CHAPTER XXXVI.

HENRY VI.

Arrangements during the Minority--Condition of France--Death of Charles VI.--Bedford's Marriage--Battle of Crévant--Release of the Scottish King--Battle of Verneuil--Gloucester's Marriage and its Consequences--Rivalry of Gloucester and Beaufort--Siege of Orleans--Battle of the Herrings--Joan of Arc--The March to Orleans--Relief of the Town--March to Rheims--Coronation of Charles--The Repulse from Paris--Capture of the Maid--Her Trial and Death--Coronation of Henry--Bedford Marries again--Congress of Arras--Death of Bedford--The Tudors--Contests between Beaufort and Gloucester--Henry's Marriage--Deaths of Gloucester and Beaufort--Disasters in France--Fall and Death of Suffolk 576

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Landing of the Romans on the Coast of Kent 1

Stonehenge 4

Stonehenge (restored) 4

Druids inciting the Britons to oppose the Landing of the Romans 5

Julius Cæsar 8

Caractacus before Claudius 9

Britons with Coracle 12

Roman Soldiers passing over a Bridge of Boats 13

Roman Soldiers leaving Britain 17

Coins of the Roman Republic and the Empire 20

Newport Gate, Lincoln 21

Transverse Section of the Roman Wall 22

Longitudinal View of the Roman Wall 22

Cornice from Vendalana (Chesterholm) 22

Capital from Cilurnum (Walwick Chesters) 23

Doorway from Bird-Oswald 23

Roman Masonry at Colchester 23

Basement of Station on the Roman Wall 23

Roman Urns 24

Glastonbury Abbey 25

Treaty of Hengist and Horsa with Vortigern 28

Edwin of Northumbria and the Christian Missionaries 32

Meeting of the Shire-Moot 33

Map of England showing the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms and Danish Districts 37

Danish Ships 40

Alfred in the Neat-Herd's Hut 41

The "Lady of the Mercians" Fighting the Welsh 45

Ethelwulf's Ring 48

Anlaff entering the Humber 49

Dunstan rebuking Edwy in the Presence of Elgiva 52

Edgar the Peaceable being rowed Down the Dee by eight Tributary Princes 53

Assassination of Edward the Martyr 56

Crucifixion of St. Peter and Martyrdom of other Saints 57

Martyrdom of Alphege 61

Meeting of Edmund Ironside and Canute on the Island of Olney 64

The Riot at Dover 69

The Death of Siward 72

Taking Sanctuary 73

Harold taken Prisoner by the Count of Ponthieu 76

Pevensey Castle 77

William I., surnamed the Conqueror 80

Death of Harold at the Battle of Hastings 81

Gateway of Battle Abbey 84

Building of the Tower of Babel 85

Tower of Sompting Church 86

Window (Saxon) of Deerhurst Church, Gloucester 87

Window (Saxon) of Jarrow Church, Durham 87

Doorway (Saxon) of Barnack Church, Northamptonshire 87

Anglo-Saxon Calendar 88

Anglo-Saxon Calendar 89

Anglo-Saxon Calendar 90

Saxon Calendar 91

Fragment of Copy of the Evangelists, in Latin 91

First Two Lines of Horace's Ode to Mæcenas 92

English Writing of the Sixth Century 92

English Dinner Party 92

Gleemen Juggling 93

Balancing 93

Musical Instruments 93

Dance with Lyre and Double Flute 93

Grand Organ, with Bellows and Double Keyboard 94

Harp of the Ninth Century 94

English Game of Bowls 95

Ladies Hunting 95

Norman Costumes of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries 96

Hawking Party in the Eleventh Century 97

Hawking 98

Harold 98

Umbrella for Hawks 98

The Lure 99

Sword Play 99

Ancient Quintain 99

Bob Apple 100

Saxon Costumes 100

Saxon Costumes 100

English Crowns 100

English Shoes 101

English Dinner Party 101

Cloak-pin, Buckle, and Pouch of the Twelfth Century 101

Early English Candlestick 102

English Bed 102

Chairs 102

Saxon Comb and Comb-Case 102

Norman Vessel of the Twelfth Century 103

Norman Soldiers 103

Norman Bowmen of the Eleventh Century 103

Woman Spinning 104

Sacramental Wafer Box of the Twelfth Century 104

Incidents copied from the Bayeux Tapestry 105

Incidents copied from the Bayeux Tapestry 106

Great Seal of William I. 109

Plan of a Norman Castle 112

Norman and Saxon Arms 114

Waltheof's Confession 116

Robert asking His Father's Pardon 120

Fitz-Arthur forbidding the Burial of William 121

Departure of Bishop Odo from Rochester 124

William II., surnamed Rufus 125

Great Seal of William II. 128

Surrender of Bamborough Castle 129

St. Helena discovering the True Cross 132

Initiation into the Order of Knighthood 133

Pope Urban II. preaching the First Crusade in the Market-Place of Clermont 136

The Mosque of Santa Sophia, Constantinople 137

Bird's-Eye View of Christian Constantinople 140

Circus and Hippodrome of Christian Constantinople 141

Statue of Godfrey de Bouillon, Brussels 144

Robert of Normandy rallying the Crusaders 145

Throne of the Emperor of Constantinople 147

Costume of Empress of Constantinople 147

Procession of the Crusaders round the Walls of Jerusalem 148

Pilgrim, Palmer, Hospitaller, Templar Knight, and Conventual Templar 149

Great Seal of Henry I. 153

Robert of Normandy paying Court to the Lady Sibylla 156

Marriage of Henry I. and Matilda 157

Duke Robert's Son before King Henry 161

Shipwreck of Prince William 164

Henry I. 165

Stephen 168

Great Seal of Stephen 169

Silver Penny of Stephen 172

Interview between the Empress Matilda and Queen Maud 173

Flight of Matilda from Oxford Castle 176

Great Seal of Henry II. 177

English Costumes in the Time of Henry II. 181

Silver Penny of Henry II. 183

Heroism of St. Clair at the Siege of Bridgenorth Castle 184

Becket before his Enemies in the Council Hall at Northampton 185

Henry II. 189

Repulse of the English at Corwen 192

Interview between Becket and King Henry 193

The Murder of Becket in Canterbury Cathedral 197

The Siege of Waterford 200

Henry on His Way to Becket's Tomb 205

Henry receiving the News of John's Treachery 209

Crown of the Twelfth Century 211

St. Clement's, Sandwich, showing the Norman Tower 212

The Chapel in the White Tower, Tower of London 213

Portion of Doorway, Durham Cathedral 215

Castle Rising, Norfolk 216

Richard I. 217

Coronation of Richard in Westminster Abbey: the Procession along the Aisle 220

View in Genoa: the Dogana 221

Isaac of Cyprus begging for the Release of His Daughter 225

Richard at the Battle of Azotus 228

Fountain near Jaffa 229

Jaffa, from the Sands 232

Richard landing at Jaffa 233

Richard assailed by the Austrian Soldiers 237

Arrest of Archbishop Geoffrey in a Monastery at Dover 240

South-West View of Old St. Paul's, showing the Chapter-House, &c. 241

Great Seal of Richard I. 244

Reception of Richard on His Return from the Continent 245

Map of the English Possessions in France 248

Bertrand in Presence of Richard 249

John 253

Great Seal of John 256

Murder of Prince Arthur 257

Interior of Rouen Cathedral 261

John doing Homage to the Pope's Legate 264

St. Peter's Church, Northampton 265

John refusing to sign the Articles of the Barons 269

Runnymede, from Cooper's Hill 272

Specimen of the Writing of the Great Charter 273

The Disaster to John's Army at the Wash 276

Winchester Cathedral 277

Defeat of the French Fleet in the English Channel 281

Great Seal of Henry III. 284

Banquet at the Marriage of Henry and Eleanor of Provence 285

Henry III. 288

Silver Penny of Henry III. 292

Gold Penny of Henry III. 292

View in Sicily: the Amphitheatre, Syracuse 293

Henry's Quarrel with De Montfort 296

The Barons submitting their Demands to Henry 297

Oxford Castle 301

Flight of Queen Eleanor: the Scene at London Bridge 304

Lewes (Sussex) 305

Battle of Evesham: King Henry in Danger 309

Prince Edward introducing Adam Gourdon to the Queen 312

Interior of the Temple Church, London 313

The Choir of Lincoln Cathedral 317

Capital from Salisbury Cathedral 318

Capital from Lincoln Cathedral 318

Tooth Ornament from Lincoln Cathedral 318

View in Tunis 321

Great Seal of Edward I. 324

Edward I. 325

Llewelyn's Last Fight 328

Edward presenting his Infant Son to the Welsh 329

Norham Castle 333

Earl Warrenne showing his Title to his Estates 336

The Sailors' Quarrel near Bayonne 337

The Coronation Chair and "Stone of Destiny," Westminster Abbey 341

The Abbot of Arbroath before King Edward 344

The Abbey Craig and Wallace Monument, near Stirling, with the Ochil Hills 345

Revolt of the Barons against the King 349

Penny of Edward I. Groat of Edward I. Halfpenny of Edward I. 352

Dunfermline Abbey and Church 353

Wallace on his Way to Westminster Hall 356

Capture of Bruce's Wife and Daughter at Tain 357

South Transept, Westminster Abbey 361

Great Seal of Edward II. 364

Edward II. 365

Piers Gaveston and the Barons 368

Piers Gaveston before the Earl of Warwick 369

The Bore-Stone, Bannockburn, in which Bruce planted his Standard 372

Bannockburn: Bruce reviewing his Troops before the Battle 373

The Auld Brig, Stirling 376

Halfpenny of Edward II. Penny of Edward II. 377

Escape of Roger Mortimer from the Tower 381

Berkeley Castle 385

Great Seal of Edward III. 388

Robert Bruce's last Orders to Douglas 392

Melrose Abbey 393

Edward III. 396

Interrupting Balliol's Christmas Dinner 397

Black Agnes at the Siege of Dunbar Castle 401

Porch of the Golden Virgin: Amiens Cathedral 404

The Countess De Montfort inciting the People of Rennes to resist the French King 409

The Church of St. Etienne: Caen 413

Edward the Black Prince 416

The Black Prince at the Battle of Creçy 417

View in Calais: Rue de la Citadelle showing the Belfry 421

Queen Philippa interceding for the Burgesses of Calais 425

Edward receiving King John of France 429

Coins of the Reign of Edward III. 432

The Church of Notre Dame, Calais 433

The Cathedral, Coutances 436

Marcel and the Dauphin of France 437

The Black Prince and the French King's Herald 441

John Wycliffe appearing in St. Paul's Cathedral to answer the Charge of Heresy 445

Alice Perrers at the Death-bed of Edward III. 448

John Wycliffe 453

Great Seal of Richard II. 456

One of Wycliffe's "Poor Priests" preaching to the People 457

Coins of the Reign of Richard II. 461

John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 465

Betrothal of the Princess Isabella to Richard 469

Arrest of the Duke of Gloucester 473

The Tower of London: the White Tower 480

Conway Castle 481

Arrest of King Richard 485

Costume of Bishop of the Fourteenth Century 488

Facsimile of part of the First Chapter of St. John's Gospel in Wycliffe's Bible 489

The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Century Colleges of Oxford University 493

Geoffrey Chaucer 497

Queen Eleanor's Cross, Northampton 499

Window from Meopham 500

Window from St. Mary's, Beverley 500

Decorated Capital, from Selby 501

Ball Flower, with Roll Moulding and Hollow 502

Four-leaved Flower, with Filleted, Round, and Hollow moulding 502

Minstrels at a Banquet in the Fourteenth Century 504

Fair at Westminster in the Fourteenth Century 505

English Ships of the Fourteenth Century 509

Costumes of the Fourteenth Century 512

English Merrymaking in the Fourteenth Century: riding at the Quintain 513

Henry IV. 517

Great Seal of Henry IV. 520

Arrest of the Conspirators at Cirencester 521

Charge of the Scots at Homildon Hill 525

Warkworth Castle 529

Shilling of Henry IV. 532

The French Fleet arriving at Milford Haven 533

The Dukes of Orleans and Burgundy, at the Church of the Augustines 537

Prince Henry before Judge Gascoigne 541

King at Table (Fourteenth Century) 544

Great Seal of Henry V. 545

Henry V. 549

The English before Harfleur 553

The Thanksgiving Service on the Field of Agincourt 557

Reception of the Emperor Sigismund 561

Rouen from St. Catherine's Hill 564

Cardinal Orsini's Visit to Henry 565

Henry's Wooing of the Princess Catherine 569

Monmouth Castle (Birthplace of Henry V.) 573

Henry VI. 577

Rothesay Castle 581

Great Seal of Henry VI. 584

Escape of Jacqueline 585

Joan of Arc before Charles 589

The Cathedral, Rheims 593

Trial of Joan of Arc 596

Place de la Pucelle, Rouen 597

Denbigh 601

Angel of Henry VI. 604

Arrest of the Duke of Suffolk 605

LIST OF PLATES

ILLUMINATED TITLE PAGE.

KING JOHN GRANTING MAGNA CHARTA. (_By Ernest Normand_) _Frontispiece_

PHŒNICIANS BARTERING WITH THE ANCIENT BRITONS. (_By Lord Leighton_) _To face p._ 2

"THE ROMANS CAUSE A WALL TO BE BUILT FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE SOUTH." (_By W. Bell Scott, R.H.A._) " 15

THE DANES SAILING UP THE ENGLISH CHANNEL. (_By Herbert A. Bone_) " 41

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR GRANTING A CHARTER TO THE CITIZENS OF LONDON. (_By J. Seymour Lucas, R.A._) " 118

PETER THE HERMIT PREACHING THE FIRST CRUSADE. (_By James Archer, R.S.A._) " 135

CRUSADERS ON THE MARCH. (_By Sir John Gilbert, R.A., P.R.W.S._) " 150

THE BATTLE OF THE STANDARD. (_By Sir John Gilbert, R.A., P.R.W.S._) " 177

MAP OF THE PLANTAGENET DOMINIONS IN FRANCE, A.D. 1185 " 206

ST. BERNARD PREACHING THE SECOND CRUSADE. (_By James Archer, R.S.A._) " 219

PRINCE ARTHUR AND HUBERT. (_By W.F. Yeames, R.A._) " 257

THE TRIAL OF SIR WILLIAM WALLACE. (_By Daniel Maclise, R.A._) " 354

QUEEN PHILIPPA INTERCEDING FOR THE BURGHERS OF CALAIS. (_By J.D. Penrose_) " 426

INTERVIEW OF RICHARD II. WITH HIS UNCLE, THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER, AT THE CASTLE OF PLESHY, IN ESSEX. (_From the Froissart MS. in the British Museum_) " 449

TOURNAMENT AT ST. INGLEVERE, NEAR CALAIS. (_From the Froissart MS. in the British Museum_) " 465

THE CHARITY OF WHITTINGTON. (_By Henrietta Rue--Mrs. Normand_) " 478

THE CORONATION OF HENRY IV. IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. (_From the Froissart MS. in the British Museum_) " 515

THE MORNING OF AGINCOURT. (_By Sir John Gilbert, R.A., P.R.W.S._) " 554

CASSELL'S ILLUSTRATED

HISTORY OF ENGLAND