, 155-157; allowed an inferior place in the later reformed religion, 236, 250; rebellion of the seven evil, their attack against the Moon-god, 290, 291.

Statues found at Tell-Loh, 88, 214.

Style, ancient writing instrument, 94, 109.

Synchronism, meaning of the word, 212.

T.

Tablets, in baked or unbaked clay, used as books, 109; their shapes and sizes, 109; mode of writing on, 109-110; baking of, 110; great numbers of, deposited in the British Museum, 110-112; Chaldean tablets in clay cases, 112; tablets found under the foundation stone at Khorsabad, 113, 114; "Shamash tablet," 248.

Talismans, worn on the person or placed in buildings, 164.

Tammuz, see Dumuzi.