Chapter 14

_ 15 ibid._, p. 95.

16 Shoghi Effendi, _God Passes By_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1995), p. 276.

17 H. M. Balyuzi, _'Abdu'l-Baha: The Centre of the Covenant of Baha'u'llah_, 2nd ed. (Oxford: George Ronald, 1992), p. 136.

_ 18 Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha_, _op. cit._, pp. 254-255, (section 200.3).

19 Shoghi Effendi, _God Passes By_, _op. cit._, p. 258.

_ 20 ibid._, p. 259.

_ 21 The Baha'i Centenary, 1844-1944_, compiled by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States and Canada (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1944), pp. 140-141.

22 Shoghi Effendi, _God Passes By_, _op. cit._, p. 280.

23 '_Abdu'l-Baha in London: Addresses and Notes of Conversations_ (London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1982), pp. 19-20.

24 'Abdu'l-Baha, _Tablets of the Divine Plan_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1993), p. 94.

25 Shoghi Effendi, _God Passes By_, _op. cit._, pp. 281-282.

26 'Abdu'l-Baha, _The Promulgation of Universal Peace _ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1995), p. 121, provisional re-translation.

_ 27 Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha,_ _op. cit._, p. 106, (section 64.1).

_ 28 ibid._, p. 23, (section 7.2).

29 'Abdu'l-Baha, _The Promulgation of Universal Peace,_ _op. cit._, pp. 455-456.

30 Juliet Thompson, _The Diary of Juliet Thompson_ (Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 1983), p. 313.

31 Shoghi Effendi, _God Passes By_, _op. cit._, pp. 244-245.

_ 32 Baha'i World Faith_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1976), p. 429.

33 'Abdu'l-Baha in Canada (Forest: National Spiritual Assembly of Canada, 1962), p. 51.

34 'Abdu'l-Baha, _Paris Talks_, 12th ed. (London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1995), p. 64.

35 Eric Hobsbawm, _Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991_, _op. cit._, p. 23.

_ 36 Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah _(Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1983), p. 264, (section CXXV).

37 Edward R. Kantowicz, _The Rage of Nations_ (Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999), p. 138. Kantowicz adds that the total population loss for Europe was 48 million, including 15 million "swept away" because their run down health made them vulnerable to the post-war influenza epidemic, and because of the reduction caused by the steep drop in the birth rate consequent on these disasters. Hobsbawm estimates that France lost almost twenty percent of its men of military age, Britain lost one quarter of its Oxford and Cambridge graduates who served in the army during the war, while German losses reached 1.8 million or thirteen percent of their military age population. (See Eric Hobsbawm, _Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991, op. cit._, p. 26).

38 President Wilson has been the subject of many biographies over the years since his death. Three relatively recent biographies are Louis Auchincloss, _Woodrow Wilson_ (New York: Viking Penguin, 2000); A. Clements Kendrick, _Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman_ (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987); Thomas J. Knock, _To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order_ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).

39 'Abdu'l-Baha, _The Promulgation of Universal Peace_,_ op. cit_., p. 305.

40 Shoghi Effendi, _Citadel of Faith_, _op. cit._, p. 32.

_ 41 ibid._, pp. 32-33.

42 As finally adopted, Article X of the Covenant of the League did not require collective military intervention in cases of aggression but merely stated that "...the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled."

43 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, pp. 29-30.

44 Shoghi Effendi, _Citadel of Faith_, _op. cit._, pp. 28-29.

_ 45 ibid._, p. 7.

_ 46 Selections from the Writings of the Bab_ (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1978), p. 56.

47 Baha'u'llah, _The Kitab-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1993), paragraph 88.

_ 48 Tablets of Baha'u'llah revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas _ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1988), p. 13.

49 The citation made reference to the value of the Master's "advice" to the British military authorities who were attempting to restore civil life following the overthrow of the Turkish regime in the area, adding that "all his influence has been for good". See Moojan Momen, ed., _The Babi and Baha'i Religions, 1844-1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts _ (Oxford: George Ronald, 1981), p. 344.

_ 50 The Baha'i World_, vol. XV (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1976), p. 132.

51 Horace Holley, _Religion for Mankind_ (London: George Ronald, 1956), pp. 243-244.

_ 52 Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1991), p. 11.

53 Shoghi Effendi, _God Passes By_, _op. cit._, p. 326.

54 Although the "Christmas truce" involved principally British and German soldiers, French and Belgian troops also participated: BBC News, Online Network Summary of Brown, Malcolm and Shirley Seaton, "Christmas Truce".

55 Ruhiyyih Rabbani, _The Priceless Pearl_ (London: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1969), pp. 121, 123.

56 Shoghi Effendi, _Baha'i Administration_, _op. cit._, pp. 187-188, 194.

57 In case after case, the open misbehaviour of Shoghi Effendi's brothers, sisters and cousins left him finally with no alternative but to advise the Baha'i world that these individuals had violated the Covenant.

58 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, p. 36.

_ 59 ibid._, pp. 42-43.

_ 60 ibid._, p. 202.

_ 61 ibid._, pp. 203-204.

62 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, p. 203.

63 Shoghi Effendi, _The Advent of Divine Justice_, _op. cit._, pp. 90, 19, 85.

64 Nabil-i-A'zam, _The Dawn-Breakers: Nabil's Narrative of the Early Days of the Baha'i Revelation_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1999), pp. 92-94.

65 Shoghi Effendi, _Baha'i Administration_, _op. cit._, p. 52.

_ 66 Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha,_ _op. cit._, pp. 85-86, (section 38.5).

67 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, p. 4.

_ 68 ibid._, p. 19.

_ 69 Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah_, _op. cit._, p. 60, (section XXV).

70 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, p. 19.

_ 71 ibid._, p. 144.

72 Shoghi Effendi, _God Passes By_, _op. cit._, p. 26.

_ 73 The Baha'i World_, vol. X (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1949), pp. 142-149, provides a detailed survey of the expansion of the Cause up to the conclusion of the first Seven Year Plan.

74 Shoghi Effendi, _Messages to Canada_, 2nd ed. (Thornhill: Baha'i Canada Publications, 1999), p. 114.

75 Shoghi Effendi, _God Passes By_, _op. cit._, p. 365.

_ 76 Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah_, _op. cit._, p. 200, (section XCIX).

77 Baha'u'llah, _The Kitab-i-Iqan_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1983), p. 31.

78 "In Europe at the start of the twentieth century, most people accepted the authority of morality.... [Then] reflective Europeans were also able to believe in moral progress, and to see human viciousness and barbarism as in retreat. At the end of the century, it is hard to be confident either about the moral law or about moral progress": Jonathon Glover, _Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century_ (London: Jonathan Cape, 1999), p. 1. Glover's study concentrates particularly on the rise and influence of twentieth century ideologies.

79 Shoghi Effendi, _The Promised Day is Come_, _op. cit._, pp. 185-186.

_ 80 ibid._

_ 81 Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah_, _op. cit._, pp. 65-66, (section XXVII).

_ 82 ibid._, pp. 41-42, (section XVII).

_ 83 Women: Extracts from the Writings of Baha'u'llah, 'Abdu'l-Baha, Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice_, compiled by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice (Thornhill: Baha'i Canada Publications, 1986), p. 50.

84 Shoghi Effendi, _Messages to America_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1947), p. 28.

_ 85 ibid._, pp. 9, 10, 14, 22.

_ 86 ibid._, p. 28.

87 Ruhiyyih Rabbani, _The Priceless Pearl_, _op. cit._, p. 382.

88 Shoghi Effendi, _Messages to America_, _op. cit._, p. 53.

89 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, p. 46.

90 'Abdu'l-Baha in Canada, _op. cit._, p. 51.

91 'Abdu'l-Baha, _The Promulgation of Universal Peace_, _op. cit._, p. 377.

92 'Abdu'l-Baha, _Foundations of World Unity_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1979), p. 21.

93 Lester Bowles Pearson (1897-1972) was awarded the 1957 Nobel prize for peace for his formulation of international policy in the period after World War II, particularly for his plan that led to the establishment of the first United Nations' emergency force in the Suez Canal in 1956, a response to the crisis created by the invasion of Egypt by British and French military forces, acting in agreement with those of Israel, following the seizure of the Suez Canal by Egypt. The first formal vote of international sanctions against aggression, taken in 1936 by the League of Nations, when Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia, was hailed by Shoghi Effendi as: "an event without parallel in human history". (See Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, p. 191.)

94 The three United Nations' Secretaries-General mentioned were, in chronological order, Javier Perez de Cuellar (1982-1991), Peru; Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992-96), Egypt; Kofi Annan, (1997-present), Ghana.

95 Anne Frank (1929-1945) - Jewish youth, victim of Nazi genocide, captured in her family's hiding place in the Netherlands in August 1944 and sent to the concentration camp at Belsen, where she died a year later. Her diary was published in 1952 under the title _The Diary of a Young Girl_ and subsequently dramatized on the stage and in film. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) - American clergyman and Nobel laureate, one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movement, who was assassinated on 4 April 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. He is commemorated in the United States in a national holiday on the third Monday of January. Paulo Freire (1921-1997) - innovative Brazilian educator, whose pioneer work in adult education won him international fame, but led to two periods of imprisonment in his own country. Kiri Te Kanawa (1944- ) - Born in New Zealand of Maori ancestry, and today one of the world's leading operatic _divas_. Awarded the Order of Dame Commander of the British Empire by H. M. Queen Elizabeth II, 1982. Gabriel Garcia Marques (1928- ) - Colombian writer and novelist, winner of the Nobel prize for literature in 1982, who was compelled to spend the 1960s and 1970s in voluntary exile in Mexico and Spain to escape persecution in his native land. Ravi Shankar (1920- ) - Indian composer and sitarist, whose impressive talents and tours of Europe and North America contributed to the awakening of interest in Indian music throughout the West. Andrei Dmitriyevich Sakharov (1921-1989) - Russian nuclear physicist, who abandoned scientific research to become the leading spokesman for civil liberties in the Soviet Union, for which he was awarded the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize, while suffering internal exile in his own land. "Mother Teresa" (Agnes Gonxha Borjaxhiu, 1910-1997) - Albanian born Roman Catholic nun, founder of the Missionaries of Charity, whose self-sacrificing work on behalf of the poor, the homeless and the dying in Calcutta won her the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. Zhang Yimou (1951- ) - A leading director among China's "Fifth Generation" film makers and winner of many professional awards for his sensitive and visually stunning work.

96 The three new National Spiritual Assemblies were Canada, which established a National Assembly separate from that of the United States in 1948, and the Regional Assemblies of Central America and the Antilles (1951) and South America (1951).

97 Shoghi Effendi, _Messages to the Baha'i World, 1950-1957_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1995), p. 41.

_ 98 ibid._, pp. 38-39.

_ 99 Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha_, _op. cit._, p. 13.

100 Under the leadership of two of 'Abdu'l-Baha's half brothers, Muhammad 'Ali and Badi'u'llah, together with a cousin, Majdi'd-Din, the group of Covenant-breakers who had long occupied the Mansion at Bahji after the death of Baha'u'llah carried on an unremitting campaign of attacks and machinations against both the Master and the Guardian. Under the British Mandate, they had been forced to evacuate the Mansion because of the neglect into which they had allowed it to fall, thus permitting the Guardian to restore the building and establish its status in the eyes of the civil authorities as a Holy Place. Subsequently, Shoghi Effendi secured from the newly established Israeli government recognition that the entire property had this privileged character, and an official order was issued, requiring the remaining Covenant-breakers to evacuate the unsightly building that they still occupied next to the Mansion. When their appeal to the Supreme Court against this judgement failed, the eviction order was executed, the building demolished at the Guardian's instructions, and the last obstacle to the beautification of the property was successfully overcome.

_ 101 Tablets of Baha'u'llah revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas,_ _op. cit._, p. 68.

_ 102 Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha_, _op. cit._, pp. 19-20.

103 A full account of the role played by the Hands of the Cause during these critical years is provided by Amatu'l-Baha Ruhiyyih Khanum, _Ministry of the Custodians_ (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1997).

104 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, p. 148.

_ 105 Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha_, _op. cit._, p. 20.

106 Universal House of Justice, _Messages from the Universal House of Justice, 1963-1986: The Third Epoch of the Formative Age_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1996), p. 14.

107 The subject is discussed in a number of places throughout _The Priceless Pearl_, _op. cit._ See particularly pages 79, 85, 90, 128 and 159.

_ 108 Tablets of Baha'u'llah revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas,_ _op. cit._, p. 69.

109 'Abdu'l-Baha, _The Secret of Divine Civilization_, _op. cit._, pp. 96-97.

110 J. E. Esslemont, _Baha'u'llah and the New Era: An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith_, 5th rev. ed. (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1998), p. 250.

_ 111 Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Baha_, _op. cit._, p. 11.

112 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, p. 8.

113 Baha'u'llah, _The Kitab-i-Aqdas_, _op. cit._, paragraph 83.

114 Baha'u'llah, _Epistle to the Son of the Wolf_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1988), p. 14.

115 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, pp. 43, 195.

_ 116 ibid._, p. 24.

_ 117 Tablets of Baha'u'llah revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas,_ _op. cit._, pp. 66-67.

118 Shoghi Effendi, _The Advent of Divine Justice_, _op. cit._, p. 27.

_ 119 The Establishment of the Universal House of Justice_, compiled by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice (Oakham: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1984), p. 17.

120 Universal House of Justice_, Messages from the Universal House of Justice, 1963-1986: The Third Epoch of the Formative Age_, _op. cit._, p. 52.

_ 121 ibid._, p. 104.

_ 122 Baha'i News_, no. 73, May 1933 (Wilmette: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States), p. 7.

123 The Institute was created by the Universal House of Justice in 1998 as an agency of the Baha'i International Community, reporting to the House of Justice through the Office of Public Information. Its mandate describes it as an agency "dedicated to researching both the spiritual and material underpinnings of human knowledge and the processes of social advancement."

124 The Centre's purpose is described as undertaking "research in a systematic manner on the Baha'i Faith, including its religious culture, humanitarian spirit and religious ethics."

125 Cited in _Star of the West_, vol. 13, no. 7 (October 1922), pp. 184-186.

126 'Abdu'l-Baha, _Tablets of the Divine Plan_, _op. cit._, p. 54.

127 Beginning in approximately 1904, a learned Iranian believer known as Sadru's-Sudur established the first teacher-training class for Baha'i youth in Tehran with 'Abdu'l-Baha's encouragement. The classes met daily, and the graduates, who had been trained in the beliefs of other religions as well as various aspects of the Baha'i Faith, contributed greatly to the expansion and consolidation of the Cause in their native land.

128 The model in question is the "Ruhi Institute", whose materials and methods have been adopted by many Baha'i communities throughout the world. Its guiding philosophy is an integration of service activities with focused study of the Baha'i Writings themselves. Organized as a series of levels of study, which form a central "trunk" of basic understanding of the spiritual essentials taught by Baha'u'llah, the system allows for the almost infinite development by various user communities of branching subsets that serve particular needs.

129 Shoghi Effendi, _God Passes By_, _op. cit._, p. xiii.

130 'Abdu'l-Baha, _The Promulgation of Universal Peace,_ _op. cit._, pp. 43-44.

131 Moojan Momen, _The Babi and Baha'i Religions, 1844-1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts_, _op. cit._, pp. 186-187.

_ 132 The Baha'i World_, vol. XV, _op. cit._, pp. 29, 36.

_ 133 The Baha'i World_, vol. IV (New York City: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1933), pp. 257-261. Provides a short history of the bureau's founding and operations.

_ 134 The Baha'i World_, vol. III (New York City: Baha'i Publishing Committee, 1930), pp. 198-206. Contains the text of a formal Petition to the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League from the Baha'is of Iraq, that summarizes the history of the case.

135 Shoghi Effendi, _God Passes By_, _op. cit._, p. 360.

136 The full text of the Declaration may be found in _World Order Magazine_, April 1947, vol. XIII, No. 1.

_ 137 The Baha'i Question, Iran's Secret Blueprint for the Destruction of a Religious Community, An Examination of the Persecution of the Baha'is of Iran_ (New York: Baha'i International Community, 1999), prepared by the Baha'i International Community United Nations' Office for distribution to members of the United Nations Human Rights Commission.

138 Excerpt from an address by Edward Granville Browne, published in_ Religious Systems of the World: A Contribution to the Study of Comparative Religion_, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1892), pp. 352-353.

139 During the nine years of its existence, the office was responsible for settling an estimated 10,000 Iranian Baha'i refugees in twenty-seven countries.

140 To date, ninety-nine National Spiritual Assemblies have received intensive training in the programme.

141 The Beijing Conference on Women would have permitted fifty out of the two thousand non-governmental organizations involved to present their statements orally. Because the Baha'i International Community had received this privilege at previous conferences, most notably that in Rio de Janeiro on the environment and that in Copenhagen on social and economic development, the Community's representatives yielded the slot that had been accorded them, in favour of the Moscow Centre for Gender Studies.

142 A full account, including the text of the decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court, can be found in _The Baha'i World_, vol. XX (Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1998), pp. 571-606.

_ 143 Sessao Solene da Camara Federal_, Brasilia, 28 de Maio, 1992, (reprinted, with English translation by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Brazil, 1992).

_ 144 Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha,_ _op. cit._, pp. 34-36, (section 15).

_ 145 United Nations General Assembly, Fifty-Fourth Session, Agenda Item 49 (b) United Nations Reform Measures and Proposals: the Millennium Assembly of the United Nations_, 8 August 2000, (Document no. A/54/959), p. 2.

146 See _Commitment to Global Peace_, declaration of the Millennium World Peace Summit of Religious and Spiritual Leaders, presented to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan on 29 August 2000 during a summit session at the UN General Assembly.

147 United Nations General Assembly, _Fifty-Fourth Session, Agenda Item 61 (b) The Millennium Assembly of the United Nations_, 8 September 2000, (Document no. A/55/L.2), section 32.

148 The respective purposes of the three Millennium gatherings, as well as the involvement of the Baha'i community in these meetings, were summarized in a letter from the Universal House of Justice to all National Spiritual Assemblies dated 24 September 2000.

149 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, p. 42.

_ 150 Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah_, _op. cit._, p. 297, (section CXXXVI).

151 Baha'u'llah, _The Kitab-i-Iqan_, _op. cit._, p. 34.

152 Baha'u'llah, _Prayers and Meditations_ (Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing Trust, 1998), p. 295, (section CLXXVIII).

153 Shoghi Effendi, _The World Order of Baha'u'llah,_ _op. cit._, p. 193.

_ 154 ibid._, p. 196.

155 Baha'u'llah, _The Kitab-i-Aqdas_, _op. cit._, paragraph 186.

_ 156 ibid._, paragraph 54.

157 Shoghi Effendi, _Messages to the Baha'i World_, _1950-1957_, _op. cit._, p. 74.

158 Isaiah 2.2 Authorized (King James) Version.

159 Shoghi Effendi, _The Advent of Divine Justice_, _op. cit._, pp. 82-83.

_ 160 Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha,_ _op. cit._, p. 317, (section 227.22).

_ 161 The Proclamation of Baha'u'llah _(Haifa: Baha'i World Centre, 1967), p. 67.

_ 162 Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah_, _op. cit._, pp. 29-30, (section XIV).