Chapter 1
Produced by Al Haines
[Frontispiece: THE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA]
CANADA
By SIR J. G. BOURINOT
K.C.M.G., LL.D., LIT.D.
SOMETIME CLERK OF THE CANADIAN HOUSE OF COMMONS; HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA; DOCTEUR-ÈS-LETTRES OF LAVAL UNIVERSITY; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY
NEW AND REVISED EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL CHAPTER
BY WILLIAM H. INGRAM, B.A.
T. FISHER UNWIN LTD
LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE
[Transcriber's note: Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred in the original book, in accordance with Project Gutenberg's FAQ-V-99. For its Index, a page number has been placed only at the start of that section. In the HTML version of this book, page numbers are placed in the left margin.]
First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1897 Second Impression . . . . . . . . . . . 1901 Second Edition (Third Impression) . . . 1908 Third Edition (Fourth Impression) . . . 1922
Copyright by T. Fisher Unwin, 1897 (for Great Britain)
Copyright by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1897 (For the United States of America).
I DEDICATE THIS STORY OF CANADA
BY PERMISSION
TO
HER EXCELLENCY THE COUNTESS OF ABERDEEN
WHO HAS WON THE ESTEEM AND AFFECTION OF ALL CLASSES OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE BY THE EARNESTNESS WITH WHICH SHE HAS IDENTIFIED HERSELF WITH EVERY MOVEMENT AFFECTING THE SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS OF THE NEW DOMINION
{v}
PREFATORY NOTE
In writing this story of Canada I have not been able to do more, within the limited space at my command, than briefly review those events which have exercised the most influence on the national development of the Dominion of Canada from the memorable days bold French adventurers made their first attempts at settlement on the banks of the beautiful basin of the Annapolis, and on the picturesque heights of Quebec, down to the establishment of a Confederation which extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Whilst the narrative of the French régime, with its many dramatic episodes, necessarily occupies a large part of this story, I have not allowed myself to forget the importance that must be attached to the development of institutions of government and their effect on the social, intellectual, and material conditions of the people since the beginning of the English régime. Though this story, strictly speaking, ends with the successful accomplishment of the federal union of all the provinces in 1873, when Prince Edward Island became one of its members, I have deemed it necessary to refer briefly to those events which have {vi} happened since that time--the second half-breed rebellion of 1885, for instance--and have had much effect on the national spirit of the people. I endeavour to interest my reader in the public acts of those eminent men whose names stand out most prominently on the pages of history, and have made the deepest impress on the fortunes and institutions of the Dominion. In the performance of this task I have always consulted original authorities, but have not attempted to go into any historical details except those which are absolutely necessary to the intelligent understanding of the great events and men of Canadian annals. I have not entered into the intrigues and conflicts which have been so bitter and frequent during the operation of parliamentary government in a country where politicians are so numerous, and statesmanship is so often hampered and government injuriously affected by the selfish interests of party, but have simply given the conspicuous and dominant results of political action since the concession of representative institutions to the provinces of British North America. A chapter is devoted, at the close of the historical narrative, to a very brief review of the intellectual and material development of the country, and of the nature of its institutions of government. A survey is also given of the customs and conditions of the French Canadian people, so that the reader outside of the Dominion may have some conception of their institutions and of their influence on the political, social, and intellectual life of a Dominion, of whose population they form so important and influential an element. {vii} The illustrations are numerous, and have been carefully selected from various sources, not accessible to the majority of students, with the object, not simply of pleasing the general reader, but rather of elucidating the historical narrative. A bibliographical note has also been added of those authorities which the author has consulted in writing this story, and to which the reader, who wishes to pursue the subject further, may most advantageously refer.
HOUSE OF COMMONS, OTTAWA, _Dominion Day, 1896_.
PUBLISHER'S NOTE.
Owing to the passing of Sir John Bourinot, the revisions necessary to bring this work up to date had to be entrusted to another hand. Accordingly, Mr. William H. Ingram has kindly undertaken the task, and has contributed the very judiciously selected information now embodied in Chapter XXX. on the recent development of Canada. Chapter XXVIII. by Mr. Edward Porritt, author of _Sixty Years of Protection in Canada_, has also been included, as being indicative of the history of the time he describes. Mr. Ingram has also made other revisions of considerable value.
1, ADELPHI TERRACE. _March, 1922_.
{ix}
CONTENTS
PAGE
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
I.
INTRODUCTION--THE CANADIAN DOMINION FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN 1
II.
THE DAWN OF DISCOVERY IN CANADA (1497-1525) . . . . . . . 19
III.
A BRETON SAILOR DISCOVERS CANADA AND ITS GREAT RIVER (1534-1536) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
IV.
FROM CARTIER TO DE MONTS (1540-1603) . . . . . . . . . . . 44
V.
THE FRENCH OCCUPATION OF ACADIA AND THE FOUNDATION OF PORT ROYAL (1604-1614) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
VI.
SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN IN THE VALLEY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE (1608-1635) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
VII.
GENTLEMEN-ADVENTURERS IN ACADIA (1614-1677) . . . . . . . 92
{x}
VIII.
THE CANADIAN INDIANS AND THE IROQUOIS: THEIR ORGANISATION, CHARACTER, AND CUSTOMS . . . . . . . . . . 110
IX.
CONVENTS AND HOSPITALS--VILLE-MARIE--MARTYRED MISSIONARIES--VICTORIOUS IROQUOIS--HAPLESS HURONS (1635-1652) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
X.
YEARS OF GLOOM--THE KING COMES TO THE RESCUE OF CANADA--THE IROQUOIS HUMBLED (1652-1667) . . . . . . . . 146
XI.
CANADA AS A ROYAL PROVINCE--CHURCH AND STATE (1663-1759) 156
XII.
THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY--PRIESTS, FUR-TRADERS, AND _Coureurs de Bois_ IN THE WEST (1634-1687) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
XIII.
THE PERIOD OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY--FRANCE IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI (1672-1687) . . . . . . . 177
XIV.
CANADA AND ACADIA--FROM FRONTENAC TO THE TREATY OF UTRECHT (1672-1713) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
XV.
ACADIA AND ÎLE ROYALE--FROM THE TREATY OF UTRECHT TO THE TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1713-1748) . . . . . . . 210
XVI.
THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE GREAT VALLEYS OF NORTH AMERICA--PRELUDE (1748-1756) . . . . . . . . . . . 221
{xi}
XVII.
THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE GREAT VALLEYS OF NORTH AMERICA--ENGLISH REVERSES AND FRENCH VICTORIES--FALL OF LOUISBOURG AND FORT DUQUESNE (1756-1758) . . . . . . 237
XVIII.
THE STRUGGLE FOR DOMINION IN THE VALLEY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE--CANADA IS WON BY WOLFE ON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM (1759-1763) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
XIX.
A PERIOD OF TRANSITION--PONTIAC'S WAR--THE QUEBEC ACT (1760-1774) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
XX.
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION--INVASION OF CANADA--DEATH OF MONTGOMERY--PEACE (1774-1783) . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
XXI.
COMING OF THE LOYALISTS (1783-1791) . . . . . . . . . . . 291
XXII.
FOUNDATION OF NEW PROVINCES--ESTABLISHMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS (1792-1812) . . . . . . . . 302
XXIII.
THE WAR OF 1812-1815--PATRIOTISM OF THE CANADIANS . . . . 316
XXIV.
POLITICAL STRIFE AND REBELLION (1815-1840) . . . . . . . . 338
XXV.
RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT AND ITS RESULTS--FEDERAL UNION--RELATIONS BETWEEN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES (1839-1867) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
{xii}
XXVI.
END OF THE RULE OF FUR TRADERS--ACQUISITION OF THE NORTHWEST--FORMATION OF MANITOBA--RIEL'S REBELLIONS--THE INDIANS (1670-1885) . . . . . . . . . . 380
XXVII.
BRITISH COLUMBIA AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND ENTER THE UNION--NATIONAL EVENTS SINCE 1867--MAKERS OF THE DOMINION (1867-1891) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
XXVIII.
CANADA AS A NATION--MATERIAL AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT--POLITICAL RIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
XXIX.
FRENCH CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
XXX.
RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
{xiii}
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
[Transcriber's note: The page numbers below are those in the original book. However, in this e-book, to avoid the splitting of paragraphs, the illustrations may have been moved to preceding or following pages.]
PAGE
THE HON. W. L. MACKENZIE KING . . . . . . . . _Frontispiece_ _Courtesy "Canada."_
VIEW OF CAPE TRINITY ON THE LAURENTIAN RANGE . . . . . . . 9 _From a photograph by Topley, Ottawa._
ROCKY MOUNTAINS AT DONALD, BRITISH COLUMBIA . . . . . . . 13 _From Sir W. Van Horne's Collection of B. C. photographs._
UPPER END OF FRASER CAÑON, BRITISH COLUMBIA . . . . . . . 15 _Ibid._
SKETCH OF JUAN DE LA COSA'S MAP, A.D. 1500 . . . . . . . . 25 _From Dr. S. E. Dawson's "Cabot Voyages," in Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 1894._
* To explain these dates it is necessary to note that Champlain lived for years in one of the buildings of the Fort of Saint Louis which he first erected, and the name château is often applied to that structure; but the château, properly so-called, was not commenced until 1647, and it as well as its successors was within the limits of the fort. It was demolished in 1694 by Governor Frontenac, who rebuilt it on the original foundations, and it was this castle which, in a remodelled and enlarged form, under the English régime, lasted until 1834.
{xiv}
PORTRAIT OF JACQUES CARTIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 _From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Français" (Montreal, 1882-'84)._
ANCIENT HOCHELAGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 _From Ramusio's "Navigationi e Viaggi" (Venice, 1565)._
THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, _circa_ 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S DISCOVERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 _From collection of maps in Parliamentary Library at Ottawa._
PLAN OF PORT ROYAL IN ACADIA IN 1605 . . . . . . . . . . . 57 _From Champlain's works, rare Paris ed. of 1613._
CHAMPLAIN'S PORTRAIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 _From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Français."_
HABITATION DE QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 _From Champlain's works, rare Paris ed. of 1613._
CHAMPLAIN'S LOST ASTROLABE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 _From sketch by A. J. Russell, of Ottawa, 1879._
ONONDAGA FORT IN THE IROQUOIS COUNTRY . . . . . . . . . . 83 _From Champlain's works, rare Paris ed. of 1613._
INDIAN COSTUMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 _From Lafitau's "Moeurs des Sauvages" (Paris, 1724)._
IROQUOIS LONG HOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 _From Morgan's "Houses and Home Life of the Aborigines" (Washington, 1881)._
PORTRAIT OF MARIE GUYARD (MÈRE MARIE DE L'INCARNATION) . . 131 _From S. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Français."_
PORTRAIT OF MAISONNEUVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 _Ibid._
PORTRAIT OF LAVAL, FIRST CANADIAN BISHOP . . . . . . . . . 159 _Ibid._
{xv}
CARD ISSUE (PAPER MONEY) OF 1729, FOR 12 LIVRES . . . . . 162 _From Breton's "Illustrated History of Coins and Tokens Relating to Canada" (Montreal, 1892)._
CANADIAN FIFTEEN SOL PIECE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 _Ibid._
CANADIAN TRAPPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 _From La Pothérie's "Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale" (Paris, 1753)._
PORTRAIT AND AUTOGRAPH OF CAVELIER DE LA SALLE . . . . . . 185 _B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Francais."_
FRONTENAC, FROM HÉBERT'S STATUE AT QUEBEC . . . . . . . . 193 _From Dr. Stewart's collection of Quebec photographs._
CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON IN HUDSON BAY, BY THE FRENCH . . . 205 _From La Pothérie's "Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale."_
PORTRAIT OF CHEVALIER D'IBERVILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 _From a portrait in Margry's "Découvertes et établissements des François dans le Sud de l'Amérique Septentrionale" (Paris, 1876-'83)._
VIEW OF LOUISBOURG IN 1731 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 _From a sketch in the Paris Archives._
MAP OF FRENCH FORTS IN AMERICA, 1750-60 . . . . . . . . . 221 _From Bourinot's "Cape Breton and its Memorials of the French Régime" (Montreal, 1891)._
PORTRAIT OF MONTCALM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 _From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-Français."_
LOUISBOURG MEDALS OF 1758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 _From Bourinot's "Cape Breton," etc._
{xvi}
PORTRAIT OF WOLFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 _From print in "A Complete History of the Late War," etc. (London and Dublin, 1774), by Wright._
PLAN OF OPERATIONS AT SIEGE OF QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . 251 _Made from a more extended plan in "The Universal Magazine" (London, Dec., 1859)._
MONTCALM AND WOLFE MONUMENT AT QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . 261 _From Dr. Stewart's collection of Quebec photographs._
VIEW OF QUEBEC IN 1760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 _From "The Universal Magazine" (London, 1760)._
VIEW OF MONTREAL IN 1760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 _Ibid._
PORTRAIT AND AUTOGRAPH OF JOSEPH BRANT (THAYENDANEGEA) . . 299 _From Stone's "Life of Joseph Brant," original ed. (New York, 1838)._
PRESCOTT GATE AND BISHOP'S PALACE IN 1800 . . . . . . . . 307 _From a sketch by A. J. Russell in Hawkins's "Pictures of Quebec."_
PORTRAIT OF LIEUT.-GENERAL SIMCOE . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 _From Dr. Scadding's "Toronto of Old" (Toronto, 1873)._
PORTRAIT OF MAJ.-GENERAL BROCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 _From a picture in possession of J. A. Macdonell, Esq., of Alexandria, Ontario._
PORTRAIT OF COLONEL DE SALABERRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 _From Fennings Taylor's "Portraits of British Americans" (W. Notman, Montreal, 1865-'67)._
MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 _From a photograph through courtesy of Rev. Canon Bull, Niagara South, Ont._
{xvii}
PORTRAIT OF LOUIS J. PAPINEAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 _From Fennings Taylor's "Portraits of British Americans."_
PORTRAIT OF BISHOP STRACHAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 _Ibid._
PORTRAIT OF W. LYON MACKENZIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 _From C. Lindsey's "Life and Times of W. L. Mackenzie" (Toronto, 1863)._
PORTRAIT OF JUDGE HALIBURTON, AUTHOR OF "THE CLOCK-MAKER" 359 _From a portrait given to author by Mr. F. Blake Crofton of Legislative Library, Halifax, N. S._
PORTRAIT OF JOSEPH HOWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 _From Fennings Taylor's "Portraits of British Americans."_
PORTRAIT OF ROBERT BALDWIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 _Ibid._
PORTRAIT OF L. H. LAFONTAINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 _Ibid._
PORTRAIT OF L. A. WILMOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 _From Lathern's "Biographical Sketch of Judge Wilmot" (Toronto, 1881)._
FORT GARRY AND A RED RIVER STEAMER IN 1870 . . . . . . . . 389 _From A. J. Russell's "Red River Country" (Montreal, 1870)._
PORTRAIT OF LIEUT.-COLONEL WILLIAMS . . . . . . . . . . . 399 _From a photograph by Topley, Ottawa._
INDIAN CARVED POSTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA . . . . . . . . . 401 _From photograph by Dr. Dawson, C.M.G., Director of Geological Survey of Canada._
PORTRAIT OF SIR JOHN MACDONALD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 _From L. J. Taché's "Canadian Portrait Gallery" (Montreal, 1890-'93)._
{xviii}
PORTRAIT OF HON. GEORGE BROWN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 _From photograph._
PORTRAIT OF SIR GEORGE E. CARTIER . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 _From B. Sulte's "Histoire des Canadiens-français."_
SIR WILFRID LAURIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 _From a photograph by Ernest H. Mills._
OLD PARLIAMENT BUILDING AT OTTAWA . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 _From a photograph by Topley, Ottawa._
QUEBEC IN 1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 _From Dr. Stewart's collection of Quebec photographs._
STREET SCENE IN A FRENCH CANADIAN VILLAGE NEAR QUEBEC . . 437 _Ibid._
OLD CHURCH AT BONNE STE. ANNE, WHERE MIRACLES WERE . . . . 441 PERFORMED _Ibid._
A CANADIAN CALECHE OF OLD TIMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 _From Weld's "Travels in North America" (London, 1799)._
PORTRAIT OF LOUIS FRECHETTE, THE FRENCH CANADIAN POET . . 449 _From L. J. Taché's "Canadian Portrait Gallery."_
A CHARACTERISTIC SNAPSHOT OF SIR ROBERT BORDEN . . . . . . 456 _Courtesy "Central News."_
SILVER MINES AT COBALT, ONTARIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 _Courtesy C.P.R._
NEW PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 _Courtesy C.P.R._
MAP OF CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at end [Transcriber's note: missing from book.]
{xix}
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
Jacques Cartier's _Voyages_, in English, by Joseph Pope (Ottawa, 1889), and H. B. Stephens (Montreal, 1891); in French, by N. E. Dionne (Quebec, 1891); Toilon de Longrais (Rennes, France), H. Michelant and E. Ramé (Paris, 1867). L'Escarbot's _New France_, in French, Tross's ed. (Paris, 1866), which contains an account also of Cartier's first voyage. Sagard's _History of Canada_, in French, Tross's ed. (Paris, 1866). Champlain's works, in French, Laverdiere's ed. (Quebec, 1870); Prince Society's English ed. (Boston, 1878-80). Lafitau's _Customs of the Savages_, in French (Paris, 1724). Charlevoix's _History of New France_, in French (Paris, 1744); Shea's English version (New York, 1866). _Jesuit Relations_, in French (Quebec ed., 1858). Ferland's _Course of Canadian History_, in French (Quebec, 1861-1865). Garneau's _History of Canada_, in French (Montreal, 1882). Sulte's _French Canadians_, in French (Montreal, 1882-84). F. Parkman's series of histories of French Régime, viz.; _Pioneers of France in the New World; The Jesuits in North America; The old Régime; Frontenac; The Discovery of the Great West; A Half Century of Conflict; Montcalm and Wolfe; Conspiracy of Pontiac_ (Boston, 1865-1884). Justin Winsor's _From Cartier to Frontenac_ (Boston, 1894). Hannay's _Acadia_ (St. John, N. B., 1870). W. Kingsford's _History of Canada_, 8 vols. so far (Toronto and London, 1887-1896), the eighth volume on the war of 1812 being especially valuable. Bourinot's "Cape Breton and its Memorials of the French Régime," _Trans. Roy. Soc. Can._, vol. ix, and separate ed. (Montreal, 1891). Casgrain's _Montcalm and Lévis_, in French (Quebec, 1891). Haliburton's _Nova Scotia_ (Halifax, 1829). Murdoch's _Nova Scotia_ (Halifax, 1865-67). Campbell's _Nova Scotia_ (Halifax, 1873). Campbell's _Prince Edward Island_ (Charlottetown, 1875). Lord Durham's _Report_, 1839. Christie's _History of Lower Canada_ (Quebec, 1848-1855). Dent's _Story of the Upper Canadian Rebellion_ (Toronto, 1855). Lindsey's _W. Lyon Mackenzie_ (Toronto, 1873). Dent's _Canada Since the Union of 1841_ (Toronto, 1880-81). Turcotte's _Canada under the Union_, in French (Quebec, 1871). Bourinot's _Manual of Constitutional History_ (Montreal, 1888), "Federal Government in Canada" (_Johns Hopkins University Studies_, {xx} Baltimore, 1889), and _How Canada is Governed_ (Toronto, 1895). Withrow's _Popular History of Canada_ (Toronto, 1888). MacMullen's _History of Canada_ (Brockville, 1892). Begg's _History of the Northwest_ (Toronto, 1804). Canniff's _History of Ontario_ (Toronto, 1872). Egerton Ryerson's _Loyalists of America_ (Toronto, 1880). Mrs. Edgar's _Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War_ (Toronto, 1890). Porritt's _Sixty Years of Protection in Canada_ (London, 1907). H. E. Egerton and W. L. Grant's _Canadian Constitutional Development_ (London, 1907). G. R. Parkin's _Sir John A. Macdonald_ (London, 1909). B. Home's _Canada_ (London, 1911). W. Maxwell's _Canada of To-Day_ (London, 1911). C. L. Thomson's _Short History of Canada_ (London, 1911). W. L. Griffith's _The Dominion of Canada_ (London, 1911). A. G. Bradley's _Canada_ (London, 1912). Arthur G. Doughty's _History of Canada_ (_Year Book_) (Ottawa, 1913). J. A. T. Lloyd's _The Real Canadian_ (London, 1913). E. L. Marsh's _The Story of Canada_ (London, 1913). J. Munro's _Canada 1535 to Present Day_ (London, 1913). A. Shortland and A. G. Doughty's _Canada and its Provinces_ (Toronto, 1913). W. L. Grant's _High School History of Canada_ (Toronto, 1914). G. Bryce's _Short History of the Canadian People_ (London, 1914). D. W. Oates's _Canada To-day and Yesterday_ (London, 1914). F. Fairfield's _Canada_ (London, 1914). Sir C. Tupper's _Political Reminiscences_ (London, 1914). Morang's _Makers of Canada_ (Toronto, 1917). Sir Thomas White's _The Story of Canada's War Finance_ (Montreal, 1921). Prof. Skelton's _Life of Sir Wilfrid Laurier_ (Toronto, 1922). And _Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada_ by the University of Toronto.
For a full bibliography of archives, maps, essays, and books relating to the periods covered by the Story of Canada, and used by the writer, see appendix to his "Cape Breton and its Memorials," in which all authorities bearing on the Norse, Cabot, and other early voyages are cited. Also, appendix to same author's "Parliamentary Government in Canada" (_Trans. Roy. Soc. Can._, vol. xi., and American Hist. Ass. Report, Washington, 1891). Also his "Canada's Intellectual Strength and Weakness" (_Trans. Roy. Soc. Can._, vol. xi, and separate volume, Montreal, 1891). Also, Winsor's _Narrative_ and _Critical History of America_ (Boston, 1886-89).
{1}
THE STORY OF CANADA.
I.
INTRODUCTION.
THE CANADIAN DOMINION FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN.