Part 12

Born at Troyes, and resided at Rome twenty-two years, where he acquired the name "the Roman." He studied under Jean Boucher and in the school of Simon Vouet at Paris, where he died.

CLARK MILLS (1815-1883).

Sculptor, born in Onondaga Co., N. Y.; died in Washington, D. C. In 1835 he discovered a new method of taking a cast from a living face, which enabled him to make busts very cheaply. Later he began cutting busts in marble with much success and executed the statue of "Freedom" now standing above the dome of the Capitol at Washington, D. C.

JOHN MOLENAER (1610-1668).

Born and died at Haerlem, he painted country scenes in the style of Steen and Brouwer. Was the best of the Molenaers.

NICHOLAS MOLENAER (1629-1676).

Born at Amsterdam, and painted landscapes in the manner of Ostade.

PETER MOLYN (1632-1701),

the Younger, called Il Tempesta by the Italians, was born at Haerlem, and studied under his father, and then imitated the style of Francis Snyders. His sea subjects and storms at sea gave him the name Il Tempesta.

LUIS MORALES (1509-1586).

A Spanish painter, born at Badajos in Estremadura. His works are said to resemble in many respects those of Leonardo da Vinci.

GEORGE MORLAND (1763-1804).

Born and died at London. He was the son of Henry Robert Morland, a portrait painter in crayons, and engraver. He exhibited many pictures at the Royal Academy.

SAMUEL F. B. MORSE (1791-1872).

Born at Charlestown, Mass.; died in New York City. He graduated at Yale in 1810 and then studied under Washington Allston, with whom he went to London, where he was admitted to the Royal Academy, also studying under Benjamin West. In 1823 he settled in New York and opened a studio, painting portraits. He was a founder of the National Academy.

FREDERICK MOUCHERON (1633-1686).

Flemish painter, born at Embden and died at Amsterdam. He studied under John Asselyn, a landscape painter. He designed everything after nature.

ISAAC MOUCHERON (1670-1744).

Born and died at Amsterdam. He was the son of the preceding and received his instruction from his father. He followed the style of Gaspar Poussin, painting chiefly landscapes, decorating the saloons and halls of the nobility and wealthy persons.

WILLIAM S. MOUNT (1807-1868).

Born and died in Setauket, L. I. At the age of seventeen he came to New York and became associated with his elder brother, Henry S. Mount, as a sign painter. In 1826 he entered the National Academy of Design, and in 1829 established himself as a portrait painter. Later he devoted himself to genre painting.

BARTOLOMÉ ESTÉBAN MURILLO (1617-1682).

Spanish painter, born and died at Seville. Was placed in the academy of his uncle, Don Juan del Castillo, and later studied under Velasquez at Madrid.

MICHAEL VAN MUSSCHER (1645-1705).

A Dutch painter, born at Rotterdam and died at Amsterdam. First studied under Martin Zaagmoolen, and afterwards under Abraham vander Tempel, Gabriel Metzu, and Adrian van Ostade.

JAN VAN NECK (1636-1714).

Born at Naarden, and studied under Jacob de Backer. He settled at Amsterdam. He painted portraits and historical subjects.

PETER NEEFS (1577-1657).

Born at Antwerp. Studied under Henry Steenwyck and painted interiors similar to those of his master.

ARNOLD VANDER NEER (1604-1677).

Born at Gorinchem and removed to Amsterdam. His instructor is not known. He painted landscapes and excelled in moonlight views.

VICTOR NEHLIG (1830- ).

Born in Paris, and was a pupil of Leon Cogniet and Abel de Pujol. He came to the United States in 1856 and settled in New York. Many of his works are illustrative of American History. He returned to Europe in 1872.

CONSTANTINE NETSCHER (1670-1722).

Dutch portrait painter, born at The Hague, who studied under his father, Gaspar Netscher, whose style he followed.

CASPAR NETSCHER (1639-1684).

Born at Heidelberg, Germany, and died at The Hague. He studied under Koster and in the school of Terburg. He settled in Holland and acquired fame as a portrait painter.

GILBERT STUART NEWTON (1797-1835).

Born in Halifax, N. S.; died in Chelsea, England. He received some instruction from his uncle, Gilbert Stuart. When a youth he went to Europe and entered the Royal Academy in London. There he lodged with Washington Irving. In 1831 he sailed for the United States, married in Boston and returned to England in October, 1832, and died three years later.

JACOB VAN OCHTERVELDT.

A Dutch painter, of whom little is known except by his works, in which he imitated the style of Gerard Terburg. He flourished about 1670.

BALTHASAR PAUL OMMEGANCK (1755-1826).

Born and died at Antwerp. He studied with H. Antonissen and became an eminent landscape and animal painter.

JACOB VAN OOST (1600-1671).

A Flemish painter, born at Bruges and died there. He imitated Annibale Caracci after he went to Rome to further his studies.

BERNARD VAN ORLEY (1490-1542).

Born at Brussels and at an early age went to Rome and studied under Raphael and later assisted him. He returned to Brussels with a distinguished reputation.

SAMUEL S. OSGOOD (1808-1885).

Born in Boston, Mass.; married Frances S. Locke (who wrote under the nom de plume of "Fanny Forrester"). He studied art in Europe and settled in New York City, making a specialty of portrait painting.

ADRIAN VAN OSTADE (1610-1685).

Dutch painter, born at Haerlem and studied under Francis Hals. He was an ardent friend of Adrian Brower, a fellow student. His subjects are always from low life.

ISAAC VAN OSTADE (1621-1649).

Brother of Adrian, under whom he studied and whose style he imitated, but later adopted a style of his own in painting out-door scenes.

JEAN BAPTISTE OUDRY (1686-1755).

French painter and engraver, born at Paris, and studied under Nicholas Largillière. He acquired distinction in painting hunting pieces, cavalcades, etc. He died at Beauvais.

WILLIAM PAGE (1811-1885).

Born in Albany, N. Y.; died in Tottenville, S. I. He studied under James Herring and Samuel F. B. Morse; also entered the Academy of Design. He spent eleven years in Europe, from 1849 to 1860, and returning to New York, was president of the Academy of Design. He painted mostly portraits.

JACOPO PALMA (1480-1528).

Called Il Vecchio, to distinguish him from his great nephew, called Il Giovine. He was a native of Serinalta in the Bergamese Territory.

ERASTUS DOW PALMER (1817-1904).

Sculptor, born in Pompey, Onondaga Co., N. Y. Was first a carpenter by trade, then executed cameo portraits, and finally undertook sculpture proper. All his knowledge was acquired in America, and it was not until he had become famous that he visited Europe.

GIOVANNI PAOLO PANNINI (1691-1764).

Born at Piacenza. He studied under Pietro Lucatelli at Rome, but followed the style of Salvator Rosa, and became a master of the art of perspective and architecture.

JOHN PARADISE (1783-1834).

Born in New Jersey; died in New York City. He was a pupil of Denis A. Volozan at Philadelphia, and in 1810 removed to New York. He is principally known by his portraits of Methodist divines.

JEAN BAPTISTE PATER (1695-1736).

French painter, born at Valenciennes, and became the pupil of Anthony Watteau, whose style and subjects he imitated.

CHARLES WILSON PEALE (1741-1827).

Born in Chestertown, Md.; died in Philadelphia, Pa. He changed his profession from saddle-making to portrait painting. He received some instructions from John Singleton Copley and in 1770 went to London, where he met Benjamin West, under whom he studied. In 1776 he established himself in Philadelphia, painting portraits. He became a Captain in the Revolutionary War, a member of the Legislature, and founded, in 1802, "Peale's Museum." He took up in turn the making of coaches, harness, clocks and watches, besides working as a silversmith; he was a naturalist, dentist and author, but was most famous as a portrait painter, having painted fourteen portraits of Washington from life.

REMBRANDT PEALE (1778-1860).

Son of Charles Wilson Peale; was born in Bucks Co., Pa., and died in Philadelphia. After receiving instructions from his father he went to England and studied under Benjamin West. He made several trips to Europe and painted many portraits in various cities in the United States. At the age of seventeen he painted Washington's portrait.

PIETRO PERUGINO (1446-1524).

Born at Citta della Pieve, near Perugia, and died at the latter place. It is believed that he studied under Andrea Verocchio at Florence. The family name of Perugino was Vannucci.

BONAVENTURA PETERS (1614-1652).

Flemish painter, born at Antwerp, who became one of the most eminent marine painters of his time. It is not known by whom he was instructed.

GIOVANNI BATTISTA PIAZZETTA (1682-1754).

A Venetian painter, who was first instructed by his father and later became a pupil of Antonio Molinari. He died at Venice.

ROBERT EDGE PINE (1742-1790).

Son of John Pine, an English designer and engraver, who instructed him. He was born in London and came to Philadelphia in 1784 to paint the portraits of distinguished persons.

SEBASTIANO DEL PIOMBO (1485-1547).

Born at Venice; his real name was Sebastiano Luciano. He first studied with Giovanni Bellini and then with Giorgione, becoming the most distinguished disciple of his school.

EGBERT VANDER POEL (1621-1664).

A Dutch painter, native of Delft, and died at Rotterdam. His favorite subjects were conflagrations, fire-works and interiors by candle-light.

CORNELIUS POELEMBURG (1586-1667).

Born at Utrecht, he studied under Abraham Bloemaert and then went to Italy. His style was a combination of the Flemish and Italian schools.

FRANCIS PORBUS (1570-1622),

"the younger," was born at Antwerp and studied with his father. He acquired distinction as a portrait painter in Paris, where he died.

PETER PORBUS (1513-1584).

A Dutch painter and architect, born at Gouda. He settled at Bruges, where he died. He acquired distinction in history and portraits.

PAUL POTTER (1625-1654).

Son of Peter Potter, born at Enkhuysen, and was the pupil of his father. His subjects were landscapes with different animals, in which he excelled. He established himself at The Hague.

GASPAR POUSSIN (1613-1675).

Born at Rome, the son of a Frenchman, and was adopted by Nicholas Poussin as his son, and taught him to paint. He became an eminent landscape painter and died at Rome.

NICHOLAS POUSSIN (1594-1665).

Born at Andely, in Normandy, and was descended from a noble family. He received his first instructions in art from Quinton Varin and then went to Paris and later to Rome, where he died.

WILLIAM H. POWELL (1823-1879).

Born and died in New York City. He was a pupil of Henry Inman and later studied in Paris and Florence. He painted historical subjects and portraits.

ROBERT M. PRATT (1811-1880).

Born in Binghamton, N. Y.; died in New York City. He studied under Samuel F. B. Morse and Charles C. Ingham, and became a figure and flower painter. He also painted portraits.

PIERRE PAUL PRUD'HON (1758-1823).

French painter, born at Clugny, and studied in the Academy of Dijon and later went to Rome, returning to France in 1789.

ADAM PYNAKER (1621-1673).

Dutch landscape painter, born at the village of Pynaker. He visited Rome while very young and on returning to Holland gained distinction.

AUGUSTUS QUERFURT (1696-1761).

A German painter, born at Wolfenbüttel, who after receiving instructions from his father went to Augsburg and studied under Rugendas. He died at Vienna.

JOHN RAMAGE.

An Irishman who painted miniatures in Boston, Mass. In 1777 he was established in William Street, New York, where he painted the military heroes while the city was in the British occupation.

JEAN RAOUX (1677-1734).

A French historical and portrait painter, born at Montpellier. He studied in the School of Bon Boulogne, at Paris.

RAPHAEL SANZIO DI URBINO (1483-1520).

Styled the Prince of Painters, and acknowledged to have possessed a greater combination of the higher excellencies of art than has fallen to the lot of any individual. He was placed in the School of Perugino after having learned the elements of design from his father, Giovanni Sanzio, a painter of little celebrity. He visited Florence and Rome, and died at the latter place at the age of thirty-seven years.

JOHN VAN RAVESTEYN (1572-1657).

Dutch portrait painter, born at The Hague. He was a pupil of Michael Mierevelt, and his works have great merit.

PAUL REMBRANDT (1606-1669).

One of the most eminent painters and engravers of the Dutch School, born at a small village on the banks of the Rhine, between Leyderdorp and Leyden. He entered the School of Jacob van Zwaanenberg at Amsterdam and later studied with Peter Lastmann and Jacob Pinas.

GUIDO RENI (1575-1642).

Born at Bologna, the son of Samuel Reni, who placed him in the School of Denis Calvart and later in the Academy of Caracci. He was also a pupil of Lodovico. He visited Rome and Naples and died at Bologna.

SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS (1723-1792).

Born at Plymouth, England, and studied under Hudson. After visiting various cities in Italy he settled at London and was appointed President of the Royal Academy in 1768 and shortly after was knighted by the king. He is called the founder of the British School of Painting.

JOSÉ RIBERA (1588-1656).

Called Il Spagnoletto. A Spanish painter, born at Xatia, in Valencia. He entered the School of Francisco Ribalta and later studied under Caravaggio at Naples.

ANDREW RICHARDSON.

An English painter of landscapes who exhibited a number of paintings, and of whom Dunlap says: "I am ignorant of his history."

HYACINTHE RIGAUD (1659-1743).

A French portrait painter, born at Perpignan; he settled at Lyons and in 1681 visited Paris to study historical painting, but accepting the advice of Charles Le Brun, he confined himself to portrait painting.

HUBERT ROBERT (1733-1808).

Born at Paris, where he acquired the rudiments of art. He visited Rome and studied in the French Academy under the direction of Carlo Natoire. His work was principally architectural and perspective views.

JACOPO ROBUSTI (TINTORETTO) (1512-1594).

Called Il Tintoretto, because he was the son of a dyer. He was born at Venice and a pupil of Titian, who became jealous of his success and banished him from his studio. His works are numerous and exhibit an extraordinary combination of beauties and defects. He died at Venice, aged eighty-two years.

HENRY MARTIN ROKES (1621-1682).

A Dutch painter, born at Rotterdam, who acquired a knowledge of art from William Buytenweg, and later studied under the younger Teniers, whose style he followed.

GIO FRANCESCO ROMANELLI (1610-1662).

Italian painter, born and died at Viterbo. He studied in the school of Pietro da Cortona, under the patronage of Cardinal Barberini. He visited Paris, where he was honored by Louis XIV.

GIULIO ROMANO (1492-1546).

Born at Rome, and was a pupil of Raphael and his most distinguished disciple. He was particularly successful in battle-pieces and also gained great distinction as an architect.

THEODORE ROMBOUTS (1597-1637).

A Flemish painter, born at Antwerp, who studied under Abraham Janssens. He visited Rome and Florence, then settled at Antwerp, where he died.

JOHN HENRY ROOS (1631-1685).

A Dutch painter, born at Otterberg. He was apprenticed to Julian du Jardyn, a painter of little note, and later studied under Adrian de Bie, an able designer of landscapes and animals.

SALVATORE ROSA (1615-1673).

Born at Renilla, near Naples, he first studied under Francesco Fracanzani, his brother-in-law, and later in the Academy of Giuseppe Ribera. He died at Rome.

JOHN ROTTENHAMER (1564-1623).

A German painter, born at Munich. He received his first instruction from an obscure artist named Donnaver. At Venice he studied the works of Tintoretto. After years of study in Italy he returned and settled at Augsburg, where he died.

PETER PAUL RUBENS (1577-1640).

Born at Siegen of a distinguished family, he was placed under the instruction of Tobias Verhaecht, and later entered the schools of Adam van Oort and Otho van Veen. He was one of the most original painters that ever lived, and his subjects are unlimited. He died at Antwerp.

JACOB RUYSDAEL (1630-1682).

Dutch landscape painter, born at Haerlem. He was the son and pupil of Izack van Ruysdael and became a great landscape painter.

SOLOMON RUYSDAEL (1616-1670).

Brother of the preceding, born at Haerlem. He was a pupil of Van de Velde and Jan van Goyen. His subjects were river views and landscapes.

DAVID RYCKAERT (1612-1661).

Born at Antwerp and instructed by his father, David Ryckaert. He devoted himself to interiors with peasants, fairs, etc. He died at Antwerp.

CORNELIUS SAFTLEVEN (1607-1682).

A Dutch painter, born at Gorinchem. It is not known under whom he studied, but he settled at Antwerp, where he acquired considerable reputation.

C. B. JULIEN ST. MEMIN (1770-1852).

Born and died in Dijon, France. He introduced in America, a machine called a "physionotrace," by which the human profile could be copied with mathematical accuracy and produced over 800 engraved portraits of distinguished citizens. Later he took up portrait and landscape painting and in 1817 was appointed director of the Museum at Dijon.

GIOVANNI BATTISTA SALVI (1605-1685).

Called Il Sassoferrato, from the place of his nativity. He first studied under his father, Tarquinio Salvi, and then in Rome and Naples.

ANDREA DEL SARTO (1487-1531).

Born at Florence. His real name was Andrea D'Agnolo, but called del Sarto from the occupation of his father, who was a tailor. He studied first under Gio Barile, a wood engraver, and then under Pietro di Cosimo.

SASSOFERRATO, _see_ SALVI.

WALTER SATTERLEE (1844-1905).

Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., and was a graduate of Columbia University in 1863. Student of the National Academy of Design and under Edwin White. At Paris he studied with Leon Bonnat.

EDWARD SAVAGE (1761-1817).

Born and died in Princeton, Mass. He was a goldsmith, who turned his attention to portrait painting, and painted Washington's portrait for Harvard University.

LOUIS JAQUES SCHAAL (1800- ).

Born at Paris, he entered the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1816, and was a pupil of Daguerre and Lethière. He was a painter and engraver.

GODFREY SCHALCKEN (1643-1706).

Dutch historical portrait painter, born at Dort. He first studied with Soloman van Hoogstraten and later entered the school of Gerard Douw at Leyden. He died at The Hague.

BARTOLOMEO SCHIDONE (1560-1615).

He was born at Modena. His early history is very contradictory, but he emulated the style of Correggio very closely.

MARTIN SCHOEN (1445-1491).

A German painter and engraver; also known as Schongauer. Born and died at Colmar. He was the earliest German engraver on copper plates.

CESARE DA SESTO (1480-1521).

He is regarded as the most distinguished disciple of Leonardo da Vinci. Born at Milan. He went to Rome to study and became acquainted with Raphael there.

JAMES SHARPLESS (1751-1811).

Born in England; died in New York City. He first came to this country in 1794. He travelled through the country making pastel portraits of distinguished persons; among them is Washington's, which he made in 1796 at Philadelphia. He was buried in the churchyard of St. Peter's Church in Barclay Street.

JAMES H. SHEGOGUE (1810-1879).

He painted mainly portraiture, and first exhibited at the Academy of Design in 1835, and was Corresponding Secretary of the Academy, 1848-1852.

FRANKLIN SIMMONS (1839- ).

Sculptor, born in Webster, Me. During the close of the Civil War he was at Washington, where the Cabinet members and army and navy officers sat for life-size medallions.

FRANCIS SNYDERS (1579-1657).

A Flemish painter, born at Antwerp. He studied under Henry van Balen and frequented the studio of Rubens. He resided in Antwerp.

SPAGNOLETTO, _see_ RIBERA, JOSÉ.

JUNIUS BRUTUS STEARNS (1810-1885).

Born in Arlington, Vt.; died in Brooklyn, N. Y. He studied at the Academy of Design, New York City, and went to Europe in 1848, returning in 1851. His work was mainly portraiture.

JAN STEEN (1626-1679).

Dutch painter, born at Leyden, and studied first under Nicholas Knufer and later with John van Goyen, whose daughter he married. He lived a dissipated life, and his pictures usually represented merrymakings and frolics of the ale-house.

TOMMASO STEFANO (1324-1356).

The son and scholar of Stefano, Il Florentino. He adhered so closely to Giotto, that he was called Il Giottino. He died at Florence at a young age.

ANTHONY STEVERS (PALAMEDES) (1600-1673).

A Dutch painter, born at Delft. He was more frequently employed in painting conversation pieces, card and musical parties.

WILLIAM O. STONE (1830-1875).

Born in Derby, Conn., and died in Newport, R. I. He studied with Nathaniel Jocelyn at New Haven, and in 1851 removed to New York and painted portraits almost entirely.

WILLIAM STRICKLAND (1787-1854).

Born in Philadelphia; died in Nashville, Tenn. He was an architect, and in 1809 took up landscape painting. He also did considerable work as an aquatint engraver.

GILBERT C. STUART (1755-1828).

Born at Narragansett; died in Boston, Mass. He was a pupil of Cosmo Alexander, a Scotchman, with whom he went to Edinburgh. Later he became a student under Benjamin West. In 1792 he returned to the United States from his second visit abroad, and painted many portraits in the various cities. An exhibition of his portraits, held in Boston in 1880, brought together 754 of them and this was not a complete list.

EUSTACHE LE SUEUR (1616-1655).

Born at Paris; the son of an obscure sculptor, who placed him under the tuition of Simon Vouet. Although he never visited Italy he emulated the Roman School and was called the French Raphael.

THOMAS SULLY (1783-1872).

Born in England and died in Philadelphia. Came to the United States when a boy and took up miniature painting with his brother, Laurence Sully. Turning to portrait painting, he studied under Stuart and West and settled in Philadelphia and was most successful in portraits of women.

JUSTUS SUSTERMANS (1597-1681).

Flemish painter, born at Antwerp. He first studied under William de Vos and later with Francis Pourbus. He travelled through Germany to Italy and at Florence was appointed painter to the Grand Duke Cosmo II.

TEMPESTA, _see_ MOLYN, PETER.

DAVID TENIERS, THE YOUNGER (1610-1694).

Born at Antwerp. He was the pupil of his father, but it seems was also associated with Adrian Brower and Rubens. He acquired an immense reputation, and died at Brussels.

GERARD TERBURG (1617-1681).

Dutch painter, born at Zwolle, who received his first instructions from his father. He travelled through Germany, Italy and France, and upon returning to Holland was one of the most popular painters of his time.

LUTHER TERRY (1813- ).

Born in Enfield, Conn. In 1838 he went to Italy to study and copied the works of Raphael. He painted historical, portrait and genre compositions.

ALFRED WORDSWORTH THOMPSON (1840-1896).

Born in Baltimore, Md.; died at Summit, N. J. He studied in Paris under Charles Gleyre and Albert Pasini. He travelled extensively and his painting covered a wide range of subjects.

CEPHAS G. THOMPSON (1809-1888).

Born in Middleboro, Mass., and died in New York City. He received some instruction from his father and began portrait painting in Plymouth, Mass. After spending seven years in Rome he returned to America and settled in New York City in 1860.

GIOVANNI BATTISTA TIEPOLO (1696-1749).

Born at Venice; he studied under Gregorio Lazzarini and later the works of Gio. Battista Piazzetta and Paul Veronese. He acquired a great reputation and executed many works for churches and public edifices. He died at Madrid.

JOHN TILIUS.

Dutch painter, of the last half of the seventeenth century, born at Bois-le-Duc. He painted portraits and conversations after the manner of Gaspar Netscher.

TINTORETTO, _see_ ROBUSTI, JACOPO.

BENVENUTO TISIO (1481-1559).