Part 10

+--------------------+--------------+-----------+ | Approximate | |Approximate| | Number of Lights. | | length of | +--------------------+ | longest | Name of | Incan- | | System | main | Station. | descent | Arc. | employed. | supply | | or Glow | | | conductor | | Lamps. | | | in miles. | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ | | |Zippernowsky | | Lucerne | 800 | · · | high-tension | 4 | | | | current with | | | | | transformers | | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ Lubeck | 2,000 | · · | Edison | · · | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ | 11,000 | 210 | Edison | ¾ | Milan | | | | | | 1,000 | · · | Zippernowsky | ” | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ Munich | 6,500 | 140 | Edison | ” | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ Rome | 14,000 | · · | Zippernowsky | 4 | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ Rotterdam | 1,000 | · · | Edison | · · | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ | | |Edison, Three-| | St. Etienne | 3,000 | · · | wire system | · · | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ | | | Edison and | | Strassburg | 1,800 | 62 | Siemens | · · | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ Stuttgart | 1,060 | · · | ” | · · | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ Schwerin | 2,390 | · · | ” | · · | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ | | |Goulard high- | | Tivoli | 1,000 | 6 |tension trans-| 18 | | | |formers | | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ Tours | 3,500 | · · | Goulard | 3 | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ Terni | 3,000 | · · | Zippernowsky | · · | | | | Transformers | | --------------+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+

+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ | Main | | Description |Hours of| |conductor| Approximate | of lighting. |Supply. | |overhead | area of | | | Name of |or under-| distribution | | | Station. | ground. | | | | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ | |To be extended | | Dusk | Lucerne |Overhead | throughout | In hotels | until | | | Lucerne | | mid- | | | | | night | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ Lubeck | ” | · · | · · | · · | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ | | | | | | Under- |1½ square mile |The district is| | Milan | ground | | served in a |Constant| | |Theatre with 460| similar manner| | | ” |lamps in houses | to gas | | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ Munich | ” | Two theatres | · · | · · | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ | | Hotels | | 4 P.M. | Rome | ” | and | · · | to | | | shops | | 1 A.M. | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ Rotterdam | ” | · · | · · | · · | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ St. Etienne | ” | · · | · · | · · | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ | Under- |Railway station,| Also a block | Dusk | | ground | and goods | station for | until | Strassburg | and | yards, 86 acres| hotel and | day- | | over- | area | restaurants | light | | head | | | | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ Stuttgart | Under- | Theatre | · · | · · | | ground | | | | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ Schwerin | ” | ” | · · | · · | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ | | Principally | | | Tivoli | Overhead| street | · · | · · | | | lighting | | | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ Tours | ” | · · | · · | · · | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+ Terni | · · | Town lighting | · · | · · | --------------+---------+----------------+---------------+--------+

+-------------------------------+--------------------+ | Charges. | | Name of +---------+---------------------+ | Station. |By Meter.| By yearly | Remarks. | | | fixed amount. | | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ Lucerne | · · | · · |Motive power, water.| --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ Lubeck | · · | · · | · · | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ | Arc and |Installation charge | | | incan- | per lamp | | Milan |descent |per 10 candles, 8_s._| · · | |½_d._ per| ” 16 ” 28_s._| | |ampère- | ” 32 ” 56_s._| | |hour | Arc lamp £2 | | | | per annum rent | | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ Munich | · · | · · | · · | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ | | Of 2·08_d._ |The installation is | Rome | · · | per 16 C.-P. | owned by the gas | | | lamp per hour | company. | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ Rotterdam | · · | · · | · · | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ | |3_s._ 5_d._ per 16 | | St. Etienne | Meter |C.-P. lamp per month,| · · | | |also fixed sum of | | | |2_s._ 11_d._ per lamp| | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ | |Net cost of lighting | | | |station, including | | | | 12 per cent. for |Carried out by the | | |interest and renewal.|railway company. The| Strassburg | · · | —Arc lamps, |cost is estimated at| | |3¾_d._ per hour; |one-third less than | | |16 C.-P. glow lamps, | gas. | | |0·42_d._ per hour; | | | |10 C.-P. glow lamps, | | | |0.32_d._ per hour; 8 | | | |C.-P. glow lamps, | | | |0·29_d._ per hour | | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ Stuttgart | · · | · · |One central-station.| | | | One block station. | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ Schwerin | · · | · · | · · | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ | | |Motive power, water;| Tivoli | · · | · · | yearly contract for| | | | street lighting. | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ | |Subscribers at 2_s._ |Three distributing | Tours | · · | 9_d._ per 16 C.-P. | stations at work, | | | lamp per month | to be increased | | | | to ten. | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+ Terni | |Charge 0·4_d._ to | | | · · | 1·3_d._ per hour | · · | | | according to C.-P. | | --------------+---------+---------------------+--------------------+

+---------------------+--------------+-----------+ | Approximate | |Approximate| | Number of Lights. | | length of | |---------------------+ | longest | Name of | Incan- | | System | main | Station. | descent | Arc. | employed. | supply | | or Glow | | | conductor | | Lamps. | | | in miles. | --------------+-----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ Treviso | 800 | · · | Zippernowsky | · · | | | | transformers | | --------------+-----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ Turin | 1,000 | 100 | Edison | · · | --------------+-----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ | | | Brush | | Temesvar | 760 | · · | machines; | 2 | | | | Lane Fox | | | | | lamps | | --------------+-----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ | | |Crompton Low- | | | | | tension | | Vienna | 8,000 | · · | dynamos | ½ | | | | with battery | | | | | transformers | | --------------+-----------+---------+--------------+-----------+

+---------+-----------------+---------------+-------+ | Main | | | | |conductor| Approximate | |Hours | Name of |overhead | area of | Description | of | Station. |or under-| distribution | of lighting. |Supply.| | ground. | | | | --------------+---------+-----------------+---------------+-------+ Treviso |Overhead | Town lighting. | · · | · · | --------------+---------+-----------------+---------------+-------+ Turin | Under- | Street lighting | · · | · · | | ground | by arc lamps | | | --------------+---------+-----------------+---------------+-------+ | | About 37 miles | Street | Dusk | Temesvar |Overhead | of streets | lighting | until | | | | chiefly | dawn | --------------+---------+-----------------+---------------+-------+ | | Opera house, | | | Vienna | Under- | Court theatre, | · · | · · | | ground | and municipal | | | | | buildings | | | --------------+---------+-----------------+---------------+-------+

+----------------------------+---------------------+ | Charges. | | +-------+--------------------+ | Name of | By | By yearly | Remarks. | Station. | Meter.| fixed amount. | | --------------+-------+--------------------+---------------------+ Treviso | · · | · · | · · | | | | | --------------+-------+--------------------+---------------------+ Turin | · · | Thomson-Houston | · · | | | arc lamps | | --------------+-------+--------------------+---------------------+ | | Street lighting, | | | | 1·5 kreutzer | | | | per 16-C.-P. | | Temesvar | · · | lamp per hour | · · | | | | | | |Private consumers, | | | | 1·81 kreutzer | | --------------+-------+--------------------+---------------------+ | | |This installation is | | | By contract at a | being put down by | Vienna | · · | price about double | the gas company | | | gas | which lights the | | | | city. | --------------+-------+--------------------+---------------------+

INDEX.

Arc Lamps, —— places where suitable, 10. —— charges for, 10. —— at Milan, 47. Accumulators, —— at Kensington Court, 69. —— at Vienna, 76.

Birmingham wire gauge resistance table, 105. —— in French measurements, 106.

Central-stations, —— Siemens’ suggestion for, 1. —— at Philadelphia, 2. —— block, 3. —— construction, 3. —— selection of district for, 4. —— relation between daily output and capacity, 7. —— loss in, 15. —— at Deptford, 31. —— at Eastbourne, 31. —— at Brighton, 32. —— at Tours, 32. —— at Vienna, 76. —— position of, 16. —— in United States, 17. —— at Grosvenor Gallery, 27. —— Kensington Court, 20, 68. —— methods of lighting from, 20. —— tables showing cost of, 86, 87. Cost of gas compared with electricity, 8. Cost of kerosene, 9. Cost of arc lighting, 10. Conductors, —— relative size of, for different systems, 22. —— arrangement of, at Grosvenor Gallery, 28. —— primary conductors at Grosvenor Gallery, 30. —— diagram of network system of, at Milan, 46. —— diagram of multiple series system at Temesvar, 60. —— conduits for, in New York, 92, 93, 94.

Distribution of Electricity, —— Edison parallel system, 41. —— Edison feeders, 42. —— three-wire system, 43. —— series system, 52. —— Bernstein system, 57. —— multiple series system, 58. —— by means of secondary batteries, 65. —— system of, at Kensington Court, 69. Dynamotors, 79. —— Swinburne’s Compound, 83.

Electric Lighting, —— as an investment, 3, 9, 97. —— people who most readily take it up, 4. —— relation between number of lights used and number fixed, 4, 5. —— cost of, to householder, 5. —— diagram of, in London district, 6. —— diagram of, at Cincinnati, 7. —— charges for, 8. —— description of arc and glow, 9. —— at Tilbury Docks, 18. —— at Victoria Station, 18. —— at Paddington Station, 19. —— relative cost of, for direct and transformer systems, 21, 27. —— at Lucerne, 34. —— at Milan, 34, 44. —— cost of, at Milan, 48. —— at Berlin, 52. —— cost of, at Berlin, 53. —— Bernstein system of, 55. —— diagram of, system at Colchester, 67. —— working cost of, at Athenæum Club, 88. —— working cost of, at Naval and Military Club, 89. —— working cost of, at South Kensington Museum, 89. —— working cost of Thomson-Houston system of, in an American city, 90. Experiment at the Teatro dal Verone, 34.

Faults, discovery of, 51.

Gas Lights, —— heat from, advantages and objections, 3. —— number used and fixed, 4. —— cost of, at Berlin, 53. —— cost of, to householder, 5. Glossary, 107.

Incandescent Lamps, —— number obtained per electrical HP., 8. —— illustration of, 11. —— candle-power of, 11. —— consumption of energy in, 10, 63. —— life of, 11. —— blackening of, 12. —— at Temesvar, 63. Lighting, —— number of hours of, per annum, 4. —— cost of, to London householder, 5. —— diagram of, in London district, 6. —— diagram of, at Cincinnati, 7. —— diagram of, 13. —— relative cost of, with direct and transformer system, 22. —— relative cost of, by electricity and gas, 91. Lucigen light, the, 99. —— cost of working, 100.

Machinery at Grosvenor Gallery, 29. Motors, Electric, 39. —— diagram showing power supplied to, in Boston, 40. —— purposes used for, in America, 39. Meters, Electric, —— the Edison, 49. —— the Aron, 54. Mackenzie’s conduits for electric light cables, 95.

Priestman’s petroleum engine, 98.

Regulation of E. M. F. at Grosvenor Gallery, 29. Regulation of E. M. F. at Milan, 44. Rent of meters at Milan, 49. Rent of meters at Berlin, 53. Regulators for secondary batteries, 76. Resistance of Copper Wire, 105, 106.

Speed indicators at Grosvenor Gallery, 29. Safety fuses at Grosvenor Gallery, 31. Safety fuses at Milan, 47. Switch, double pole, 72.

Table I. showing cost of laying conductors, 74, 75. Table II. showing cost and maintenance of plant, 86, 87. Table showing resistance, &c., of copper wire, 105, 106. Table showing principal electric lighting stations in Great Britain, 116-119. Table showing principal electric lighting stations on the Continent, 120-125. Terms, explanation of, 107-115. Transformers, —— application of, 27. —— diagram of Ruhmkorff type of, 23. —— description of Ruhmkorff type of, 23. —— arrangements of circuits of, 24. —— two classes of, 24. —— Kapp & Snell, 27. —— distribution of electricity by means of, 21. —— prevention of shocks from, 30. —— Westinghouse converters, 35. —— potential used in, 38. —— direct current, 79. —— comparison between alternate and direct current, 80. —— Swinburne’s dynamotor, 83. —— advantages of Zippernowsky-Deri system of, 34. Turbines working the dynamos at Tivoli, 32. Turbines working the dynamos at Lucerne, 33.

Useful Notes, 101-103. —— incandescent lights, 102. —— arc lighting of works, 102. —— approximate cost, 102. —— wire running, 103. —— Electrical Measurements, 104.

Westinghouse system, 35. —— at Pittsfield, 37. Wires overhead or underground, 91.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

THE

HOUSE-TO-HOUSE

Electric Light Supply Co., Ld.

(MODEL CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHTING STATION, KENSINGTON, ADJOINING THE WEST BROMPTON STATION ON THE METROPOLITAN DISTRICT RAILWAY)

_Are prepared to assist the formation of_

LOCAL ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANIES,

_and to erect_

CENTRAL-STATIONS

_for the distribution of Electricity in any part of the Kingdom_.

Estimates for Complete Sets of Plant furnished free of charge.

WILLIAM LOWRIE, _Engineer_.

H. St. JOHN WINKWORTH, _Secretary_, 117, Bishopsgate Street, London, E.C.

_BY THE SAME AUTHOR._ PRECAUTIONS TO BE ADOPTED ON INTRODUCING

THE ELECTRIC LIGHT. _INSURANCE RULES, &c._, WITH NOTES ON THE PREVENTION OF FIRE RISKS.

_Illustrated._ Price 2_s._ 0_d._

THE SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

Demy 8vo. Illustrated. Price 1_s._

DISTRICT ELECTRICITY SUPPLY.

CENTRAL SUPPLY STATIONS WORKED ON THE E.P.S. AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR THE PUBLIC SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY FROM STORAGE BATTERIES.

Descriptive Pamphlet Free.

EPITOME OF THE SYSTEM.

The generating plant is all placed in a conveniently situated building within or without the District to be Lighted.

Convenient Sub- or Storage-Stations are selected throughout this District, and contain sufficient Accumulators to supply the maximum demand.

The Batteries in each of these Storage-Stations are recharged in series, _one-half at a time_, throughout the System during the period of minimum demand, and by the evening are all full and ready to cope with the heavy night work.

The whole of the charging, discharging, and regulating apparatus is worked automatically.

ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM.