CHAPTER XXXVI.
THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (_continued_).
Army Reform--Mr. Trevelyan's Agitation--The Abolition of Purchase--Mr. Cardwell's Bill--History of Purchase--Military Opposition in the Commons--Rejection of the Bill by the House of Lords--Abolition of Purchase by Royal Warrant--Indignation in Parliament--The cost of Compensation--Mr. Lowe's Budget--The Match-Tax--Its withdrawal--Mr. Goschen succeeds Mr. Childers--The Ballot Bill--The Epping Forest Bill--Rejected Measures--The Religious Tests Bill--Marriage of the Princess Louise--Sir Charles Dilke's Lecture--The real State of the Civil List--Illness of the Prince of Wales--Crises of the Disease--The Prayers of the Nation--The Thanksgiving Service--Unpopularity of the Government--The 25th Clause--Landing of the ex-Emperor of the French--Resignation of Speaker Denison--Riot in Dublin--The Home Rule Movement--Mr. Gladstone at Aberdeen--Assassination of Mr. Justice Norman--Australian Federation--Russia repudiates the Black Sea Clauses--Lord Granville's Despatch--Prince Gortschakoff's Reply--A Conference suggested--Meeting of the Plenipotentiaries--Their Deliberations--Settlement of the Difficulty--Obituary of the Year--Sir John Burgoyne, Lord Ellenborough, Grote, Sir William Denison, and others 595
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, 1851 1
Prince Albert 5
The _Coup d' État:_ Eviction of the Judges 9
The Burial of Wellington 13
Chapel of St. Helena, Jerusalem 17
Constantinople 21
Omar Pasha 25
The Russian Attack on Sinope 29
Gatchina Palace, St. Petersburg 32
Peers and Commoners presenting the Patriotic Address to the Queen on the Eve of the Crimean War 33
Zouaves looting a Village in the Crimea 37
Skirmish on the Bulganâk: Maude's Battery coming into action 41
The Highlanders at the Alma 45
Lord Raglan 48
On the Battle-Field of the Alma: the Mission of Mercy 49
Plan of Sebastopol, showing the Defence 53
Charge of the Heavy Brigade 57
General Todleben 61
Balaclava 65
The Guards recovering the Sandbag Battery 69
The Hospital and Cemetery at Scutari, with Constantinople in the distance 73
The Late Sir W. H. Russell, Correspondent of the _Times_ in the Crimea 77
The Lady with the Lamp: Miss Nightingale in the Hospital at Scutari 81
The "Block" at Balaclava 85
The Zouaves assaulting the Rifle-pits 89
Sebastopol from the Right Attack 93
The Emperor Nicholas 96
Sappers destroying the Russian Trenches 97
Volunteers of the Flying Squadron firing the Shipping at Taganrog 101
Marshal Pélissier 105
The Assault on the Redan 109
Reconnaissance of French Cavalry in the Baidar Valley 113
General Simpson 117
The French in the Malakoff 121
The Struggle in the Redan 125
Evacuation of Sebastopol 129
Sir Colin Campbell 133
Kars 137
The repulse of the Russians at Kars 141
Uniforms of the British Army in 1855 144
Napoleon III 145
The Czar renewing his Army at Sebastopol 149
Scene during the Preston Strike 157
The Duke of Newcastle 161
The Queen opening the Crystal Palace 165
Chinese Officers hauling down the British Flag on the "Arrow" 169
Victoria, Hong-Kong, from the Chinese Mainland 173
Mr. Speaker Denison 177
Outbreak of the Indian Mutiny: High Caste v. Low Caste 185
General Hearsey and the Mutineers 188
The Rebel Sepoys at Delhi 189
Disarmament of the 26th at Barrackpore 193
Sir John Lawrence (afterwards Lord Lawrence) 197
De Kantzow defending the Treasury at Mynpooree 201
Hodson reconnoitring before Delhi 205
The Palace, Delhi 209
Sir Henry Havelock 213
Memorial at the Well, Cawnpore 217
The Highlanders capturing the Guns at Cawnpore 221
How Major Tombs won the Victoria Cross 225
Blowing up of the Cashmere Gate at Delhi 229
Hooseinabad Gardens and Tomb of Zana Ali, Lucknow 233
Sir Hope Grant 237
Ruins of the Residency, Lucknow 240
The Mausoleum at Akbar, Agra 241
Incident in the Defence of Lucknow 245
Lieutenant Havelock and the Madras Fusiliers carrying the Charbagh Bridge at Lucknow 249
Sir James Outram 253
The Slaughter Ghat, Cawnpore 257
The Relief of Lucknow 261
Death of Hodson 265
The Martinière, Lucknow 269
Sir Hugh Rose (afterwards Lord Strathnairn) 273
Proclamation of the Queen as Sovereign of India 277
Gwalior, from the south-east 281
Capture of Tantia Topee 285
Lord Canning 288
Street in Peshawur 289
Earl Russell 293
Office of the First Lord of the Treasury, 10, Downing Street, London 297
Entry of Napoleon and Victor Emmanuel into Milan 301
Meeting of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel 305
William Ewart Gladstone (1860) 312
Demonstration against the Christians in Damascus 313
The Imperial Palace, Pekin, looking north 317
Capture of John Brown at Harper's Ferry 321
General Robert Lee 325
Funeral of the Prince Consort 329
Hindoos bringing Cotton through the Western Ghauts 333
Abraham Lincoln 336
Marriage of the Prince of Wales 337
Mr. Phelps planting the Shakespeare Oak on Primrose Hill, London 345
Scene in the Belfast Riots 349
Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen 353
Lord Palmerston 357
The Fight between the _Alabama_ and the _Kearsarge_ 361
Confederate Raid into Vermont 365
The Foreign Office, London, from St. James's Park 369
Arrest of Head-Centre Stephens 373
Reception of the French Fleet at Portsmouth 377
General Grant 381
Meeting of Lee and Grant at Appomattox Court-House 384
The Attack on the Court-House, St. Thomas-in-the-East 385
Street Scene, Kingston, Jamaica 389
John Stuart Mill 393
Scene in the House of Commons: a Narrow Majority 397
The Lobby, House of Commons 401
Reform Leaguers at the Marble Arch 405
Arrival of the "Great Eastern" at Trinity Bay 409
Robert Lowe (afterwards Lord Sherbrooke) 413
Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin 417
The Battle of Koniggrätz 421
The Battle of Langensalza 425
Count Von Moltke 429
The Palace, Dresden 432
The Old War Office, Pall Mall 433
Lord Malmesbury 437
Tea-Room, House of Commons 441
Meeting at the Reformers' Tree, Hyde Park, London 445
John Bright 449
"Gang System" of Farming 453
Fenian Attack on the Police Van in Manchester 457
Skating Disaster in Regent's Park, London 461
Lord Cairns 465
Scene in the Birmingham "No Popery" Riots 469
Coronation of the Emperor of Austria as King of Hungary 473
King Theodore's House, Magdala 477
Mr. Rassam's Interview with King Theodore 480
The Emperor Theodore granting an Audience 481
Sir Robert Napier (afterwards Lord Napier of Magdala) 485
Death of the Emperor Theodore 489
St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin 493
Archbishop Trench 497
Dr. Magee, Bishop of Peterborough, addressing the House of Lords 501
New Palace Yard, Westminster 505
The Quadrangle, Somerset House 509
Sir Stafford Northcote (afterwards Earl of Iddesleigh) 513
Street-Fighting in Malaga 517
Mr. Chichester Fortescue (afterwards Lord Carlingford) 521
A Visit from Captain Moonlight 524
An Eviction in Ireland 525
The Duke of Richmond and Gordon 528
Office of the London School Board, Thames Embankment 529
Mr. W. E. Forster 533
Office of the Education Department, Whitehall 537
Capture of English Tourists by Greek Brigands 541
The Royal Palace, Athens 545
The Boulevard Montmartre, Paris 548
Émile Ollivier 549
"À Berlin!" Parisian Crowds declaring for War 553
Prince Bismarck 557
Franco-German War, Sketch-Map of the Campaign in the Rhine Country 561
Sedan 564
Marshal MacMahon 565
Camden Place, Chislehurst (Napoleon's Home in England) 569
The Vatican, Rome 573
Dr. Döllinger 576
Palace of the Quirinal, Rome 577
Siege of Paris: Map of the Fortifications 580
L. A. Thiers 581
Evacuation of Metz 585
Léon Gambetta 589
German Troops passing under the Arc de Triomphe in Paris 593
Mr. (afterwards Viscount) Cardwell 597
Procession of Match-Makers to Westminster 601
The Prince of Wales (afterwards Edward VII.) in his Robes as a Bencher of the Middle Temple 604
The Thanksgiving Service in St. Paul's Cathedral 605
LIST OF PLATES
WINDSOR CASTLE. (_By Alfred W. Hunt, R.W.S._) _Frontispiece_
THE OPENING BY QUEEN VICTORIA OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN HYDE PARK. (_By H. C. Selous._) _To face p._ 9
THE WRECK OF H.M.S. _Birkenhead_. (_By Thomas M. Henry_) " 14
SAVING THE COLOURS: THE GUARDS AT INKERMAN. (_By Robert Gibb, R.S.A._) " 41
THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE AT BALACLAVA. (_By R. Caton Woodville_) " 62
"ALL THAT WAS LEFT OF THEM, LEFT OF SIX HUNDRED." (_By R. Caton Woodville_) " 86
QUEEN VICTORIA REVIEWING THE CRIMEAN VETERANS (1854). (_By Sir John Gilbert, R.A., P.R.W.S._) " 90
LORD RAGLAN VIEWING THE STORMING OF THE REDAN AT THE SIEGE OF SEBASTOPOL. (_By R. Caton Woodville_) " 126
MAP OF INDIA, 1856. " 182
THE FLIGHT FROM LUCKNOW. (_By A. Solomon_) " 217
THE SECOND RELIEF OF LUCKNOW, 1857. (_By Thomas J. Barker_) " 262
THE NORTH-WEST PASSAGE. (_By Sir J. E. Millais, Bart., P.R.A., D. C.L., etc._) " 287
QUEEN VICTORIA AT OSBORNE. (_By Sir Edwin Landseer, R.A._) " 326
THE MARRIAGE OF THE PRINCE OF WALES, 1863. (_By G. H. Thomas_) " 338
A COTTAGE BEDSIDE AT OSBORNE. (_Gourlay Steell, R.S.A._) " 408
MARRIAGE OF PRINCESS HELENA. (_By C. Magnussen_) " 412
THE WHITE TOWER, TOWER OF LONDON. (_By H. E. Tidmarsh_) " 481
W. E. GLADSTONE. (_By Sir J. E. Millais, Bart., P.R.A._) " 500
REARING THE LION'S WHELPS. (_By W. L. Wyllie, A.R.A._) " 544
THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE, 27TH OF FEBRUARY, 1872: THE PROCESSION AT LUDGATE HILL. (_By N. Chevalier_) " 602
CASSELL'S
ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ENGLAND.