CHAPTER IV.

ARTIODACTYLA--THE HIPPOPOTAMUS FAMILY.

Present Representatives--Two Species--THE COMMON RIVER HORSE--General Appearance--Characteristics: Skin, Head, Nostrils, Eyes, Ears, Legs, Tail, Mouth, Tusks, Dentition, Skeleton, Stomach--Habits--Food--Under Water--Behemoth of the Bible--Used in the Roman Sports--As described by the Ancient Naturalists--As portrayed by the Ancient Artists--The First Hippopotamus in England--Subsequent Inmates of the Zoological Gardens--Herds of Hippopotami--Harpoon for Hunting--Sir Samuel Baker’s Accounts of Hippopotamus Hunts--Various Methods of Capture--Occasional Fits of Blind Fury--A Night Attack upon a Diahbeeah--Uses of the Hippopotamus--THE LIBERIAN HIPPOPOTAMUS--Fossil Forms--THE ANOPLOTHERES 348

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

The Queen’s Lion _Frontispiece._

Lion of Guzerat 1

Upper View of Lion’s Skull 4

Skeleton of Lion--Skeleton of Polar Bear 5

Stomach of Lion--Brain of Dog--Longitudinal Section through a Dog’s Nose, showing the Spongy Bones 7

Side View of Lion’s Skull--Under View of Lion’s Skull 11

Tendons and Ligaments of a Cat’s Toe--Lion’s Claw, Sheathed and Unsheathed 12

Permanent Teeth of Lion--Milk Teeth of Lion 13

Lion of Senegal 16

Lion of Barbary 17

Lion and Lioness Attacking an Elephant 20

The Kiss of Peace 26

In the Jungle 32

The Tiger _To face page_ 33

The Dying Man-eater 33

A Tiger Hunt 37

The Leopard 41

The Jaguar 45

The Snow Leopard 48

The Ounce 49

The Clouded Tiger 50

The Ocelot 51

The Marbled Tiger-Cat 52

Skull of Viverrine Cat 53

The Long-tailed Tiger-Cat 54

The Margay 55

The Jaguarondi 56

The Eyra 57

The Bay Cat 58

The Egyptian Cat 60

The Common Wild Cat 61

Teeth of Domestic Cat--Mummy of Egyptian Cat--Skeleton of Domestic Cat 62

The Domestic Cat 64

Angora Kittens 65

Domestic Cats: a Study 69

The Common Lynx 72

The Canadian Lynx 73

The Caracal 74

Skull of Cheetah 76

The Cheetah 77

Skull of Hyæna--Teeth of Hyæna.--Lower Jaw of Hyæna 79

Skeleton of Hyæna 80

Teeth of Spotted Hyæna 81

Hyænas in an Arabian Cemetery 83

Striped Hyænas and Jackals _To face page_ 83

The Aard-Wolf 85

Skull of Aard-Wolf 86

Skeleton of Civet 87

Teeth of Civet 88

The African Civet 89

The Lesser Civet 90

Ichneumons 92

The Common Paradoxure 94

The Binturong 95

Side View of Wolf’s Skull 96

Upper View of Wolf’s Skull--Under View of Wolf’s Skull--Teeth of Wolf 97

Skeleton of Wolf 98

Greyhounds (_From an Egyptian Monument_) 100

Skull of Domestic Dog--Skull of Young Dog 103

Hare Indian Dog 104

Eskimo Dogs 105

The Mastiff 109

The Black Retriever 113

Muscles of Dog’s Head 114

The Italian Greyhound 116

The Greyhound 117

The Colley, or Sheep Dog 120

Newfoundland Dogs 121

The Pomeranian Dog 125

King Charles’s Spaniels 133

Poodles 134

St. Bernard Dogs _To face page_ 135

Foxhounds 136

Head of Bloodhound 137

Pointers 140

Dachshounds, or Badger-Dogs 142

The Bull Dog _To face page_ 143

The Tibet Dog 144

The Dingo 147

The Common Wolf 152

Young Wolves _To face page_ 153

Coyote, or Prairie Wolf 155

The Jackal 156

The Jackal of Senegal 157

The Common Fox 158

Fennecs and Jerboas 161

The Hyæna Dog 163

Teeth of Polar Bear 164

Feet of Bear--Under View of Bear’s Skull 165

The Common Brown Bear 166

The Grizzly Bear 168

The Isabelline, or Indian White Bear 169

The Malayan Sun Bear 170

Polar Bears 171

The Sloth Bear 173

Polar Bears 175

Skull of Racoon--Half of Skull of Racoon 177

The Racoon 178

The Coati--Skull of Kinkajou 179

Skull of Cacomixle--The Cacomixle 180

The Panda 181

Skeleton of Weasel 182

The Glutton 183

The Sable 186

The Common Weasel 187

The Weasel and the Ermine in their Winter Clothing 189

Skull of Polecat--The Polecat--The Ferret 190

The Grison 192

The Ratel 193

The Badger _To face page_ 195

The Skunk 197

Under View of Skull of Common Otter--Side View of Skull of Common Otter 198

Common Otters 200

Side View of Skull of Sea Otter--Under View of Skull of Sea Otter 201

Female Sea Otter Swimming on her Back with Young in her Arms 202

The Sea Otter 203

Skull of Machærodus 204

Skull of Arctocyon--Lower Jaw of Hyænodon 205

Skull of Proviverra--The Cynogale 206

The Mangue 207

The Suricate 208

Skeleton of Otaria in the Attitude of Walking 210

Upper Surface of Brain of Otaria--Tongue and Parts Back of Mouth of Otaria 211

Head of Walrus--Skull and Dentition of Walrus 212

Walruses on the Ice 215

Sea Lion _To face page_ 217

Ear of Otaria--Teeth of Otaria 217

Diagram of a Vertical Section of the Skin of the Fur Seal 218

“Rookery” of Fur Seals 220

A Seal Fight 221

Sea Lions on the Farallone Islands 223

Palate of Hooker’s Sea Bear--Palate of Patagonian Sea Lion 224

Sea Lion Dozing on his Back--Sea Lion Fast Asleep--Sea Lion Climbing--Sea Lion in Watchful Attitude--Sea Lion Licking his Leg--Sea Lion Scratching with Hind Foot 227

The Falkland Island Fur Seal 229

Left Fore and Hind Flipper of New Zealand Fur Seal 230

Hind Flippers of Ringed Seal 231

Teeth of Common Seal--Skeleton of Seal 232

The Ringed Seal 234

Eskimo Hunters at an Atluk, waiting for a Seal 235

Saddle-backs on the Ice 236

The Crested Seal 239

Teeth of the Crested Seal 240

The Elephant Seal 241

Sea Leopard Seals 242

Teeth of the Sea Leopard 243

Stomach of Pilot Whale--Upper Surface of the Brain of the Porpoise 245

Interior View of Larynx of Risso’s Grampus--Skeleton of Sperm Whale 246

Restoration of Skull and Tooth of Zeuglodon 247

Side and Upper Views of Skull; Rearward and Forward Tooth of Young of Gangetic Dolphin 248

The Gangetic Dolphin--Flipper of Gangetic Dolphin 249

Head of Mesoplodon 251

A Tooth of the Sperm Whale 252

The Sperm Whale 253

The Caaing, or Pilot Whale 255

Risso’s Grampus 256

Shoal of Porpoises 257

The Killer Whale, or Orca--The Bottle-Nose Dolphin 258

Dolphins Pursuing a Boat 259

The Narwhal 260

Narwhal with the two Tusks Developed 261

Median Section showing Inside Left Half of Skull of Whalebone Whale, with Baleen in Position 262

The Greenland or Right Whale _To face page_ 263

Views to illustrate Position and Structure of Baleen 263

Harpoon 265

Hump-back Whale Suckling her Young 266

Common Rorqual 267

Skeleton of Manatee 268

Manatees 271

Mounted Skeleton of Halitherium 272

Skeleton of Indian Elephant 273

Section of Skull of Indian Elephant 275

Side View of Molar Tooth of Indian Elephant--Last Lower Tooth of African Elephant--Last Lower Tooth of Indian Elephant 276

Trunk or Proboscis of Elephant 277

The Indian Elephant 279

Elephant in the Zoological Gardens, London 281

The African Elephant 283

Aggageers Hunting an Elephant 285

Skeleton of Mammoth 288

The Mammoth (_Restored_) 291

Conies 293

Skull of Coney--Dentition of Coney 294

The Kiang, or Wild Ass of Tibet 295

The Tarpan 296

Wild Horse of Tartary 297

Dentition of Horse--Vertical Section of Incisor of Horse 300

Incisors and Canines of Horse and Mare--Bones of Fore and Hind Limbs of Horse 301

Skeleton of Horse 302

Brain of Horse 303

The English Race-Horse 304

Shetland Ponies 305

English Dray Horse, from the Stud of Messrs. Barclay, Perkins, & Co. _To face page_ 307

The Arab Horse 307

The Domestic Ass 310

The Onager 311

The Wild Ass of Abyssinia 312

Zebra 313

Burchell’s Zebra 314

The Quagga 315

Fore and Hind Foot of Tapir--Skull of American Tapir 317

Head of Malayan Tapir, showing Muscles of Short Trunk and Face--Teeth of Malayan Tapir 318

American Tapirs 319

The Malayan Tapir 320

Skeleton of the Rhinoceros 323

Femur of Rhinoceros--Dentition of Rhinoceros 324

The “White” Rhinoceros 325

The Keitloa 326

The Rhinoceros Hunt 328

Rhinoceros _To face page_ 329

Front and Side Views of Head of Sumatran Rhinoceros 330

The Indian Rhinoceros 331

The Hairy-eared Rhinoceros 333

Skull of Fossil Rhinoceros 334

Bones of the Left Fore Limb of Common Pig, African Deerlet, Javan Deerlet, Roebuck, Common Sheep, and Camel 335

Dentition of Wild Boar 338

The Wild Boar 339

Domestic Sow and Young 341

Head of Domestic Pig--Head of Wild Boar--Milk Dentition of Pig--Irish Greyhound Pig 342

Bones of Pig’s Foot--Foot of Solid-hoofed Pig 343

The Masked Pig--The Bush Hog 344

The Babirusa 345

Skull of the Ethiopian Wart Hog--The Ethiopian Wart Hog 346

The Peccary--Dentition of Peccary 347

Hippopotami in a Meadow by the Senegal 348

Base of Skull of Hippopotamus--Lower Jaw of Hippopotamus--Stomach of Hippopotamus 349

The Common Hippopotamus 352

The Hippopotamus _To face page_ 353

Hunting Hippopotami with the Harpoon 353

Hippopotami at the Falls of the River Senegal 356

The Anoplothere Restored 360

CASSELL’S NATURAL HISTORY.

THE CARNIVORA.