Chapter II.

[51] R. D. Darbishire, Proceed. Manchester Numismatic Society, Part II. 1865: “On some Autonomous Coins of Ancient Spain.”

[52] Vetusta Monumenta, vol. vi.

[53] I have to thank the Rev. J. R. Green for allowing me to quote this passage from his work, which is now in the press.

[54] Antiquités Suisses, Second Supplement; Lausanne, 1867, p. 15, Pl. xii. figs. 3, 4.

[55] La Seine Inférieure, 4to., 1867, p. 203.

[56] See Kemble, “Horæ Ferales,” 4to.; Description of Plates by A. W. Franks, p. 64.

[57] ταῦτα φασι τὰ χρώματα τοὺς ἐν Ὠκεανῷ βαρβάρους ἐγχεῖν τῷ χάλκῳ διαπύρῳ, τὰ δὲ συνίστασθαι καὶ λιθοῦσθαι, καὶ σώζειν ἃ ἐγράφη (Icon. lib. i. c. 28). The art was evidently unknown in Rome at this time.

[58] Notice des Émaux du Musée du Louvre, 1857, pp. 25, 26.

[59] Eckroyd Smith, Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, 1866. Limestone Caves of Craven.

[60] Proc. Geol. and Polytechnic Soc. of West Riding of Yorkshire, 1859, p. 45 _et seq._

[61] Denny and Farrer, op. cit. 1864-5, 414 _et seq._; Farrer, Proc. Soc. Antiq. vol. iv.

[62] The authorities for this paragraph are Gildas, Nennius, and others, printed in “Monumenta Historica Britannica,” folio, Rolls Publication.

[63] “Repellunt nos Barbari ad mare, repellit nos mare ad Barbaros; inter hæc oriuntur duo genera funerum; aut jugulamur aut mergimur.” GILDAS, xvii.

[64] “Britones de ipsis montibus, speluncis ac saltibus dumis consertis continue rebellabant.” GILDAS, xvii. Bæda, _Hist. Eccles._ lib. i. cxiv.

[65] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, _passim_.

[66] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A.D. 449. “From Anglia, which has ever since remained waste between the Jutes and Saxons, came the men of East Anglia, Middle Anglia, Mercia, and all North-humbria.” The MS. A, from which this was taken, ends in A.D. 975. The passage was taken from Bæda who lived in the 8th century.

[67] See E. A. Freeman, “Norman Conquest,” vol. i.

[68] “Confovebatur ... de mari usque ad mare ignis orientalis sacrilegorum manu exaggeratus, et finitimas quasque civitates populans, qui non quievit accensus donec cunctam pene exurens insulæ superficiem, rubra occidentalem trucique oceanum linguâ delamberet.”--xxiv.

[69] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

[70] On the date of the conquest of Lancashire see “Manchester Phil. and Lit. Soc. Proc.” 1873, p. 25. In working out this somewhat difficult question, I am indebted to the Rev. J. R. Green for most valuable aid.

[71] Gildas, Nennius, the Annales Cambriæ, Bæda, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are the authorities for these statements.

[72] The section of the Victoria Cave published by Mr. Tiddeman in the Geological Magazine expresses the relation of the clay with boulders to the cave-earth with greater clearness than I could observe on the ground. The laminated clay is not yet proved to occupy such a large area in the cave, or to be so regularly deposited, or so clearly defined. It occurs at _various_ levels in the mass of the grey clay in the section (to be seen on May 21, 1873), above and below the cave-earth.--“The Older Deposits in the Victoria Cave,” Geol. Mag. x. p. 11.

[73] See Essays by the writer in “Pop. Sci. Rev.” Oct. 1871: “On the relation of the Pleistocene Mammalia to the Glacial period.” “On the Classification of the Pleistocene Strata of Europe by means of the Mammalia;” Quart. Geol. Journ. June 1872.

[74] Mém. de l’Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, 6^e Sér. tome v. 1849, Pl. xiii. Fig. 1.

[75] See my “Pleistocene Mammals of Yorkshire,” Geol. and Polytechnic Soc. of West Riding of Yorks. Leeds, Aug. 6th, 1866.

[76] See Brit. Ass. Reports, Bradford, 1873.

[77] Mem. Anthrop. Soc. vol. ii. p. 358.

[78] Sussex Archæol. Coll., 1863.

[79] Trans. Midland Sci. Ass., Sess. 1864-5, pp. 1-6, 19, 29, Plates 1-15, “Report on the Exploration of Thor’s Cave,” by E. Brown, Esq.

[80] See E. A. Freeman, “Norman Conquest,” vol. i. p. 43.

[81] Preliminary Treatise on the Relation of the Pleistocene Mammalia to those now living in Europe. Palæont. Soc. 1874, chap. ii.

[82] “Equos etiam plerique in vobis comedunt, quod nullus Christianorum in orientalibus facit.” Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland,” vol. ii. p. 459.

[83] Laing, “Norway,” p. 316. Mr. Laing justly argues that the habit of eating horseflesh in Norway, where pasturage is scant, must have been acquired in the luxuriant grassy steppes of Central Asia by the ancestors of the Scandinavians.

[84] Benedict. ad Mensas Ekkehardi Monachi Sangallensis, Pertz. Mon. Germ., vol. vi. p. 117.

[85] “Pleistocene Mammalia.” Palæont. Soc. 1866. Introd. Internat. Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Paris, and Norwich volumes.

[86] These questions are treated in detail in my Preliminary Treatise, “Brit. Pleist. Mammalia.” Palæont. Soc. 1874.

[87] “Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,” p. 2.

[88] Somerset Archæol. and Nat. Hist. Soc. 1864. “On the Caverns of Burrington Combe.”

[89] Elliott, “Geologist,” 1862, p. 34, ditto p. 167. Huxley, ditto, p. 205. Carter Blake, ditto, p. 312. Mackie, “Proceed. Soc. Antiq.” 2nd Series, vol. ii. p. 177.

[90] This woodcut, as well as Figs. 33 and 35, have been kindly lent by the Council of the Society of Antiquaries.

[91] Commissao Geologica de Portugal. Estudos Geoligicos. Da Existencia do homen no nosso solo em Tempos mui remotos provada pelo estudos des cavernas. Primeiro opusculo. Noticea ácerca das Grutas da Césareda. Por J. F. N. Delgado com a versao em Francez por M. Dalhunty.

[92] Ethnol. Journ. N.S. 7, p. 43.

[93] For definition of these terms, see p. 190.

[94] International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Norwich Volume, p. 84.

[95] International Congress, Paris Volume, p. 159.

[96] Prehistoric Congress, Brussels Volume, 1872, p. 363.

[97] Burial in the contracted posture, which is so characteristic of the neolithic age, was probably due, as is suggested by my friend Mr. John Evans, F.R.S., to the habit of sleeping in that posture and not at full length on a bed. The body was not laid out after death, but may have been folded together, as in the case of the ancient Peruvian mummies. No regularity, however, in the contracted posture could be observed in the many tumuli and caves which I have explored, although very generally the corpse had been interred on its side.

[98] Edinburgh New Phil. Soc. (1833), No. 27, p. 40.

[99] For the definition of the term, see p. 190.

[100] Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, vol. ii. New Series, No. 1, April 1870, p. 45, pl. vii. fig. 3.

[101] Nilsson’s “Stone Age,” translated by Sir J. Lubbock.

[102] These are merely samples of the large number of human skulls and bones which were discovered.

[103] Amongst the Keiss crania described by Prof. Huxley, this most closely resembles his No. 5; but it is of the same type as No. 3 and No. 7, and not very far from that of the Towyn-y-capel cranium, through which the transition to the Mewslade form (“Nat. Hist. Rev.” vol. i. p. 174, pl. v.) is very easy.

[104] The forms most closely resembling this skull amongst those from Keiss are Nos. 3 and 7.

[105] Déformation du crâne resultant de la méthode la plus générale de couvrir la tête des enfans. Paris, 1834.

[106] Essai sur les déformations artificielles du crâne, par L. A. Gosse, de Genève. Paris, 1855.

[107] Recherches sur quelques déformations du crâne observées dans le Département des Deux-Sêvres (“Ann. Médico-psychologique”). Paris, 1852.

[108] This index is obtained by dividing the least circumference by the length of the bone.

[109] “Mémoires sur les ossemens des Eyzies.” Paris, 1868. “On the Human Skulls and Bones found in the Cave of Cro-magnon,” Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ, p. 97.

[110] But these are by no means extreme instances of the Gibraltar _tibiæ_.

[111] As regards the absolute dimensions of the skulls, it would seem that the Welsh crania stand high in the scale--quite as high as any of the existing races of mankind. I have made the comparison in a rough way in the following manner:--

If the numbers representing the _length_, _breadth_, and _height_ of the skull are added together, a number is obtained which will, of course, in some measure, indicate the gross dimensions of the skull. From the rather numerous data furnished by my own Tables of Measurements I obtained the results stated in the subjoined list, in which the gross mean dimensions of various sets of crania are contrasted.

1. Scandinavian priscan skulls of the neolithic epoch 18·88 2. Esquimaux and Greenlanders 18·81 3. Perthi-Chwareu skulls 18·65 4. Modern European 18·58 5. Various ancient and priscan skulls 18·55 6. Burmese 18·55 7. Caffres and Zooloos (extratropical negroes) 18·45 8. Derbyshire tumuli 18·42 9. Tasmanian 17·95 10. Hottentot 17·80 11. Negroes (intertropical) 17·67 12. Australian 17·58 13. Bushmen 17·48 14. Veddahs 17·09 15. Andamanese 17·00

[112] “Notes on the Human Remains from Keiss,” p. 85.

[113] _Loc. cit._ p. 114.

[114] Vol. i. p. 174, pl. v.

[115] The stature is obtained, according to Prof. Humphry’s method, from the length of the femur, which is 27·5 of stature taken as 100.

[116] Ορθος straight, γναθος jaw, with profile vertical, as opposed to προγναθος, with projecting jaws, or “snouty.”

[117] “Anthropological Memoirs,” vols. i. and iii.; Huxley and Laing, “Prehistoric Remains in Caithness.”

[118] “Mem. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Manchester,” vol. v. p. 213.

[119] “Anthrop. Mem.” vol. i. p. 144.

[120] Brit. Assoc. Report, 1871, p. 160, “On Human and Animal Bones and Flints, from a Cave at Oban, Argyleshire,” by Prof. Turner.

[121] Huxley and Laing, “Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,” p. 119 _et seq._

[122] “Prehistoric Annals of Scotland.”

[123] The evidence of cannibalism in the contents of the tumuli seems to me to be doubtful.

[124] Prehistoric Congress, Brussels Volume, 1872, p. 182.

[125] Bull. Soc. Anthrop. iv.

[126] Anthrop. Mem. i. 490.

[127] Prehistoric Congress, Norwich Volume, 1869.

[128] Prehistoric Congress, Norwich Volume, 1869.

[129] Don Manuel Gongora y Martinez, “Antiguedades Prehistoricas de Andalucia.” Madrid, 1868. 8vo.

[130] “The Woman’s Cave,” 4to. Parts I. and II. 1870-1. Cadiz, Federico Joly y Velasco.

[131] Don Manuel Gongora y Martinez, _op. cit._

[132] Ethnological Journ. N.S. vii. p. 107.

[133] Broca, “Bull. Soc. Anthrop.” s.s. t. i. p. 470; t. ii. p. 10-30; s.s. t. iii. p. 43-101. The cephalic index in the preceding Table differs slightly from that given by M. Broca. Thurnam, “Anthrop. Mem.” iii. p. 64 _et seq._

[134] These skulls are preserved in the Museum of the Anthropological Society at Paris, where by the kindness of Dr. Broca I was allowed to study them in the autumn of 1873. Some were marked with the “tête annulaire.”

[135] Laing and Huxley, “Prehistoric Remains of Caithness.”

[136] Spring, “Bull. Acad. Roy. de Belgique,” 1 sér. l. xx. p. 427; 2 sér. l. xviii. p. 479; l. xxii. p. 187.

[137] Dupont, “L’Homme pendant les Âges de la Pierre dans les environs de Dinant sur Meuse,” 2d edit. p. 222.

[138] Soreil, “Sur Nouvelle Exploration de la Caverne de Chauvau,” Congrès Intern. Anthropologie et d’Archéologie Prehistoriques, p. 381 _et seq._ Bruxelles, 1872.

[139] International Congress, Bruxelles, 1872, p. 370.

[140] Cæsar, i. 50.

[141] “Bull. Soc. Anthrop de Paris,” 2 sér. t. 111., p. 118.

[142] “Diodorus Siculus,” iv. 6; v. 39. Steur, “Ethnographie des Peuples de l’Europe,” p. 31 _et seq._; Donaldson, “Varronianw.” p. 70 _et seq._ Dion. Hal. i 22. See also Niebuhr and Mommsen. The documentary evidence is so uncertain as to the affinities of the Ligurians that scarcely any two writers agree. “Quot homines tot sententiæ.”

[143] Thucydides, vi. 2.

[144] Tacitus, “Agricola,” xi.

[145] Cæsar, i. 12.

[146] Prof. Huxley brings them into relation with the ancient Egyptians, the “Melanochroi” of India, and the Australians, “Critiques and Addresses,” p. 134; Prehistoric Congress, Norwich Volume, p. 92 _et seq._

[147] See Prof. Huxley’s “Critiques and Addresses,” p. 167.

[148] For a masterly account of the varying stature in Britain and Ireland, see Dr. Beddoe’s Essay, “Anthrop. Soc. Mem.” iii. p. 384-573.

[149] “τοὺς μὲν Ἀκυϊτανοὺς τελέως ἐξηλλαγμένους οὐ τῇ γλώττῃ μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς σώμασιν, ἐμφερεῖς Ἰβήρεσι μᾶλλον ἢ Γαλάταις· τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς Γαλατικοὺς μὲν τὴν ὄψιν, ὁμογλώττους δ’ οὐ πάντας, ἀλλ’ ἐνίους μικρὸν παραλλαττόντας ταῖς γλώτταις.”--Lib. iv. c. 1, §1.

[150] The correspondence of my map, Fig. 68, with that of M. Broca, is one of those undesigned coincidences which are so valuable in arriving at truth, for his most admirable essay on the Ethnology of France did not come into my hands until my own map was engraved. M. Broca takes a different point of view to that advanced in these pages, holding that the Celts were dark and the Belgic were blue-eyed tall Kymri or Cimbri. The Celts known to history were undoubtedly a tall fair race.

[151] In treating this difficult subject, I have purposely omitted to use the uncertain light of philology. We may expect to derive as much knowledge as to the relations between Tyrrhenian, Ligurian, Basque, and other obscure non-Aryan peoples from the study of languages, as we have already obtained of the Aryans by the same means. It is very probable that, like the Sanscrit, the Basque roots will be found widely spread both in Asia, Asia Minor, Europe, and N. Africa.

[152] “Anthrop. Mem.” Vols. i. and iii. (Crania Britannica.)

[153] See Huxley’s “Critiques and Addresses,” p. 167 _et seq._

[154] “Rutilæ Caledoniam habitantium comæ, magni artus Germanicam originem asseverant.” Agricola, c. xi.

[155] “Reliquiæ Diluvianæ,” p. 82 _et seq._

[156] Schmerling, “Recherches sur les Ossements Fossiles découverts dans les Cavernes de la province de Liége.” 4to. 1833-4, p. 29 _et seq._

[157] Dupont, “L’Homme pendant les âges de la Pierre, dans les environs de Dinant-sur-Meuse,” p. ix. The implements are palæolithic (see p. 22), but there is no evidence that they are of the same antiquity as the human remains. They may be, and probably are, much older.

[158] “Man’s Place in Nature,” chap. iii. Lyell’s “Antiquity of Man,” 1st edition, p. 63.

[159] Dupont, _op. cit._ p. 56.

[160] Prehistoric Congress, Brussels, 1872, p. 549 _et seq._

[161] Huxley and Laing, “Prehistoric Remains of Caithness.”

[162] Intern. Congress, Brussels Volume, p. 549.

[163] Dupont, _op. cit._ p. 140.

[164] Buckland, “Reliquiæ Diluvianæ,” p. 135. These specimens are in the Oxford Museum, and are identified by Lord Enniskillen as having been derived from Gailenreuth.

[165] Schaaffhausen, translated by Busk, “Nat. Hist. Review,” April 1861. Huxley, “Man’s Place in Nature,” iii. p. 156-171. Lyell’s “Antiquity of Man,” 1st edition, p. 75.

[166] Huxley and Laing, “Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,” p. 115.

[167] Compare Lyell, 1st edition, p. 182 _et seq._, with 4th edition, p. 122 _et seq._

[168] Phil. Trans. 159, p. 517.

[169] Vogt, “Lectures on Man,” pp. 329-380. Thurnam, “Anthrop. Mem.” i. 501.

[170] It has been dug out in its natural position, and is now to be seen in the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris, where I studied it in the summer of 1873.

[171] Pengelly, “The Cave Man of Mentone,” Trans. Devon Ass. 1873. Moggridge, Brit. Ass. Edinburgh, 1873.

[172] Prehistoric Congress, Bologna Volume, p. 391, 1873.

[173] See on this point a valuable essay by Mr. Hyde Clark, “Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement,” N.S. April 1871, p. 97 _et seq._

[174] The authorities for these facts will be found in my “Preliminary Treatise,” Palæont. Soc. 1874. The prehistoric age of the forest is to be fixed by the presence of the goat and _Bos longifrons_, both of which were unknown in Europe in the pleistocene age.

[175] “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xx. p. 188 _et seq._

[176] See Prestwich, “Phil. Trans.” 1860, p. 277, and 1864, p. 247, and “Quart. Geol. Journ.” _passim_ 1859-70.

[177] “Reliquiæ Diluvianæ.” 4to. 1824, p. 133.

[178] I am indebted to Lord Enniskillen, who explored Gailenreuth along with Sir Philip Egerton, for several corrections in Buckland’s section.

[179] Op. cit. p. 137.

[180] Op. cit. p. 1. _et seq._

[181] Op. cit. p. 38.

[182] Buckland, op. cit. p. 61.

[183] “Edinburgh New Phil. Soc.” No. 27, p. 40. Falconer, “Palæont. Mem.” ii. p. 541. I have examined nearly all the contents of these caves.

[184] Anthrop. Institute Meeting, 9 Dec. 1873.

[185] Buckland, op. cit. 80.

[186] Op. cit. p. 80.

[187] Falconer “Palæont. Mem.” ii. 498.

[188] “On the Tenby Bone Caves,” by a Pembrokeshire Rector. London: Kent and Co.

[189] See “Brit. Assoc. Rep.” 1871. “Geol. Mag.” viii. 433.

[190] Buckland, _op. cit._ p. 60.

[191] Buckland, _op. cit._ Rutter, “Delineations of Somerset,” p. 100.

[192] See Buckland, _op. cit._ Rutter, _op. cit._

[193] See “Catalogue of Mammalia, in Taunton Museum,” by W. A. Sanford, Esq. Som. Archæol. Soc.

[194] Rutter gives a very good section of this cave (_op. cit._ p. 78).

[195] “Quart. Geol. Journ.” 1862: On a Hyæna-den at Wookey Hole. Also “Quart. Geol. Journ.” 1863.

[196] An incident connected with our work illustrates remarkably the attachment which a dog will suddenly show towards a stranger. In our lodging at Wells there was a beautiful Scotch deerhound, named “Luna,” whose master was away at the time. Luna persisted in being with us day and night. In the morning she walked with us to the cave, and lay watching at the entrance till we came out, for she was afraid to venture into the darkness. In the evening she returned home with us. She continued to do this the whole time of that year’s excavations. It was only natural to suppose that when we left she would, like other dogs, pick up new friends. But she did nothing of the kind. When we inquired the next year upon our return, we were told that poor Luna refused food the day we left, and gradually pined away and died.

[197] Possibly it may have belonged to _Elephas_, but its more compact texture seems to me to indicate rhinoceros.

[198] Bone needles were found in Kent’s Hole and in many foreign caves of this age.

[199] These woodblocks were used in my essay on Hyænas in the “Natural History Review,” and have been lent by the kindness of Messrs. Williams and Norgate.

[200] Pengelly, “Literature of the Oreston Caverns,” Trans. Dev. Ass. 1872. Buckland, _op. cit._

[201] “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xxvi. 457, _et seq._

[202] “The Literature of the Caverns near Yealmpton, South Devon,” by W. Pengelly, F.R.S., F.S.A. Trans. Devon Ass., 1870.

[203] Falconer, “Palæont. Mem.” ii. 486, 591.

[204] Proceed. Royal Soc. xx. p. 514. “Report on the Exploration of Brixham Cave,” by W. Pengelly, F.R.S., G. Bush, F.R.S., John Evans, F.R.S., and Joseph Prestwich, F.R.S. This report was delayed by the death of Dr. Falconer.

[205] “Ancient Stone Implements,” p. 46-8.

[206] “Proceed. Royal Soc.” 1872, vol. xxii. p. 523-4.

[207] “Trans. Devon Ass.” On the Introduction of Cavern Accumulations.

[208] “Trans. Devon Ass.” 1870.

[209] Pengelly, “Literature of Kent’s Hole:” Trans. Ass. Devon. 1868 9-70. Godwin Austen, “Proceed. Geol. Soc.” iii. 286-7. “Trans. Geol. Soc.” vi. p. 433, _et seq._ Vivian, “Brit. Ass. Rep.” 1847, p. 73.

[210] The committee consisted of Sir C. Lyell, Prof. Phillips, Sir John Lubbock, Mr. John Evans, Mr. Edward Vivian, Mr. William Pengelly, to which subsequently Mr. George Busk, Mr. Boyd Dawkins, and Mr. Ayshford Sanford were added.

[211] For Figs. 96 to 100 I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Evans.

[212] See Evans’ “Ancient Stone Implements,” Fig. 388. It is unnecessary to describe the implements.

[213] For an account of Machairodus, see “Brit. Pleistocene Mammalia,” Palæont. Soc., _Felidæ_, cxxii. p. 184.

[214] Gervais, “Zool. et Paléont. Françaises,” 1859, p. 251. “Animaux Vertébrés, Vivants et Fossiles,” 1867-9, p. 78, pl. xviii. Lartet, Prehistoric Congress, Paris Volume, 1868, p. 269.

[215] These figures have been kindly lent by the Palæontographical Society.

[216] “Journ. Royal Dublin Soc.” ii. p. 344.

[217] “Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin,” x. p. 147. “Journ. Royal Dublin Soc.” ii. p. 352.

[218] Scott, “Geol. Soc. Dublin,” Feb. 10, 1864.

[219] An account of the numerous caves of France will be found in the works of M. de Serres, “Revue Archéologique” and in the “Matériaux pour l’Histoire de l’Homme.”

[220] Boyd Dawkins, “Brit. Pleist. Mam. Palæont. Soc.” 1872, p. 189.

[221] Gervais, “Animaux Vertébrés,” p. 78, pl. xviii.

[222] Lartet, International Congress, Paris Volume, p. 269.

[223] “Cavernes du Périgord,” “Revue Archéologique,” 8vo. 1864. “Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ,” 4to. 1865-74. This magnificent history of the researches, in the prosecution of which Mr. Christy lost his life, was published at his expense under the editorship of Prof. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., to whom I am indebted for the liberty to use the letterpress and engravings quoted in this book.

[224] The same bones of the ox and horse are now imported into Britain from South America for the manufacture of buttons.

[225] Boyd Dawkins, “Range of the Mammoth,” Pop. Sc. Rev. July, 1868.

[226] “Recherches sur les oss. foss. découverts dans les Cavernes de Liége.” 4to.

[227] Dupont, “L’Homme pendant les Ages de la Pierre dans les Environs de Dinant-sur-Meuse.” 2nd edit. p. 187.

[228] Dupont, _op. cit._ “Bull. Acad. Roy. de Belgique,” xxii. p. 20. Hamy, “Paléontologie Humaine,” p. 231.

[229] The discovery will shortly be published by Prof. Heine, of Zurich.

[230] “Matériaux pour l’Histoire de l’Homme,” May 1869, p. 272.

[231] “Ancient Stone Implements.”

[232] “Ann. des Sc. Nat.” 4th sér. t. 15, p. 231.

[233] Hamy, _op. cit._ Lubbock, “Prehistoric Man.”

[234] “Quart. Geol. Journ.” June 5, 1872.

[235] Prehistoric Congress, Brussels Volume, 1872, p. 432. “Mém. Anthrop. Soc. de Paris,” 2nd sér. t. 6, p. 170.

[236] “Eskimos in the South of Gaul.” Saturday Review, December 8th, 1866. Edinburgh Review, “Prehistoric Times.” October 1870.

[237] The authorities for the foreign lists of animals will be found in the “Quart. Geol. Journ.” 1872, p. 424. The British animals have been determined principally by myself and Dr. Falconer.

[238] “Classification of the Pleistocene Strata,” Quart. Geol. Journ. Nov. 1872, p. 410.

[239] Godwin Austen, “Quart. Geol. Journ.” vol. i. p. 69. De la Bêche, “Theoretical Researches,” p. 190. Lyell, “Antiquity of Man,” 4th edit. p. 328.

[240] The accumulation of the remains of reindeer in the limited area of the excavation was enormous.

[241] “Les Oss. Foss. de Pikermi,” 4to.

[242] Some parts of the rest of this chapter have been published in the “Popular Science Review,” March 1873.

[243] “Palæontographical Memoirs,” vol. ii. p. 554. Busk, Prehistoric Congress, Norwich volume, 1869.

[244] “Comptes Rendus,” xlvi. 1858.

[245] Prehistoric Congress, Paris volume, p. 96.

[246] “Brit. Ass. Reports,” Edinburgh, 1871.

[247] “Brit. Assoc. Rep.” 1871.

[248] _Découverte d’une Squelette Humaine de l’époque Paléolithique dans les Cavernes de Baoussé-Roussé, dites Grottes de Menton_, 1873; also Prehistoric Congress, Brussels volume. M. Rivière adds the Wapiti, or large variety, and the _Cervus Corsicanus_, or small variety of the stag, the chamois, and the woolly rhinoceros (the two last of which may be perhaps identical with the ibex and _R. hemitœchus_, determined by Prof. Busk, as neither is mentioned by M. Rivière), and the _Capra primigenia_ of Gervais, a large goat commonly found in neolithic caves.

[249] The depth at which the skeleton was found is a matter of dispute, the estimates varying from seven feet (Pengelly) to (6·55 m.) 21·49 feet (Rivière). Pengelly, _Cave man of Mentone_, “Trans. Devon Ass.” 1873, pp. 10 and 13.

[250] “Palæont. Mem.” ii. p. 543.

[251] It is of the same species as the bear from Grays Thurrock.

[252] Falconer, “Palæont. Mem.” vol. ii. p. 552. Spratt, “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xxiii. p. 293.

[253] “Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr.” 2^e sér. t. xi. p. 340.

[254] Gervais, “Animaux Vertébrés Vivants et Fossiles,” 4to. p. 88.

[255] Hooker, “Nat. Hist. Review,” II. p. 12, 1861.

[256] _Nature_, vol. v. p. 444; vol. vi. 536.

[257] “A Journey to Morocco, and the Ascent of the Great Atlas,” 8vo. Slater, Troubridge, Salop.

[258] “Geological Notes on a Journey from Algiers to Morocco.” Geol. Soc. Feb. 25, 1874.

[259] See “British Pleistocene Mammalia,” Palæont. Soc. _Felis spelæa_, c. xviii.

[260] “_Ovibos moschatus_,” Palæont. Soc. 1872, p. 27, _et seq._

[261] This is treated at greater length in my “Essay on Classification,” Quart. Geol. Journ. Nov. 1872, and in the “Introduction to British Pleistocene Mammalia,” Palæont. Soc.

[262] Mr. James Geikie’s view (“The Great Ice-Age,” 8vo. 1874) that the mixture of the northern and southern forms is due to the destruction of ossiferous strata by streams, which subsequently deposited remains of widely different ages together, is rendered untenable by the fact that they are generally preserved in the same mineral state. It would have been impossible for this to have taken place without leaving decided traces behind in the rolled and water-worn condition of the older series, such as may be seen in the case of the eocene and meiocene fossils in the Red Crag of Suffolk.

[263] “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xxii. 391.

[264] See Falconer, “Palæont. Mem.”

[265] I have to acknowledge the kind assistance of Professors Hull and Harkness, Mr. Kinahan, and the Rev. H. M. Close, in correlating the Irish with the English glacial deposits. The reader will find the glacial period most ably treated in Lyell’s “Antiquity of Man.”

[266] “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xxi. 161.

[267] “Quart. Geol. Journ.” 1872, p. 410.

[268] “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xx. p. 457.

[269] “Palæont. Mem.” vol. ii. p. 49.

[270] “Palæont. Mem.” vol. ii. pp. 189, 190.

[271] “Quart. Geol. Journ.” xxiv. p. 484. “International Congress,” Norwich volume. See also “Evans’ Ancient Stone Implements,” p. 570.

[272] “Palæont. Mem.” ii. 642, _et passim_.

[273] This implement was exhibited before the Meeting of the British Association at Edinburgh, in 1871.

[274] Brit. Ass. Reports, 1865, p. 18.

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

The corrections listed in “Additions and Corrections” at the beginning of the book have been made to the main text of this eBook. The additions have not been added. The errors listed for pages 196 and 201 were not found in the text, and both the opening and closing inverted commas (quotation marks) have been removed on page 386.

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The Index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Text has many references to “Lartet” and just a few to “Lortet”. They seem to refer to the same person, but both are listed in the Index, so both spellings have been retained.

Text refers to “Rev. J. MacEnery”, “Rev. J. McEnery” and “McEnery”. These all refer to the same person, but the correct spelling is uncertain, so both variations have been retained.

Some of the fractional numbers (e.g., 1/1, 1/2) in illustration captions were unclear and may have been incorrectly transcribed.

Most tables wider than 75 characters have been made narrower, either by using Keys to their column headings or, in the table on page 172, by segmenting it and repeating the first column in each segment. A few tables remain wider than 75 characters as they otherwise became unreadable.

Page 2: “dwellings of evil spirits” was misprinted as “swellings”.

Page 147: Footnote 95 (originally 2) was not referenced in the text. Transcriber has arbitrarily placed a reference to it.

Page 199: “Valcleuse” currently is spelled “Valcluse”.

Page 310: The reference to “Figs. 92, 93” was misprinted as “Figs. 92, 33” and has been corrected here.

Page 339: Identifications of the three illustrations were added by Transcriber.

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Page 449 (Index): “Caves, used as places of refuge” gave no page reference. The Table of Contents refers to page 102, and the Transcriber added that to the index entry.