Chapter 13

THE END: 1865

By '65 the Southern cause was lost. There was nothing to hope for from abroad. Neither was there anything to hope for at home, now that Lincoln and the Union Government had been returned to power. From the very first the disparity of resources was so great that the South had never had a chance alone except against a disunited North. Now that the North could bring its full strength to bear against the worn-out South the only question remaining to be settled in the field was simply one of time. Yet Davis, with his indomitable will, would never yield so long as any Confederates would remain in arms. And men like Lee would never willingly give up the fight so long as those they served required them. Therefore the war went on until the Southern armies failed through sheer exhaustion.

The North had nearly a million men by land and sea. The South had perhaps two hundred thousand. The North could count on a million recruits out of the whole reserve of twice as many. The South had no reserves at all. The total odds were therefore five to one without reserves and ten to one if these came in.

The scene of action, for all decisive purposes, had shrunk again, and now included nothing beyond Virginia and the Carolinas; and even there the Union forces had impregnable bases of attack. When Wilmington fell in January the only port still left in Southern hands was Charleston; and that was close-blockaded. Fighting Confederates still remained in the lower South. But victories like Olustee, Florida, barren in '64, could not avail them now, even if they had the troops to win them. The lower South was now as much isolated as the trans-Mississippi. Between its blockaded and garrisoned coast on one side and its sixty-mile swath of devastation through the heart of Georgia on the other it might as well have been a shipless island. The same was true of all Confederate places beyond Virginia and the Carolinas. The last shots were fired in Texas near the middle of May. But they were as futile against the course of events as was the final act of war committed by the Confederate raider _Shenandoah_ at the end of June, when she sank the whaling fleet, far off in the lone Pacific.

For the last two months of the four-years' war Davis made Lee Commander-in-Chief. Lee at once restored Johnston to his rightful place. These two great soldiers then did what could be done to stave off Grant and Sherman. Lee's and Johnston's problem was of course insoluble. For each was facing an army which was alone a match for both. The only chance of prolonging anything more than a mere guerilla war was to join forces in southwest Virginia, where the only line of rails was safe from capture for the moment. But this meant eluding Grant and Sherman; and these two leaders would never let a plain chance slip. They took good care that all Confederate forces outside the central scene of action were kept busy with their own defense. They also closed in enough men from the west to prevent Lee and Johnston escaping by the mountains. Then, with the help of the navy, having cut off every means of escape--north, south, east, and west--they themselves closed in for the death-grip.

By the first of February Sherman was on his way north through the Carolinas with sixty thousand picked men, drawing in reinforcements as he advanced against Johnston's dwindling forty thousand, until the thousands that faced each other at the end in April were ninety and thirty respectively. On the ninth of February (the day Lee became Commander-in-Chief) Sherman was crossing the rails between Charleston and Augusta, of course destroying them. A week later he was doing the same at Columbia in the middle of South Carolina. By this time his old antagonist, Johnston, had assumed command; so that he had to reckon with the chances of a battle, as on his way against Atlanta, and not only with the troubles of devastating an undefended base, as on his march to the sea. The difficulties of hard marching through an enemy country full of natural and artificial obstacles were also much greater here than in Georgia. How well these difficulties could be surmounted by a veteran army may be realized from a recorded instance which, though it occurred elsewhere, was yet entirely typical. In forty days an infantry division of eight thousand men repaired a hundred miles of rail and built a hundred and eighty-two bridges.

Sherman took a month to advance from Columbia in the middle of South Carolina to Bentonville in the middle of North Carolina. Here Johnston stood his ground; and a battle was fought from the nineteenth to the twenty-first of March. Had Sherman known at the time that his own numbers were, as he afterwards reported, "vastly superior," he might have crushed Johnston then and there. But, as it was, he ably supported the exposed flank that Johnston so skillfully attacked, won the battle, inflicted losses a good deal larger than his own, and gained his ulterior objective as well as if there had not been a fight at all. This objective was the concentration of his whole army round Goldsboro by the twenty-fifth. At Goldsboro he held the strategic center of North Carolina, being at the junction whence the rails ran east to Newbern (which had long been in Union hands), west to meet the only rails by which Lee's army might for a time escape, and north (a hundred and fifty miles) to Grant's besieging host at Petersburg. Sherman's record is one of which his men might well be proud. In fifty days from Savannah he had made a winter march through four hundred and twenty-five miles of mud, had captured three cities, destroyed four railways, drained the Confederate resources, increased his own, and half closed on Lee and Johnston the vice which he and Grant could soon close altogether.

Nevertheless Grant records that "one of the most anxious periods was the last few weeks before Petersburg"; for he was haunted by the fear that Lee's army, now nearing the last extremity of famine, might risk all on railing off southwest to Danville, the one line left. Lee, consummate now as when victorious before, masked his movements wonderfully well till the early morning of the twenty-fifth of March, when he suddenly made a furious attack where the lines were very near together. For some hours he held a salient in the Federal position. But he was presently driven back with loss; and his intention to escape stood plainly revealed.

The same day Sherman railed down to Newbern over the line repaired by that indefatigable and most accomplished engineer, Colonel W. W. Wright, took ship for City Point, Virginia, and met Lincoln, Grant, and Admiral Porter there on the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth. Grant explained to Lincoln that Sheridan was crossing the James just below them, to cut the rails running south from Petersburg and then, by forced marches, to cut those running southwest from Richmond, Lee's last possible line of escape. Grant added that the final crisis was very near and that his only anxiety was lest Lee might escape before Sheridan cut the Richmond line southwest to Danville. Lincoln said he hoped the war would end at once and with no more bloodshed. Grant and Sherman, however, could not guarantee that Davis might not force Lee and Johnston to one last desperate fight. Lincoln added that all he wanted after the surrender was to get the Confederates back to their civil life and make them good contented citizens. As for Davis: well, there once was a man who, having taken the pledge, was asked if he wouldn't let his host put just a drop of brandy in the lemonade. His answer was: "See here, if you do it unbeknownst, I won't object." From the way that Lincoln told this story Grant and Sherman both inferred that he would be glad to see Davis disembarrass the reunited States of his annoying presence.

This twenty-eighth of March saw the last farewells between the President and his naval and military lieutenants at the front. Admiral Porter immediately wrote down a full account of the conversations, from which, together with Grant's and Sherman's strong corroboration, we know that Lincoln entirely approved of the terms which Grant gave Lee, and that he would have approved quite as heartily of those which Sherman gave to Johnston.

Next morning the final race, pursuit, defeat, and victory began. Grant marched all his spare, men west to cut Lee off completely. He left enough to hold his lines at Petersburg, in case Lee should remain; and he arranged with Sherman for a combined movement, to begin on the tenth of April, in case Johnston and Lee should try to join each other. But he felt fairly confident that he could run Lee down while Sherman tackled Johnston.

On the first of April Sheridan won a hard fight at Five Forks, southwest of Petersburg. On Sunday (the second) Lee left Petersburg for good, sending word to Richmond. That morning Davis rose from his place in church and the clergyman quietly told the congregation that there would be no evening service. On Monday morning Grant rode into Petersburg, and saw the Confederate rearguard clubbed together round the bridge. "I had not the heart," said Grant, "to turn the artillery upon such a mass of defeated and fleeing men, and I hoped to capture them soon." On Tuesday Grant closed his orders to Sherman with the words, "Rebel armies are now the only strategic points to strike at," and himself pressed on relentlessly.

Late next afternoon a horseman in full Confederate uniform suddenly broke cover from the enemy side of a dense wood and dashed straight at the headquarter staff. The escort made as if to seize him. But a staff officer called out, "How d'ye do, Campbell?" This famous scout then took a wad of tobacco out of his mouth, a roll of tinfoil out of the wad, and a piece of tissue paper out of the tinfoil. When Grant read Sheridan's report ending "I wish you were here" (that is, at Jetersville, halfway between Petersburg and Appomattox), he immediately got off his black pony, mounted Cincinnati, and rode the twenty miles at speed, to learn that Lee was heading due west for Farmville, less than thirty miles from Appomattox.

On Thursday the sixth, Lee, closely beset in flank and rear, lost seven thousand men at Sailor's Creek, mostly as prisoners. The heroes of this fight were six hundred Federals, who, having gone to blow up High Bridge on the Appomattox, found their retreat cut off by the whole Confederate advanced guard. Under Colonel Francis Washburn, Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry, and Colonel Theodore Read, of General Ord's staff, this dauntless six hundred charged again and again until, their leaders killed and most of the others dead or wounded, the rest surrendered. They had gained their object by holding up Lee's column long enough to let its wagon train be raided.

Grant, now feeling that his hold on Lee could not be shaken off, wrote him a letter on Friday afternoon, saying: "The results of the last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further resistance." That night Lee replied asking what terms Grant proposed to offer. Next morning Grant wrote again to propose a meeting, and Lee answered to say he was willing to treat for peace. Grant at once informed him that the only subject for discussion was the surrender of the army. That evening Federal cavalry under General George A. Custer raided Appomattox Station, five miles southwest of the Court House, and held up four trains. A few hours later, early on Sunday, the famous ninth of April, 1865, Lee's advanced guard was astounded to find its way disputed so far west. It attacked with desperation, hoping to break through what seemed to be a cavalry screen before the infantry came up; but when Lee's main body joined in, only to find a solid mass of Federal infantry straight across its one way out, Lee at once sent forward a white flag.

Grant, overwrought with anxiety, had been suffering from an excruciating headache all night long. But the moment he opened Lee's note, offering to discuss surrender, he felt as well as ever, and instantly wrote back to say he was ready. Pushing rapidly on he met Lee at McLean's private residence near Appomattox Court House. There was a remarkable contrast between the appearance of the two commanders. Grant, only forty-three, and without a tinge of gray in his brown hair, took an inch or two off his medium height by stooping keenly forward, and had nothing in his shabby private's uniform to show his rank except the three-starred shoulder-straps. When the main business was over, and he had time to notice details, he apologized to Lee, explaining that the extreme rapidity of his movements had carried him far ahead of his baggage. Lee's aide-de-camp, Colonel Charles Marshall, afterwards explained that when the Confederates had been obliged to reduce themselves simply to what they stood in, each officer had naturally put on his best. Hence Lee's magnificent appearance in a brand-new general's uniform with the jeweled sword of honor that Virginia had given him. Well over six feet tall, straight as an arrow in spite of his fifty-eight years and snow-white, war-grown beard, still extremely handsome, and full of equal dignity and charm, he looked, from head to foot, the perfect leader of devoted men.

Grant, holding out his hand in cordial greeting, began the conversation by saying: "I met you once before, General Lee, while we were serving in Mexico.... I have always remembered your appearance, and I think I should have recognized you anywhere." After some other personal talk Lee said: "I suppose, General Grant, that the object of our present meeting is fully understood. I asked to see you in order to ascertain on what terms you would receive the surrender of my army." Grant answered that officers and men were to be paroled and disqualified from serving again till properly exchanged, and that all warlike and other stores were to be treated as captured. Lee bowed assent, said that was what he had expected, and presently suggested that Grant should commit the terms to writing on the spot. When Grant got to the end of the terms already discussed his eye fell on Lee's splendid sword of honor, and he immediately added the sentence: "This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage." When Lee read over the draft he flushed slightly on coming to this generous proviso and gratefully said: "This will have a very happy effect upon my army." Grant then asked him if he had any suggestions to make; whereupon he said that the mounted Confederates, unlike the Federals, owned their horses. Before he had time to ask a favor Grant said that as these horses would be invaluable for men returning to civil life they could all be taken home after full proof of ownership. Lee again flushed and gratefully replied: "This will have the best possible effect upon the men. It will be very gratifying and do much toward conciliating our people."

While the documents were being written out for signature Grant introduced the generals and staff officers to Lee. Then Lee once more led the conversation back to business by saying he wished to return his prisoners to Grant at the earliest possible moment because he had nothing more for them to eat. "I have, indeed, nothing for my own men," he added. They had been living on the scantiest supply of parched corn for several days; and this famine fare, combined with their utter lack of all other supplies--especially medicine and clothing--was wearing them away faster than any "war of attrition" in the open field. After heartily agreeing that the prisoners should immediately return Grant said: "I will take steps at once to have your army supplied with rations. Suppose I send over twenty-five thousand; do you think that will be a sufficient supply?" "I think it will be ample," said Lee, who, after a pause, added: "and it will be a great relief, I assure you."

Then Lee rose, shook Grant warmly by the hand, bowed to the others, and left the room. As he appeared on the porch all the Union officers in the grounds rose respectfully and saluted him. While the Confederate orderly was bridling the horses Lee stood alone, gazing in unutterable grief across the valley to where the remnant of his army lay. Then, as he mounted Traveler, every Union officer followed Grant's noble example by standing bareheaded till horse and rider had disappeared from view.

Grant next sent off the news to Washington and, true to his sterling worth, immediately stopped the salutes which some of his enthusiastic soldiers were already beginning to fire. "The war is over," he told his staff, "the rebels are our countrymen again, and the best sign of rejoicing after the victory will be to abstain from all demonstrations in the field."

In the meantime Lee had returned to his own lines, along which he now rode for the last time. The reserve with which he had steeled his heart during the surrender gave way completely when he came to bid his men farewell. After a few simple words, advising his devoted veterans to become good citizens of their reunited country, the tears could no longer be kept back. Then, as he rode slowly on, from the remnant of one old regiment to another, the men broke ranks, and, mostly silent with emotion, pressed round their loved commander, to take his hand, to touch his sword, or fondly stroke his splendid gray horse, Traveler, the same that had so often carried him victorious through the hard-fought day.

North and South had scarcely grasped the full significance of Lee's surrender, when, only five days later, Lincoln was assassinated. "It would be impossible for me," said Grant, "to describe the feeling that overcame me at the news. I knew his goodness of heart, and above all his desire to see all the people of the United States enter again upon the full privileges of citizenship with equality among all. I felt that reconstruction had been set back, no telling how far." "Of all the men I ever met," said Sherman, "he seemed to possess more of the elements of greatness, combined with goodness, than any other."

On the very day of the assassination Sherman had written to Johnston offering the same terms Grant had given Lee and Lincoln had most heartily approved. Three days later, on the seventeenth, just as Sherman was entering the train for his meeting with Johnston, the operator handed him a telegram announcing the assassination. Enjoining secrecy till he returned, Sherman took the telegram with him and showed it to Johnston, whom he watched intently. "The perspiration came out on his forehead," Sherman wrote, "and he did not attempt to conceal his distress. He denounced the act as a disgrace to the age and hoped I did not charge it to the Confederate Government. I told him I could not believe that he or General Lee or the officers of the Confederate army could possibly be privy to acts of assassination." When Sherman got back to Raleigh he published the news in general orders, and experienced the supreme satisfaction of finding that not one man in all that mournful army had to be restrained from a single act of revenge.

After much misunderstanding with Washington now in lesser hands, the surrender of Johnston's and the other Confederate armies was effected. Each body of troops laid down its arms and quietly dispersed. One day the bugles called, the camp fires burned, and comrades were together in the ranks. The next, like morning mists, they disappeared, thenceforth to be remembered and admired only as the heroes of a hopeless cause.

It was a very different scene through which their rivals marched into lasting fame with all the pride, pomp, and circumstance of war. On the twenty-third and twenty-fourth of May, in perfect weather, and in the stirring presence of a loyal, vast, enthusiastic throng, the Union armies were reviewed in Washington. For over six full hours each day the troops marched past--the very flower of those who had come back victorious. The route was flagged from end to end with Stars and Stripes, and banked with friends of each and every regiment there. Between these banks, and to the sound of thrilling martial music, the long blue column flowed--a living stream of men whose bayonets made its surface flash like burnished silver under the glorious sun.

Then, when the pageantry was finished, and the volunteers that formed the vast bulk of those magnificent Federal armies had again become American civilians in thought and word and deed, these steadfast men, whose arms had saved the Union in the field, were first in peace as they had been in war: first in the reconstruction of their country's interrupted life, first in recognizing all that was best in the splendid fighters with whom they had crossed swords, and first--incomparably first--in keeping one and indivisible the reunited home land of both North and South.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

Thousands of books have been written about the Civil War; and more about the armies than about the navies and the civil interests together. Yet, even about the armies, there are very few that give a just idea of how every part of the war was correlated with every other part and with the very complex whole; while fewer still give any idea of how closely the navies were correlated with the armies throughout the long amphibious campaigns.

The only works mentioned here are either those containing the original evidence or those written by experts directly from the original evidence. And of course there are a good many works belonging to both these classes for which no room can be found in a bibliography so very brief as the present one must be.

_The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies_, 128 vols. (1880-1901), and _Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion_, 26 vols. (1894-), form two magnificent collections of original evidence published by the United States Government. But they have some gaps which nothing else can fill. _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_ (1887-89), written by competent witnesses on both sides, gives the gist of the story in four volumes (published afterwards in eight). _The Rebellion Record_, 12 vols. (1862-68), edited by Frank Moore, forms an interesting collection of non-official documents. _The Story of the Civil War_, 4 vols. (1895-1913), begun by J. C. Ropes, and continued by W. R. Livermore, is an historical work of real value. Larned's _Literature of American History_ contains an excellent bibliography; but it needs supplementing by bibliographies of the present century. Inquiring readers should consult the bibliographies in volumes 20 and 21 (by J. K. Hosmer) in the _American Nation_ series.

There are many works of a more special kind that deserve particular attention. General E. P. Alexander's _Military Memoirs of a Confederate_ (1907), the _Transactions of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts_, Major John Bigelow's _The Campaign of Chancellorsville_ (1910), and J. D. Cox's _Military Reminiscences_, 2 vols. (1900), are admirable specimens of this very extensive class.

The two greatest generals on the Northern side have written their own memoirs, and written them exceedingly well: _Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant_, 2 vols. (1885-86), and _Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman_, 2 vols. (1886). But the two greatest on the Southern side wrote nothing themselves; and no one else has written a really great life of that very great commander, Robert Lee. Fitzhugh Lee's enthusiastic sketch of his uncle, _General Lee_ (1894), is one of the several second-rate books on the subject. Colonel G. F. R. Henderson's _Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War_, 2 vols. (1898), is, on the other hand, among the best of war biographies. Henderson's strategical study of the Valley Campaign is a masterpiece. Two good works of very different kinds are: _A History of the Civil War in the United States_ (1905), by W. Birkbeck Wood and Major J. E. Edmonds, and _A History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850_, 8 vols. (1893-1919), by James Ford Rhodes. The first is military, the second political. Mr. Rhodes has also written a single volume _History of the Civil War_ (1917). _American Campaigns_ by Major M. F. Steele, issued under the supervision of the War Department (1909), deals chiefly with the military operations of the Civil War.

The naval side of this, as of all other wars, has been far too much neglected. But that great historian of sea-power, Admiral Mahan, has told the best of the story in his _Admiral Farragut_ (1892).

An interesting contemporary account of the war will be found in the five volumes of Appleton's _American Annual Cyclopœdia_ for the years from 1861 to 1865. B. J. Lossing's _Pictorial History of the Civil War_, 3 vols. (1866-69), and Harper's _Pictorial History of the Rebellion_, 2 vols. (1868), give graphic pictures of military life as seen by contemporaries. Personal reminiscences of the war, of varying merit, have multiplied rapidly in recent years. These are appraised for the unwary reader in the bibliographies already mentioned. Frank Wilkeson's _Recollections of a Private Soldier in the Army of the Potomac_ (1887), George C. Eggleston's _A Rebel's Recollections_ (1905), and Mrs. Mary B. Chestnut's _Diary from Dixie_ (1905) are among the best of these personal recollections.

The political and diplomatic history has been dealt with already in the two preceding _Chronicles_. _Abraham Lincoln: a History_, by John G. Nicolay and John Hay, in ten volumes (1890), and _The Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln_, in twelve volumes (1905), form the quarry from which all true accounts of his war statesmanship must be built up. Lord Charnwood's _Abraham Lincoln_ (1917) is an admirable summary. To these titles should be added Gideon Welles's _Diary_, 3 vols. (1911), and, on the Confederate side, Jefferson Davis's _The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government_, 2 vols. (1881), and Alexander H. Stephens's _A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States_, 2 vols. (1870). The best life of Jefferson Davis is that by William E. Dodd in the _American Crisis Biographies_ (1907). W. H. Russell's _My Diary North and South_ (1863) records the impressions of an intelligent foreign observer.

The present _Chronicle_ is based entirely on the original evidence, with the convenient use only of such works as have themselves been written by qualified experts directly from the original evidence.

INDEX

Alabama, secedes; in 1864; threatened _Alabama_, Confederate raider; _Kearsarge_ and; and _Hatteras_ _Albatross_, ship _Albemarle_, Confederate ram, Cushing destroys Albemarle Sound, command lost Alexandria (Louisiana), State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy Allatoona (Georgia), Johnston evacuates; Corse's defense of "Anaconda policy" Anderson, Colonel Charles, quotes Lee Anderson, Major Robert, commands at Fort Moultrie; at Fort Sumter; surrender; leaves Fort Sumter; appointed to Kentucky command; superseded by Sherman Annapolis, Union troops at Antietam (Maryland), battle Apache Cañon, fight in Appomattox Court House (Virginia), Lee's surrender Appomattox Station, Custer raids Aquia, McClellan's troops at Archer, J. T., Confederate brigadier Arizona, "War in the West" Arkansas secedes, _Arkansas_, Confederate ram Arkansas Post, capture of Arlington, home of General Lee Armstrong, Commodore, at Pensacola Army, Confederate, Act providing for enlistment; at Harper's Ferry; Jackson and; lack of equipment; advantages; conscription; munitions; relations with Federals at Vicksburg; Army of Northern Virginia; unrenewable wastage; number of troops (1865); Lee's farewell to Army, Federal, enlistments; Congress votes troops and money; McDowell's; regulars in; number of troops; conscription; organization; Grant's (1862); Army of the Cumberland; Army of the Mississippi; Army of the Ohio; well equipped; Army of the Potomac; Army of the Tennessee; Army of Virginia; relations with Confederates at Vicksburg; Army of the James; reviewed in Washington Army Act, Provisional Confederate Congress passes Ashby, Turner, Confederate cavalry leader; at Harrisonburg; Valley raid; death Ashby's Gap, Johnston crosses Blue Ridge at Ashland (Virginia), Jackson at Atlanta, Southern cannon made at; Northern objective; battle; Sherman announces fall of; effect of victory; Sherman's headquarters; last action near _Atlanta_, Confederate ram captured by _Weehawken_ Averell, W. D., cavalry leader

Bailey, Colonel Joseph Bailey, Captain Theodorus Balloons Baltimore, Secessionists at Fort Sumter; Massachusetts troops mobbed in; Jackson's plan to occupy Baltimore and Ohio Railway, Jackson destroys workshop Banks, General N. P., supersedes General Butler; on the Mississippi (1862); (1863); commands in Shenandoah Valley; in Shenandoah campaign; incapacity; commands Red River Expedition Barrancas Barracks Bartow, General F. S., Bull Run; killed Baton Rouge, Union Arsenal at; Farragut captures; Confederate attack; Union Navy wins way to "Battle above the Clouds," Lookout Mountain Baylor, Captain J. R., proclaims himself Governor of New Mexico Beauregard. General P. G. T., sons at Louisiana Military Academy; and Fort Sumter; on the Potomac; at Bull Run; preparation for Shiloh; battle of Shiloh; Corinth; and Confederate plans; attacks Butler; telegram to Lee; command of troops opposed to Sherman Beauregard, Fort Beaver Dam Creek (Virginia), Porter's front at Mechanicsville Bee, General B. E., Bull Run; killed Bell, Commodore H. H. Belmont (Missouri), Grant attacks Benjamin, J. P., Confederate Secretary of War _Benton_, flagship Bentonville (North Carolina), battle Bering Sea, _Shenandoah_ in Bermuda Hundred (Virginia), Butler seizes Beverly (West Virginia), Confederates retire to Big Black River (Mississippi), Grant's victory at Birge, H. W., and sharpshooters Bixby, Mrs., letter to Blackburn's Ford (Virginia), McDowell at Blair, General F. P., fight for Missouri; as a general Blockade, declared; effectiveness; blockade-runners; on Mississippi; attempts to break; double line necessary Bloody Angle, salient in Spotsylvania action Bonham, General M. L., Bull Run Boonville (Missouri), battle Boston Mountains, Confederates hold Bowling Green (Kentucky), Johnston at; Johnston abandons Brackett, Colonel A. G., quoted Bragg, General Braxton; at Baton Rouge; preparations for Shiloh; succeeds Beauregard; invasion of Kentucky; march on Nashville; sends out Morgan; Chickamauga; Chattanooga; Missionary Ridge Brandy Station (Virginia), cavalry combat at Brentwood (Tennessee), Schofield at Brice's Cross Roads (Mississippi), Forrest defeats Sturgis at Bristoe Station (Virginia), bridge burned _Brooklyn_, fight with _Manassas_; against Fort Morgan Brown, John Brown, J. E., Governor of Georgia Bruinsburg (Louisiana), Grant lands force at Buchanan, Commodore Franklin Buckingham, General C. P., and McClellan Buckner, General S. B., as a general; Fort Donelson; surrender; and Grant Buell, General D. C., commands in West; and Halleck; preparations for Shiloh; battle of Shiloh; commands Army of the Ohio; end of service Buford, John, cavalry leader at Gettysburg Bull Run, First campaign; public clamor for action; disposition of forces; Confederate problem; Falling Waters; Federal preparations; Blackburn's Ford; McDowell advances; Confederate preparations and plans; Federal advance; Confederate rout; Confederates rally; Stuart's charge; Federal retreat; losses; importance; number of troops Bull Run, Second campaign, maneuvering for; battle Burns, John, at Gettysburg Burnside, General A. E.; failure in Virginia; succeeds McClellan; as a general; at Fredericksburg; "Mud March"; Knoxville; at Petersburg Butler, General Benjamin, Bull Run; in North Carolina; Mississippi campaign; Banks supersedes; against Fort Fisher; commands Army of the James; at Bermuda Hundred; retreat from Drewry's Bluff

Cairo (Illinois), Grant in command at Caldwell, Lieutenant, of the _Itasca_ California, invasion of Cameron, Simon, Secretary of War; and Sherman; Stanton succeeds Canby, Colonel E. R. S., at Valverde Carolinas, danger from West Virginia; secede; effective for South (1864); menace to; Sherman's march through; scene of action (1865); _see also_ North Carolina, South Carolina _Carondelet_, Federal gunboat Castle Pinckney Catlett's Station (Virginia) Shields at; Banks near _Cayuga_, Federal gunboat Cedar Creek (Virginia), Sheridan's ride to Cedar Run (Virginia), battle Cemetery Hill (Gettysburg), Early fails at Centreville (Virginia), in Bull Run campaign; Confederate base; McDowell's corps at Chambersburg (Pennsylvania), Federals at; Stuart's raid Champion's Hill (Mississippi), fight of Chancellorsville (Virginia), battle of; plans; Federal defeat Charleston (South Carolina), forts; beginning of hostilities; United States Arsenal seized; surrender of Fort Sumter; menaced; naval combats around; bombardment; defenses in Southern hands; Savannah citizens go to Charlestown (West Virginia), Patterson advances to Charlotte (North Carolina), Southern cannon made in Chase, S. P., Secretary of Treasury Chase, Colonel W. H.. demands surrender of Fort Pickens Chattahoochee River, Johnston crosses Chattanooga, Buell's objective; Bragg's base; Confederates retire on; Bragg at (1863); key to strategic area; battles on Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain; significance of victory; Grant moves headquarters from; Grant inspects; Federal headquarters; Sherman starts from Chestnut, James, Confederate officer at Fort Sumter Chickamauga (Georgia), battle; result of Federal defeat Chickasaw Bluffs (Mississippi), Sherman's assault Cincinnati, Grant's charger Cincinnati (Ohio), Confederate objective City Point (Virginia), Union leaders meet at Civil control _vs._ civil interference Clarksburg (West Virginia), Jackson born at Cold Harbor (Virginia), Battle of; result Columbia (South Carolina), Sherman at Columbus (Kentucky), Confederates at Commerce, importance to South; protection of; Confederate raiders interfere with Congress, Confederate, passes Army and Navy Acts Congress, United States, vote for army; Welles's report to; authorizes Promotion Board _Congress, Merrimac_ and Conscription; Act Contraband, importation into South Cooke, General, pursues Stuart Copperheads; _see also_ Pacifists Corinth (Mississippi), Confederate railway junction at; Johnston's line at; Beauregard retires after Pittsburg Landing; importance of position; Beauregard at; Federal advance on; Confederate objective; Rosecrans defeats Van Dorn at Corse, General J. M., at Allatoona Cox, General J. D., Kanawha campaign; newspaper lies about Craig, Fort, Valverde near Crocker, General M. M. Crook, General George, cavalry commander Cross Keys (Virginia), battle Culpeper, Johnston retires to; Lee at; Grant's headquarters Culp's Hill (Gettysburg), Confederate victory on _Cumberland, Merrimac_ and Cumberland Gap, Johnston threatened at; Federal brigade against; winter (1864) Cummings Point (South Carolina), batteries at Curtis, General S. R., at Pea Ridge; compared with Halleck Cushing, Lieutenant A. H., Pickett's Charge Cushing, Lieutenant W. B., destroys _Albemarle_ Custer, General G. A., at Cedar Creek; raids Appomattox Station Custis, Mary, wife of Lee Cynthiana (Kentucky), Morgan defeated at

Dalton (Georgia), Johnston at _Dandelion_, U. S. S., Sherman on Darrow, Mrs., and Lee; quoted Davis, Flag-Officer C. H., Mississippi flotilla under; succeeds Foote Davis, Jefferson, President of Confederacy, 11; personal characteristics; as executive; interference in military matters; stands for "Independence or extermination"; military mistakes; plans flight from Richmond; and Lee; and Johnston; Lincoln on; receives word of Southern defeat (April 2, 1865) _Deerhound_, English yacht; rescues crew of _Alabama_ Donaldsonville (Louisiana), Confederate attack on Donelson, Fort, Johnston holds; Confederates from Fort Henry start for; importance; Grant before; Floyd and Pillow escape from; surrender; results of surrender; number of troops Doubleday, General Abner, succeeds Reynolds; at Gettysburg Drayton, Captain, of the _Hartford_ Drewry's Bluff (Virginia), Confederate defenses at; Federal gunboats stopped at; Butler's retreat from Du Pont, Admiral S. F., Port Royal expedition; at Charleston

Eads, J. B., shipbuilder Early, General Jubal, advance toward Washington; attack at Cedar Creek Eaton, John, quoted Elkhorn Tavern and Pea Ridge, battle of Ellet, Colonel Charles, civil engineer Emancipation, Lincoln and Ericsson, John, shipbuilder _Essex_, gunboat before Fort Henry Ewell, General R. S., in Jackson's Valley campaign; in Shenandoah Valley; Gettysburg Ezra Church (Georgia), battle

Fair Oaks (Virginia), battle Fairfax Court House (Virginia), Confederate conference at Falling Waters (West Virginia), battle in Bull Run campaign Farragut, Admiral D. G.; efficiency; commands squadron at Ship Island; ancestry; age; fleet; and his subordinates; New Orleans; at Fort St. Philip; orders; on to Vicksburg; captures Baton Rouge; returns to New Orleans; Gulf blockade; becomes ranking admiral; again at New Orleans; occupies Galveston; success of 1862; Lincoln and; prepares to attack Port Hudson; and Banks; goes up Mississippi; again to New Orleans; leaves for New York; and the Navy (1863-64); and Mobile; takes Fort Morgan; at Fort Fisher Farrand, Captain, demands surrender of Fort Pickens Ferragut, Don Pedro, ancestor of Farragut _Fingal_, blockade-runner converted into ram Fisher, Fort, bombardment; surrender Five Forks (Virginia), battle Florence (Alabama), Hood near Florida, beginning of war in; secedes; Confederate troops withdrawn from _Florida_, Confederate raider Flournoy, Colonel T. S., leader of Virginians in Valley campaign Floyd, J. B., Secretary of War; Kanawha campaign; Fort Donelson; escape Foote, Flag-Officer A. H., ability; Fort Henry; Fort Donelson; wounded; Island Number Ten; Davis succeeds Forrest, General N. B., and Grant; cavalry raids Foster, Lieutenant H. C. Fox, G. V., Assistant Secretary of Navy France, intervention in Mexico Franklin (Tennessee), Hood reaches Frayser's Farm, battle Frederick (Maryland), McClellan's army at Fredericksburg (Virginia), McDowell at; Burnside's headquarters; battle; "Mud March"; result of battle; menace to Richmond from; Lee suspects Federal retirement on Frémont, General J. C., commands "Western Department"; in West Virginia; and Jackson's Valley campaign; dismissal; replaced by Sigel Front Royal (Virginia), Banks at; battle; McDowell arrives at; Jackson destroys Federal stores at Frost, Brigadier-General D. M., at Camp Jackson; surrenders

Gaines's Mill, battle Galveston (Texas), occupied by Farragut; again in Confederate hands, Gardner, Colonel, Anderson replaces at Charleston Garfield, Colonel J. A., at Prestonburg Garnett, General R. S., killed Georgia, secedes; beginning of war in; effective for South (1864); Sherman threatens; scene of action; Sherman's March to the Sea Getty, General G. W., at Cedar Creek Gettysburg campaign; Lee's defeat; cavalry combat; government interference; Meade succeeds Hooker; battle; Little Round Top; importance of location; first day; second day; third day; Pickett's Charge; Lee's retreat Gilman, Lieutenant, in Florida; at Fort Pickens Gloucester Point (Virginia), Federals fail to take fort at Goldsboro (North Carolina), Sherman at _Governor Moore_, Confederate vessel Grafton (West Virginia), Federal line at Grand Gulf (Mississippi), Grant's objective Granger, General Gordon, at Fort Morgan Grant, Jesse, father of General Grant Grant, Matthew, ancestor of General Grant Grant, Noah, great-grand-father of General Grant Grant, Solomon, great-granduncle of General Grant Grant, General U. S.; and Lyon; at Belmont (Missouri); age; River war of 1863; commands at Cairo; at Fort Henry; ancestors; early life; appearance; Fort Donelson; as a soldier; "unconditional surrender"; desire to push South; ordered arrested for insubordination; at Pittsburg Landing; Shiloh; made second in command; relations with Halleck; as a leader; commands Army of the Tennessee; Vicksburg as objective; holds Memphis-Corinth rails; "most anxious period of the war"; Holly Springs; returns to Memphis; on the Mississippi; and Lincoln; lies about; given chief command; refuses Presidential candidacy (1864); his generals; and Banks; on action of Navy in Vicksburg campaign; quoted; naval operations help; lands army at Bruinsburg; supplies for army; Port Gibson: at Grand Gulf; victories in rear of Vicksburg; siege of Vicksburg; surrender of Vicksburg; given supreme command; Chattanooga; and Red River Expedition; campaign (1864); Lieutenant-General; midwinter tour; summoned to Washington; and Stanton; and Swinton; force in Virginia; headquarters at Culpeper Court House; plans advance; Confederate cavalry raids against; elements of victory; Wilderness; Spotsylvania; Sheridan's raid; Sherman's advance; Cold Harbor; losses; Petersburg; approves Sherman's plans; Nashville; closes in on Lee; at meeting at City Point (Virginia); Lincoln approves terms to Lee; quoted; letter to Lee; surrender of Lee; terms of Lee's surrender; on assassination of Lincoln Greeley, Horace, defection of Grigsby, Colonel, Jackson and

Hagerstown (Maryland), Longstreet at Halleck, General H. W., Federal commander in West; as a general; Grant and; after Shiloh; at Corinth; General-in-Chief; military adviser at Washington; reprimands Banks; censures Meade; orders Red River Expedition Hampton Roads, _Monitor_ and _Merrimac_ in Hancock, General W. S.; at Gettysburg; at Cold Harbor Hanover Court House (Virginia), Cooke pursues Stuart from Hardee, General W. J., evacuates Savannah Harney, General W. S., commands Department of the West Harper's Ferry, Federal forces abandon; Jackson at; strategic point; Virginia militia at; Johnston takes command at; Union forces on Potomac near; Johnston retires from; Banks at; troops gather at; Jackson and _Harriet Lane_, U. S. S. Harris, Colonel, Confederate leader Harrisburg (Pennsylvania), Banks at Harrison's Landing (Virginia), in Seven Days' battle; McClellan moves from _Hartford_, Federal man-of-war, at Ship Island; New Orleans forts; in Vicksburg campaign; Mobile Bay Haskins, Major, at Baton Rouge _Hatteras_, Alabama sinks Hatteras Island, taken Haxall's Landing (Virginia), Sheridan at Hayes, R. B., quoted Hazen, General W. B., takes Fort McAllister Helena (Arkansas), force joins Grant; Confederate attack repulsed Henry, Fort, Johnston at; blocks Federal advance; attack on; surrender; Federal march from; Grant ordered to remain at Hill, General A. P., at Beaver Dam Creek; at Gaines's Mill; Gettysburg Hill, General D. H. Hilton Head (South Carolina), fleet action off Holly Springs (Mississippi), Grant at Hood, General J. B., battle of Atlanta; number of troops; Nashville; attacks Schofield Hooker, General Joseph, failure in Virginia; Second Bull Run; supersedes Burnside; discipline; as a general; on deserters; joins Grant; at Wauhatchie; Lookout Mountain; Chancellors ville; Washington interferes with; Lincoln's letter to; resignation "Hornets' Nest" Howard, General O. O., Gettysburg campaign; at Chancellorsville; commands Army of the Tennessee Huger, General Benjamin, against Butler Hunter, General David, and Washington interference; Sigel replaced by; succeeded by Sheridan; success at Staunton; and Early Hurlbut, General S. A., at Shiloh

Imboden, General J. D., at Bull Run; describes Jackson; Gettysburg Indiana, Morgan's Raid Indians, part in Civil War Ingraham, Commodore D. N., attacks blockade at Charleston "Iron Brigade," Meredith's Island Number Ten, Confederates hold; attack on; Pope's operations _Itasca_, Federal gunboat Iuka (Mississippi), battle

Jackson, Governor Claiborne Jackson, General T. J.; and negroes; personal characteristics; at Harper's Ferry; as disciplinarian; Johnston takes command from; commands First Shenandoah Brigade; at Martinsburg; at Falling Waters; guards while soldiers sleep; at Bull Run; origin of nickname "Stonewall"; Imboden describes; as a general; age; McClellan's failure against; maneuvering in Virginia; as strategist; campaign (1862-63); Lee and; Kernstown; Banks designs net for; forces; Valley campaign; McDowell; rout of Banks; summary of fortnight's work; Port Republic; pursuit of; planned attack on McClellan; attends Lee's conference; Seven Days; again pursued; Cedar Run; plans against Pope; marches north; slips away; at Manassas Junction; preparations for battle; Second Bull Run; in the Valley; against Hooker; wounded; death; Grant marches on; government interference with Jackson (Mississippi), Grant wins at Jackson, Camp (Missouri), Frost establishes; Lyon takes Jackson, Fort, guards New Orleans James Island, Fort Johnson on Jefferson City (Missouri), Confederate recruiting at; Lyon at Jetersville (Virginia), Grant goes to Johnson, General Edward, commands near Staunton Johnson, Fort, Charleston Johnston, General A. S., commands in West; Logan's Cross Roads; Nashville; Pope cuts line; plans attack on Grant; Shiloh; death Johnston, General J. E., commands at Richmond; at Harper's Ferry; Federal problem of attack; destroys stores at Harper's Ferry; eludes Patterson; joins Beauregard; Bull Run; immediate superior of Jackson; Davis and; retires to Culpeper; against McClellan; Seven Pines; wounded; Vicksburg; government mistake concerning; Dalton; Sherman against; Resaca; New Hope Church; evacuates Allatoona; at Kenesaw Mountain; Bentonville; terms of surrender

Kanawha campaign; _see also_ West Virginia Kansas, Southern sympathy in Kearny, General Philip, Second Bull Run _Kearsarge_, U. S. S., and _Alabama_ Kenesaw Mountain (Georgia), Johnston at; battle; Sherman watches Allatoona engagement from Kenly, Colonel, at Front Royal Kennon, Confederate naval officer Kentucky, opinions divided in; neutral; Southern sympathy in; Confederates lose hold of eastern; Federals conquer; Bragg's invasion of; Morgan's raid; Grant's army in; Hood's objective Kernstown (Virginia), battle _Keystone State_, Confederate gunboats attack Kingston (Georgia), Johnston retires to Knoxville (Tennessee), Burnside occupies; Longstreet sent against; dependent upon Chattanooga; Bragg's connection cut; Grant's inspection of

Lacy, chaplain at Jackson's headquarters Lamb, Colonel commands Fort Fisher Lancaster (Ohio), Sherman at Lebanon (Missouri), General Curtis at Lebanon Springs, Jackson at Lee, Fitzhugh, Stuart and Lee, General R. E.; at San Antonio; military career; decision for South; resignation from U. S. Army; commands Virginia forces; Kanawha campaign; military adviser at Richmond; prevision; as a leader; age; McClellan against; maneuvering in Virginia; made Commander-in-Chief; in 1862-63; and Jackson; plans Valley campaign; appointed to command in eastern Virginia and North Carolina; plan against McClellan; Seven Days; McClellan foils; sends Jackson against Pope; entrains Longstreet for Gordonsville; as strategist; divides army; Second Bull Run; and Longstreet; invasion of Maryland; again divides army; at Antietam; at Culpeper; Fredericksburg; Burnside tries to surprise; Hooker against; quoted; Chancellorsville; defeat at Gettysburg; no part in Chattanooga strategy; plans counter-attack in Pennsylvania; Brandy Station; position before Gettysburg; Gettysburg; retreat; attempt to bring on Third Manassas; on importance of Wilmington; at Orange Court House; Wilderness; Spotsylvania; illness; prepares for Cold Harbor; at Cold Harbor; losses; siege; losses; Petersburg; insoluble problem; leaves Petersburg; Sailor's Creek; asks terms of Grant; surrenders; terms of surrender; farewell to army Lexington (Kentucky) Grant inspects; Morgan's raid Lexington (Missouri), Price takes Lick Creek, Grant's forces at Lincoln, Abraham, Inaugural; declares blockade; and Lee; calls for Missouri's quota of volunteers; general call for volunteers; and civil control; on evaders of service; reëlection; and Grant; as war statesman; birth; education; appearance; personal characteristics; appointments; quoted; and Vallandigham; Emancipation; foreign policy; Cabinet; as Commander-in-Chief; and McClellan; stories; letter to a bereaved mother; Second Inaugural quoted; military orders; halts McDowell; and Hooker; and Stanton; cipher letter to Grant; and Sherman; meets Union leaders; assassination; approves terms of surrender; bibliography Little Sorrel, Jackson's horse Logan, General J. A.; replaces McPherson at Atlanta; Ezra Church; Nashville Logan's Cross Roads, Confederates at; Thomas's victory at Longstreet, General James, entrains for Gordonsville; Jackson's march against Pope; Second Bull Run; obstructs Lee's plans; at Hagerstown; leaves Lee; reinforces Bragg; Wauhatchie; urges help for Vicksburg; Gettysburg; Wilderness; wounded Lookout Mountain, _see_ Chattanooga Louisiana, Union forces in; Sherman in; secedes _Louisiana_, Confederate ironclad; as mine ship Louisville (Kentucky), Bragg at; Grant inspects _Louisville_, at Fort Donelson Lovell, General Mansfield, evacuates New Orleans Lyon, General Nathaniel, commands at St. Louis; fight for Missouri; Frémont and; Wilson's Creek; killed

McAllister, Fort, naval conflict near; Hazen's attack McClellan, General G. B., in West Virginia; recalled to Washington; bubble reputation; former career; "Young Napoleon of the West"; newspaper publicity; force in Virginia; telegram to Grant delayed; Federal invasion of Virginia under; dismissal; Lincoln and; Democratic candidate for President (1864); plan of campaign; Peninsula Campaign; at Fortress Monroe; base at White House; in Chickahominy swamps; government interference with; Jackson aids against; awaits McDowell; number of troops; exaggerates number of enemy; Seven Pines; Stuart's ride around; Lee and; changes base to Harrison's Landing; Malvern Hill; plans to take Richmond; ordered to Aquia; Pope and; discovers Lee's plans; lets opportunity slip; Antietam; superseded by Burnside; popularity McClernand, General J. B., Grant's second-in-command; fails to meet Banks; battle on own account; at Fort Donelson; Shiloh; Arkansas Post; as a general; breach of discipline; dismissal McCulloch, General Benjamin at Wilson's Creek; killed at Pea Ridge McDowell, General Irvin, assists Scott; crosses Potomac; Bull Run; President reviews army of; number of troops; difficulties encountered; quoted; wastage in forces; people lose confidence in; kept from reinforcing McClellan; strike at Richmond; ordered to Valley; Jackson and; McClellan awaits McDowell (Virginia), battle McGuire, Dr. Hunter McIntosh, General James, killed at Pea Ridge McMahon, J. P., at Cold Harbor McMahon, General Martin, quoted McPherson, General J. B., killed at Atlanta Macon (Georgia), Southern cannon made at Maffitt, Commander J. N., commands _Florida_ Magruder, General J. B., and Butler; Yorktown; holds Richmond Mallory, S. R., Confederate Secretary of Navy Malvern Hill (Virginia), battle Manassas, Johnston at; Jackson at; location; Federal base; base destroyed; Battle of Second; _see also_ Bull Run _Manassas_, Federal ram Marshall, Colonel Charles, Lee's aide-de-camp Marshall, General H. M., with Johnston in Kentucky _Martha Waskington_, story of Lincoln on board Martinsburg (West Virginia), Jackson marches on; Patterson occupies; Confederates reach; Jackson destroys Federal stores at Maryland, border slave State; Confederate hope for; Southern sympathy in; sea-power keeps for Union; Jackson's plan to enter; Confederate invasion; Federals massed in Mason, Fort, Lee from Matamoras, contraband imported into Matthews Hill, battle of Bull Run Meade, General G. G., quoted; as a general; succeeds Hooker in command; Gettysburg; Lincoln's dissatisfaction with; Army of Potomac under; headed for Richmond; Cold Harbor; Petersburg Mechanicsville (Virginia), battle Memphis, Confederate rams lost at; Confederate fleet at; Grant in command at; Sherman's army from; Grant returns to; Grant leaves; Grant considers retirement on _Mercedita_, Confederate gunboats attack Meredith, Solomon, "Iron Brigade" at Gettysburg _Merrimac_, only Confederate man-of-war; duel with _Monitor_; destroyed Mesilla (New Mexico), Baylor establishes capital at _Metacomet_ against Fort Morgan Mexican War, Grant serves in Mexico, France warned from intervention in Middle Creek (Kentucky), Garfield occupies line of Mill Springs (Kentucky), Confederates at; battle Milroy, R. H., in Jackson's Valley campaign; driven from Winchester Mine Run (Virginia), battle _Minnesota, Merrimac_ attacks Missionary Ridge, _see_ Chattanooga Mississippi, secedes; conflicting authorities balk navy _Mississippi_, Confederate ship; burnt at New Orleans Mississippi River, Union power on; Federal problem; River War (1862); River War (1863); Federals hold, Missouri, saved for Union; Southern sympathy in; River campaign (1862); Curtis in Missouri River, made Federal line of communication; last Confederate foothold on Mitchel, General O. M., raid Mobile, fleet drawn from; in Southern hands; Farragut against; Fort Morgan; army sent against; Sherman desires attack on; Grant's plan to help Farragut; taken _Monitor_, duel with _Merrimac_; Lincoln on plans for Monocacy River, Wallace delays Early at Monroe, Fortress, Federal forces at; _Monitor_ at; McClellan's plan for position at; McClellan at; McClellan leaves _Montauk_, Union monitor Montgomery (Alabama), provisional Confederate Congress Morgan, J. H., Raid; surrender; Kentucky raid Morgan, Fort Farragut against Mosby, J. S., Confederate cavalry leader Moultrie, Fort Mount Pleasant battery "Mud March," Burnside's; Mulligan, Colonel James, at Lexington (Missouri) Murfreesboro (Tennessee), Buell at

Nashville, Buell reinforces Grant from; Buell defends; Grant's headquarters; Thomas sent from; Thomas faces Hood at; battle _Nashville_, Confederate privateer Navy, Confederate, sea-power of South; poor administration; _see also_ Navy, United States Navy, United States, stands by Union; keeps command of sea; size (1861); Welles's report on; Fox as Assistant Secretary of Navy; Promotion Board; training; growth; Naval War (1862); fivefold duty of; Farragut and; blockade-runners complicate task of; part in River War (1862) Navy Act Negroes, fidelity to South; North uses as troops; New York draft riots; _see also_ Emancipation, slavery Nelson, William, at Shiloh New Hope Church (Georgia), fighting near New Madrid (Missouri), Pope at; _Carondelet_ arrives at New Mexico, as base of California invasion; Baylor proclaims himself Governor; Sibley in New Orleans, Confederate rams lost at; attack conceived; strategic importance; joint expedition necessary; Farragut commands enterprise; Welles's orders; Farragut's plan; _Mississippi_ burned at; preparations; passing of forts; taken; Farragut at; Baton Rouge garrison withdrawn to New York, _Monitor_ launched; draft riot Newbern (North Carolina), expedition against; Richmond menaced from; attempt against; in Union hands; meeting of Union leaders at Norfolk Navy Yard, Federal abandonment of North, peace parties; _see also_ Pacifists; population (1861); resources; transport facilities; sea-power; _see also_ Navy, United States; commerce; total forces; conscription; conduct of soldiers; Lee's invasion; conditions in 1864 North Carolina, blockade; defeat at Hatteras Island; loses defenses; _see also_ Carolinas

Ohio, Morgan's Raid; Vallandigham case Olustee (Fla.), victory of _Oneida_, Confederate ship Opequan Creek (Virginia), Sheridan's victory at Orange Court House (Virginia), Lee at Ord, General E. O. C., Read on staff of

Pacifists, in North; Peace party encouraged by Cold Harbor Paducah (Kentucky), Grant forestalls enemy at; Grant's position at Pamlico Sound (North Carolina), joint expedition against Patterson, General Robert, commands on Potomac; and plans for Bull Run; Falling Waters; occupies Martinsburg; advance; and Johnston Pea Ridge (Arkansas), battle Pemberton, General J. C., escapes Federal trap; Chickasaw Bluffs; commander at Vicksburg; plans escape; surrender Pensacola (Florida), beginning of war; evacuation; South uses garrison to reinforce Virginia; Farragut directs Gulf blockade from _Pensacola_, Confederate ship Peninsula Campaign, McClellan plans; campaign Pendleton, Major A. S., member of Jackson's staff Perryville (Kentucky), battle Petersburg (Virginia), strategic rail gap at; winter quarters; Butler fails to take; Grant at; Lee leaves Philippi (West Virginia), battle Pickens, Fort Pickett, G. E., charge at Gettysburg Pillow, General G. J., at Fort Donelson; escape Pillow, Fort, Federal vessels rammed at Pinckney, Castle, _see_ Castle Pinckney _Pinola_, Federal gunboat Pipe Creek, Meade's army at Pittsburg Landing, _see_ Shiloh _Pittsburgh_, Federal ironclad at Fort Donelson; at Island Number Ten Pleasant Hill, battle Pleasonton, General A., cavalry leader Point Pleasant (Ohio), Grant born at Pope, General John, Grant declines patronage of; Island Number Ten; reinforces Halleck at Pittsburg Landing; transfer to Virginia; quoted; within reach of Jackson and Lee; retires safely; Jackson captures dispatches of; Lee divides army against; Jackson's plan against; Jackson marches around; reinforcement; Jackson eludes; Second Bull Run Port Gibson (Mississippi) Port Hudson (Louisiana) Port Republic (Virginia) Port Royal (South Carolina), Confederate defeat; Grant moves base to Porter, Admiral D. D., conceives idea of attack on New Orleans; on Mississippi; succeeds Davis; capture of Arkansas Post; Vicksburg campaign; Mississippi command; attacks Fort Fisher; on Red River; at City Point conference, Porter, FitzJohn, position; Beaver Dam Creek; Gaines's Mill; Second Bull Run; Pope's order Porter, J. L., Naval Constructor to Confederate States Porter, Commander W. D., at Fort Henry Potter, Captain R. M., on Lee's decision Powell, Fort _Powhatan_, U. S. S., Porter commands Prentiss, General B. M., at Shiloh Press, perverts public opinion; no government censorship Prestonburg, Garfield defeats Marshall near Price, Sterling, becomes Confederate general; takes Lexington (Missouri); Grant prevents reinforcements for; attacks Curtis in Missouri; against Grant; defeated at Iuka Privateers Profiteers Pulaski, Fort

_Quaker City_, Confederate gunboats attack

Rations, before Vicksburg; Grant supplies Lee's army Rawlins, J. A., Grant's chief staff officer Raymond (Mississippi), battle Read, Colonel Theodore, at Sailor's Creek Red River Expedition (1864) Reno, General L. J., Second Bull Run Renshaw, Commander, in charge of blockade Resaca (Georgia), battle Reynolds, General J. F., Second Bull Run; Gettysburg; killed Rhind, Commander, fires mine-ship _Louisiana_ Rich Mountain (Virginia), battle Richmond, plan to raid Harper's Ferry arranged at; Federal objective; Tredegar Iron Works; Grant and Lee at grips around; McClellan threatens; plan to evacuate; change of plan; Jackson starts for; Magruder to hold; saved; Sheridan's raid; Grant marches toward; consternation after Cold Harbor; Army of the James against _Richmond_, Federal ship "River Defense Fleet" River War (1862); (1863) Roanoke Island captured "Rock of Chickamauga," nickname for General Thomas Rodgers, Commander John, and first flotilla on Mississippi Roe, Commander of the _Sassacus_ Rosecrans, General W. S., succeeds McClellan; Army of Mississippi under; holds Memphis-Corinth rails; replaces Buell; victory at Corinth; commands Army of Cumberland; Stone's River; maneuvers Bragg south; Thomas supersedes; Confederate plan to crush; Chattanooga

Sabine Cross Roads (Louisiana), Banks's defeat at Sabine Pass (Texas), in Confederate hands Sable Island, Butler's troops at Sailor's Creek (Virginia), Lee's defeat at St. Louis, Haskins goes to; Lyon commands at; Lyon marches prisoners through; Harney makes peace; conference; Frémont's headquarters; Frémont fortifies; Halleck's headquarters _St. Louis_, Federal gunboat St. Philip, Fort Salem Church (Virginia), Jackson reaches San Antonio (Texas), surrender to State; Lee at; Sibley's retreat San Carlos, Fort Santa Rosa Island, Slemmer defends _Sassacus_, fight with _Albemarle_ Savannah (Georgia), South holds; Sherman plans march to; Sherman reaches; Hardee evacuates Savannah (Tennessee), in Shiloh campaign Schofield, General John, Nashville campaign Scott, General Winfield, General-in-Chief, orders to Slemmer; and Lee; military adviser at Washington; civilian interference with; Grant's admiration for; prevision; "Anaconda policy" Seddon, J. A., Confederate Secretary of War Sedgwick, General John, Virginia campaign Selma (Alabama), Southern cannon made at Seminary Ridge, Lee's headquarters Semmes, Captain Raphael of _Alabama_ Seven Days' Battle; balloon used in Seven Pines (Virginia), battle Seward, W. H., Secretary of State; on McClellan Sharpsburg, _see_ Antietam _Shenandoah_, Confederate raider Shenandoah Brigade, First, Jackson in command of Shenandoah Valley, Johnston in; Sheridan's raid; Kernstown; positions (April, 1862); forces; Jackson's maneuvers; McDowell; Front Royal; Winchester; pursuit of Banks; summary of Jackson's accomplishment in; pursuit of Jackson; Cross Keys; Port Republic; Jackson's strategy; Ewell in; Stanton's interference; Sigel in; Hunter's retreat; Early in; Sheridan in; Opequan Creek; "Sheridan's Ride"; Cedar Creek; Federal victory Sheridan, General P. H., raid helps Lincoln's reëlection; Chattanooga; Stanton falsifies Grant's order to; as a general; Grant and; Todd's Tavern; Richmond raid; Cold Harbor; raid; Trevilian; Opequan Creek; "Sheridan's Ride"; in Washington; later operations; Five Forks Sherman, General W. T., colonel in Louisiana State Military Academy; leaves Louisiana; and Lyon; assists Scott; account of McDowell's march; as a leader; Port Royal expedition; age; attempt to take Vicksburg; Kentucky command; reported insane; diffident about rise; Shiloh; joins Grant; Chickasaw Bluffs; and Lincoln; Vicksburg campaign; commands Army of Tennessee; Chattanooga; Red River Expedition spoils strategy of; and Stanton; on relative forces in South; threatens Georgia; Dalton; fitness for command; advance; Resaca; New Hope Church; at Allatoona; at Kenesaw; maneuvers Johnston; battle of Atlanta; asks reinforcements; announces fall of Atlanta; Lincoln's reply to; campaign (1864); quoted; at Atlanta; Hood's attempt on Allatoona; preponderance of force; March to the Sea; presents Savannah to Lincoln; march through Carolinas; conference at City Point (Virginia); terms of surrender to Johnston; on Lincoln Shields, General James, Kernstown; at Catlett's Station; Port Republic Shiloh, Grant's army assembles near; Confederate preparations; Grant's position and force; battle; losses; outcome; result Shine, Elizabeth, mother of Farragut Ship Island, taken; Farragut at Sibley, General H. H., in New Mexico Sickles, General D. E., at Gettysburg Sigel, General Franz, Wilson's Creek; Second Bull Run; command in Shenandoah Valley; Hunter replaces Simpson, Grant's mother's name Slavery, Lee and; _see also_ Emancipation, Negroes Slemmer, Lieutenant, command at Pensacola; defends Fort Pickens Smith, General A. J., at Tupelo Smith, Captain C. F., Grant's admiration for; as a leader; Fort Donelson; ordered by Halleck to command expedition; Shiloh Smith, General G. W., and Jackson's plan Smith, Giles, Chattanooga Smith, General Kirby, Bull Run Smith, William, quartermaster on _Kearsarge_ Sons of Liberty South, seceding States of; war party in; population (1861); resources; transportation; sea-power; _see also_ Navy, Confederate; reason for fighting; advantages; raiders; situation (1864); losses (1864); cause lost; number of troops South Carolina, secedes; defeat at Port Royal; _see also_ Carolinas, Charleston South Mountain, Stuart at Spotsylvania (Virginia), battle Stanton, E. M., Secretary of War; and Lincoln; military interference; and Lee; Cameron succeeded by; Banks and; orders McClellan to Aquia; and Hooker; forbids use of cipher; and Grant's orders _Star of the West_, merchant vessel fired on at Charleston Staunton (Virginia), Jackson at; Hunter's success at Steinwehr, General Adolph, atrocities under Stone's River (Tennessee), battle Strasburg (Virginia), Banks's retreat from Stringham, Flag-Officer, expedition against Hatteras forts Stuart, J. E. B.; Confederate cavalry leader, Martinsburg; Bull Run; raid around McClellan; against Pope; at South Mountain; second raid around McClellan; and Lee's retreat; age; Sheridan encounters; Yellow Tavern; killed Sturgis, defeat at Brice's Cross Roads Suffolk (Virginia), menace to Richmond from Sumter, Fort, location; Anderson goes to; fall of _Sumter_, Confederate raider _Supply_, vessel at Fort Pickens Swift Run Gap (Virginia), Jackson at Swinton, William, war correspondent Sykes, General George, succeeds Meade

Taylor, Captain Jesse, destroys Confederate reports at Fort Henry _Tecumseh_, sunk in Mobile Bay Tennessee, mountain folk Unionist; secedes _Tennessee_, Confederate ram Terry, General A. H., at Fort Fisher Texas, State militia seize army posts; General Twiggs surrenders posts; secedes; contraband enters; Red River Expedition; last shots fired in Thomas, General G. H., Mill Springs; "Rock of Chickamauga"; Chattanooga; Nashville campaign Thoroughfare Gap (Virginia), Jackson's expedition Tilghman, General Lloyd, surrenders Fort Henry Tod, Judge, Jesse Grant in home of Todd's Tavern (Virginia), battle Transportation; means of communication in Virginia campaign Traveler, Lee's horse Tredegar Iron Works Trevilian (Virginia), Sheridan at Tunstall's Station (Virginia), Stuart's raid Tupelo (Mississippi), Forrest defeated at Twiggs, General D. E., surrenders Texas garrisons

_Undine_, gunboat taken with cavalry Union Mills (Virginia), ford defended United States, population (1861); _see also_ North, South

Vallandigham case Valley Campaign, Jackson's; _see_ Shenandoah Valley Valverde (New Mexico), Canby's defeat at Van Dorn, General Earl, Confederate commander of trans-Mississippi troops; Pea Ridge; reinforces Beauregard; tries to reconquer Memphis-Corinth rails; replaced by Pemberton; at Holly Springs _Varuna, Governor Moore_, destroys Vicksburg, Farragut's expedition; importance of position; Sherman's attempt; _see also_ Chickasaw Bluffs; Grant's operations preceding; Grant's objective; Holly Springs; Confederates hold; Grant's position; generals at; Navy at; Grant's maneuvers; Federal force; Confederate force; scene of action; army rations at; siege; surrender; significance of victory; effect of victory "Vicksburg Oak," Grant meets Pemberton under Vinton. Major, Union officer at San Antonio Virginia, Lee's loyalty to; blockade; secedes; Lee given chief command in; West Virginia part of; issues call for volunteers; West Virginia separates from; mountain folk Unionists; Federals hold western part of; Farragut from; Pope transferred to; Burnside's invasion of; Grant transferred to; campaign (1864); Wilderness; Todd's Tavern; Spotsylvania; Sheridan's raid; Cold Harbor; losses; campaign (1865); Petersburg; Five Forks; Sailor's Creek; Lee's surrender; _see also_ Peninsula campaign _Virginia, Merrimac_ renamed Virginia Military Institute, Jackson at; cadets join Jackson

Walke, Henry, commands _Carondelet_ Walker, Fort Wallace, General Lew, as a leader; at Fort Donelson; Shiloh; and Early Wallace, General W. H. L., killed Warley, A. F., commands Manassas Warren, G. K., Gettysburg; defection at Cold Harbor Washburn, Colonel Francis, at Sailor's Creek Washburne, E. B., introduces Swinton Washington, capture of rolling stock hampers; desire to defend; sea-power saves; Southern plans against; reserve corps at; Pope's army retires to; Early makes for; Union troops reviewed in Wassaw Sound, duel between _Weehawken_ and _Atlanta_ in Wauhatchie (Tennessee), battle Weed, Thurlow, election agent _Weehawken_, duel with _Atlanta_ Weitzel, General Godfrey, at Fort Fisher Welles, Gideon, Secretary of Navy; report to Congress; orders concerning New Orleans West, settlers beyond reach of war West Virginia, part of Virginia; Jackson from; becomes separate State; campaign in; Frémont in _Westfield_, Renshaw refuses to surrender Wheeler, General Joseph, Confederate cavalry leader White House (Virginia), McClellan's base White Oak Swamp (Virginia), battle Whitman, Walt, on Lincoln Wilcox, General C. M., Pickett's Charge Wilderness, battle Wilkeson, Lieutenant Bayard, Gettysburg Wilkeson, Frank, _Recollections of a Private Soldier in the Army of the Potomac_ Williams, General Thomas, at Vicksburg with Farragut; killed Wilmington (North Carolina), rail connections threatened; in Confederate hands; Fort Fisher guards entrance to; captured Wilson's Creek (Missouri), battle Winchester (Virginia), Johnston retires to; Banks refuses to retreat to; forces at; Ewell drives Milroy out of Winslow, Captain, commands _Kearsarge_ Wise, H. A., ex-Governor of Virginia Worden, Captain J. L., commands _Monitor_ Wright, Colonel W. W., engineer _Wyandotte_, vessel at Pensacola

Yazoo River, Porter on Yellow Tavern, Stuart and Sheridan at Yorktown, Confederates hold; evacuated

Zouaves under Stuart

End of Project Gutenberg's Captains of the Civil War, by William Wood