c. The honorary titles may be put in a separate line, or lines, below

the name, set in small type, and spelled out in full. It is not necessary to capitalize _jr._ and _sr._ in lower-case text matter unless so desired by the author.

In compound titles capitalize each word if it would be capitalized separately.

_Major General Leonard Wood_, _Chief Justice Taney_, _Commander-in-Chief Field_ _Marshal Sir John French_.

38. Names of things personified.

_Nature_, _Vice_, _Thrift_, and the like.

39. Adjectives derived from proper nouns.

_The Elizabethan age._ _Roman law._

Such adjectives and even proper nouns themselves lose the capital when they are applied as trade or scientific names to articles of common use or reference.

_roman type_, _india ink_, _chinese white_, _volt_, _watt_, _boycott_, _platonic_, _bohemian_.

40. The first word of a direct quotation.

_As he turned to go he said: "Farewell, we shall never meet again."_

41. The first word after "Whereas" and "Resolved" in resolutions.

_WHEREAS. It has pleased God...._ _therefore be it RESOLVED, That...._

42. The first word after a colon when the colon introduces a logically complete phrase not very closely connected with what precedes.

_My conclusion is: A policy of consistent neutrality is the only proper one for the country._ _As the proverb well says: Beware the anger of a patient man._

43. _O_ interjection, but not _oh_ unless it begins a sentence.

In Latin sentences of exclamation, denunciation or appeal the lower-case _o_ is used.

_O tempora, o mores temporum._

44. The first personal pronoun _I_ wherever it occurs.

45. Emphasized words.

_We stand for Liberty and Union._

This use should be avoided except for advertising display, or job work.

_We call attention to our Stock of Boots, Shoes, and Furnishings._

SMALL CAPITALS

The use of small capitals presents its own peculiar problems to the printer. The small capital has the form of the large capital but without its size and conspicuousness. The small capitals are ordinarily no taller than the round letters of the lower-case. They are usually on a smaller set, with a lighter face and obscured by more connecting lines. In many fonts of type they are really the weakest and least distinguished of all the five series. Wide enough to cover the body of the type fairly thoroughly in most letters and thus to reduce the apparent space between letters, without ascenders and without descenders, they are very monotonous and singularly ineffective when used in any considerable quantity. When used in masses it is at times even difficult to read them.

The use of small capitals is quite different from that of large ones. For the reasons just given they are not suited to display. For this purpose they are no better than italics, if as good. Owing to their lack of striking appearance and commanding quality they are not used for emphasis. Display and emphasis it will be remembered are the two principal uses of the full capital.

Small capitals are used more for variety than for display. They are commonly used for:

Side heads

Running titles

Catch lines of title pages when particular display is not desired.

They are sometimes used for the first word after a blank line, especially for the first word of a new chapter.

Long quotations of poetry are often printed with the first word in small capitals. In this, as in the preceding case, the whole word is printed in small capitals except the first letter which is a full capital.

Proper names standing at the beginning of a chapter, occasionally even of a paragraph, are sometimes spelled in capitals or small capitals. If small capitals are used the initials of the name are put in full capitals.

Until within a comparatively short time tables of contents were often set in small capitals. At the same time it was customary to give a fairly full synopsis of the contents of each chapter under the chapter head. The result was a very monotonous page, dull, dense, hard to read. It is much better and now more common to use small caps for the chapter heads and ordinary text type for abstracts, using dashes or dots to separate the phrases in the synopsis and beginning each phrase with a capital.

The following reproduction of a part of a page from the table of contents of DeVinne's _Modern Methods of Book Composition_ shows this method of treatment.

CONTENTS

Chapter Page

I EQUIPMENT 1

Types...Stands...Cases...Case-racks.

II EQUIPMENT 39

Galleys and galley-racks...Compositors' implements Brass rules and cases for labor-saving rule and leads Dashes and braces...Leads...Furniture of wood and of metal...Furniture-racks...Quotations and electrotype guards.

III COMPOSITION 75

Time-work and piece-work...Customary routine on book-work...Justification...Spacing and leading Distribution...Composition by hand and machine Proper methods of hand work...Recent mannerisms.

IV COMPOSITION OF BOOKS 111

Title-page...Preface matter...Chapter headings and synopsis...Subheadings...Extracts...Notes and il- lustrations...Running titles and paging at head or at foot Poetry...Appendix and index...Initials...Headbands, etc.

Where chapter synopses are not given, ordinary text type may be used for the table of contents.

The following reproduction of the table of contents of DeVinne's _Correct Composition_ shows this method of treatment.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE Preface vii

I Spelling 5

II Abbreviations 33

III Compound Words 61

IV Figures and Numerals 76

V Italic 94

VI Capital Letters 108

VII Division of Words 128

VIII Small Capitals 145

IX Extracts and Letters 157

X Notes 171

XI Indention 182

XII Spacing 198

XIII Quotation-marks 209

XIV Subheadings 230

XV Punctuation 241

XVI Proof-reading 294

XVII About Copy 327

XVIII Errors of the Press 345

Appendix 359

Index 447

Small capitals are best for subheads when of not more than two lines. If the subheads are longer it is best to use lower-case.

Signatures and credits are often put in small capitals. It is usually, however, better to use italics for the purpose. There is no need of a dash to connect the name with the quotation. When two or more quotations from the same author are used as mottoes, with reference to the works from which they are taken or the occasion on which they were said, the name of the author may be put in small capitals in a separate line, the name of the book or speech in italics, and the occasion in smaller roman type.

Numerous signatures to a document or petition, such as the _Mayflower Compact_ or the _Declaration of Independence_, are often set in columns using capitals for the initials and small capitals for the rest of the name. Full capitals are too large for the purpose.

We therefore, the Commissioners for the Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven, do also, for our several governments, subscribe unto these.

JOHN WINTHROP, Governor of the Massachusetts THOMAS DUDLEY THEOPHILUS EATON GEORGE FENWICK EDWARD HOPKINS THOMAS GREGSON

Dedications of books are commonly set in small capitals. As these dedicatory formulas are ordinarily brief there should be wide leading, good display, and care as to margins. The author will often give very definite specifications as to the arrangement of his copy in lines, and this will sometimes cause difficulty, occasionally compelling the use of too small type. The author's specifications must be followed if he adheres to them.

Small capitals are much favored for running titles of pages. Full capitals are much more effective and are to be preferred where the words are few. Small capitals of 12 or 14 point body are distinct but smaller sizes are crowded and hard to read. This difficulty can sometimes be remedied by hair spacing. Over spacing of such lines is objectionable though it has sometimes prevailed as a temporary fashion.

Small capitals used in running titles are exposed to heavy wear and their shallow counters are liable to get choked up with ink. Capitals of the monotint or of a light-faced antique are sometimes selected for books frequently reprinted where the wear on the exposed running titles is very severe.

In reprinting letters it is common to use small capitals for the name of the place from which the letter was written, for the name of the addressee, and for the signature. In job and advertising work the name of the month and day and date are generally put in lower-case of the text letter. This rule is not followed, however, in books. When the heading of the letter is very long lower-case letters are preferable to small capitals under the general rules of taste which govern the use of types. The salutation, _Dear Sir_, _Gentlemen_, or the like, does not need small capitals. It is better printed in italic lower-case with a colon (not followed by a dash) at the end. If the matter is double leaded the salutation may go in a line by itself, otherwise conforming to the rules just given.

Reprints of formal inscriptions on tablets and the like are often made in small capitals surrounded by a border. There should be a good relief of white space between the type and the border.

In the Bible and in hymn books the words LORD and GOD are usually set with full capital initial and the rest of the word in small capitals.

This is, of course, a method of showing veneration and at one time it was customary to print all names of spiritual or temporal dignitaries and magnates or even ordinary names in small capitals. This practice still lingers in a few newspapers which print the names of persons, even those of small consequence, in small capitals, especially on the editorial page.

The tendency is steady toward the discriminating use of capitals, small capitals, and italics. More and more we restrict the use of marks of emphasis to the really necessary places leaving the words to tell their story without outside aid.

SUGGESTIONS AS TO TYPOGRAPHIC USE OF CAPITALS

Capitals are too strong to be used with Arabic numerals. This fault of proportion is increased by the custom of casting Arabic numerals on an en body for table work, making them only half as thick as the type. Full capitals may be used with full figures the width of an ordinary letter. Condensed capitals may be used with en body numerals.

If old-style capitals and figures are required in the same line use figures about one-half larger in body than the capitals and justify them to the line.

It is this difficulty in combining capitals and Arabic numerals in the same line that causes the extensive use of Roman numerals in chapter numbers, numbers of other headings, dates on title pages, and the like.

When a large initial three or four lines high is used for the first letter of a new chapter, large capitals are sometimes used, although such usage is not free from the reproach of looking too much like newspaper advertising. When this initial is a two line letter it should be in alignment with the small capitals of the upper line and the base line of the text letter of the lower line.

Care should be taken not to compact capitals. Use wider leading and broader spacing than for lower-case; for example, where you would use one lead between lower-case lines you should use two or three between lines of capitals.

Capitals occupy more of the type-body than lower-case letters and consequently words or lines set entirely with capitals need wider spacing and leading than the lower-case to make composition readable. When lines of roman capitals are set solid or single-leaded the en-quad will usually be enough space between words especially if the words are short; but for wide-leaded lines and head-lines double spaces (two three-to-em) will be needed. A head-line of round, open capitals may even need em-quad spaces. Wide letter words require wide spaces and words of thin or condensed letters require thin spaces.

Words which begin or end with A Y L V W T may need spaces a little less than those with H I M, etc. In small types the inequalities in white space beside or between combinations like L Y A T W and letters with regular shape like H I M N, may not be readily noticed, but in large sizes of capitals these differences are greatly increased and will often make unequal white spaces in a line with uniform metal spaces. In some styles of types a line may need unequal metal spaces in order to space the words evenly.

(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)

This line has en-quads between the words, but the forms of L and T make the white space greater than between the first and second words.

This line has an en-quad in first space and three-to-em in the second, with hair-spaces between some letters of the words.

So, also, it will often be necessary to insert pieces of paper, card, or thin leads between the letters of a word in large display, in order to make them evenly spaced, as shown in these examples:

(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)

This differential spacing in a line of capitals will also be required in a line having abbreviations or initials. The following line, spaced with en-quads throughout, has unnecessarily wide spaces between the initials:

Spaced with four-to-em in the last three places, it is improved:

Capitals used as initials of titles and for other abbreviations, with the accompanying periods, should be thin-spaced or set close together, as shown in the second of these examples:

Two or more lines of capitals of the same size should be spaced as nearly alike as possible. These three lines are so disproportionately spaced that they are not pleasing:

The squaring up is arbitrary and strained. The lines are better like this:

But if it is necessary to square up lines and no additional words or letters can be inserted the short line may be filled with florets or other characters which should not be bolder than the type itself and should be of a style to harmonize with it as nearly as possible.

The extra wide spacing of words set in capitals, as in head-lines and running-heads, should be avoided by the young compositor; there are places where it may be unobjectionable but it will require good judgment and some experience to prevent such lines making the page look freakish or amateurish.

In jobbing, advertisement, and display work, capitals are used more freely than in plain reading matter. In book work the practice is to use capitals more freely than in newspaper composition. A study of the reading columns of daily newspapers will discover that capitals are used very sparingly and words are "kept down" in many cases which in more formal book and pamphlet work would be capitalized.

In advertisements, announcements, and circular letters, words are often capitalized for distinction or emphasis, as in these examples:

Those who win a Second or First Prize through a monthly or special contest become Honor Members of the Guild, and receive the Guild badge without charge.

You are cordially invited to attend the Spring Opening of Suits and Outside Garments for Women, on Wednesday and Thursday, April 28 and 29, in our new Mason Street Annex.

Precise rules for the use of capitals cannot be given for work of all kinds. Their insertion or omission will be governed greatly by the subject matter and the style of treatment desired by the proof-reader or the customer and the compositor's duty will not go further than to maintain some consistency in their use in each piece of work. When he has copy in which capitals are used as in the following example he will be expected either to discard all capitals except at the beginning of the sentences or to capitalize the words as in the second example:

Fifty styles of the Smartest and nobbiest wheel specialties for ponies and Small horses, Pony carts, light horse novelties, traps, wagons, Harness, Saddles, etc.

Fifty Styles of the Smartest and Nobbiest Wheel Specialties for Ponies and Small Horses, Pony Carts, Light Horse Novelties, Traps, Wagons, Harness, Saddles, etc.

In lines of large display, like head-lines, set in capitals and lower-case, all the important words should begin with capitals. Unimportant words, such as _of_, _the_, _by_, _for_, _but_, _in_, etc., except when they are at the beginning of the displayed phrase, are not capitalized.

Notice to the Public The Best is the Cheapest A Great Bargain in Hats By Right of Conquest For Love and Honor

A line of capitals containing an abbreviation or other short word should have capitals throughout when possible, as in the second form of these examples:

JOHN SMITH, Jr. JOHN SMITH, JR. ROBINSON & Co. ROBINSON & CO.

In advertisement display lines like the following are permissible:

The GOLDEN HARVESTER REGAL SHOES _for_ MEN

Combinations of different sizes and styles of types are also common and serve their purpose properly, as in this style, often used in billheads, etc.

TO THOMAS W. ABBOTT, DR. _In account with_ FRANK ABBOTT

Combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case like the following are, however, not approved:

WILLIAM BROWN, President

The words in small capitals as well as the word in lower-case should begin with large capitals, like this:

WILLIAM BROWN, President

When lines of capitals are used in books and pamphlets, for headings and display, they should be used consistently--that is, all headings of a similar kind should be alike in any piece of work, and not one heading in capitals and another in lower-case. The composition of a title page is more pleasing when its chief lines are in one style of letters, giving a harmonious effect. When lines of capitals and lines of lower-case are interspersed in a page an appearance of confusion is liable to be the result.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

A Manual for Writers. By John Matthews Manley and John Arthur Powell. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

The Writer's Desk Book. By William Dana Orcutt. Frederick Stokes Company, New York.

Correct Composition. By Theodore L. DeVinne. The Oswald Publishing Company, New York.

A Handbook of Composition. By Edwin D. Woolley. D. C. Heath, Boston.

Punctuation. With Chapters on Hyphenization, Capitalization and Spelling. By F. Horace Teale. Appleton & Co., New York.

QUESTIONS

As the subject matter of this book is such that many of the questions will serve only to bring out the accuracy of the pupil's memory of rules it is very desirable that care should be taken to insure intelligent use and application of the rules. To be able to repeat a rule is of very little importance compared with the ability to apply it intelligently.

The instructor should give the pupils constant practice in the application of these rules. This should consist of;--

(a) Study of passages taken from all kinds of printed matter.

(b) Rewriting of passages given out without capitalization.

In the first case a wide range of material should be used from the most carefully printed books to the most carelessly printed matter that can be found, including newspapers of varying excellence and pure advertising matter. The capitalization found should be studied and explained by the rules and the criticisms or changes suggested justified in the same way.

In like manner in the second case every capital used in the rewritten text should be justified by the proper rule.

Without such exercises as these, the book will have comparatively little value.

1. What is a capital letter?

2. How many series of letters does an ordinary font of type contain?

3. Name them, and tell what you know about each one.

4. In what does the distinction between capital and lower-case letter consist?

5. What combinations of capitals and lower-case are permissible?

6. In manuscript how do you indicate capitals? Italics?

7. What are capitals used for?

8. What tendencies are observable in style?

9. What is the real implement of English speech?

10. What are the general rules for the use of capitals?

11. Capitalize, _men pray to god, to christ and to the virgin mary that they may be defended by the holy ghost from those assaults of the devil which would make devils of them_. Give the rule for so doing.

12. Capitalize, _the supreme architect of the universe, sometimes called providence, has his own ways of bringing men to heaven_. Give the rule for so doing.

13. Learn the list of words under rule 2.

14. Are these words capitalized in all cases?

15. Are adjectives derived from these words capitalized?

16. When do you not capitalize _God_ and its synonyms?

17. What is the usage as to pronouns referring to God and the other persons of the Trinity?

18. What is the rule regarding the Bible and matter related to it?

19. What is the rule regarding biblical terms?

20. Capitalize, _the holy man entered the holy place at the appointed time_. _The message of the gospel is found in the most spiritual form in the gospel of John._ Give the rule.

21. What is the rule about religious bodies and their members?

22. What is the rule about monastic orders?

23. What is the rule about _church_? Give examples of the different uses.

24. What is the rule about names of creeds?

25. Give different uses of _father_ and _reformer_ and explain them.

26. How do you use capitals in writing names of persons in English and in other languages?

27. What is the usage with regard to epithets and the like?

28. What is the usage with regard to races of men?

29. Give the rule for names of places, and examples of each usage.

30. Learn the tables under rule 15.

31. When do you capitalize generic terms for political divisions and when do you not?

32. What is the rule about words denoting time?

33. What is the rule about festivals, etc.?

34. What is the rule about astronomical terms?

35. When are ordinal numbers capitalized?

36. How are capitals used in scientific names?

37. What is the usage in such words as _father_, _mother_, and other terms denoting relationship?

38. What is the rule regarding names of parties, political, literary, etc.?

39. What is the rule as to historic parties, leagues, etc.?

40. What is the usage in writing of periods, historic, geological, etc.?

41. What is the usage regarding important events?

42. How are treaties, laws, etc., treated?

43. When are the names of governmental bodies, departments, etc., capitalized?

44. How are official titles of corporations and other bodies treated?

45. How are names of conventions, expositions, and the like treated?

46. How are capitals used in book titles and similar copy, including the use of _the_?

47. How are capitals used in dedications and headings?

48. Give the rules for the use of capitals in foreign book titles.

49. Give the rules for the use of capitals in personal titles.

50. What can you do when a name is followed by the initials of a number of titles?

51. What do you do in case of compound titles?

52. How do you write the names of things personified?

53. How are adjectives derived from proper nouns treated?

54. How are capitals used in direct quotations?

55. How are capitals used in resolutions?

56. Are capitals used after colons?

57. How do we write the interjections _O_ and _oh_?

58. How do we write the first personal pronoun?

59. When and where are capitals used for emphasis?

60. Describe the peculiarities of small capitals.

61. Are they used in the same way as full capitals? Why?

62. What is the principal use of small capitals?

63. Give some of the places where small capitals are commonly used.

64. How are small capitals now used in tables of contents, and how were they formerly used?

65. What type would you use for a table of contents when chapter synopses are not given?

66. How are subheads treated?

67. How are signatures and credits treated?

68. How are dedications of books treated?

69. How are running titles treated?

70. What is good usage in reprinting letters?

71. What is a good way to set reprints of formal inscriptions?

72. What is the usage with regard to the names of persons treated with veneration?

73. What is the tendency in the use of capitals and other devices for emphasis?

74. How would you handle combinations of capitals and numerals, and why?

75. How would you treat large initials?

76. How should you space and lead capitals as compared with lower-case?

77. How should lines of capitals be spaced, and why?

78. Would capitals set with even spacing or without spacing appear to be evenly spaced?

79. What is the reason for the appearance just noted?

80. What would you do about it?

81. How should you space capitals used as initials of titles with accompanying periods?

82. How should you space two or more lines of capitals of the same size?

83. If squaring up is necessary, how should it be done?

84. What can you say about wide spacing of words set in capitals?

85. What can you say of the use of capitals in different sorts of matter?

86. How is the compositor guided in these cases?

87. How are capitals used in lines of large display?

88. How would you set a line of capitals containing an abbreviation or other short word?

89. How may capitals be used in lines of advertising display?

90. Under what circumstances are combinations of different sizes and styles of type permissible?

91. Are combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case advisable?

92. What rule should be followed when lines of capitals are used in books and pamphlets for headings and display?

GLOSSARY

FORMAL--Made in accordance with regular and established forms, or with dignity and impressiveness: stiff.

GENERA--Plural of genus, a group for purposes of classification, embracing one or more species.

GENERIC--Of or pertaining to a genus (see genera) as distinct from specific, of or pertaining to a species (which see).

ORDINAL--That form of the numeral that shows the order of anything in a series.

SPECIES--A group for purposes of classification subordinate to a genus and composed of individuals having only minor differences.

VERSIONS--(Of the Bible) Different translations of the original into the same or different languages.

TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES

The following list of publications, comprising the TYPOGRAPHIC TECHNICAL SERIES FOR APPRENTICES, has been prepared under the supervision of the Committee on Education of the United Typothetae of America for use in trade classes, in course of printing instruction, and by individuals.

Each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors, and carefully edited, the purpose being to provide the printers of the United States--employers, journeymen, and apprentices--with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable, up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft, all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study.

The publications of the series are of uniform size, 5×8 inches. Their general make-up, in typography, illustrations, etc., has been, as far as practicable, kept in harmony throughout. A brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list.

Each topic is treated in a concise manner, the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject. Care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear, with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study. Wherever practicable, simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text.

In order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction, each title is accompanied by a list of Review Questions covering essential items of the subject matter. A short Glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books.

These are the Official Text-books of the United Typothetae of America.

Address all orders and inquiries to COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A.