CHAPTER XII

ANCIENT AND PROTESTANT FOUNDATIONS

"Nec modo seminarium augustum et conclusum nimis, verum in se amplissimum campum collegium esse cupimus: ubi juvenes, apum more, de omnigenis flosculis pro libita libent, modo mel legant, quo et eorum procudantur linguæ et pectora, tanquam crura, thymo compleantur: ita ut tandem ex collegio quasi ex alveari evolantes, novas in quibus se exonerent ecclesiæ sedes appetant."--_Statutes of Sidney College._

Queen Elizabeth and the Founder of Emmanuel--The Puritan Age--Sir Walter Mildmay--The Building of Emmanuel--The Tenure of Fellowships--Puritan Worthies--The Founder of Harvard--Lady Frances Sidney--The Sidney College Charter--The Buildings--The Chapel the old Franciscan Refectory--Royalists and Puritans--Oliver Cromwell--Thomas Fuller--A Child's Prayer for his Mother.

"I hear, Sir Walter," said Queen Elizabeth to the founder of Emmanuel College, "you have been erecting a Puritan foundation." "No, madam," he replied, "far be it from me to countenance anything contrary to your established laws; but I have set an acorn, which, when it becomes an oak, God alone knows what will be the fruit therefrom." And Sir Walter Mildmay expressed no doubt truthfully what was his own intention as a founder, for although it is customary to speak of both Emmanuel and Sidney Colleges as Puritan foundations, and although it admits of no question that the prevailing tone of Emmanuel College was from the first intensely Puritan in tone, yet it cannot certainly be said that either Emmanuel College or the college established by the Lady Frances Sidney two years later, were specially designed by their founders to strengthen the Puritan movement in the University. They synchronised with it no doubt, and many of their earliest members gave ample proof of their sympathy with it. But as foundations they sprang rather from the impulse traceable on the one hand to the literary spirit of the Renaissance, and on the other to the desire of promoting that union of rational religion with sound knowledge, which the friends of the New Learning, the disciples of Colet, Erasmus, and More had at heart. The two colleges were born, in fact, at the meeting-point of two great epochs of history. The age of the Renaissance was passing into the age of Puritanism. Rifts which were still little were widening every hour, and threatening ruin to the fabric of Church and State which the Tudors had built up. A new political world was rising into being; a world healthier, more really national, but less picturesque, less wrapt in the mystery and splendour that poets love. Great as were the faults of Puritanism, it may fairly claim to be the first political system which recognised the grandeur of the people as a whole.

As great a change was passing over the spiritual sympathies of man; a sterner Protestantism was invigorating and ennobling life by its morality, by its seriousness, and by its intense conviction of God. But it was at the same time hardening and narrowing it. The Bible was superseding Plutarch. The obstinate questionings which haunted the finer souls of the Renaissance were being stereotyped in the theological formulas of the Puritan. The sense of divine omnipotence was annihilating man. The daring which turned England into a people of adventurers, the sense of inexhaustible resources, the buoyant freshness of youth, the intoxicating sense of beauty and joy, which inspired Sidney and Marlowe and Drake, was passing away before the consciousness of evil and the craving to order man's life aright before God.

Emmanuel and Sidney Colleges were the children of this transition period. Sir Walter Mildmay, the founder of Emmanuel, was Chancellor of the Exchequer in the reign of Elizabeth, known and trusted by the Queen from her girlhood--she exchanged regularly New Year's gifts with him--a tried friend and discreet diplomatist, who had especially been distinguished in the negotiations in connection with the imprisonment of Mary, Queen of Scots. He had been educated at Christ's College, though apparently he had taken no degree. He was a man, however, of some learning, and retained throughout life a love for classical literature. Sir John Harrington, in his "Orlando Furioso," quotes a Latin stanza, which he says he derived from the Latin poems of Sir Walter Mildmay. These poems, however, are not otherwise known. He is also spoken of as the writer of a book entitled "A Note to Know a Good Man." His interest in his old university and sympathy with letters is attested by the fact that he contributed a gift of stone to complete the tower of Great S. Mary's, and established a Greek lectureship and six scholarships at Christ's College. He had acquired considerable wealth in his service of the State, having also inherited a large fortune from his father, who had been one of Henry VIII.'s commissioners for receiving the surrender of the dissolved monasteries. It was fitting, perhaps, he felt, that some portion of this wealth should be devoted to the service of religion and sound learning. Anyhow, in the month of January 1584, we find the Queen granting to her old friend, "his heirs, executors, and assigns," a charter empowering them "to erect, found, and establish for all time to endure a certain college of sacred theology, the sciences, philosophy and good arts, of one master and thirty fellows and scholars, graduate or non-graduate, or more or fewer according to the ordinances and statutes of the same college." On the 23rd of the previous November, Sir Walter had purchased for £550 the land and buildings of the Dominican or Black Friars, which had been established at Cambridge in 1279 and dissolved in 1538. During the fifty years that had elapsed since the dissolution the property had passed through various hands. Upon passing into the hands of Sir Walter it is thus described:--

"All that the scite, circuit, ambulance and precinct of the late Priory of Fryers prechers, commonly called the black fryers within the Towne of Cambrigge ... and all mesuages, houses, buildinges, barnes, stables, dovehouses, orchards, gardens, pondes, stewes, waters, land and soyle within the said scite.... And all the walles of stone, brick or other thinge compassinge and enclosinge the said scite."

The present buildings stand upon nearly the same sites as those occupied by the original buildings, which were adapted to the requirements of the new college by Ralph Symons, the architect, who had already been employed at Trinity and S. John's. The hall, parlour, and butteries were constructed out of the Church of the Friars. It is recorded that "in repairing the Combination Room about the year 1762, traces of the high altar were very apparent near the present fireplace." The Master's lodge was formed at the east end of the same range, either by the conversion of the east part of the church, or by the erection of a new building. A new chapel, running north and south--the non-orientation, it is said, being due to Puritan feeling--was built to the north of the Master's lodge. The other new buildings consisted of a kitchen on the north side of the hall and a long range of chambers enclosing the court on the south. Towards the east there were no buildings, the court on that side being enclosed by a low wall. The entrance to the College was in Emmanuel Lane, through a small outer court, having the old chapel as its southern range and the kitchen as the northern. From this the principal court was reached by passages at either end of the hall. The range known as the Brick Building was added in 1632, extending southwards from the east end of the Founder's Chambers. In 1668 the present chapel was built facing east and west, in the centre of the southern side of the principal court. By this time, it is said, the old chapel had become ruinous. Moreover, it had never been consecrated, and the Puritanical observances alleged to have been practised in it were giving some offence to the Restoration authorities. The following statement, drawn up in 1603,[89] is interesting, not only as giving a graphic picture of the disorders complained of at Emmanuel, but also incidentally of the customs of other colleges:--

"1. First for a prognostication of disorder, whereas all the chappells in y^{e} University are built with the chancell eastward, according to y^{e} uniform order of all Christendome. The chancell in y^{e} colledge standeth north, and their kitchen eastward.

"2. All other colledges in Cambridge do strictly observe, according to y^{e} laws and ordinances of y^{e} Church of Englande, the form of publick prayer, prescribed in y^{e} Communion Booke. In Emmanuel Colledge they do follow a private course of publick prayer, after y^{r} own fashion, both Sondaies, Holydaies and workie daies.

"3. In all other colledges, the M^{rs} and Scholers of all sorts do wear surplisses and hoods, if they be graduates, upon y^{e} Sondaies and Holydaies in y^{e} time of Divine Service. But they of Emmanuel Colledge have not worn that attier, either at y^{e} ordinary Divine Service, or celebration of y^{e} Lord's Supper, since it was first erected.

"4. All other colledges do wear, according to y^{e} order of y^{e} University, and many directions given from the late Queen, gowns of a sett fashion, and square capps. But they of Eman. Colledge are therein altogether irregular, and hold themselves not to be tied to any such orders.

"5. Every other Colledge according to the laws in that behalf provided, and to the custome of the King's Householde, do refrayne their suppers upone Frydaies and other Fasting and Ember daies. But they of Eman. Coll. have suppers every such nights throughout y^{e} year, publickly in the gr. Hall, yea upon good Fridaye itself.

"6. All other Colledges do use one manner of forme in celebratinge the Holy Communion, according to the order of the Communion Booke, as particularlye the Communicants do receive kneelinge, with the particular application of these words, viz., _The Body of our Lord Jesus Christ, etc.; The Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, etc._; as the s^{d} Booke prescribeth. But in Eman. Coll. they receive that Holy Sacrament, sittinge upon forms about the Communion Table, and doe pulle the loafe one from the other, after the minister hath begon. And soe y^{e} cuppe one drinking as it were to another, like good Fellows without any particular application of y^{e} s^{d} wordes, more than once for all.

"7. In other Colledges and Churches, generally none are admitted to attend att the Communion Table, in the celebration of the Holy Mystery, but Ministers and Deacons. But in Eman. Coll. the wine is filled and the table is attended by the Fellows' subsizers."

There is one interesting feature in connection with the foundation of Emmanuel College which calls for special notice, as showing that the Puritan founder was fully conscious of the dangers attaching to a perpetual tenure of Fellowships, as affording undue facilities for evading those practical duties of learning and teaching, the efficient discharge of which he rightly considered it should be the main object of the University to demand, and the interest of the nation to secure. "We have founded the College," says Sir Walter, "with the design that it should be, by the grace of God, a seminary of learned men for the supply of the Church, and for the sending forth of as large a number as possible of those who shall instruct the people in the Christian faith. _We would not have any Fellow suppose that we have given him, in this College, a perpetual abode_, a warning which we deem the more necessary, in that we have ofttimes been present when many experienced and wise men have taken occasion to lament, and have supported their complaints by past and present utterances, that in other colleges a too protracted stay of Fellows has been no slight bane to the common weal and to the interests of the Church."[90]

In the sequel, however, the wise forethought of Sir Walter Mildmay was to a great extent frustrated. The clause of the College statutes which embodied his design was set aside in the re-action towards conservative university tradition, which followed upon the re-establishment of the Stuart dynasty. A similar clause in the statutes of Sidney College, which had been simply transcribed from the original Emmanuel statutes, was about the same time rescinded, on the ground that it was a deviation from the customary practice of other societies, both at Oxford and Cambridge. It was not, in fact, until the close of the nineteenth century that university reformers were able to secure such a revision of the terms of Fellowship tenure as should obviate, on the one hand, the dangers which the wisdom of the Puritan founder foresaw, and, on the other, make adequate provision, under stringent and safe conditions, for the endowment of research. The old traditionary system is thus summarised by Mr. Mullinger:--

"The assumption of priests' orders was indeed made, in most instances, an indispensable condition for a permanent tenure of a Fellowship, but it too often only served as a pretext under which all obligation to studious research was ignored, while the Fellowship itself again too often enabled the holder to evade with equal success the responsibilities of parish work. Down to a comparatively recent date, it has accordingly been the accepted theory with respect to nearly all College Fellowships that they are designed to assist clergymen to prepare for active pastoral work, and not to aid the cause of learned or scientific research. Occasionally, it is true, the bestowal of a lay fellowship has fallen upon fruitful ground. The Plumian Professorship fostered the bright promise of a Cotes: the Lucasian sustained the splendid achievements of Newton. But for the most part those labours to which Cambridge can point with greatest pride and in whose fame she can rightly claim to share--the untiring scientific investigations which have established on a new and truer basis the classification of organic existence or the succession of extinct forms--or the long patience and profound calculations which have wrested from the abysmal depths of space the secrets of stupendous agencies and undreamed of laws--or the scholarship which has restored, with a skill and a success that have moved the envy of united Germany, some of the most elaborate creations of the Latin muse--have been the achievements of men who have yielded indeed to the traditional theory a formal assent but have treated it with a virtual disregard."[91]

How essentially Puritan was the prevailing tone of Emmanuel during the early days we may surmise from the fact, that in the time of the Commonwealth no less than eleven masters of other colleges in the University came from this Foundation--Seaman of Peterhouse, Dillingham of Clare Hall, Whichcote of King's, Horton of Queens', Spurston of S. Catharine's, Worthington of Jesus, Tuckney of John's, Cudworth of Christ's, Sadler of Magdalene, Hill of Trinity. Among some of the earliest students to receive their education within its walls were many of the Puritan leaders of America. Cotton Mather, in his "Ecclesiastical History of New England," gives a conspicuous place in its pages to the names of Emmanuel men--Thomas Hooker, John Cotton, Thomas Shephard. "If New England," he says, "hath been in some respect Immanuel's Land, it is well; but this I am sure of, Immanuel College contributed more than a little to make it so." Few patriotic Americans of the present day, visiting England, omit to make pilgrimage to Emmanuel, for was not the founder of their University, Harvard College, an Emmanuel man, graduating from that college in 1631, and proceeding to his M.A. degree in 1635? John Harvard, "the ever memorable benefactor of learning and religion in America," as Edward Everett justly styles him--"a godly gentleman and lover of learning," as he is called by his contemporaries, "a scholar, and pious in life, and enlarged towards the country and the good of it in life and death," seems indeed to have been a worthy son of both Emmanuel and of Cambridge, a Puritan indeed, but of that fuller and manlier type which was characteristic of the Elizabethan age rather than of the narrower, more contentious, more pedantic order which set in with and was hardened and intensified by the arbitrary provocations of the Stuart regime.

The last in date of foundation of the Cambridge Colleges with which we have to deal--for Downing College, unique as it is in many ways, and attractive (its precincts, "a park in the heart of a city"), is not yet a century old, and its history although in some respects of national importance, lies beyond our limit of time--was the "Ancient and Protestant Foundation of Sidney Sussex College."

The foundress of Sydney Sussex College was the Lady Frances Sidney, one of the learned ladies of the court of Elizabeth. She was the aunt both of Sir Philip Sidney and of the Earl of Leicester; the wife of Radcliffe, Earl of Sussex, known at least to all readers of "Kenilworth" as the rival of Leicester. To-day the noble families of Pembroke, Carnarvon, and Sidney all claim her as a common ancestress. A few years ago, in conjunction with the authorities of the college, they restored her tomb, which occupies the place of the altar in the chapel of S. Paul in Westminster Abbey. It was the Dean of Westminster, her friend Dr. Goodman, who gave to the college that portrait of the foundress which hangs above the high table in the college hall.

It is a characteristic of the period which may be worth noting here--of the middle, that is, of the sixteenth century--when the destinies of Europe were woven by the hands of three extraordinary queens, who ruled the fortunes of England, France, and Scotland--that, as the fruits of the Renaissance and of the outgrowth of the New Learning, and perhaps also of the independent spirit of the coming Puritanism, learned women should in some degree be leading the van of English civilisation.

How long the Lady Frances had had the intention of founding a college, and what was the prompting motive, we do not know. In her will, however, which is dated December 6, 1588, the intention is clearly stated. After giving instructions as to her burial and making certain bequests, she proceeds to state "that since the decease of her late lord"--he had died five years previously--"she had yearly gathered out of her revenues so much as she conveniently could, purposing to erect some goodly and godly monument for the maintenance of good learning." In performance of the same, her charitable pretence, she directs her executors to employ the sum of £5000 (made up from her ready-money yearly reserved, a certain portion of plate, and other things which she had purposely left) together with all her unbequeathed goods, for the erection of a new college in the University of Cambridge, to be called the "Lady Frances Sidney Sussex College, and for the purchasing some competent lands for the maintaining of a Master, ten Fellows, and twenty Scholars, if the said £5000 and unbequeathed goods would thereunto extend."

On her death in the following year her executors, the Earl of Kent and Sir John Harrington, at once attempted to carry out her wishes. Of them and their endeavour, Fuller, himself a Sidney man, has thus, as always, quaintly written:--

"These two noble executors in the pursuance of the will of this testatrix, according to her desire and direction therein, presented Queen Elizabeth with a jewel, being like a star, of rubies and diamonds, with a ruby in the midst thereof, worth an hundred and forty pounds, having on the back side a hand delivering up a heart into a crown. At the delivery hereof they humbly requested of her Highness a mortmain to found a College, which she graciously granted unto them"--though the royal license did not actually come until five years later. "We usually observe infants born in the seventh month, though poor and pitiful creatures, are vital; and with great care and good attendance, in time prove proper persons. To such a _partus septimestris_ may Sidney College well be resembled, so low, lean, and little at the birth thereof. Alas! what is five thousand pounds to buy the site, build and endow a College therewith?... Yet such was the worthy care of her honourable executors, that this Benjamin College--the least and last in time, and born _after_ (as he _at_) the death of his mother--thrived in a short time to a competent strength and stature."[92]

Some delay ensued, for it was not until 1593 that, at the motion of the executors, an Act of Parliament was passed enabling Trinity College to sell or let at fee farm rent the site of the Grey Friars. The College charter is dated February 14, 1596. The building was commenced in the following May, and completed, with the exception of the chapel, in 1598. In the same year the original statutes were framed by the executors. They are largely copied from those of Emmanuel, and are equally verbose, cumbrous, and ill-arranged. One clause in them which speaks of the Master as one who "_Papismum, Hæreses, superstitiones, et errores omnes ex animo abhorret et detestatur_," testifies to the intentionally Protestant character of the College, a fact, however, which did not prevent James II., on a vacancy in the mastership, intruding on the society a Papist Master, Joshua Basset, of Caius, of whom the Fellows complained that he was "let loose upon them to do what he liked." They had, however, their revenge, for, although later he was spoken of as "such a mongrel Papist, who had so many nostrums in his religion that no part of the Roman Church could own him," in 1688 he was deposed.

The architect of the College buildings was Ralph Simons, who had built Emmanuel and "thoroughly reformed a great part of Trinity College." It is interesting to note that more than half of the sum received from Lady Sidney's estate to found and endow the College was expended in the erection of the hall, the Master's lodge, and the hall court. These buildings formed the whole of the College when it was opened in 1598. How picturesque it must have been in those days, before the red brick of which it is built was covered with plaster, one can see by Loggan's print of the College, made about 1688. The buildings are simple enough, but quite well designed. The "rose-red" of the brick, at least, seems to have struck the poet, Giles Fletcher, when he wrote of Sidney in 1633 in his Latin poem on the Cambridge colleges:--

"Haec inter media aspicies mox surgere tecta Culminibus niveis roseisque nitentia muris; Nobilis haec doctis sacrabit femina musis, Conjugio felix, magno felicior ortu, Insita Sussexo proles Sidneia trunco."

The arrangement of the hall, kitchen, buttery, and Master's lodge was much the same as at present. The hall had an open timber roof, with a fine oriel window at the dais end, but no music gallery. Fuller says that the College "continued without a chapel some years after the first founding thereof, until at last some good men's charity supplied this defect." In 1602, however, the old hall of the friars--Fuller calls it the dormitory, but there is little doubt that it was in reality the refectory--was fitted up as a chapel, and a second storey added to form a library. A few years later, about 1628, a range of buildings forming the south side of the chapel court was built. In 1747, the buildings having become ruinous, extensive repairs were carried out, and the hall was fitted up in the Italian manner. The picturesque gateway which had stood in the centre of the street wall of the hall court was removed, and a new one of more severe character was built in its place. This also at a later time was removed and re-erected as a garden entrance from Jesus Lane.

Between 1777 and 1780 the old chapel was destroyed, and replaced by a new building designed by Essex, in a style in which, to say the least, there is certainly nothing to remind the modern student of the old hall of the Grey Friars' Monastery, where for three centuries of stirring national life the Franciscan monks had kept alive, let us hope, something of the mystic tenderness, the brotherly compassion, the fervour of missionary zeal, which they had learnt from their great founder, Saint Francis of Assisi.

Of the old Fellows' garden, which in 1890 was partly sacrificed to provide a site for the new range of buildings and cloister--perhaps the most beautiful of modern collegiate buildings at either university--designed by Pearson, Dyer writes with enthusiasm:--

"Here is a good garden, an admirable bowling green, a beautiful summer house, at the back of which is a walk agreeably winding, with variety of trees and shrubs intertwining, and forming the whole length, a fine canopy overhead; with nothing but singing and fragrance and seclusion; a delightful summer retreat; the sweetest lovers' or poets' walk, perhaps in the University."

To the extremely eclectic character of the College in its early days the Master's admission register testifies. Among its members were some of the stoutest Royalists and also some of the stoutest Republicans in the country. Among the former we find such names as those of Edward Montagu (afterwards first Baron Montagu of Boughton), brother of the first Master, a great benefactor of the College; of Sir Roger Lestrange, of Hunstanton Hall, in Norfolk, celebrated as the editor of the first English newspaper, "a man of good wit, and a fancy very luxuriant and of an enterprising nature," in early youth--his attempt to recover the port of Lynn for the King in 1644 is one of the funniest episodes in English history--a very Don Quixote of the Royalist party; and of Seth Ward, a Fellow of the college, who was ejected in Commonwealth times, but had not to live long, before he was able to write back to his old College that he had been elected to the See of Exeter, and that "the old bishops were exceeding disgruntled at it, to see a brisk young bishop, but forty years old, not come in at the right door, but leap over the pale." Among the Republican members of the College it is enough, perhaps, to name the name of Oliver Cromwell. And of him, at least, whatever our final verdict on his career may be, whatever dreams of personal ambition we may think mingled with his aim, we cannot surely deny, if at least we have ever read his letters, that his aim was, in the main, a high and unselfish one, and that in the career, which to our modern minds may seem so strange and complex, he had seen the leading of a divine hand that drew him from the sheepfolds to mould England into a people of God. And to some, surely, he seems the most human-hearted sovereign and most imperial man in all English annals since the days of Alfred. And no one, I trust, would in these days endorse the verdict of the words interpolated in the College books between the entry of his name and the next on the list:--

"_Hic fuit grandis ille impostor, carnifex perditissimus, qui, pientissimo rege Carolo primo nefaria cæde sublato, ipsum usurpavit thronum, et tria regna per quinque ferme annorum spatium sub protectoris nomine indomita tyrannide vexavit_,"

which may be Englished thus--

"This was that arch hypocrite, that most abandoned murderer, who having by shameful slaughter put out of the way the most pious King, Charles the First, grasped the very throne, and for the space of nearly five years under the title of Protector harassed three kingdoms with inflexible tyranny."

Rather, as we stand in the College Hall and gaze up at the stern features, as depicted by Cooper,[93] in that best of all the Cromwell portraits, shall we not commemorate this greatest of Sidney men, in Lowell's words, as--

"One of the few who have a right to rank With the true makers: for his spirit wrought Order from chaos; proved that Right divine Dwelt only in the excellence of Truth: And far within old darkness' hostile lines Advanced and pitched the shining tents of Light. Nor shall the grateful Muse forget to tell That--not the least among his many claims To deathless honour--he was Milton's friend."

Thomas Fuller, too, who was neither Republican nor Royalist, but loyal to the good men of both parties in the State, is a name of which Sidney College may well be proud. No one can read any of his books, full as they are of imagination, pathos, and an exuberant, often extravagant, but never ineffective wit, without heartily endorsing Coleridge's saying: "God bless thee, dear old man!" and recognising the truth of his panegyric, "Next to Shakespeare, I am not certain whether Thomas Fuller, beyond all other writers, does not excite in me the sense and emulation of the marvellous.... He was incomparably the most sensible, the least prejudiced great man in an age that boasted of a galaxy of great men."

And with Fuller's name, indeed with Fuller's own words, in that benediction which, after eight years of residence, he gave to Sidney College, and which he himself calls his "Child's Prayer to His Mother," I may appropriately end this chapter.

"Now though it be only the place of the parent, and proper to him (as the greater) to bless his child, yet it is of the duty of the child to pray for his parent, in which relation my best desires are due to this foundation, my mother (for the last eight years) in this University. May her lamp never lack light for oil, or oil for the light thereof. Zoar, is it not a little one? Yet who shall despise the day of small things? May the foot of sacrilege, if once offering to enter the gates thereof, stumble and rise no more. The Lord bless the labours of all the students therein, that they may tend and end at his glory, their own salvation, the profit and honour of the Church and Commonwealth."

And not less appropriately, perhaps, may I end, not only this chapter, but this whole sketch of the story of Cambridge and its colleges--for to the memory of what more kindly, more sound-hearted, more pious soul could any Sidney man more fitly dedicate his book than to his--with the prayer in which, in closing his own History, he gracefully connects the name of Cambridge with that of the sister university, and commends them both to the charitable devotion of all good men.

"O God! who in the creating of the lower world didst first make light (confusedly diffused, as yet, through the imperfect universe) and afterwards didst collect the same into two great lights, to illuminate all creatures therein; O Lord, who art a God of knowledge and dost lighten every man that cometh into the world; O Lord, who in our nation hast moved the hearts of Founders and Benefactors to erect and endow two famous luminaries of learning and religion, bless them with the assistance of Thy Holy Spirit. Let neither of them contest (as once Thy disciples on earth) which should be the greatest, but both contend which shall approve themselves the best in Thy presence.... And as Thou didst appoint those two great lights in the firmament to last till Thy servants shall have no need of the sun, nor of the moon to shine therein, for Thy glory doth lighten them; so grant these old lights may continue until all acquired and infused knowledge be swallowed up with the vision and the fruition of Thy blessed-making Majesty.--Amen."

INDEX

_Akeman Street_, old Roman road known as, 15

Alan de Walsingham, cathedral builder, 174

Alcock, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, founder of Jesus College, 185, 186; his plan of incorporating grammar-school with college, 187, 189

Alcwyne, departure of, from England, 52

Audley, Sir Thomas, conversion of Buckingham College into Magdalene by, 249; Fuller's account of, 249, 250; grant of suppressed monasteries made to, 251

Augustinian Friars, settlement of, on site of old Botanic Gardens, 72

Barnard Flower, King's glazier, 151

Barnwell, origin of name, 37; Augustinian priory of, 35, 36; foundation and further history of, 36, 37; rebuilding of, 38; present remains of, 38

_Barnwell Cartulary_, 18, 40

Barnwell Fair, 17, 18

Barrow, Dr. Isaac, Master of Trinity, his work in connection with, 260

Bateman, William, Bishop of Norwich, founder of Trinity Hall, 174

Bede, monastic school of, 51, 52; book on "The Nature of Things" by, 52

Benedictine Order, re-establishment of, under St. Dunstan, 53; discipline of, 75

Bentley, Dr. Richard, Master of Trinity, feud between Fellows and, 261-2; work of, in connection with college, 262

_Bibliotheca Pepysiana_, 252

Black Death, the, 103, 111, 134

Black Friars, arrival of, in England, 55; land and buildings belonging to, purchased for site of Emmanuel College, 268

Books, complaint by Roger Bacon of lack of, 57

_Brazen George Inn_, the scholars of Christ's lodged in, 220

British earthworks, 14

Buckingham College, description of, by Fuller, 248; foundation of, by Benedictine, 248; hall built in connection with, 248; lectures by Cranmer at, 249; semi-secular character of, 249; conversion of, into Magdalene College, 249

Burne-Jones, designs by, for Jesus Chapel, 203

Caius, John, founder of College, 114; design for famous three gates by, 114-19; death of, 119

_Camboritum_, 16, 17

Cambridge, verses on, by Lydgate, 2; legendary history of, 3-8; position of, 14; origin of name of, 15, 16; geographical position of, 17; early population of, 24; farm of, given as dower to the queen, 24; beginnings of municipal independence of, 27; "the borough," overflow of, incorporated with township of S. Benet, 28, 32; first charter of, 48

Cambridge Guilds, 120, 121, 122-26

Cambridge University, migration of masters and scholars from Paris to, 59, 60; royal writs concerning, 60; description of, in Middle Ages, 61, 62, 63; course of study pursued at, 63, ff.; learning at, in thirteenth century, 68-70; library, erected by Sir Gilbert Scott, 144

_Candle rent_, insurrection of towns-people on account of, 132, 133

Cantelupe, Nicholas, legendary history by, 4-7

Carmelites, settlement of, on present site of Queens', 72

Castle, old site of, 15; foundation of, by William the Conqueror, 22; use of, as prison, as a quarry, 23; gate-house of, demolished, 23

Castle Hill, ancient earthwork known as, 14, 15

Chaucer, tradition concerning, 106

Churches-- _Abbey_, the, 39 _All Saints by the Castle_, 34 _Holy Sepulchre_, one of the four round churches of England, 40, 43, 44 _S. Benedict_, 28, 29, 31, 125, 130-31 _S. Edward_, 176; independence of, with regard to pulpit teaching, 177, 178 _S. Giles_, 34, 35 _S. John Zachary_, 176 _S. Mary at Market_, afterwards _Great S. Mary_, 123 _S. Peter_, without the Trumpington Gate, afterwards called _Little S. Mary_, 86, 87 _S. Peter by the Castle_, 34

Close, Nicholas, architect of King's Chapel, 147, 148

Coleridge, S. T., scholar of Jesus, 208; poems written by, at College, 208

College, meaning of the term in olden times, 62

Colleges-- _Caius._ See _Gonville Hall_ _Christ's_, foundation of, 210, 215; _God's House_, taken as basis of, 215; Royal Charter of, 216; description of buildings of, 217, 218; hall of, rebuilt by Sir Gilbert Scott, 219; windows of, 219, 220; scholars of, lodged in the _Brazen George_, 220; _Rat's Hall_, erection of, 220; further buildings of, erected by Inigo Jones, 220; "re-beautifying the Chappell" of, 220, 221; John Milton and Charles Darwin members of, 221, 223; other distinguished members of, 223, 224 _Clare._ See _University Hall_ _Corpus Christi_, foundation of, 121, 127; building of, 126, 127; royal benefactors of, 128; distinguished men belonging to, 128, 129; library given by Matthew Parker to, 128; description of old buildings of, 129; new library of, 130; attack on, by townspeople, 132, 133 _Emmanuel_, foundation of, 265; design of Sir W. Mildmay in founding, 265; charter of, granted by Queen Elizabeth, 268; land and buildings of the Black Friars purchased for site of, 268; buildings of, erected, 269; offence given by the Puritanical observances of, 269; statement drawn up concerning the same, 270-71; tenure of fellowships at, 271-272; revision of terms concerning, 272; masters of other colleges elected from, 273; John Harvard, a graduate of, 274 _Gonville Hall_, first foundation of, 110; removal of, 111; statutes of, 111, 112; old buildings of, 112; bequest by John Household to, 112; strong support of reformed opinions at, 113; second foundation by John Caius, 114; architectural additions made by, 114; famous three gates designed by, 114-19 _Jesus_, foundation of, 180; number of society of at first, 187; grammar-school incorporated with, 187, 189; nunnery of S. Rhadegund converted into buildings of, 189, 190, 199, 200; "the chimney" at, 200; the chapel of, 201-203; constitution of, 203, 204; failure of plan for incorporating school with, 204; Cranmer and other famous men at, 204, 207, 208; King James's saying regarding, 209 _King's_, foundation of by Henry VI., 142; confiscation of alien priories for endowment of, 143; provision concerning the transference of Eton scholars to, 144; first site of, 144; description of old buildings of, 144; incorporation of, in new buildings of university library, 114; old gateway of, 145; ampler site obtained for, 146, 147; chapel of, 147-50; work in connection with stopped, 150; renewed, 151; windows of, 151, 152; screen and rood-loft, 153; further buildings of, 153, 154; Pope's bull granting independence of, 154; distinguished men belonging to, 157, 158; King James's saying regarding, 209 _King's Hall_, first establishment of, 97, 98; absorption of by Trinity, 97, 257; picture of collegiate life given in statutes of, 98, 99 _Magdalene_, Buckingham College converted into, 248; dissimilarity of original statutes of, with those of Christ's and S. John's, 251; Duke of Norfolk contributes to revenues of, 251; date of quadrangle of, 251; of chapel and library of, 251; chambers added to Monk's College for accommodation of scholars of, 252; new gateway of, 252; chapel of, "Italianised" and restored, 252; Pepysian Library of, 252; reference to same in Pepys' "Diary," 252; famous Magdalene men, 253 _Michaelhouse_, foundation of and early statutes, 97; absorption of, by Trinity, 97, 257 _Pembroke_, foundation of, 93; Countess of Pembroke, foundress of, 106, 107; charter of, 107; constitution of, 108; building of, 108, 109; remains of old buildings of, 110 _Peterhouse_, foundation of, 77; first code of statutes of, 79-81; hall of, 82-84; Fellows' parlour at, 85; Perne library at, 89, 90; building of present chapel of, 81; description of same, 92 _Queens'_, foundation of by Margaret of Anjou, 158-61; earliest extant statutes of, 161; change of name of from Queen's to Queens', 161; similarity of building of with that of Haddon Hall, 162; description of principal court of, 162, 165; Tower of Erasmus at, 165, 166; residence of Erasmus at, 165-71 _S. Catherine's Hall_, foundation of, 181; statutes of, 181; old buildings of, 181, 182; rebuilding of, 182; new chapel of, built on site of Hobson's stables, 182 _S. John's_, royal license to refound the Monastic Hospital of, 226; bequest of Lady Margaret lost to, through opposition of Court Party, 230; other revenues obtained for, by Bishop Fisher, 231; first Master of, 231; early and present buildings of, 231, 232; "Bridge of Sighs" at, 232; great gateway of, 235; old and new library of, 235, 236, 237; the Masters' gallery at, 236; lines on by Wordsworth, 237, 238; new chapel of, erected by Sir Gilbert Scott, 238, 241; famous men at, 241, 242 _Sidney_, foundation of, 265; desire of Lady Frances Sidney in the founding of, 266; Fuller's account of petition to Queen Elizabeth concerning, 275-76; granting of charter to, 276-77; original statutes of, 277; Papist master of, deposed, 278; buildings of, 278-79; poem by Giles Fletcher on, 278; old chapel of, destroyed, 279; old Fellows' garden at, 279; Royalist and Republican members of, 280; Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Fuller members of, 281; Fuller's "Child's Prayer to his Mother," and prayer at close of his history, 283 _Trinity Hall_, origin of, 174; buildings of, 175, 176; hall of, 176; chapel of, 176; beating the bounds by Fellows of, 178; old library of, 179; Garden and "Jowett's Plot" at, 180; King James's saying concerning, 209; example of change from mediæval to modern conception of learning furnished by, 253; King Henry's charter of foundation, 253; site of, 254 _Trinity College_, relation of old halls and hostels with present buildings of, 254-55; Dr. Thomas Neville's work in connection with, 258; building of new library at, 260; later additions to, 261; two minor halls at, replaced by Bishop's hostel, 261; feud between Master and Fellows of, 261; Dr. Bentley's work in connection with, 262; Isaac Newton at, 263; other famous men connected with, 263 _University Hall_, first foundation of, 93, 99; refoundation of, as Clare House, 99; statutes of, 100, 103, 104; dispute of with King's College, 104, 105; supposed identity of with Chaucer's "Soler-Halle," 105, 106; great men associated with, 106

Cornelius, Austin, wood-carver, 153

Cosin, Dr., Master of Peterhouse, building of College Chapel by, 91

Cranmer, entry of, into Jesus College, 204; fellowship at resigned by, 249; lectures given by, at Magdalene, 249

Crauden, John of, Prior of Ely, Hostel of, 174, 175; portrait bust of, 174

Cromwell, Oliver, member of Sidney College, 281-82; portrait of, by Cooper, 282; Lowell's verses on, 282

Danes, ravages of, 52, 53

Darwin, Charles, member of Christ's College, 221, 222, 225

_De Heretico Comburendo_, 136

Devil's Dyke, British earthwork known as, 14

Dokell, Andrew, founder of S. Bernard's Hostel, 160

Dominicans, introduction of the new philosophy by, 58, 59; settlement of, on site of Emmanuel, 72

Drayton, Michael, picture of Fenland by, 11-12

Elizabeth, Queen, visit of, to Cambridge, 251

Elizabeth de Burgh, Countess of Clare, University Hall refounded by, 99

Elizabeth Wydville, Queen to Edward IV., second foundress of Queen's College, 161

Ely, Lady Chapel, comparison of with King's, 149, 150

Ely, student monks of, Hostel for, provided by John Crauden, 174; transference of, to Monk's College, 175

Erasmus, residence of, at Queens', 165-68; "Paraclesis" of _Novum Testamentum_ written while there, 171; appointment of, to Lady Margaret chair, 211; his praise of Oxford teachers, 212; summoned to Cambridge to teach Greek, 214

Eton College, 141; connection of, with King's, 144

Fenland, changes in physical features of, 9-11; description of, in _Liber Eliensis_ and other works, 11-13

Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, founder of Christ's and S. John's, 185, 242; notice of Lady Margaret attracted by, 211; divinity professorship founded by, 212; literary revival at Cambridge promoted by, 214, 242; speech by, in Parliament, 250; funeral sermon on Lady Margaret by, 228, 229; sympathy of, with new spirit of Bible criticism, 242; friendship of, with Erasmus, 242; attachment of, to Papal cause, 242; character of, evidenced by his codes of statutes, 243; opposition of, to divorce of Henry VIII. and Catherine of Arragon, 243; description of trial and death of, by Froude and Mullinger, 244, 245

Fletcher, Giles, poem by, on Sidney College, 278

Franciscans, first habitation of, 55, 56; erection of house by, on site of Sidney College, 72

Friars, proselytising of students by, 72, 73

Friars of the Order of Bethlehem, 72; of the Sack, 72, 78

Frost, Henry, Burgess, founder of Hospital of S. John, 226

Fuller, Thomas, quotation from, concerning the Universities, 8; account of origin of Fair by, 17, 18; account of petition to Queen Elizabeth concerning Sidney College, 276-77; "Child's Prayer to his Mother," and prayer, at close of his History, by, 283

Gilbertines, settlement of, in Trumpington Street, 72

_God's House_, small foundation of latter as basis of Christ's, 215, 216, 217, 226

Grantebrigge, Norman village of, 32

_Great Bridge and Small Bridge_, 33

Grey Friars, arrival of, in England, 55

Guilds. _See_ under Cambridge

Guild of Corpus Christi, 120, 125, 126; incorporation of, with Guild of S. Mary, 121, 126; the "good Duke," alderman of, 127; Queen Philippa and family enrolled as members of, 127; of Thegns, 122, 123; of S. Mary, 120, 121, 123, 125; of the Holy Sepulchre, first religious guild, 123

Harvard, John, graduate of Emmanuel, 274

Havens, Theodore, of Cleves, architect, 116

Henry VI., birth of, 137; description of, by Stubbs, 138; his love of letters, 142; and holiness, 143

Henry VII., visit of, to Cambridge, 151

Henry of Costessey, _Commentary on the Psalms_ by, 58

Hervey de Stanton, Bishop of Bath and Wells, founder of Michaelhouse, 97

High Street, old, 34

Hobson, Thomas, chapel built on site of stables belonging to, 182

Hostels, establishment of, 63; various, absorbed by Trinity, 254-55

_House of Benjamin_, 47, 48

Household, John, bequest by D. Gonville, 113

Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founder of Peterhouse, 75, 76, 78, 79

Ingulph, story quoted from, 7

Jews, early establishment of, in Cambridge, 44; influence of, on academic history and material condition of town, 46, 47

Josselin, fellow of Queen's, account of the building of Corpus Christi College by, 126, 127

King's Ditch, the, old artificial stream known as, 32, 33

_King's Scholars_, 97; regulations concerning, 98, 99

Kingsley, Charles, description of Fenland by, 12, 13

Lancaster, Henry, Duke of, alderman of Corpus Christi Guild, 127, 128

Lanes, old, still surviving, 33

Langton, John, architect of King's Chapel, 147

Latimer, Hugh, sermon preached by, at S. Edward, 177

Learning, decline of, in fourteenth century, 95, 96

Lollardism in the university towns, 135, 136

Lydgate, John, verses on Cambridge by, 2, 3

Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, foundress of Christ's College and S. John's, description of, by Fuller, 210; funeral sermon on, by Bishop Fisher, 210, 228, 229, 230; influence of Bishop Fisher upon, 212, 215; noble benefactions of, 216, 217; rooms at Christ Church of, 218, 219; characteristic story of, 218; death of, 228; monument to, 228

Margaret of Anjou, description of, by Shakespeare, 158; foundress of Queen's College, 158, 159, 160

Matthew Paris, description of Fenland by, 11

Mediæval students, dress of, 81-83

Merton, Walter de, exclusion of religious orders from his foundation by, 73; his _Regula Mertonensis_, 74, 75, 79

Mildmay, Sir Walter, founder of Emmanuel, 265; answer of, to Queen Elizabeth concerning same, 265

Milne Street, old, 34

Milton, John, member of Christ's, 221; description of rooms at, 221; mulberry tree planted by, 221; poems written by, as an undergraduate, 222; treatment of at college, 223

Monasteries, depression caused by suppression of, 246; advantages to universities arising from, 247, 248; King Henry's words with regard to, 247, 248

Monastic houses, early settlements of, 72

_Monk's College_, monks of Ely transferred to, 175

Monk's Hall, 175

More, Henry, member of Christ's, 224; as one of the Cambridge Platonists, 224, 225

Neville, Dr. Thomas, Master of Trinity, his work of building in connection with, 258-59

New Learning, the, 56, 57, 58, 183-85; encouragement of, at Cambridge, 211; renown of Oxford in connection with, 212; promoted at Cambridge by Bishop Fisher, 214; colleges of, 241; no regard shown to, in statutes of Magdalene, 251

Newton, Sir Isaac, at Trinity, 263; his _Principia_ written there, 263; statue of, by Roubiliac, 263

Parker, Matthew, Archbishop, library of MSS. belonging to, 128, 130, 131

Parker, Richard, translation of _Skeletos Cantabrigiensis_ by, 4

Pearson, Mr., old gateway of King's restored by, 145

Perne, Dr. Andrew, portrait of, 85; bequest of library to Peterhouse by, 89; account of, 89, 90; Latin verb invented in honour of, 89

Philippa, Queen, member of Corpus Christi Guild, 127, 128

"Poore Priestes," the, of Wycliffe, 135, 136

Preaching, art of, neglected, 212, 213; Lady Margaret's readership founded as a remedy for, 213, 214

Puritanism in England, 265-66

Reginald of Ely, architect of King's Chapel, 148

_Regula Mertonensis_ taken as model for rule of Peterhouse, 75, 79

Richard de Baden, Chancellor of the University, 99

Richard III., gift of land by, to King's College, 151

Richard of Bury, Bishop of Durham, application from Petrarch to, 95; description of Oxford by, 96

Rotherham, Thomas, Archbishop of York, college founded by, 187; purposes and provisions of same, 187, 188

S. Augustine, list of books brought to England by, 50

S. Bernard Hostel, 160; absorption of, in foundation of Queen's, 161

S. John, Hospital of, 76, 226; nucleus of S. John's College, 78; history and downfall of, 226, 228

S. Rhadegund, history of nuns of, 189-99; conversion of nunnery of, into college buildings, 199, 200

Scholars, secular endowment of, 76; dispute of, with regulars, 77; removal of, 77

Scholars of Ely, 78

_School of Pythagoras_, old Norman house known as, 27

Schools, monastic, of Northumbria and the South, 50, 51

Scott, Sir Gilbert, University library erected by, 144; hall of Christ's rebuilt by, 219; chapel of S. John's erected by, 238, 241

Sidney, Lady Frances, foundress of Sidney College, 266, 275-76; portrait of, 275

Simon, Montagu, Bishop of Ely, first code of statutes for Peterhouse by, 78

Spencer, Henry, Bishop of Norwich, revolt of towns-people quelled by, 133

_Star Chamber_, origin of name of, 46

Sterne, Laurence, portrait of, at Jesus, 207

Stourbridge Fair, earliest charter of, 18; comparison of, with Bunyan's "Vanity Fair," 19, 20

Symons, Ralph, architect of Emmanuel College, 269, 278

_Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs_, the Greek MS. of, 56

Tower of Erasmus, 165

Town and gown, ill feeling between, 132; riot arising from, 132, 133

Tusser, Thomas, residence of, at Trinity Hall, and verses by, 173

University, use of the term of, 60, 61

Venn, Henry, influence of, at Jesus, 208

_Via Devana_, or _Roman Way_, 15, 28, 32, 34

Walden, Abbey of, grant of, to Sir T. Audley, 252; association of, with Buckingham College, 252

Wharfs or river hithes, rights in regard to, 33

Wordsworth, William, lines by, on S. John's, 237, 238

Wren, Dr. Matthew, Master of Peterhouse, 90; chapel of, built by, 91

Wren, Sir Christopher, architect of library at Trinity Hall, 260; tables, chairs, and shelves designed by, 261

THE END

Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. Edinburgh & London

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Cf._ Baker MS. in the University Library.

[2] See the very excellent map given in "Fenland Past and Present," by S. H. Miller and Sidney Skertchley (published, Longmans, 1878), a book full of information on the natural features of the Fen country, its geology, its antiquarian relics, its flora and fauna.

[3] _Cf._ Paper by Professor Ridgway, _Proc. Cam. Antiq. Soc._, vii. 200.

[4] _Cf._ Professor M'Kenny Hughes, _Proc. Cam. Antiq. Soc._, vol. viii. (1893), 173. _Cf._ also Freeman, "Norman Conquest," vol. i. 323, &c.; and also English Chronicle, under year MX.

[5] The easiest way for those who are not much acquainted with phonetic laws to understand this rather difficult point is to observe the chronology of this place-name. It is thus condensed by Mr. T. D. Atkinson ("Cambridge Described and Illustrated," p. 4) from Professor Skeat's "Place-Names of Cambridgeshire," 29-30:--"The name of the town was _Grantebrycge_ in A.D. 875, and in Doomsday Book it is _Grentebrige_. About 1142 we first meet with the violent change _Cantebrieggescir_ (for the county), the change from _Gr_ to _C_ being due to the Normans. This form lasted, with slight changes, down to the fifteenth century. _Grauntbrigge_ (also spelt _Cauntbrigge_ in the name of the same person) survived as a surname till 1401. After 1142 the form _Cantebrigge_ is common; it occurs in Chaucer as a word of four syllables, and was Latinised as _Cantabrigia_ in the thirteenth century. Then the former _e_ dropped out; and we come to such forms as _Cantbrigge_ and _Cauntbrigge_ (fourteenth century); then _C[=a]nbrigge_ (1436) and _Cawnbrege_ (1461) with _n_. Then the _b_ turned the _n_ into _m_, giving _Cambrigge_ (after 1400) and _Caumbrege_ (1458). The long _a_, formerly _aa_ in _baa_, but now _ei_ in _vein_, was never shortened. The old name of the river, _Granta_, still survives. _Cant_ occurs in 1372, and _le Ee_ and _le Ree_ in the fifteenth century. In the sixteenth century the river is spoken of as the _Canta_, now called the _Rhee_; and later we find both _Granta_ and the Latinised form of _Camus_. _Cam_, which appears in Speed's map of 1610, was suggested by the written form _Cam-bridge_, and is a product of the sixteenth century, having no connection with the Welsh _Cam_, or the British _Cambos_, "crooked."

[6] "The old spelling is Bernewell, in the time of Henry III. and later. Somewhat earlier is Beornewelle, in a late copy of a charter dated 1060 (Thorpe, _Diplom._, p. 383). So also in the Ramsey Cartulary. The prefix has nothing to do with the Anglo-Saxon _bearn_, 'a child,' as has often, I believe, been suggested; but represents _Beornan_, gen. of _Beorna_, a pet name for a name beginning with Beorn-.... The difference between the words, which are quite distinct, is admirably illustrated in the New Eng. Dict. under the words _berne_ and _bairn_."--SKEAT'S _Place-Names of Cambridgeshire_, p. 35.

[7] "The Borough Boys" is a nickname still remembered as being applied to the men of the castle end by the dwellers in the east side of the river. A public-house, with the sign of "The Borough Boy," still stands in Northampton Street.

[8] "Cambridge, Described and Illustrated," by T. D. Atkinson, p. 133.

[9] _Cf._ "Customs of Augustinian Canons," by J. Willis Clark, p. xi.

[10] _Lib. Mem._, Book i. chap. 9.--The principal authority for the history of Barnwell Priory is a manuscript volume in the British Museum (MSS. Harl. 3601) usually referred to as the "Barnwell Cartulary" or the "Barnwell Register." The author's own title, however, "Liber Memorandorum Ecclesiæ de Bernewelle," is far more appropriate, for the contents are by no means confined to documents relating to the property of the house, but consist of many chapters of miscellanea dealing with the history of the foundation from its commencement down to the forty-fourth year of Edward III. (1370-71).

[11] At the time of the Dissolution, Dugdale states the gross yearly value of the estates to have been £351, 15s. 4d., that of Ely to have been £1084, 6s. 9d.

[12] Such a small matter, for example, in the domestic economy of a modern college as the separate rendering of a "buttery bill" and a "kitchen bill," containing items of expenditure which the puzzled undergraduate might naturally have expected to find rendered in the same weekly account, finds its explanation when we learn that in the economy of the monastery also the roll of "the celererarius" and the roll of the "camerarius" were always kept rigidly distinct. So also more serious and important customs may probably be traced to monastic origin.

[13] The others are: S. Sepulchre at Northampton, c. 1100-1127; Little Maplestead in Essex, c. 1300; The Temple Church in London, finished 1185. To these may be added the chapel in Ludlow Castle, c. 1120.

[14] "Cambridge Described," by T. D. Atkinson, p. 164.

[15] _Cf._ Neubauer's _Collectanea_, ii. p. 277 _sq._

[16] _Cf._ Rashdall's "Universities of Europe," vol. i. p. 347.

[17] The earliest notice of this practice occurs in the University Accounts for 1507-8, when carpenters are employed to carry the materials used for the stages from the schools to the Church of the Franciscans, to set them up there, and to carry them back again to the schools. Similar notices are to be found in subsequent years.

[18] _Cf._ "The Cambridge Modern History," vol. i. p. 584, &c.

[19] Cooper's "Annals," i. 42.

[20] Willis and Clark, "Architectural History of the University of Cambridge," Introduction, vol. i. p. xiv.

[21] _Cf._ List of names given in "Willis and Clark," vol. i. pp. xxv.-xxvii.

[22] Jubinal's "Rutebeuf," quoted by Wright in his _Biographia Britannica Litteraria_, p. 40.

[23] Stubbs, "Lectures on Mediæval and Modern History," p. 166.

[24] Anstey, _Munimenta Academica_, i. pp. 204-5.

[25] "Commiss. Docts.," ii. 1.

[26] "Documents," ii. 78.

[27] The actual expression is, of course, _scholares_, but it is best to translate the word by the later title of _fellows_ to avoid the erroneous impression which would otherwise be given. That the _scholares_ were occasionally called _fellows_ even in Chaucer's day may be inferred from his lines--

"Oure corne is stole, men woll us fooles call, Both the warden and our fellowes all."

[28] Document II. 1-42, quoted from Mullinger's "University of Cambridge," i. 232.

[29] "Annals of the University," i. 95.

[30] "Documents," ii. 72.

[31] British Museum, Cole, MSS. xxxv. 112.

[32] Prynne, "Canterbury's Doom," quoted from Willis a. d. Clark, i. 46.

[33] _Philobiblon_, c. 9.

[34] Cooper's "Memorials," ii. p. 196.

[35] Cooper's "Memorials," vol. i. p. 30.

[36] _Cf._ Rogers' "Six Centuries of Work and Wages," p. 224. "The disease made havoc among the secular and regular clergy, and we are told that a notable decline of learning and morals was thenceforward observed among the clergy, many persons of mean acquirements and low character stepping into the vacant benefices. Even now the cloister of Westminster Abbey is said to contain a monument in the great flat stone, which we are told was laid over the remains of the many monks who perished in the great death.... Some years ago, being at Cambridge while the foundations of the new Divinity Schools were being laid, I saw that the ground was full of skeletons, thrown in without any attempt at order, and I divined that this must have been a Cambridge plague pit."

[37] _Cf._ Clarke, "Cambridge," pp. 85, 86.

[38] _Cf._ Mullinger, "Cambridge," vol. i., footnote, p. 237.

[39] The poet Gray, it is said, occupied the rooms on the ground floor at the west end of the Hitcham building. Above them are those subsequently occupied by William Pitt.

[40] Cooper's "Memorials," i. p. 99.

[41] "Cambridge Described," by T. D. Atkinson, p. 326.

[42] Willis and Clark, i. 177.

[43] Cooper's "Annals," 140.

[44] Fuller's "History of the University," p. 255.

[45] Fuller's "History of the University," p. 98.

[46] _Cf._ Introduction by Professor Maitland to the "Cambridge Borough Charters," p. xvii.

[47] Miss Mary Bateson, "Introduction to Cambridge Gild Records," published by Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 1903.

[48] Josselin, _Historiola_, § 2.

[49] Fuller's "History of Cambridge," p. 116.

[50] Stubbs, "Constitutional History," vol. iii. p. 130.

[51] Robert Bridges.

[52] _Second Part of King Henry VI._, Act i. sc. 3.

[53] J. W. Clark, "Cambridge," p. 145.

[54] G. Gilbert Scott, "History of English Architecture," p. 181.

[55] J. W. Clarke, "Cambridge," p. 171.

[56] Fuller, "University of Cambridge," p. 161.

[57] "History of Queens'," p. 154.

[58] Erasmus, _Novum Instrumentum_, leaf aaa. 3 to bbb.

[59] _Anglia Sacra_, i. 650.

[60] In the Ely "Obedientary Rolls" I find, for example, the following entries for the expenses of these Cambridge Scholars of the Monastery in the account of the chamberlain: "20, Ed. III. scholaribus pro obolo de libra, 6-1/2d. 31, 32, Ed. III. fratri S. de Banneham scholari pro pensione sua 1/1-1/2. 40, Ed. III. Solut' 3 scholar' studentibus apud Cantabrig' 3/4-1/2. Simoni de Banham incipienti in theologia 2 3, viz. 1d. de libra. 9, Hen. IV. dat' ffratri Galfrido Welyngton ad incepcionem suam in canone apud cantabrig' 6/8. 4, Hen. V. ffratribus Edmundo Walsingham et Henry Madingley ad incepcionem 3/4."

[61] Warren, Appendix cxvi.

[62] "Care of Books," pp. 168-69.

[63] Vol. ii. 30.

[64] "Jesus College," by A. Gray, p. 32.

[65] "History of Jesus," A. Gray, p. 16.

[66] "History of Jesus," A. Gray, p. 18.

[67] Willis and Clark's "Architectural History of Cambridge," vol. ii. p. 123.

[68] Erasmus, _Roberto Piscatori_, Epist. xiv.

[69] Mullinger, "History of the University of Cambridge," vol. i. p. 439.

[70] Cooper's "Annals," vol. i. p. 273.

[71] Mullinger, "History of the University," vol. i. p. 44.

[72] Fuller's "History of Cambridge," p. 182.

[73] Dr. Peile's "History of Christ's College," p. 29.

[74] Cf. Milton's "Apology for Smectymnus," 1642.

[75] It might almost be supposed that the officials who drew royal charters kept a "model form" to meet the case of a suppressed religious house, altering the name and place to fit the occasion.

[76] Caxton, as he worked at his printing press in the Almonry, which she had founded, and who was under her special protection, said "the worst thing she ever did" was trying to draw Erasmus from his Greek studies at Cambridge to train her untoward stepson, James Stanley, to be Bishop of Ely.

[77] Mullinger's "History of S. John's College," p. 17.

[78] Froude's "History of England," vol. ii. p. 266.

[79] Mullinger's "History of the University," vol. i. p. 628.

[80] Edition of Furnivall, p. 88.

[81] "English Universities," vol. i. p. 307.

[82] Fuller, "History of Cambridge," p. 196.

[83] This absurdity is traceable to that _Skeletos Cantabrigiensis_ by Richard Parker, to which I drew attention in my first chapter.

[84] Nichol's "Progress of Queen Elizabeth," v. i. p. 182.

[85] Cooper's "Memorials," v. ii. p. 135.

[86] Fuller's "History of Cambridge," p. 236.

[87] "Tom Quad," the great court of Christ Church, Oxford, has an area of 74,520 square feet.

[88] "National Dictionary of Biography," vol. iv. p. 312.

[89] MSS. Barker, vi. 85; MSS. Harl. Mus. Brit., 7033; quoted, Willis and Clark, ii. 700.

[90] "Documents," iii. 524, quoted by Mullinger, i. 314.

[91] Mullinger, vol. i. p. 318.

[92] Fuller's "History of Cambridge," p. 291.

[93] This portrait in crayons by Samuel Cooper (1609-72) was presented to the College in January 1766 by Thomas Hollis. In Hollis's papers underneath his memorandum of his present to the College are three lines of Andrew Marvell--

"I freely declare it, I am for old Noll; Though his government did a tyrant resemble, He made England great, and her enemies tremble."

Mr. Hollis also gave to Christ's College four copies of the "Paradise Lost," two of them first editions. In 1761 he sent to Trinity his portrait of Newton. He also presented books to the libraries of Harvard, Berne and Zurich: chiefly Republican literature of the seventeenth century.

* * * * *

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

thus serve to mark=> thus serves to mark {pg 43}

his death in 1509=> his death in 1589 {pg 89}

four widows=> four windows {pg 151}

Rennaisance=> Renaissance {pg 267}

great exent frustrated=> great extent frustrated {pg 272}

End of Project Gutenberg's Cambridge and its Story, by Charles William Stubbs