CHAPTER IX

CONCLUSION

Recapitulation--The various steps in the study presented in propositional form--The rôle of catastrophe direct and indirect. (a) Directly prepares the ground-work for change by: (1) weakening social immobility; (2) producing fluidity of custom; (3) enhancing environal favorability for change--(b) Indirectly sets in motion factors determining the nature of the change such as: (1) the release of spirit and morale; (2) the play of imitation; (3) the stimulus of leaders and lookers-on; (4) the socialization of institutions.

If the preceding narrative has been successful in setting forth the facts as they were observed, the reader has now before him a fairly accurate picture of a community as it reacts under the stimulus of catastrophe and proceeds to adjust itself to the circumstantial pressure of new conditions. It will be well, however, for the sake of clearness in emphasizing our closing propositions to recapitulate one by one the various steps in our study. These steps while primarily intended to follow the natural order in point of time will also be seen to represent a definite sociological process of development.

At first the shock of the catastrophe was seen to have been sufficiently terrific to affect every inhabitant of the city. This fact gives peculiar value to the investigation. The more a shock is limited in extent the more its analysis grows in complexity. In such cases consideration must necessarily be given to the frontiers of influence. The chapter describing the shock also found the immediate reaction to have been a fairly general disintegration of social institutions, and of the usual methods of social control--in short, a dissolution of the customary. This turmoil into which society was thrown is sometimes called "fluidity," and, for lack of a better one, this term has been retained. It would thus appear that if it were later observed that essential social changes ensued, fluidity was one of the requisites of change; and this is indeed in perfect tally with previous thought upon the subject as set forth in our more theoretical introduction and expressed in the proposition that fluidity is fundamental to social change.

The more general and preliminary treatment over, individual and group reactions were then examined in greater detail, and the phenomena of the major sort were singled out and classified. These were found to be either abnormal and handicapping such as emotional parturition; or stimulative and promotive, as dynamogenic reaction. This constituted the material of the second chapter. Put in propositional form it would be that catastrophe is attended by phenomena of social psychology which may either retard or promote social reorganization.

Social organization came next in order, and because its progress was largely expedited by the organization of relief,--the first social activity,--the sociological factors observed in the latter have been recorded. These factors were classified as physical, including climate and topography, and psychological, such as leadership, suggestion, imitation, discussion, recognition of utility and consciousness of kind. Reference was also made to biological and equipmental considerations. Two conclusions of interest are here deducible: first, that part of society which is most closely organized and disciplined in normality first recovers social consciousness in catastrophe; second, it is only after division of function delegates to a special group the responsibility for relief work that public thought is directed to the resumption of a normal society. These conclusions emphasize the conservation value to society of a militia organization in every community and also of a permanent vigilance committee.

The fifth chapter introduced a relatively new element, the presence of which may be relied upon in all future emergencies, that of a disaster social service. Its contribution was that of skillful service and wise direction; its permanent effect, the socialization of the community. The value of the presence of visiting social specialists is in inverse proportion to the degree to which the socialization of a community has advanced. The practical conclusion is clearly that self-dependence of a community in adversity is furthered by the socialization of the existing institutions.

The next and latest group to function effectively was that of government, but social legislation when forth-coming, contributed an important and deciding influence, and was itself in turn enriched by the calamity. Brought to the test of comparison with observed facts the statement in the introduction receives abundant justification; namely, that catastrophe is in close association with progress in social legislation.

To the influences already mentioned an additional factor of recuperation is added,--the socio-economic one. Disaster-stricken communities cannot become normal until the social surplus is restored. They may however always count upon public aid. But there is found to be strongly suggested a correlation between the magnitude or striking character of a disaster and the generosity of the relief response.

The last chapter is devoted to a cataloging of the indications of social change from the standpoint of the community as a whole. The old social order is contrasted with that obtaining two years subsequent to the disaster. It here appeared that the city of Halifax had as a community undergone and is undergoing an extraordinary social change. This implies, according to the theory of social causation, an extraordinary antecedent. Before finally accepting the factor of catastrophe as such, the scientific reader may very properly ask whether there are not alternatives.

To this query the answer is that there are alternatives, other very considerable extra-social factors to be noted, but that catastrophe was itself the precipitating factor there is little room for doubt. Of the other factors two only are of sufficient weight for our present consideration. The earliest in order of time, and perhaps also in rank of importance is that which Halifax residents understand as the coming of the new ocean terminals. The coming was so sudden in the nature of its announcement, and meant for many so much depreciation in property values, that it had something of the nature of catastrophe within it. It altered very extensively the previously accepted ideas of residential and business and industrial sections of the city, and caused a jolt in the body politic, such as had not visited it for years--not since the middle of the nineteenth century brought the revolutionizing steam. It is not to be denied that this factor has contributed not a little to the weakening of immobility, and the preparation of the ground for an inrush of the spirit of progress.

The other factor was the war. The war functioned mightily in community organization for service. It brought prosperity to many a door, and whetted the appetite of many a merchant to put the business of peace on a war basis. But it would be merely speculation to say that prosperity would have continued in peace. Indeed such a conclusion would not be historically justifiable. Halifax has been through three important wars. In each, "trade was active, prices were high, the population increased, industry was stimulated by the demand, rents doubled and trebled, streets were uncommonly busy." But in each case also Halifax settled back to her ante-bellum sluggishness. In 1816 Halifax began to feel the reaction consequent upon the close of a war. The large navy and army were withdrawn and Halifax and its inhabitants "bore the appearance of a town at the close of a fair. The sudden change from universal hustle and business to ordinary pursuits made this alteration at times very perceptible. Money gradually disappeared and the failure of several mercantile establishments added to the general distress." But the closing of the war, now a hundred years later, has exhibited no such relapse. On the other hand Halifax grows daily more prosperous and progressive than before. Her bank clearings do not fail, but rather increase. There is clearly some further influence associated with this change.

But there is a very real sense in which the war may indeed be said to have been the factor,--if we mean by it the fact that through the war and as a direct result of war-service the city was laid half in ruins by possibly the greatest single catastrophe on the American Continent. If we mean this, we have named the all-precipitating and determining event. The catastrophe was an episode of the great war.

It only remains to add by way of clearer definition that the rôle of catastrophe appears to be both direct and indirect. Functioning directly, it prepares the ground-work for social change by (1) weakening social immobility; (2) precipitating fluidity of custom; (3) forcing environal favorability for change. Indirectly, it sets in motion factors determining the nature of the social change, such as (1) the release of spirit and morale; (2) the play of imitation; (3) the stimulus of leaders and lookers-on; (4) the socialization of institutions.

Our final principle[178] thus appears to be that progress in catastrophe is a resultant of specific conditioning factors some of which are subject to social control. If there is one thing more than another which we would emphasize in conclusion it is this final principle. Progress is not necessarily a natural or assured result of change. It comes only as a result of effort that is wisely expended and sacrifice which is sacrifice in truth.

[178] The two additional propositions suggested in the Introduction, namely, that the degree of fluidity seems to vary directly as the shock of the catastrophe, and that brusk revolution in the conditions of life accomplish not sudden, but gradual changes in society, require a study of comparative catastrophic phenomena for verification or rejection.

That the nature of the social change in Halifax is one in the direction of progress we think to be based on reason and not alone on hope. That it is also our fervent hope, we need hardly add. But every Haligonian who cherishes for his city the vision which this book contains, may help mightily to bring it to pass by making effort his watchword and intelligence his guide. We do not say it will all come tomorrow. We do say a wonderful beginning has been made since yesterday. And this is bright for the future. In no better words can we conclude than in those of one of her greatest lovers: "Changes must come to Halifax. This is a world of change. But every true Haligonian hopes that the changes will not disfigure his beloved city, but only heighten and enhance the intimate and haunting charms she borrows from the sea."[179]

[179] MacMechan, _op. cit._, p. 336.

INDEX

A

Accidents, industrial, 116, 135

Advancement, human, _vide_ progress

Aesthetics, 70

Aggregation, social, 62

Altruism, 51, 58

Ameliorative legislation, _vide_ legislation

Analytic psychology, 49

Anxiety, 38

Anger, 39, 44, 45

Animal relief, 91

Army, _vide_ military

Association, 56, 63; utility of, 62, 142

Associations, state and voluntary, 73, 99

Attention, 17, 20, 54, 55, 134

Authority, 101, 102, 103, 104

B

Behavior, 17, 18, 52, 53, 60, 67

Beliefs, 23, 38, 120

Bereavement, 47

Biological factors in society, 67, 142

Body politic, 44, 69, 144

Bureau, welfare, 139

Business, disorganization of, 31, 59, 113; expansion of, 77, 124; indices of, 125; relief, 105, 113; resumption of, 69, 71, 72, 73

C

Capital, 139

Catastrophe, and crisis, 16, 18; and communication, 31; definition of, 14; and evolution, 14, 15; and generosity, 57, 58, 115; and heroism, 55; and insurance, 116; and poetry, 22; and population, 128; and progress, 21, 22, 23; and social change, 118; and social disintegration, 31; and social economy, 80; and social legislation, 23, 100; and social organization, 59, 69; and social psychology, 35; and suicide, 46; and social surplus, 111; and survival, 56; and tragedy, 114, 115; and war, 14

Cataclysm, _vide_ catastrophe

Causation, social, 144

Centralization, policy of, 83

Ceremony, 120

Change, social, and catastrophe, 20, 21; and crisis, 16, 21; definition of, 15, 21; factor of, 15, 16; and fluidity, 21; indications of, 123, 143; and progress, 21; resistance to, 19

Charity, 22, 97

Child welfare, 87, 88, 89, 90, 98, 135, 137

Churches, _vide_ religious institutions

Circumstantial pressure, 33, 64, 77

Civic authority, _vide_ municipal control

Civic improvement, 22, 77, 105, 108, 129, 130, 140

Civilization, 31, 49

Classes, social, 96, 139

Clergy, 74, 83, 84, 139

Clinics, 134

Climatic factors in society, 66, 67, 142

Clubs, 76, 123

Collective behavior, _vide_ behavior

Commerce, 70, 118, 122

Commercialized recreation, 138

Communication, 31, 57, 61, 62, 71, 72, 73

Community, 19, 21, 32, 49, 55, 62, 67, 78, 80, 84, 85, 88, 92, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 109, 115, 135, 138, 143

Comparative catastrophe, 146

Compensation, 90, 96, 97, 105, 107

Component groups, 70

Consciousness, 37, 42, 59, 60, 68, 124, 142

Consciousness of kind, 63, 67, 142

Consciousness of underlying difference, 69

Conservation, social, 79, 84, 143

Conservatism in society, 19, 117, 120

Contagion of feeling, 42

Control, social, 19, 22, 34, 141, 146

Conventionality, 49

Coöperation, 61, 83, 84, 97, 138

Crime, 50, 76

Criticism, 49, 84, 86, 92, 94

Crisis, and catastrophe, 16; definition of, 16; and fluidity, 18; and great men, 55; and progress, 55; and revolution, 17; significance of, 16

Crises, in battles, 16; in communities, 18; in diseases, 16; in life-histories, 16, 18; men skilled in dealing with, 83, 98; power to meet, 80; in religions, 16; in social institutions, 16; in world of thought, 16

Crowd, 41, 42, 43, 45

Crowd psychology, 35, 41, 45

Courts, 96

Culture, 19, 21, 80

Curiosity, 44

Custom, 15, 19, 34, 49, 63, 67, 69, 120, 142, 145

Cycles, 15

D

Death rate, 133

Delinquency, 138

Delirium, oneiric, 46

Delusion, 35, 38

Determination, 44, 58

Diagnosis, social, 92, 121

Disaster, _vide_ catastrophe

Disaster psychology, _vide_ psychology

Disaster relief, _vide_ relief

Disease, 22, 36, 48, 134

Discussion, 37, 64, 67, 142

Disintegration of society, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 59

Dispensary, 88, 133

Distributive system of society, 31

Diversity of capacity, 69

Division of labor, 69, 79, 142

Dynamic forces, 19

Dynamogenic reactions, 52

E

Economic factors in society, 68

Economy, social, 80, 98

Education, 19, 84, 101, 120, 121, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137

Educational institutions, 20, 69, 70, 74, 76, 82, 85, 91, 95, 135, 136

Educational psychology, 137

Educational sociology, 137

Emergency, 52, 60, 79, 82, 83, 87, 98, 143

Emotion, 33, 36, 44, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53

Endurance, 52, 53, 54, 60

Energies, 52, 58

Environmental effects, 15, 75, 136, 145

Envy, 44

Erroneous recognition, 39

Equipmental factors in society, 68, 142

Evolution, 14, 15, 56, 101

Exaltation, 45, 46

Expectancy, 41

F

Factors in social change, 15, 16, 22, 144

Family, 59, 61, 74, 86, 88, 89, 140

Fatigue, 45, 52, 53, 54

Fear, 39, 44, 45, 64

First aid, 41, 61, 134

Flight instinct, 40

Fluidity, 18, 19, 20, 21, 34, 142, 145

Flux, 19, 34

Folkways, 18

Food-getting, 39, 92

Fraternal societies, 76, 98

G

Generosity, 55, 57, 58, 115, 116, 143

Geographic determinants, 67, 119

Government, 19, 31, 100, 101; agencies of, 100; aid in disaster, 94, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107; an institution of society, 100; and leadership, 117; officials, 62, 102, 106; over-emphasis of, 19, 119, 120

Gratitude, 45

Great man, 55, 69

Greed, 44, 51, 94

Gregarious instinct, 40, 41, 63, 67

Grief, 38, 48

Group, 41, 55, 56, 60, 70, 142

Group heroism, 56

H

Habit, 17, 19, 20, 52, 69, 117

Habitation, 39, 63

Hallucination, 35, 37, 38

Happiness, 70, 112

Health, public, 68, 88, 101, 108, 119, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140

Helpfulness, psychology of, 56, 85

Herd instinct, 41, 63

Heroism, 55, 56

History, 14

Heredity, 67

Homes, 31, 32, 48, 63, 87, 114

Homogeneity, 70

Housing, 114, 129, 132, 140

Hospitals, 53, 66, 88, 90, 135, 140

Human nature, 93, 94

Hyperactivity of imagination, 46

Hyper-suggestibility, 44

Hypnosis, 45

I

Imagination, 31, 37, 46, 114

Imitation, 15, 63, 67, 77, 142, 145

Imitation, conditions affecting rate of, 77

Immobility of society, 19, 20, 120, 144, 145

Impulsive social action, 42, 48

Indemnity, principle of, 95

Indications of social change, 123, 143

Indices of business, 125

Individual reactions, 41, 51, 53, 55

Industry, 31, 69, 118, 121, 144

Industrial, accidents, 116, 135; fatigue, 138; hygiene, 135

Inhibitions, 36, 41, 49

Insanity, 46

Instincts, 18, 20, 35, 39, 40, 44

Institutions, social, _vide_ religious, educational

Insurance, social, 105, 116, 125

J

Jealousy, 44

Justice, 19

Juvenile delinquency, 138

K

Kind, consciousness of, 63, 67, 142

Kindliness, 45, 55

L

Labor, 139; division of, 69, 79; legislation, 23, 101, 108

Law, 49, 50, 58, 120

Leadership, 21, 61, 67, 80, 84, 86, 145

Legislation, ameliorative, 101; boundaries of, 101; and catastrophe, 23, 110, 143; health, 108; ideals of, 101; labor, 23, 101, 108; mining, 23, 108; marine, 23, 108, 109; promotive, 133; progress in, 101, 108, 110, 143; social, 23, 100

Like-mindedness, 63, 70

Like response, 41

Limitation of field of consciousness, 42

Lookers-on, stimulus of, 21, 78, 145

M

Magic, 20, 78

Martial law, 101

Maternity, 48, 135

Mass relief, 85

Medical inspection, 136

Medical social service, 87, 88, 89, 98, 140

Mental hygiene, 134

Mental unity, 41

Meteorological pressure, 65

Military and naval organization, 51, 60, 63, 68, 88, 101, 102, 122, 143, 145

Ministerial association, 139

Models, 21, 77, 78

Modes of affective experience, 44

Morale, 21, 106, 108, 145

Morality, 20, 97

Mores, 70

Morgue service, 39, 91, 98

Mortality, 112

Municipal control, 101, 102, 103, 104

Mutual aid, 55, 56, 57, 58

N

Navy, _vide_ military

News-notice, 115

Normality, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 142

O

Obstruction and the human will, 52

Occupational change, 113

Oneiric delirium, 46

Organization, _vide_ social, relief

Orientation, 123

Original tendencies, 39

P

Pain economy, 112

Pain, 53, 54

Parental instinct, 40, 41

Pensions, 90

Percentage of indifference, 129

Percentage of interest, 129

Personal crises, 18

Phenomena, of bereavement, 47; of crowd psychology, 35, 41, 45; diverse, 35; of emotion, 44; of endurance, 52, 53; post-catastrophic, 48; of repression, 49

Philanthropy, 52, 69, 116

Physical factors in society, 67, 142

Physiological reactions, 35, 36, 52

Pity, 39

Pleasure economy, 112

Pluralistic behavior, _vide_ behavior

Plural leadership, 49

Police, 76, 101, 102

Political action, 64, 76, 129

Political Science, 103

Poor laws, 101

Population, 19, 67, 113, 114, 128, 137, 144

Post-catastrophic phenomena, 48

Precipitating agent, 16, 144, 145

Preparedness, 64

Press, 72

Pressure, social, 63, 77

Primitive household, 69

Principles of relief, _vide_ relief

Production, 19

Profiteering, psychology of, 51

Procedure, 23, 79, 102, 109

Progress, in catastrophe, 21, 22, 23, 55, 98, 108, 146; and change, 21; degree of, 21; and evolution, 14, 15; meaning of, 21; and relief, 80; in social legislation, 23

Protocracy, 60, 70

Psychiatry, 134

Psychological factors in society, 67, 142

Psychology, analytic, 49; crowd, 35, 41, 45; disaster, 35, 56; of helpfulness, 56, 85; of helplessness, 49; of insanity, 46; of profiteering, 51; of relief, 49, 94; social, 35; and sociology, 19, 35

Public opinion, 23, 84, 86, 93

Public safety, 132, 136

Public utilities, 71

Pugnacity, instinct of, 40

R

Reconditioning of instincts, 18

Recreation, 19, 73, 101, 129, 137

Recuperation of society, 20, 35, 112, 114, 117, 143

Regional influence, 66

Regulative system of society, 31

Rehabilitation, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 94, 98, 104, 105, 107

Religion, 64, 118, 120, 121

Religious institutions, 32, 63, 69, 70, 74, 77, 85, 95, 120, 139

Relief, administration of, 44, 66, 83, 86, 87, 93, 94; division of labor in, 69; fluctuation of, 116; leadership in, 61, 103, 116; medical, 61, 62, 65; military in, 51, 60, 63, 68; organization of, 59; psychology of, 49, 94; principles of, 81, 84, 85, 96; procedure in, 79; relation to progress, 80; residuum of, 97; reserve, 98; secret service in, 98; shelter, 63, 64, 66, 82, 90; stages in, 85

Repression, 49, 50

Reproductive system of society, 31

Resentment, 45, 49

Residuum of relief, 97

Resumption of normal society, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75

Restitution, principle of, 94, 95

Retrogressive evolution, 15

Revolution, 17, 22

Ritual, 20

Rumor, responsiveness to, 43, 63

S

Sabbath observance, 77

Safety, public, 132, 136

Sanitation, 66, 133, 134

Schools, _vide_ educational institutions

Science, 33, 88

Security, feelings of, 41

Self-control, social, 70

Segregation, 64

Self-preservation, 31, 40

Sensation, 36, 38, 54

Sense perception, 37, 38

Sensorium, social, 59

Service, social, 80, 82, 84, 98, 117, 139, 143

Shibboleths, 77

Shock, reaction, 31, 36, 45, 54, 60, 91, 141

Social, action, 64; aggregation, 62; age, 139; choices, 121; consciousness, 60; conservation, 79, 84, 143; conservatism, 19, 117, 120; contrasts, 32; control, 19, 22, 34, 141, 146; economy, 80, 98; effects, 75, 96; factors, 59, 67, 142; immobility, 18, 20, 120, 144, 145; insurance, 105, 116, 125; legislation, 23, 100; memory, 23, 55; mind, 49, 70; order, 143; organization, 35, 59, 142; policy, 80, 139; pressure, 63, 77; psychology, 35; reorganization, 69; sensorium, 59; service, 80, 82, 84, 98, 117, 139, 143; specialists, 69, 81, 85, 94, 143; standards, 32; surplus, 68, 111, 112, 143

Social change, _vide_ change

Socialization, 52, 55, 85, 97, 142, 145

Socialized recreation, 138, 139

Society, 33, 35, 49, 69, 70, 76, 79, 91, 100

Societies, 76, 99

Socio-economic factors, 112, 117, 143

Sociological factors, 59, 67, 142

Sociology, 33, 35, 120; attractions of study, 13; educational, 137; and psychology, 19, 35; virgin fields in, 13, 23

Sorrow, 45, 47

Standards, social, 32

Standards of living, 112, 113, 133

State, 101

Static conditions of society, _vide_ immobility

Statistics, vital, 135

Stimulus, of catastrophe, 33, 51, 53, 54, 57; of heroism, 55; of leaders, 21; of lookers-on, 21, 78, 145; of models, 78; repetition of, 45

Struggle for existence, 41

Sub-normal, 136

Suggestibility, 41, 42, 48, 142

Suicide, 46

Supervised playgrounds, 136

Surplus, social, 68, 111, 112, 143

Survival, 56

Sustaining system of society, 31

Sympathy, 45, 46, 55, 58

T

Taboo, 49, 71

Tender emotion, 45

Themistes, 18

Topography, 67, 142

Tradition, 32, 120

Transportation, 43

Trade-unions, 51

U

Under-nutrition, 113

Unemployment, 59, 125

Unit in relief, 60

Unity, mental, 41

Utility, of association, 62, 67, 142

Utilities, public, 71

V

Variation, social, _vide_ social change

Vicissitudes, 14, 21

Vigilance committee, 19, 143

Vigor, economic, 70

Vocational training, 98, 136

Volition, 55, 64

Voluntary associations, 73, 84

W

War, 14, 26, 45, 48, 94, 97, 101, 117, 144

Wealth, 111

Welfare, 70, 86, 132, 139

Will, 22, 44, 52, 53

Workmen's compensation, 105

Worship, 19, 77

Z

Zeal, 44

VITA

Born at Hammond River, Province of New Brunswick, Canada. Son of Samuel I. and Mary E. Perkins Prince. Graduate of St. John (N. B.) High School, the University of Toronto, Wycliffe College (Tor.). Taught at Ridley College, St. Catharines, Ont. Appointed to staff of St. Paul's Halifax N. S. Studied for doctorate at Columbia University. Subject of primary interest, Sociology; of secondary interest, Statistics and Social Legislation. Graduate courses with Professors, Giddings, Tenney, Chaddock, Lindsay, Andrews, Montague, McCrea. President of the British Empire Club of the University.

[ Transcriber's Note:

The following is a list of corrections made to the original. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.

dead." "Crisis," Professor Shailer Matthews observes, "is something more dead." "Crisis," Professor Shailer Mathews observes, "is something more

sentence in Ross' _Foundations of Sociology_ (p. 206) "Brusk sentence in Ross' _Foundations of Sociology_ (p. 206): "Brusk

seaboard. It is situated at the head of Chebucto Bay a deep inlet on seaboard. It is situated at the head of Chebucto Bay, a deep inlet on

an fro before they dropped. Still others with shattered limbs dragged and fro before they dropped. Still others with shattered limbs dragged

"So hypochrondriac fancies represent "So hypochondriac fancies represent

fruitless search whereever refugees were gathered together, the fruitless search wherever refugees were gathered together, the

to do so, these lines of conduct are the roots of greed. (_Ibid._, to do so, these lines of conduct are the roots of greed." (_Ibid._,

sentiment.[73] sentiment."[73]

pressure. Magnificent effort, conspicious enough for special notice was pressure. Magnificent effort, conspicuous enough for special notice was

could not escape, observation was the strange insensibility to suffering could not escape observation was the strange insensibility to suffering

may be stated that catastrophe is attended by phenonema of social may be stated that catastrophe is attended by phenomena of social

depot at well as a habitation. Then the idea spread of taking the depot as well as a habitation. Then the idea spread of taking the

comradeship.[94] Then followed requests for changes of location in the comradeship."[94] Then followed requests for changes of location in the

precipitation. Temperature: max. 18.2, min. 6.6 precipitation. Temperature: max. 18.2, min. 6.6.

of_ Halifax, 1918. of Halifax_, 1918.

CATASTROPHE AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION (Cont'd) CATASTROPHE AND SOCIAL ECONOMY

relationships.?" Having obtained an answer as best they could, the effort relationships?" Having obtained an answer as best they could, the effort

subsidize familes rather than institutions. subsidize families rather than institutions.

3. Procuring necessary articles of clothing, _etc_, for children. 3. Procuring necessary articles of clothing, _etc._, for children.

exceeding five thousand dollars. And while in case of the larger claims exceeding five thousand dollars." And while in case of the larger claims

John R. Moors says: "It is interesting to note that at Halifax, the John F. Moors says: "It is interesting to note that at Halifax, the

We have thus far been tracing certain of the major influence which are We have thus far been tracing certain of the major influences which are

In this duty all governments alike share, be they imperial, federal. In this duty all governments alike share, be they imperial, federal,

committees. The Citizen's Committee exercised the general control. They committees. The Citizens' Committee exercised the general control. They

muncipal aid in disaster as falling under the general category of municipal aid in disaster as falling under the general category of

But this is not an all-sufficient explanation, and indeed aplies But this is not an all-sufficient explanation, and indeed applies

and technical leadership, welcome at it was, and saving the situation as and technical leadership, welcome as it was, and saving the situation as

ch viii, p. 197. ch. viii, p. 197.

The chapter discribing the shock also found the immediate reaction to The chapter describing the shock also found the immediate reaction to

[178] The two additional propositions suggested in the the Introduction, [178] The two additional propositions suggested in the Introduction,

Imitation, conditions effecting rate of, 77 Imitation, conditions affecting rate of, 77

Pluralistic behavior, _vide_ behaviour Pluralistic behavior, _vide_ behavior

]