CHAPTER XII.

CONCLUSION.

Classification of Pleistocene Strata by the Mammalia 412-414

Late Pleistocene Division 414

Middle Pleistocene Division 415-417

Early Pleistocene Mammalia 417-420

The Pleiocene Mammalia 420-423

Summary of Characteristic Pleistocene and Pleiocene Species 423, 424

Antiquity of Man in Europe 424-426

Man lived in India in the Pleistocene Age 426-428

Are the Palæolithic Aborigines of India related to those of Europe? 428

Palæolithic Man in Palestine 429

Conclusion 430

APPENDIX I.

ON THE INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF CAVE-HUNTING.

Instruments used in Cave-hunting 435

Search after Bone-caves 437

Three modes of Cave-digging 438

Stalagmitic floors to be broken up 440

The Preservation of Fossil Remains 440

APPENDIX II.

Observations on the Accumulation of Stalagmite in the Ingleborough Cave 442

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

Coloured Enamels from Victoria Cave _Front._

1 Diagram of Wookey Hole, Cave and Ravine 30

2 Diagram of Helln Pot and the Long Churn Cavern 41

3 Diagram of Helln Pot 42

4 Diagram of Helln Pot, showing Waterfall at the bottom 45

5 Waterfall in Pot-hole, at Weathercote 48

6 Diagram of Subterranean Course of Dalebeck 49

7 Diagram of an acid-worn joint, Doveholes, Derbyshire 52

8 Diagram of the Source of the Aire at Malham 55

9 A View in the Fairy Chamber, Caldy 63

10 Stalagmites in the Fairy Chamber, Caldy 63

11 The Fairy Chamber, Caldy 64

12 Pools in Fairy Chamber 65

13 Pool in Fairy Chamber 65

14 Edge of Pool in Fairy Chamber 65

15 Cone with Straw-column 65

16 Basin containing Cave-pearls 67

17 Fungoid Structures, magnified 67

18 Fungoid Structure, Black-rock Cave 68

19 View of King’s Scar, Settle, showing the Entrances of the Victoria and Albert Caves 82

20 Longitudinal Section of Victoria Cave 86

21 Vertical Section at the Entrance to the Victoria Cave 87

22 Spoon-brooch 91

23 Ornamented Bone Fastener 92

24 Two Bone Links 92

25 Bronze Brooch 95

26 Bone Harpoon 112

27 Bone Bead 113

28 Stone Adze of doubtful origin 114

29 Section below Grey Clay, at Entrance to Victoria Cave 117

30 Skull of Woolly Rhinoceros, showing the part which is not eaten by Hyænas 119

31 Bronze Bracelet from Thor’s Cave 129

32 Bronze Knife, Heathery Burn 142

33 Bronze Armlet, Heathery Burn 143

34 Bronze Spear-head, Heathery Burn 143

35 Bronze Mould for casting a socketed Celt 143

36 Section of Cave at Perthi-Chwareu 152

37 Plan of Cave at Perthi-Chwareu 154

38 Greenstone Celt, Rhosdigre Cave 157

39 Plan of Chambered Tomb at Cefn 162

40, 41, 42 Skull from Sepulchral Cave at Perthi-Chwareu 168

43, 44, 45 Skull from Sepulchral Cave at Perthi-Chwareu 169

46 Section of Femur 172

47, 48, 49, 50, 51 Section of Tibiæ 176

52, 53, 54 Platyenemic Tibiæ 177

55, 56, 57, 58 Human Femora 182

59, 60, 61 Skull from Cave at Cefn, St. Asaph 185

62, 63, 64 Skull from Genista Cave 207

65, 66 Skull from Cave of Sclaigneaux 219

67 Platyenemic Tibia from Sclaigneaux 219

68 Map of the Distribution of Iberic, Celtic, and Belgic Peoples at dawn of History 221

69 Section of the Trou du Frontal 237

70 Diagram of the Cave of Aurignac 245

71 Section across the valley of the Vezère and rock of Cro-Magnon 249

72 Detailed Section of the Cave of Cro-Magnon 251

73 Thigh-bone of Child from Grotta dei Colombi 260

74 Section of Valley-gravels at Fisherton 268

75 Section of Valley-gravels at Freshford, Bath 270

76 Section of Gailenreuth Cave 274

77 Plan of Kirkdale Cave 279

78 Sections of Kirkdale Cave 280

79 Molar of Hippopotamus 281

80 Leg-bones gnawed by Hyænas 282

81 The Dream-cave, Wirksworth 285

82 Left Lower Jaw of Glutton, Plas Heaton Cave 287

83 Plan of Hyæna Den, Wookey Hole 297

84, 85, 86, 87 Four Views of Flint Implements from Wookey Hole 299

88 Section showing Contents of Hyæna Den 304

89 Transverse section of ditto 305

90 Longitudinal section 306

91 Longitudinal section 311

92 Gnawed Jaw of Hyæna from Wookey 313

93 Upper and Lower Jaws of Hyæna Whelp, Wookey 315

94 Thigh-bone of Woolly Rhinoceros gnawed by Hyænas, Wookey 316

95 Diagram of deposits in Brixham Cave 320

96 Lanceolate Implement from Kent’s Hole 326

97 Oval Implements from Kent’s Hole 326

98 Harpoon from Kent’s Hole 327

99 Harpoon-head from Kent’s Hole 327

100 Hammer-stone 328

101, 102 Upper Canine of Machairodus, Kent’s Hole 331

103, 104, 105 Incisors of Machairodus, Kent’s Hole 333

106 Flint-flake, Les Eyzies 339

107 Flint Scraper, Les Eyzies 339

108 Flint Javelin-head, Laugerie Haute 339

109 Flint Arrow-head, Laugerie Haute 340

110 Bone needle, La Madelaine 340

111, 112 Harpoons of Antler, La Madelaine 342

113, 114 Arrow-heads, Gorge d’Enfer 342

115 Bone Awl, Gorge d’Enfer 342

116 Carved Handle of Reindeer Antler 343

117 Two sides of Reindeer Antler, La Madelaine 344

118 Horses engraved on Antler, La Madelaine 344

119 Group of Reindeer, Dordogne 345

120 Mammoth engraved on Ivory, La Madelaine 346

121 Carved Implement of Reindeer Antler, Goyet 348

122 Eskimos Spear-head, bone 353

123 Eskimos Arrow-straightener of Walrus-tooth 354

124 Eskimos Plane, or Scraper 355

125 Eskimos Hunting Scene 357

126 Map of the Physiography of Great Britain in Late Pleistocene Age 363

127 Molar of _Hippopotamus Pentlandi_ 377

128 Molar of _Elephas Melitensis_ 378

129 Map of the Physiography of the Mediterranean in the Pleistocene Age 381

LISTS OF SPECIES AND TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.

PAGE

List of Animals extinct during the Historic Age 78

” Animals introduced during the Historic Age 79

” Coins found in the Victoria Cave 93

” Principal Animals and Objects found in Brit-Welsh Strata in Caves 131

” Animals found in the Refuse-heap, Perthi-Chwareu 150

” Contents in Neolithic Caves and Cairn, North Wales 166

Dimensions of Perthi-Chwareu Skulls 171

Dimensions of Perthi Chwareu Tibiæ 173

Proportions of ordinary Tibiæ 174

Comparative Measurements of Skulls 179

Table of Long Skulls from Britain and Ireland 197

” Measurements of British Brachy-cephali, and Gaulish and Belgic Brachy-cephali and Dolicho-cephali 199

Measurements of various Skulls 213

Measurements of Skulls of doubtful antiquity 236

List of Late Pleistocene Animals unknown in Britain in the Prehistoric Age 266

” Remains found in Wookey Hyæna Den 310

Late Pleistocene Fauna north of Alps and Pyrenees 360, 361

List of Animals from the Caves of Gibraltar 372

Fauna from the Caves of Mentone 373

” Bone-caves of Sicily 376

List of Animals from the Middle Pleistocene 415

” ” ” Early Pleistocene 418

” Pleistocene Mammalia 420, 422

” Characteristic Animals of the Pleistocene Period 423

” ” ” ” Pleiocene Period 424

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 1, line 7, _for_ “Cythæron” _read_ “Cithæron.”

Page 8, line 4, _for_ “that” _read_ “who.”

Page 17, line 5, _for_ “Seine” _read_ “Somme.”

Page 60, lines 29, 30, _for_ “non-ossiferous” _read_ “no ossiferous.”

Page 82, fig. 19, _for_ “A, B, Albert, C, Victoria” _read_ “A, B, Victoria, C, Albert.”

Page 95, fig. 25.--This design is to be seen in the chalice discovered in 1868, in a rath at Ardagh, Limerick, and described by the Earl of Dunraven (Trans. Royal Irish Acad. xxiv. Antiquities). The chalice is made of gold, silver, bronze, brass, copper, and lead, and from the identity of its inscription and ornament with those of Irish MSS. of ascertained age, may be referred to a date ranging from the 5th to the 9th centuries. It is also adorned with squares of blue and red enamel of the same kind as that of the brooches from the Victoria Cave, figured in the coloured plate. The same design is also presented by the “bronze head-ring” found in 1747 at Stitchel, in Roxburgh, (Wilson “Prehistoric Annals of Scotland,” ii. 146) as well as by one of the silver articles known as “The Norrie Law Relics,” found in a tumulus on the shore of the Bay of Largo, Firth of Forth. Of the coins found at the same place, the latest, belonging to Tiberius Constantine (d. 682), fixes the date as not earlier than the 7th century. Some of the sculptured stones of Scotland, such as the Dunnichen stone, are ornamented also in the same style, and, according to Professor Wilson, belong to “the transition period from the 4th to the 8th centuries, when pagan and Christian rites were obscurely mingled,” (ii. 259). In Scotland, therefore, as well as Ireland, this style of ornamentation is of the same age, corresponding in the main with that of Brit-Welsh articles in the Victoria Cave, proved by the associated coins to be later than the 4th century.

Page 120, line 4.--These teeth are considered by Dr. Leith Adams to belong to _Elephas antiquus_, which has been discovered in other places in Yorkshire. They may possibly belong to that animal; but they may, with equal justice, be identified with the wide-plated variety of the teeth of the Mammoth. The great variation in the width of the component plates of the fossil teeth of Mammoth observable in the large series from Crayford and the caves of the Mendip Hills, and in those in the magnificent Museum of Lyons, causes me to hesitate in considering them to belong to the rarer species.

Page 130, line 2.--This has been verified while these sheets were passing through the press by the discovery of Brit-Welsh articles in a cave in Kirkcudbrightshire by Messrs. A. R. Hunt and A. J. Corrie, among which are bone fasteners similar in outline to that from the Victoria Cave (Fig. 23).

Page 190.--In using this classification of crania, I have purposely attached higher value to the two extremes of skull form, or the long and the broad, than to the intermediate oval forms, which cannot be viewed as distinctive of race, because they may be the results either of the intermarriage of a long-headed with a short-headed people, or of variation from the type of one or other of them.

Page 196, heading, _for_ “Dolicho-cepha” _read_ “Dolicho-cephali.”

Page 201, heading, _dele_ “A”.

Page 213, note 2.--The “tête annulaire,” or annular depression, is also visible on some of the broad as well as the long skulls from a “Merovingian” cemetery at Chelles in the same collection. The association in this cemetery of the two skull-forms is probably due to the Merovingians being the masters, and the Celts the servants, and the conquerors and the vanquished being buried in the same spot.

Page 220, line 24, _for_ “Volscæ” _read_ “Volcæ.”

Page 223, line 25, _for_ “east” _read_ “west.”

Page 228, line 3, _dele_ “that.”

Page 229, line 3, _for_ “set foot” _read_ “settled.” The statement in the text is too strong. The conquest of Gaul by the Huns under Attila was averted by his defeat in the famous battle of Chalons.

Page 275, line 21, _for_ “are” _read_ “is.”

Page 279.--Since this was written a new ossiferous deposit has been found in a fissure at Lothorsdale, near Skipton, from which the remains of the _Elephas antiquus_ and _Hippopotamus amphibius_ have been obtained.

Page 284.--The ossiferous fissure at Windy Knoll, near Castleton, recently explored by Messrs. Tym, Pennington, Plant, Walker and others, has added several animals to the pleistocene fauna of that district--the bison, roe, reindeer, bear, wolf, fox, and hyæna, the first of these species being remarkably abundant, and of all ages. The remains were probably introduced by a stream from a higher level.

Page 337, note 2, line 2, _for_ “the Revue” and “les Matériaux” _read_ “in the Revue” and “in the Matériaux.”

Page 337, note 5, _for_ “Aquitainicæ” _read_ “Aquitanicæ.”

Page 347, line 6, _for_ “mind” _read_ “minds.”

Page 356, line 15, _for_ “Port” _read_ “Fort.”

Page 361.--Mr. Ayshford Sanford adds the _Felis Caffer_ to the list from Bleadon, and the _Gulo borealis_ to that of the animals from Kent’s Hole.

Page 386, line 10, _dele_ inverted commas.

Page 386, line 17, _for_ “or from 1,000 to 2,000 feet lower than the glacial covering” _read_ “thus differing by a line of from 1,000 to 2,000 feet from the glacial covering” (Palgrave).

CAVE-HUNTING.