Part II., since June 1903, consists of 5 papers on (1) Paley’s

Evidences, for which since 1884, elementary logic may be substituted (2) geometry (3) arithmetic (4) elementary algebra (5) subjects for an English essay from some standard English work or works. Until 1903 the geometry paper was exclusively on Euclid’s lines, and required knowledge of the first three books and of parts of the vth and vith books. To qualify for admission to an ‘Honours’ examination a student must pass in certain subjects ‘additional’ to the ordinary Previous Examination. He is now allowed to choose between (1) additional Mathematics (Mechanics and Trigonometry) (2) French (3) German.

A student must satisfy the examiners both as to grammar and orthography in answering the questions--a last relic of the grammar studies of the university!

The General Examination, taken by those who read for the ordinary degree, includes (in Pt. I.) (1) a Greek classic (2) Latin classic (3) mechanics (4) simple trigonometry [(5) English passages for translation into Latin prose]. (Pt. II.) (1) The Acts of the Apostles in Greek (2) English history, selected period (3) subjects for an English essay, from the selected period (4) elementary hydrostatics and heat [(5) a paper on a Shakespeare play or on Milton’s works]. The 5th paper in each part is not obligatory.

The Cambridge General Examination for the ordinary degree leaves much to be desired.

The Special Examination for the ordinary degree may be in one of the following subjects: (_a_) _Theology_ (_b_) _Political Economy_ (_c_) _Law_ (_d_) _History_ (_e_) _Chemistry_ (_f_) _Physics_ (_g_) _Modern Languages_ (_h_) _Mathematics_ (_i_) _Classics_ (_k_) _Logic_ (_l_) _Geology_ (_m_) _Botany_ (_n_) _Zoology_ (_o_) _Physiology_ (_p_) _Mechanism and Applied Science_ (_q_) _Agricultural Science_ (_r_) _Music_. The standard for the subjects _k_, _l_, _m_, _n_, _o_, is that of the papers on those subjects in the first part of the moral and natural sciences triposes. The standard in the Theological Special examination may be judged from the following: Pt. I. (1) Outlines of O. T. history (2) a gospel in Greek [(3) history of the Jews from the close of O. T. history to the fall of Jerusalem]. Pt. II. (1) Selected portions of historical and prophetical books (2) one or more of the epistles in Greek (3) outlines of English Church history to 1830 [(4) selected portion of historical books of O. T. in Hebrew. (5) outlines of Early Church history to the death of Leo the Great. (6) paper on a selected period of English Church history]. (7) Essay subjects on the subject matter of papers (1) (2) and (3). But paper (3) in Pt. I. and 4, 5, and 6 in Pt. II. are not obligatory. Law Special examination:--Pt. I. (_a_) some branch of English constitutional law (_b_) English criminal law [(_c_) select cases in illustration (voluntary)]. Pt. II. (1) elementary English law relating to real property (2) English law of contract or tort, or similar. [(3) select cases in illustration (voluntary)]. (4) Essay on the subject matter of (1) and (2).

The first part of the Historical Special examination consists of 3 papers on English history before 1485, the third on a special period being optional. Pt. II. contains 5 papers (1) outline of general English history from 1485-1832. (2) outlines of English constitutional history for the same period (3) a period or a subject in foreign history (4) a special period of English history. [(5) an essay, optional]. The Mathematical Special is all elementary. The Classical Special is on the lines of the Previous Examination--set papers on portions of two Greek and Latin prose and two Greek and Latin poetic authors; to which is added an unprepared Greek and an unprepared Latin translation and a Latin prose composition. The papers on Greek and Roman history belonging to Pt. I. (Greek) or Pt. II. (Latin) are optional. Candidates for all these examinations may present themselves again in case of failure.

The standard of the tripos examination may be gauged by the following examination schedules for (A) Classics (B) Moral Sciences. (A) Pt. I. 15 papers--4 composition papers; 5 translation; (10) History of words and forms, and syntax, in both classical languages. (11) Short Greek and Latin passages relating to history and antiquities of Greece and Rome for translation and comment. (12) A paper on history and antiquities. (13) Same as 11, with reference to Greek and Roman philosophy, literature, sculpture and architecture. (14) Same as 12 (the questions on Greek philosophy being on portion of a set book). (15) Essay.

Pt. II. Examination in 1 or 2 of the 5 following sections: (1) Literature and criticism (2) ancient philosophy. (3) history. (4) archaeology. (5) language. The following are examples of Sections (1) and (5): I. (_a_) Questions on the history of Greek literature and passages illustrating Greek literary history or criticism for translation and comment. (_b_) The same, Latin. (_c_) Passages from Greek and Latin authors for interpretation, grammatical comment, or emendation; on the paleography and history of Greek and Latin MSS., and the principles of textual criticism; questions on textual criticism of a Greek _or_ Latin author (set book). (_d_) A special author (set book) or a special department of Greek or Latin literature. (_e_) paper of essays. V. (_a_) Greek etymology and history of Greek dialects. Greek syntax. (_b_) Latin, collated with cognate Italic dialects, and syntax. (_c_) Easy passages from Sanskrit authors (set books) for translation and comment, and simple Sanskrit grammar. (_d_) and last, general questions on the comparative grammar and syntax of the Indo-European languages. Early Indo-European civilisation. Indo-European accent. Greek and Italic alphabets. The Italic dialects. The whole of these two examinations, with the exception of one portion of paper 14 in Pt. I. and one portion of papers _c_ and _d_ in Pt. II. Section I., deal with unseen Greek and Latin authors.

(B) Moral Sciences:--Pt. I. _Psychology_ (2 papers). Standpoint, data, and methods of psychology. Its fundamental conceptions and hypotheses. Relations of psychology to physics, physiology, and metaphysics. (_a_) analysis of consciousness. (_b_) sensation and physiology of the senses--perception. (_c_) Images and ideas. (_d_) Thought and formation of concepts. Judgment. (_e_) Emotions, and theories of emotional expression. (_f_) Volition--pleasure and pain--conflict of emotions. [In the 2nd part, advanced knowledge on these subjects is required, plus a knowledge of the physiology of the senses and nervous system, etc., and of mental pathology in its relation to psychology.]

_Logic_ (2 papers). Province of logic, formal and material. Relation of logic to psychology, and to the theory of knowledge. (_a_) names and concepts, definition and division, predicables. (_b_) classification of judgments and propositions. Theory of the import of propositions. (_c_) laws of thought, syllogisms, symbolic logic. (_d_) induction and deduction. (_e_) observation and experiment, hypotheses, classification, theory of probabilities. (_f_) inference and proof. Fallacies. [In the 2nd part, advanced knowledge of these subjects and of the controversies connected with them is required.]

_Ethics_ (1 paper), (_a_) moral judgment, intuition, and reasoning, motives, pleasure and pain, free will and determinism, (_b_) ends of moral action--right and wrong--moral sanctions--obligation--duty--pleasures and pains. (_c_) types of moral character. Principles of social and political justice. (_d_) The moral faculty, its origin and development. (_e_) relation of ethics to psychology, sociology, and politics.

Two papers on political economy and an essay paper exhaust Pt. I.

For those who proceed to Pt. II., two papers on metaphysical and moral philosophy (as below) must be answered, one on the general history of modern philosophy, and _one_ or _two_ of the 3 following papers (A) Psychology II.; (B) Logic II.; (Special) history of modern philosophy (subject announced each year); _or_ (C) papers in politics and in advanced political economy:

Metaphysical and moral philosophy:--(_a_) analysis of knowledge, material and formal elements of knowledge, self-consciousness, uniformity and continuity of experience. (_b_) identity and difference, relation, space and time, unity and number, substance, cause. (_c_) certainty, and necessities of thought. (_d_) fundamental assumptions of physical science--causality, continuity etc. (_e_) sources and limits of knowledge, relativity of knowledge, phenomena, and things in themselves. (_f_) fundamental assumptions of ethics, absolute and relative ethics, intuitionism, utilitarianism, evolutionism, transcendentalism. (_g_) mechanical and dynamical theories of matter, relations of mind and matter, problem of the external world, idealism, dualism, freedom of intelligence, and of will, good and evil in the universe, teleology.

[305] Even if the candidate answer most of the tripos papers the conditions of the _aegrotat_ degree preclude his being placed in any one of the classes. Edmund Spenser the poet and Lancelot Andrewes the scholar-bishop were both on the _aegrotat_ list of Pembroke College--in 1571--before, however, this necessarily implied absence from any of the university “acts.”

[306] Since going to press, this change has been effected.

[307] See chap. iv. p. 225.

[308] This professorship was an expansion of the natural science lectureships founded by the great Linacre.

[309] A chair of history was endowed by Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, with £100 a year, in the reign of Charles I. It no longer exists.

[310] A list of the professorships, with date of creation and emoluments, and of the readers and lecturers, appears in the University Calendar every year.

There were no less than 7 chairs of medicine and natural science before 1851 when the tripos was created. The chairs existed, but with no scientific school to support them.

[311] In 1524 the executors of Sir Robert Rede, Lord Chief Justice, endowed _tres liberae lecturae_ in humane letters, logic, and philosophy; and many distinguished men have been invited to deliver this annual lecture. The Hulsean lecture was founded in the xviii c.

The first _exhibitions_ were founded in the xiii c. by Kilkenny, 9th Bishop of Ely, Balsham’s predecessor, for “2 priests studying divinity in Cambridge.”

[312] Towards the end of the xv c. we have several instances of papal degrees conferred on members of religious orders which were followed by incorporation and full membership of Cambridge university. Thus _frater Steele_ “of Rome” was incorporated in 1492, and _frater Raddyng_ as a doctor five years later.

[313] 1539 Eligius Ferrers, _D.D._; 1544 a Venetian _B.A. ad eundem_; 1559, _circa_, a _B.D._; 1615 an _M.A._ created _B.D._; 1617 the same; 1619 an _M.A._; 1635 the archdeacon of Essex _M.A._, is created _B.D._

[314] Archbishop Sumner (1848-62) 120 degrees; Langley (1862-68) 46; Tait (1868-82) 101; Benson (1882-96) 55; Temple (1896-1903) 12.

[315] Degrees in the 3 faculties are conferred without examination. Since Aug. 1858 degrees in medicine have carried with them no qualification to practise.

All candidates for the _M.A._ must pass an examination in preliminary arithmetic, Greek gospels, and English language and literature: the two classical languages, modern languages, mathematics, mental and moral sciences, and the natural sciences, forming 6 subjects from which the candidate must choose two, and the standard enforced being “that of candidates for honours at the universities.” The Stamp Duty and other expenses reach at least £55.

[316] An _ad eundem_ was given in 1501 to a Roman graduate by grace of the Senate.

[317] See iv. p. 218.

[318] Cf. ii. pp. 52-3.

[319] The _cancellarius scholasticus_ of a cathedral chapter.

[320] The earliest chancellor of whom we have a mention belongs to the year 1246 (_Baker MSS._). A list of chancellors exists from the year 1283, and is reprinted in Carter, _History of the University_. Among xiv c. chancellors belonging to great families, we have--

Stephen Segrave 1303-6 Richard le Scrope 1378 Guy de Zouche 1379 John de Cavendish 1380 John de Burgh 1385.

See v. p. 307 _n._ The name recorded in 1246 is Hugo de Hottun (Hatton?).

[321] By acts of the university 1504 and 1514.

[322] Fuller places the first vice-chancellor in the year 1417, after Stephen le Scrope and Repingale Bishop of Chichester had held the chancellorship--1414 and 1415. Men “of great employment” began then to fill the position, and hence, he says, the necessity. 1454 is however the date of the earliest vice-chancellor usually given, and there were only intermittent appointments between then and 1500. In that year Richard Fox was chancellor, and Henry Babington vice-chancellor, and was succeeded in 1501 by John Fisher _who filled both offices_. In 1413 a friar was chosen as “president” of the university in the absence of Chancellor Billingford sent by Henry V. with the Bishop of Ely and the chancellor of the sister university to Rome.

[323] In this body, which was created by act of 19th-20th Vict., are concentrated the powers of the houses of regents and non-regents, the ancient governing body of the university. Its 10 members are chosen from the roll.

[324] The high steward is elected in the same way as the chancellor. He appoints a deputy who must be approved by the senate. The Cambridge high stewardship has been frequently held by favourites of the sovereign; Elizabeth gave it to Leicester, and Henry VII. to Empson. The present holder, Lord Walsingham, bears a name intimately connected with the history of the university.

[325] At the last parliamentary election, January 1906, the university electorate numbered 6972.

[326] The proctors are appointed according to a statutory cycle--they are nominated by the colleges in turn, two colleges nominating each year. The proctors at Oxford originally represented the north countrymen and the south countrymen. Entries of Cambridge proctors exist from 1350. The office, of course, is kin to that of the procurator of monastic orders; and the Cambridge proctors supervised Stourbridge fair, the markets, weights and measures, and all those matters which affected the supply of provisions for the university or its finances: to which were added their scholastic functions.

[327] The first public orator was Richard Croke; Sir T. Smith, Sir J. Cheke, Roger Ascham, and George Herbert the poet, all held the office. Caius supposes that the master of glomery was university orator, whose duty it was to entertain princes and peers and to indite the epistles of the university on great occasions. He supposes also that as “senior regent” he collected and counted the suffrages in all congregations: the _Statutes_ however show us this officer in company with two _junior regents_ sorting the votes cast for the proctors. See also iii. p. 164 _n._

[328] Thus a guild order in 1389 runs: the alderman “ssal sende forthe the bedel to alle the bretheren and the systeren.”

[329] We find Archbishop Laud writing of Oxford: “If the university would bring in some bachelors of art to be yeomen-bedels ... they which thrived well and did good service might after be preferred to be esquire-bedels.”

[330] The first esquire or armiger bedell on the Cambridge register is Physwick in the xiv c.; no one else is entered for this office till 1498 when Philip Morgan held it. After him there is another esquire bedell in 1500. The yeoman bedell probably stood in the same relation to the esquire bedell as the trumpeter to the herald. The herald did not blow his own trumpet and the esquire bedell of the university was doubtless not a macebearer. The original two bedells, nevertheless, used to go before the chancellor and masters _virgam deferentes_; and Balsham in 1275 arranges that _the bedell of the master of glomery_ shall not carry his stave on these occasions, but only when on his superior’s own business. A bedell is mentioned in the xiii c. hostel statute referred to on p. 51.

[331] Letter of Rennell to Stratford Canning, Nov. 16, 1807.

[332] Until 1534 only those who had graduated doctor were elected to the office.

[333] Principal (see vi. p. 339 _n._), warden, keeper, proctor, and rector are all titles which at one time or another were familiar in Cambridge.

[334] In the xviii c. the colleges had already 4 lecturers in rhetoric, logic, ethics, and Greek. Cf. the provisions in the statutes of Christ’s College xvi c. The college _bursar_, the purse-bearer of his college, is its treasurer and oeconomus: a senior and junior bursar are appointed.

[335] The decreasing value of the statutable stipends in the xvii c. led to the adoption (in 1630) of the new scale of payments.

[336] He signed the university instrument which was presented to Henry renouncing the pope’s supremacy; Ridley, who was proctor at the time, signed after him.

[337] From 1741 two chaplains were appointed in each college, to replace the fellows who before this used to take the chapel services in rotation. The Trinity College rule which provided that a fellow engaged in instruction in his college for ten years kept his fellowship for life or until he married, made the first rift in the obligation to take orders within a certain period after election, or forfeit the fellowship.

[338] An American student, 20 years before the abolition of the Religious Test Act, was scandalised at the manner in which the reception of the sacrament was used as a mere condition for obtaining the certificate of fitness for orders. Men who had not made 3 communions in their college chapel during their stay, came up afterwards for the purpose, and received thereupon a document certifying that they had entirely satisfied “the vice-chancellor and the 8 senior fellows” of their fitness for their vocation.

[339] In the same century Hobson, who died in 1630 at a great age, was the famous Cambridge carrier and kept the first livery stable in England. His numerous clients would find a large stable full of steeds from which “to choose” (with bridle whip and even boots provided); but everyone was expected to take the horse next the door: hence ‘Hobson’s choice,’ which has become an English household phrase, as has another Cantab expression, ‘constitutionalize’ for walking. Yet another phrase is ‘tawdry,’ the name given to the flimsy gaily coloured chains which were sold at Barnwell (now Midsummer) fair on the eve of S. Awdrey’s day. Hobson was immortalised by verses of Milton’s.

[340] Colleges were not at first built for the ‘undergraduate.’ The scholar of the xiii, xiv, and xv centuries was the _socius_ (fellow) of to-day. His clerical position was that of a young man in minor orders, his scholastic that of a bachelor in art. He attended the schools of the doctors and masters, and was assisted by his fellowship and by exhibitions in the learned faculties to study for the degrees (master of art, and doctor in the faculties). The pensioner, who might or might not be an undergraduate in standing and who lived at his own charges, was provided for in the hostel. It was not till the visitation of 1401 that we find _socii_ and _scholares_ distinguished; and when King’s College was founded in the same half century its scholars were young students and nothing else. Nevertheless, although such was the original conception of the endowed college--at Peterhouse, Michaelhouse, Pembroke, Corpus--the later developments were outlined from the first. The bible clerks at Peterhouse were poor students not of the standing of bachelors, and a proviso in the statutes enabled the college to maintain “2 or 3 indigent scholars well grounded in grammar” when its funds shall permit. At Clare (1359) the sizar was regularly recognised. At Pembroke (1347) there were in addition to the “major scholars” 6 “minor scholars” who might fit themselves to be major scholars. At King’s Hall (Statutes Ric. II.) boys from 14 years old were admitted. At Christ’s (1505) the standing of the scholar was defined by requiring him to give instruction in sophistry; but the pensioner was contemplated for the first time as a regular inmate of the college. In fact the _perendinant_ who ate at the college tables became, before the middle of the xv c., the _commensalis_; the class being fully recognised 50 years later in the _convivae_ of Christ’s. There were no fewer than 778 _convivae_ or pensioners in the colleges in the time of Caius 1574.

As to the age at which youths went up, it was not until the xix c. that the university was finally regarded as the complement to a full ‘college’ (public school) course elsewhere. The grammar boys at Clare and Peterhouse, the richer youths at King’s Hall, and the glomery students, must always have kept Cambridge peopled with little lads: but when grammar disappeared altogether (in the xvi c.) from the university curriculum, scholars continued to go up very young. In the xvi c. Wyatt went to S. John’s at 12, Bacon and his elder brother to Trinity at 12 and 14; Spenser was in his 16th year. In the xvii c. George Herbert was 15, so was Andrew Marvell, Milton had not attained his 15th year; Newton went to Trinity at 17, and Herschell to S. John’s at the same age. Pitt was a precocious exception in the xviii c. at 14.

All the scholars of the early colleges were to be indigent; the one exception was King’s Hall, but the proviso appears again in the statutes for King’s College.

We may note that All Souls’ Oxford retains the characteristic of the ancient college foundations, in being a college of fellows only. The title “students” for the fellows of Christchurch recalls the same intention.

[341] When Gresham went to Gonville in Hen. VIII.’s time the fellow-commoner had just made his appearance. Cambridge was full of them in the reign of Elizabeth.

[342] Jeremy Taylor was a sizar, Newton and Bentley sub-sizars.

[343] Statutes of Christ’s College.

[344] The scholars of Eton were directed to recite the Matins of our Lady while making their beds.

[345] This right was given up in 1856. The legal powers and privileges of the university date from the xiii c. and the reign of Henry III.: _Ita tamen quod ad suspensionem vel mutilationem clericorum non procedatis, sed eos alio modo per consilium universitatis Cantabr. castigetis_ is the clause inserted in 1261 in the matter of a quarrel between students from the north and south parts of the realm. The privileges granted to the university by Edward III. include the power of imprisoning offenders; and even the king’s writ could not be invoked to free them. In the 10th year of Edward’s reign the university chancellor maintained this right both over scholar and townsman. The oath taken by the mayor of Cambridge to maintain the “privileges liberties and customs of the university” dates from the same reign (when the mayor bailiffs and aldermen were obliged to swear to respect the chancellor’s rights). When the riots of 1381 led to a suspension of the town charter its privileges were transferred to the university, till the restoration of the charter in 1832.

[346] The vice-chancellor’s court for persons _in statu pupillari_ is composed of the vice-chancellor and six heads of colleges elected by grace.

[347] It will be observed that the academic dean possesses disciplinary functions like his predecessor and prototype the monastic dean. The academic dean is also the presiding official at the chapel services.

[348] Undergraduates may not give entertainments in taverns or public halls without permission of their tutor: even then more than 5 men _in statu pupillari_ cannot meet together in a public place without a further permit from the proctor.

It was agreed in 1856 that the licence of any ale house was liable to be revoked if a complaint in writing was made by the vice-chancellor to the Justices of the Peace.

[349] Lodging house keepers sign a hard and fast undertaking with the Lodging-house Syndicate. They cannot let to other than members of the university without permission.

[350] The tutor probably made his first appearance at King’s Hall; his office was firmly established by the middle of the xvi c. (later Statutes of Clare College, 1551), and marks the epoch when students other than those on the foundation were also firmly established as college inmates. Before the xviii c., however, the official tutor of to-day was not known; any fellow whom the master designated filled the post. In some colleges the tutor is appointed for life; at Trinity for a term of 10 years.

[351] Like all other items of headgear the derivatives of the hood acquired ceremonial significance. The removable hood of the xiv c., which was slung over the shoulder or attached to the arm, became the _capuce_ of the dignified clergy, of the doctors in the 3 faculties, rectors of colleges, and others in authority. It is preserved to-day in the _pellegrino_ of the Roman Church. The hood itself appears to have gained this ceremonial importance in the xv c.; and it is in the middle of that century that the hood as head-gear disappears, and is replaced by the various caps and bonnets which were formed from it.

[352] The amess was a capuce of fur.

[353] Statutes of Peterhouse 1338-1342. The same is prescribed for the junior students of King’s Hall (temp. Richard II.). Precisely the same regulations--for the tonsure and _vestis talaris_--were made for the scholar at the university of Paris.

[354] This accorded with the custom at Bologna and at Salamanca (xiv c.)--_una capa scolastica_ ... _foderata sufficienter pellibus pecudis_. At Salamanca each scholar received annually one cappa lined with sheepskin, and one unlined, and a lined hood.

[355] The object of most of the rules regarding scholars’ dress seems to have been to enforce sumptuary restrictions, and impose something clerical and sober in appearance--_decenter et honeste_ are the words used in the statutes of King’s Hall. The same is true of similar regulations in Italian universities.

[356] The cappa (with a hood?) probably constituted the _speciem scholasticam_ which pseudo-scholars in the town were forbidden to imitate. (_Statuta Antiqua_, statute 42.)

[357] An order of the time of Henry V. (documents Nos. 90, 91 in the Registry) requires the Cambridge bachelors to dress like those at Oxford; which probably referred to the black _capuce_ or hood of the Oxford bachelor?

[358] This feat was celebrated by verses inscribed: _Mutantque Quadrata Rotundit_. A square cap (called both ‘scholastic’ and ‘ecclesiastical’) was recognised as the proper head-gear for Cambridge fellows graduates and foundation-scholars in the later xvi. c. Pensioners were to wear a round cap.

[359] For the coloured gown see _infra_.

[360] The _pileum_ placed on the head of the new master of arts in the xv? and xvi centuries, probably symbolised the termination of the _status pupillaris_. Cf. _Haec mera libertas, hoc nobis pilea donant_; and _servos ad pileum vocare_ (Livy). The tall silk hat signified the same thing. It was worn by young _M.A.’s_, and by the ‘Hat-fellow-commoners,’ and is still worn by _M.A.’s_ on a visit to their _alma mater_ though not by resident ‘dons.’

[361] This was not worn at Trinity, King’s, and one or two other colleges.

[362] It is interesting to note that the Scotch universities retain the violet gown. The Scots’ College in Rome (founded in 1600) dresses its collegians in a violet cassock, over which is a black _soprana_.

[363] Bachelors of arts whether they be scholars reading for a fellowship or young graduates preparing for the ‘Second Part’ of a tripos, are still _in statu pupillari_. Perhaps, then, the more important gown, the bachelor’s, retained this vestige of the older dress which has been lost in the modification undergone by the undergraduates’. That the strings indicate a state of dependence is confirmed by their being found on the dress of the pope’s lay chamberlains called _camerieri di cappa e spada_; the papal palfrey men and other domestics being also provided with them.

[364] A custom now dying out.

[365] Christopher Wordsworth became Master of his college.

[366] Studies were much later additions in the colleges, and at first a room would be fitted with 8 or 10 ‘studies,’ alcoves or cabinets 5 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft., which would be eagerly hired by students. Sometimes the studies were furnished by the pensioners with the necessary desk and shelves. No attempt at decoration of college rooms appears to have been made till the poet Gray placed scented flowers in his window and bought Japanese vases of the blue and white china afterwards to become so fashionable--which caused much remark. When young peers came up to Cambridge attended by their tutor and an ample _suite_ the colleges were much put about to lodge them, and we find Lady Rutland as early as 1590 sending hangings for her son’s with-drawing-room at Corpus.

[367] The enmity of ‘town and gown,’ a consequence, no doubt, of the thronging of our university towns with an alien population, is traditional, and we first hear of it in 1249 before any colleges were built. Fifty years later (in 1305) the townsmen attacked the gownsmen, wounding and beating both masters and scholars “to the manifest delaying of their study” says the King’s letter on the subject (33rd of Edw. I.). Bad relations between ‘town and gown’ prevailed throughout the reign of Elizabeth. Cf. v. p. 261.

[368] The allowance per head per week for food or “commons” was at Michaelhouse 12d. in 1324, and no more was allowed in the xvi c. at Christ’s and S. John’s. The allowance at Jesus College was 4d. a week in excess of this, and this was the sum which Archbishop Arundel had sanctioned for fellows’ commons earlier in the century (1405). Peterhouse statutes made no provision, but the Bishop of Ely as visitor restricted commons to 14d. a week in 1516. Mullinger, _Hist. Univ. Camb._ p. 461.

[369] Undergraduates have perhaps shown a tendency to get out of hand since the day a few years back when some of the dons invited an expression of their opinion, apparently expecting that a serious question affecting the university would receive illustration from a little hooliganism.

[370] In June 1905 there were 647 tripos candidates, 146 for the Natural Sciences, 127 for History, 111 Classics, 95 Law, 63 Mathematics, 28 Mechanical Science, 25 Theology, 13 Modern Languages, 5 Moral Sciences, 5 Economics, 1 Oriental Languages. The year before Natural Sciences was also at the top of the poll with 131 graduates; the Classical came next with 112, the Mathematical 67, History 63. Some 30% therefore take Natural or Mechanical Sciences, and some of the mathematical students stay on for scientific work. The far larger number of men now take the First Part of the Mathematical, Classical, or Natural Sciences tripos in their third year, which gives them the _B.A._, and do not proceed to the Second Part. For the proportion of First and Second classes obtained cf. vi. p. 356 _n._

It was, however, only very gradually that the classical and other triposes worked their way to an equality in popularity with the mathematical. It was not till 1884, after the division of the tripos, that the classical men were slightly in excess of the mathematical (see chap. iii.).

[371] On the other hand Oxford has had 9 wins in succession.

[372] The wearing of the surplice in chapel on Sundays and holidays by all undergraduates, scholars, and bachelors, is a very interesting historical survival at Cambridge, which has successfully resisted the attacks of Puritanism. It is worn by all members of a college on ‘white nights’ (vigils and feasts), and is the ancient dress of the canon and of clerks of all grades at divine service.

[373] “Scarlet days” are Easter, Christmas, Ascension, Whitsunday, Trinity Sunday, All Saints, the first Sunday in November (when benefactors are commemorated) and Commencement Tuesday (the next before June 24). The vice-chancellor may appoint other days.

[374] Everett, _On the Cam_. Everett’s father was United States ambassador at the Court of S. James’, and he himself was a graduate of Trinity College.

[375] Wolsey, son of a well-to-do Suffolk butcher, was sent to Oxford, but Thomas Cromwell, who was the son of a blacksmith, probably was not educated at a university.

[376] _The New Sect of Latitude-men_, 1662.

[377] Eton--Cambridge and Oxford--3 each; Oxford had 3 from Winchester, all the rest coming from the lesser public schools, Haileybury (3), and church schools such as Radley.

[378] A very interesting symptom is the recent election of an American fellow at Trinity and Christ’s Colleges.

[379] In the time of Caius the number of students was 1783 (see p. 217 _n._). Trinity held 359 of these, John’s 271, Christ’s 157, King’s 140, Clare 129,

[Sidenote: A.D. 1573.]

Queens’ 122. Magdalene and S. Catherine’s were the smallest with 49 and 32 respectively. The remaining 6 colleges held between 62 and 96 students each, except Jesus which had a population of 118. A hundred

[Sidenote: A.D. 1672.]

years after Caius the numbers were 2522. 3000 is about the maximum at either university since the xiii c. At Cambridge the undergraduate population at the present date (October 1906) exceeds 3200, with over 350 resident bachelors, and about 650 _M.A.’s_ and doctors, 400 of whom are fellows.

Cf. with the figures given on p. 206. A man may keep his name on the boards of his college by a payment varying from £2 to £4 a year. The number of men “on the boards” of the university includes all those on the boards of their colleges and has grown in 150 years from 1500 (in 1748) to 13,819 in 1906-7.

[380] Those marked with an asterisk are included principally for their influence on education.

[381] _Or_ Walter de Merton.

[382] Raleigh was entered as a boy for Oriel College but never resided there.

[383] Gladstone was by race a pure Scotsman, but was English by birth and breeding.

[384] Miss Nightingale is taken as a representative of the work of Howard, Clarkson, Shaftesbury, Hannah More, Mrs. Fry, and others of the same noble army among whom she is perhaps typical for the English adventuresome and pioneer spirit.

It would not be possible to choose 40 great Englishmen whom every one should agree to be among the 40 greatest, or the best types in the lines indicated. Some great English names--as e.g. Simon de Montfort--do not appear for the same reason which excludes William the Conqueror, viz. that they were not Englishmen.

The following is a short analysis:--

(1) _Men representing English Learning and education_:

Hild. Bede. Alcuin. Alfred. Grosseteste. William of Wykeham. Lady Margaret. Dean Colet, Ox. Bishop Fisher, C. Thomas More, Ox. Roger Ascham, C.

(2) _English Churchmen_:

Stephen Langton. Robert Grosseteste, Ox. William of Wykeham. Fisher, C. Wolsey, Ox. Cranmer, C. Jeremy Taylor, C.

(3) _English Religion_:

Wyclif, Ox. Lady Margaret. More, Ox. Jeremy Taylor, C. Bunyan. Wesley, Ox.

(4) _English politics_:

Alfred. Stephen Langton. Grosseteste, Ox. Edward I. Elizabeth. Cromwell, C. Milton, C. John Locke, Ox. Pitt, C. Gladstone, Ox.

(5) _Literature and makers of English language_:

Bede. Chaucer, C. Ascham, C. Philip Sidney, Ox. Shakespeare. Francis Bacon, C. Milton, C. Bunyan. Locke, Ox.

(6) _Philosophers_:

Locke. Mill.

(7) _English Science_:

Roger Bacon, Ox. Francis Bacon, C. Harvey, C. Newton, C. Darwin, C.

(8) _English Adventure_:

Drake. Raleigh. Clive. Nelson. Nightingale.

[385] See the list of dramatists below.[387]

[386] Sonneteers: Wyatt, Cambridge. Surrey, Cambridge? Thomas Watson, Oxford? Philip Sidney, Oxford. Samuel Daniel, Oxford. Lodge, Oxford to Cambridge. Drayton, none.

[387]

_The Dramatists._

Greene (Cambridge). Lyly (Oxford to Cambridge). Peele (Oxford). Lodge (Oxford to Cambridge). (_disciple of Greene_) Christopher Marlowe (Cambridge). Kyd (none). Shakespeare (none). Ben Jonson (Cambridge). Nash (Cambridge). Chapman (?) Marston (Oxford). Dekker (nothing known). Thomas Heywood (Cambridge). Middleton (nothing known). Munday (“The pope’s scholar in the seminary at Rome”).

Fletcher (Cambridge). (_12 years at Benet College_) Beaumont (Oxford). Webster (nothing known). Massinger (Oxford). Rowley (nothing known). Ford (Oxford ?). James Shirley (Oxford to Cambridge).

_The Novelists._

Richardson (none). Fielding (University of Leyden). Defoe (none). Steele (Oxford). Smollett (none). Sterne (Cambridge). Goldsmith (none).

_And the 7 great names of our century_:

Jane Austen. Scott (none).[388] The two Brontës. Thackeray (Cambridge). Dickens (none). George Eliot. Meredith (none).

[388] Scott attended the law classes at Edinburgh university.

[389] “The first of the great English writers in whom letters asserted an almost public importance.” In the new ‘republic of letters’ Dryden was “chosen chief”; “He had done more than any man to create a literary class”; “he was the first to impress the idea of literature on the English mind.” Master “alike of poetry and prose, covering the fields both of imagination and criticism.... Dryden realized in his own personality the existence of a new power which was thenceforth to tell steadily on the world ... our literature obeyed the impulse he had given it from the beginning of the eighteenth century till near its close.”--J. R. Green.

[390] The first number appeared in November 1665 and was called “The Oxford Gazette,” the court being at that time at Oxford on account of the plague which was then raging in town.

[391] The succession of archbishops of Canterbury from 1486 is: Cardinal Morton, Oxford; Warham (1500), neither university; Cranmer, Cambridge; Pole, Oxford; Parker, Cambridge; Grindal, Cambridge; Whitgift, Cambridge; Bancroft (1604), Cambridge.

Among the names given above, those with an asterisk were further connected with their university as founders, Masters and fellows of colleges, or as chancellors.

[392] Sydenham took a medical degree at Cambridge.

[393] Cf. the Duke of Exeter, ii. pp. 58 _n._, 156.

[394] The plate of Queens’ College is preserved at Oxford to this day.

[395] Chief of whom was the Earl of Manchester, like Cromwell himself a Cambridge man. Cromwell and Lord Grey of Wark had “dealt very earnestly” with the Heads of colleges to extract a loan of £6000 for the public use. The earnest dealing included shutting most of them up till midnight. Cromwell on their refusal declared he would have taken £1000; not that that sum would have been of any service, but because it would have shown that they had one of the universities on their side. All that Cambridge had, however, was sent to Charles.

[396] Compton and Trelawney.

[397] There had been a previous meeting at Lambeth Palace in which Turner, White, Tenison (then rector of S. Martin’s) and Compton, the suspended Bishop of London, took part. All were Cambridge men except Compton. At a consultation of London clergy Tillotson, then Dean of Canterbury, Sherlock, Master of the Temple, Stillingfleet, Archdeacon of London and Dean of S. Paul’s, and Patrick, Dean of Peterborough, supported Edward Fowler (an Oxonian) in a declaration that they were unable to publish the Indulgence. Every one of these men was from Cambridge.

[398] He had not received his call in time to sign the protest of the seven bishops. Lloyd was at Cambridge, Frampton at Oxford.

[399] See ii. p. 57, the dissolution of the friars of the Sack.

[400] Scory, Bishop of Hereford, had been given preferment by Cranmer on the dissolution of the Dominicans; he was put into the see of the deprived Catholic bishop Day of Chichester, a King’s man, and was one of Parker’s consecrators. In 1554 he renounced his wife and did penance before Bonner. The other, Day of King’s, Bishop of Winchester and brother of the Catholic prelate, was an ardent reformer.

[401] Heath of Clare College was successively Bishop of Rochester and Worcester, and Primate of York.

[402] Cuthbert Tunstall, who had come to King’s Hall from Oxford, and afterwards studied at Padua, was himself one of the translators of the 1540 bible.

[403] See ii. p. 84. Corpus Christi College.

[404] Tillotson and Stillingfleet, the most prominent churchmen in the reign of James II.

[405] They were Matthew Parker of Corpus, Cox of King’s, Grindal of Pembroke, Bill and Pilkington of S. John’s, May and Sir Thomas Smith of Queens’, and David Whitehead.

[406] Rowland Taylor of Christ’s College, a Suffolk rector, suffered in 1535. Latimer who had argued on the Catholic side at the university, was persuaded to Protestantism by Bilney. With Bilney Thomas M’Arthur, a fellow of S. John’s and then Principal of S. Mary’s Hostel, recanted.

[407] Rogers b. 1509 at Birmingham. Burned at Smithfield Feb. 1555.

[408] It was Cromwell who, as chancellor, began to wean the university from the pope; and he removed its papal script--bulls, briefs, and dispensations--which was not returned till such time as he judged the substitution of the king for the pope to be complete.

[409] Falkland, _b._ 1610. Chillingworth born and educated in Oxford. Taylor born and educated in Cambridge. Stillingfleet, _b._ 1635, fellow of S. John’s, bishop of Worcester.

[410] _ob._ 1648.

[411] Cf. Peterhouse pp. 58-9, and Emmanuel p. 145. For religion in Cambridge at the present day, see iv. pp. 246-7.

[412] Burnet, the historian of the movement, writes: “They loved the constitution of the church, and the liturgy, and could well live under them; but they did not think it unlawful to live under another form.... They continued to keep a good correspondence with those who differed from them in opinion, and allowed a great freedom both in philosophy and in divinity; from whence they were called men of latitude. And upon this, men of narrower thoughts and fiercer tempers fastened upon them the name of Latitudinarians.”

[413] “Within the bosom of Protestantism they kindled for the first time the love of this nobler speculation.” (_Tulloch, vol. 2. p. 24._)

[414] Cf. Tulloch, _Rational Theology in England in the xvii century_ (1872) vol. 2. p. 13, to whose able and interesting account of the movement I am very much indebted. “They sought,” writes Tulloch, “to confirm the union of philosophy and religion on the indestructible basis of reason and the essential elements of our higher humanity”: and again: “It is the glory of the Cambridge divines that they welcomed this new spirit of speculation” and “gave it frank entertainment in their halls of learning.” “Their liberalism takes a higher flight” than that of Hales and Chillingworth.

[415] His _True Intellectual System of the Universe_ was published in 1678.

[416] Afterwards fellow of Queens’, Hebrew lecturer and Greek praelector.

[417] Whichcote’s moral and philosophical style of preaching now replaced “that doctrinal style which Puritans have curiously always considered to be more identical with the simplicity of Scriptural truth.” Tulloch.

[418] The Conqueror gave him the barony of Bourne in the fen.

[419] The de Vere of Matilda’s time had been her faithful adherent; Cambridgeshire was one of the ten English counties in which the Veres held lands, and they were the benefactors of the Cambridge Dominicans.

[420] See also i. pp. 19, 44, ii. p. 110 _n._ and p. 296.

[421] Manfield was nephew to Castle-Bernard another Cambridge landowner.

[422] Dugdale, _Monasticon_ p. 1600. Stoke in the deanery of Clare was within the liberty of S. Edmund. The Augustinian hermits, as we have seen, came to Cambridge about the same time.

[423] Stanton is a Cambridge place-name; other names derived from places in the district (besides of course ‘Cambridge’ and ‘Croyland’) being Walsingham, Walpole, Gaunt, Balsham, Bourne, Chatteris, Haddon, Milton, Newton, Caxton, Drayton, Brandon, Connington, Shelford; and Chancellor Haselfield (1300, 1307) probably took his name from Haslyngfield. Long Stanton was the seat of the Hattons.

[424] The name appears early in the fen country as that of an abbot of Thorney--xiv c.

[425] Cf. iv. p. 204.

[426] 2nd son of Edmund Langley. His wife was Anne Mortimer great-granddaughter of Elizabeth de Burgh, Duchess of Clarence; the son of Hastings, who figures in the earlier conspiracy, married her granddaughter.

Richard’s son was earl of Ulster and lord of Clare in right of his mother. The sons of Edw. III.--Clarence, Gaunt, Edmund Langley, and Thomas of Woodstock--were all allied to founders of Cambridge colleges (see Tables I, II, III). Scrope’s brother Stephen was chancellor of the university; see p. 94, 94 _n._

[427] “In all which time, you, and your husband Grey, were factious for the house of Lancaster.” _Richard III._ Act i. scene 3.

[428] Pembroke held by the Clares, Mareschalls, Valence, Hastings. Huntingdon by David of Scotland and Malcolm the Maiden, by Hastings, and Grey. Buckingham by Stafford and Villiers. Suffolk by Pole, Brandon, Grey, and Howard. Leicester passed from the Beaumonts to the de Montforts, from the earls of Lancaster to John of Gaunt, the Dudleys and the Sidneys (p. 42 _n._).

Henry of Lancaster Earl of Lancaster and Leicester, ob. 1345. | | William de Burgh, last = Matilda = 2ndly Ralph Stafford. Earl of Ulster. | | Elizabeth de Burgh = Lionel Duke of Clarence.

[429] From her, her grandson Mortimer Earl of March derived the title of Earl of Ulster.

[430] Cowper was not himself at Cambridge, but he lived near by and frequently visited his brother a fellow of Benet College.

[431] Langley and Langham were both names known at Cambridge in early days.

[432] He married Anne daughter of the first Lord St. John of Bletsoe, a descendant of Margaret Beauchamp the mother of Lady Margaret.

[433] See Trinity College pp. 135, 7, 9.

[434] His ancestor Dr. Richard Sterne was one of the Masters ejected for refusing the Covenant.

[435] In the Mildmay-Ratcliffe alliance, the two Protestant foundations of the xvi c. meet. The Ratcliffes, in addition to the alliance with Sidney, intermarried with the Staffords and Stanleys.

Beside the xv c. Bynghams and Bassetts and Percies, and the xiv c. names so often recorded, it should not be forgotten that few early figures in the university are more interesting than that of Chancellor Stephen Segrave mentioned on pp. 203 and 259. Segrave was Bishop of Armagh and titular bishop of Ostia. He had been a clerk in the royal household, and was the champion of the university against the friars. It will be remembered that Nicholas Segrave--a baron of de Montfort’s parliament in 1265--had been one of those defenders of Kenilworth who held out in the isle of Ely till July 1267.

[436] Cf. pp. 203 _n._, 294 _n._

[437] One of the Pastons married Anna Beaufort a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt.

[438] Gray took the _LL.B._ on returning to the university.

[439] Morland improved the fire engine and invented the speaking trumpet--one of his trumpets is preserved in the library at Trinity. He was 10 years at Cambridge, and was assistant to Cromwell’s secretary, Thurloe.

[440] Woodward went to Cambridge when he was 30 years old.

[441] The original double monastery of Ely did not become Benedictine till 970. See i. p. 12. Etheldreda (‘S. Audrey’) was the daughter of Anna king of the East Angles, and of Hereswitha sister of Hild, and wife to Oswy king of Northumbria. She thus united in her person the destinies of the northern provinces and East Anglia (where she was born) a union which has been perpetuated in the university of Cambridge. She was born _circa_ 630, and died in 679. As “the Lady of Ely” her will, living or dead, was held to decide the fortunes of the city.

[442] i. p. 16. Her name was given to the only monastic house in Cambridge. Rhadegund was abbess of Ste. Croix A.D. 519-587.

[443] It is sufficiently remarkable that a conspicuous rôle pertained almost exclusively to Englishwomen who were of the blood royal. This is true in the case of the great abbesses, and from the time of Hild and Etheldreda to that of Lady Margaret.

[444] For the circumstances in which Clare and Pembroke were founded, see chap. ii. pp. 67-8 and 69, 71-2.

[445] The countesses of Clare, Pembroke, Richmond, and Sussex.

[446] Erasmus’ “three colleges” which represented for him the university and its new learning were Queens’, Christ’s, and S. John’s, all founded by women.

[447] Lady Mildred Cecil gave money to the Master of S. John’s “to procure to have fyres in the hall of that colledg uppon all sondays and hollydays betwixt the fest of all Sayntes and Candlemas, whan there war no ordinary fyres of the charge of the colledg.” And pp. 72, 86, 120, 155.

[448] A pioneer committee had been formed in October 1862 to obtain the admission of women to university examinations; Miss Emily Davies was Hon. Secretary. The first step taken was to secure the examination of girls in the university Local Examinations which had been started in 1858, and a private examination for girls simultaneously with that for boys was held on the 14 Dec. 1863. These examinations were formally opened to girls in February 1865 (_infra_ p. 358). Meanwhile the Schools Enquiry commission of the previous year had brought into relief the absence of any education for girls after the school age. The commissioners were memorialised, and the immediate outcome was the scheme for a college, and the formation of a committee to carry it into effect. Cf. pp. 317-18 _n._

[449] There were present Mrs. Manning, *Miss Emily Davies, *Sedley Taylor, and *H. R. Tomkinson. *Madame Bodichon, who was ill, was not present, but George Eliot wrote to her four days before the meeting, à propos of an appointment to see one of the members of the committee: “I am much occupied just now, but the better education of women is one of the objects about which I have _no doubt_, and I shall rejoice if this idea of a college can be carried out.”

On the General Committee of Hitchin College the bishops of Peter borough and S. David’s, the Dean of Ely, Lady Hobart, Lord Lyttelton, Prof. F. D. Maurice, Sir James Paget, Rt. Hon. Russell Gurney, M.P., Miss Anna Swanwick, and Miss Twining, sat with several others. On the Executive Committee were Mme. Bodichon, *Lady Goldsmid wife of Sir Francis Goldsmid elected liberal member for Reading in 1866, *Mrs. Russell Gurney, Prof. Seeley, Dean Stanley, and the members of the 1867 committee: while a Cambridge Committee included Professors Adams, Humphry, Lightfoot, Liveing, Drs. J. Venn, T. G. Bonney, the Revv. J. Porter, R. Burn, T. Markby, W. G. Clark; Henry Sidgwick, and Sedley Taylor. The asterisked names denote those who also constituted with 11 others the first members of Girton College (p. 321).

[450] Incorporated from 1872 as Girton College.

[451] Two or three of the Cambridge colleges were built at a distance from the schools and the centre of the town: thus Alcock described Jesus College as “the college of the Blessed Virgin Mary, S. John Evangelist, and S. Rhadegund, _near Cambridge_.” Hitchin in Hertfordshire, the first site of Girton, was one of the homes of the English Gilbertines, a double order for men and women which was also established in Cambridge. i. p. 19 and _n._

[452] This was followed by a bequest of £10,000.

[453] It is interesting to find the names of Dillon and Davies continuing in the case of the first college for women at Cambridge the Irish and Welsh traditions of college founders. It is perhaps still more interesting to find that on her mother’s side Lady Stanley was descended from the companion-in-arms of de Burgh the “red earl” of Ulster, and that a Dillon intermarried with the heiress of the 2nd earl of Clare, names honoured as those of the woman founder of one of the first Cambridge colleges.

[454] See the original committee _supra_ pp. 317-18 _n._ The existing members elect the majority of new members. The first official recognition of the existence of the college was made in 1880 when the Council of the Senate elected three members of the college from among its number, and so exercised a power conferred on it in the original articles of association.

[455] The college still prepares for this examination; at Newnham it must be prepared for at the student’s own expense. It is however now usually taken by all students before coming up.

[456] Classics: R. S. Cook (Mrs. C. P. Scott) and L. I. Lumsden. Mathematics: S. Woodhead (Mrs. Corbett) senior optime.

[457] This was in 1882. First class honours in this tripos did not become usual until women came up better prepared from schools. A Cambridge man, however, writing in 1873 declares that a man may be a wrangler when his mathematical knowledge was contemporary with his admission to the university, but that “no one was ever placed in _any_ class of the (classical) tripos who came up to the university knowing only the elements of Greek grammar.... The classical man, if plucked,” (_i.e._ in mathematics) “loses 10 years’ labour”--the time spent in classics from early school days. Women, nevertheless, belied this dictum from the first; many have not known even “the elements of Greek grammar” when they came up, and few indeed have 10 years’ Greek studies on their shoulders when they take the tripos.

[458] The Claude Montefiore prize was founded in memory of the donor’s wife, who was at Girton. The Agnata Butler prize is awarded to classical students by the Master of Trinity and his wife. One of the early scholarships, offered by Mr. Justice Wright, was described as “a year’s proceeds of an Oxford fellowship.” Dr. W. Cunningham, fellow of Trinity College, assigned, in 1898, the entire profits of his book _Growth of English Industry and Commerce_ towards a fund for publishing dissertations of conspicuous merit written by certificated Girton students. The above-named city companies have always been generous donors to the women’s colleges.

[459] The committee of 1862 had had (as we see) for its avowed object the “obtaining the admission of women to university examinations”: the subsequent committee (of December 1867) was formed “for the establishment of a college holding to girls’ schools and home teaching a position analogous to that occupied by the universities towards the public schools for boys.” The following was the reply given by the first named committee when approached in March 1868 with a view to a joint memorial asking for “advanced examinations for women”:--“That this committee, believing that the distinctive advantage of the Cambridge University Local Examinations consists in their offering a common standard to boys and girls, and that the institution of independent schemes of examination for women exclusively tends to keep down the level of female education, cannot take part in the proposed memorial to the university of Cambridge for advanced examinations for women above the age of eighteen.”

[460] “The brethren of Mount Carmel had a site at Newnham where they dwelt and where they founded their church, which site they had of Michael Malherbe” (Hundred Rolls ii. 360). “Here they made many cells, a church, a cloister, and dormitory, and the necessary offices, sufficiently well constructed, and here they dwelt for 40 years” (Barnwell Chartulary). See i. p. 20.

[461] Scroope Terrace occupies part of the ground of Newnham Manor. Like the other great benefactors of colleges, Lady Elizabeth Clare and Lady Margaret Beaufort, Lady Anne was three times married. Her mother was a Gonville. Corpus Christi College benefited by tithes and houses in the manors both of Girton and Newnham (p. 318).

[462] Those who held that Grantchester and Cambridge were but one and the same town, told us that the principal part lay on the north, towards Girton, while Newnham Lane, beyond the mill, extended as far as Grantchester “the old Cambridge”: _Ad Neunhamiae vicum, ultra molendinam, que se longius promovebat versus Grantacestriam_.... (Caius).

[463] It may be recorded here that Madame Bodichon’s scheme was for a college (_a_) _in_ Cambridge (_b_) with the same intellectual conditions and tests as applied to men and (_c_) free of denominationalism. A chapel was not erected at Girton till after 1895. Of Mme. Bodichon as a pioneer it has been said that she had the singular faculty for realising in her imagination exactly what she wanted, down to the last detail--the creative power. Her failing health for the last fourteen years of her life made impossible the active share in the work which had been so ungrudgingly undertaken by her between 1867 and 1877; but her interest extended to every student who went up to Girton, and she was at pains to know them and to find out from their conversation how the college might be improved.

[464] This house, 74 Regent Street, had been hired by (Professor) Henry Sidgwick in the spring of the year at his own financial risk, and here Miss Clough came in September.

[465] The names of the 16 men (one being a Frenchman) who first lectured to women at the university are treasured at Newnham. Six were S. John’s men, 4 Trinity, and the other colleges represented were Christ’s, Queens’, and Caius. They were:

†F. D. Maurice. †W. W. Skeat. †J. E. B. Mayor. J. Peile. W. C. Green. M. Boquel. †Prof. Cayley. J. F. Moulton. †W. K. Clifford. J. Venn. †A. Marshall. Prof. C. C. Babington. T. G. Bonney. P. T. Main. G. M. Garrett, Mus.D. S. Taylor.

Dr. (afterwards Sir) Michael Foster, Adam Sedgwick, Frank Balfour (all of the Physiological laboratory) H. Sidgwick, Mr. Archer-Hind, Dr. E. S. Shuckburgh, and Mr. Keynes were also among the earliest lecturers.

The general committee then formed included the first 3 of these names, and Nos. 7, 8, and 10; with Prof. Adams, Mr. Henry Jackson, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. C. Jebb. The Executive were: Prof. Maurice, Mr. T. G. Bonney, Mr. Ferrers (afterwards Master of Gonville and Caius) Mr. Peile (now Master of Christ’s) Mrs. Adams (the wife of the Lowndean professor) Mrs. Fawcett (the wife of the professor of Political Economy) Miss M. G. Kennedy, and Mrs. Venn (the wife of Dr. Venn of Caius) H. Sidgwick and T. Markby, Hon. secretaries, and Mrs. Bateson (the wife of the Master of S. John’s) Hon. treasurer.

Certain courses of lectures in the public and inter-collegiate lecture rooms were open to women from 1873--22 out of the 34. A few years later 29 were open, and now all are open.

[466] _Memoir_ of her aunt, by Blanche Athena Clough, Arnold, 1897--to which I am indebted for many of these details.

[467] In her diary written the year she came of age she writes that honour and praise were not what she cared for. “If I were a man I would not work for riches or to leave a wealthy family behind me; I would work for my country, and make its people my heirs.”

[468] This she lived to see accomplished. A training college for women was proposed by Miss Buss in 1885 and Miss E. P. Hughes was its first principal and guiding spirit at Cambridge. Out of this grew the latter’s Association of Assistant Mistresses.

[469] The Association formed to promote the interests of students working for the university Higher Local examinations; see p. 326. The Newnham Hall Company was constituted in 1874 to build the first Hall.

[470] The cost of which was mainly defrayed by a bequest for the benefit of women left by Mrs. Pfeiffer and her husband.

[471] Mrs. Sidgwick is the daughter of the late James Balfour and of Lady Blanche Cecil, who was the sister of one Prime Minister as Mrs. Sidgwick is of another. Miss M. G. Kennedy is the daughter of the late Benjamin Hall Kennedy, one of the revisers of the New Testament with Lightfoot, Westcott, and Hort; fellow of S. John’s, Canon of Ely, and Regius Professor of Greek, in whose honour the Latin professorship was founded.

[472] The style of Principal was, as we have already seen, used for the chief of a hostel in the university; it was also the tide of the head of the _domus universitatis_, University Hall (1326).

[473] See page 355. 1874 was the year in which Prof. James Ward was alone among the men in the first class when two of the examiners thought Mary Paley (Mrs. Marshall) should be there also, and two placed her in the second: no one doubts that Miss Paley attained the first class standard of any other year.

[474] Professor of Anatomy.

[475] Afterwards Mrs. Koppel.

[476] October 1906. There are at Newnham 6 scholarships worth £50 a year, 1 of £70, 1 of £40, and 2 of £35. There is also a studentship of £75 and another of £80 a year, tenable for one year or more. Of these, two are for natural science students, one for a classic.

Through the munificence of private donors Newnham has been enabled to appoint 4 fellows of the college, and a fund is being formed which it is hoped will place these fellowships on a permanent basis.

[477] These include many who read for a tripos, and a large number who in early days passed in the various Higher Local “Groups,” besides all who have taken special courses of study.

[478] Professor Seeley’s rendering of her views for use at the public meeting at Birmingham. In a leaflet appealing for funds, Miss Clough said that the Cambridge lectures had been “a free-will offering” made to women by members of the university; here at Cambridge women of “different occupations, different stations in life, and different religious persuasion” were brought together to receive in common “at least some share of academic education.” “If we are right,” she says, “in thinking our object one of national importance” the expense should not be thrown on Cambridge residents, “much less should members of the university, who are already giving their time ungrudgingly, be called upon to give money also.” The journey to Birmingham was made with Miss M. G. Kennedy, and Mrs. Fawcett addressed the meeting.

[479] It is interesting to note that there have been several students at both colleges bearing old Cambridge names, some known there in the xii, xiii, xiv and xv centuries: Bassett, Mortimer, Frost, Gaunt, Bingham, Booth, Parker, Alcock, Skelton, Crook, Bullock, Bentley, Parr, Creighton, Cartwright, Ridley, Day, May, Wallis, Sanderson, Morland, Herschell, Jebb, Sedgwick, Paley, and several others.

[480] Some forty members of Parliament voted in favour of the “Graces” on this occasion.

[481] See p. 338 _n._

[482] Another clergyman also--the Rev. E. W. Bowling, afterwards rector of Houghton Conquest, and a light blue champion in the boat race.

_Battle of the Pons Trium Trojanorum_, Thursday Feb. 24. 1881.

Aemilia Girtonensis By the Nine Muses swore That the great house of Girton Should suffer wrong no more. By the Mutes Nine she swore it And named a voting day

* * * * *

But by the yellow Camus Was tumult and affright

* * * * *

‘O Varius, Father Varius, To whom the Trojans pray, The ladies are upon us! We look to thee this day!’

* * * * *

The Three stood calm and silent And frowned upon their foes, As a great shout of laughter From the four hundred rose.

[483] The first man to maintain that girls had a right to as good an education as boys, was a _Cantab_ (Eton and King’s College) a master at the new Merchant-Taylors’ school, and afterwards headmaster of Colet’s school. Lancelot Andrewes was one of his pupils. This famous Cantab and famous schoolmaster--Richard Mulcaster--also advised that teachers should be trained to teach. In the xviii c. Defoe’s appreciation of the woman with ‘knowledge’--“well-bred and well-taught”--led to his suggestion that there should be a college for her higher education.

[484] For the subjects of this tripos, see iii. pp. 187-189.

[485] _For the 20 years from 1886 to 1906_:--

Mathematics 345 candidates, 31 wranglers First and 2nd classes 56 per cent.

Classics 296 candidates, 54 first classes “ “ 61 “

Moral Sciences 83 candidates, 21 first classes (this excludes the triumphs of the first 12 years) “ “ 76 “

Natural Sciences 246 candidates, 64 first classes “ “ 70 “

History 290 candidates, 49 first classes “ “ 64 “

Medieval and Modern Languages (tripos created in 1886) 246 candidates, 73 first classes “ “ 74 “

Hence in these 6 triposes the highest percentage of Firsts has been obtained in the Moral Sciences, Languages, and Natural Sciences, Classics coming fourth; while in the percentage of First and Second classes the order is again: Moral Sciences, Languages, Natural Sciences, followed by History, Classics, and Mathematics.

In the first 10 years 250 students took a tripos, of whom one in five (51) was placed in the first class.

Among the men the percentage of _First Classes_ for _the years 1900-1905_ is: mathematics 39 per cent, classics 28 per cent. For the subjects chosen by men cf. iv. p. 238 _n._

[486] There are, roughly, 3000 men and 300 women at the university. Since 1881, 94 women and 168 men have taken this tripos--the proportion should have been 940 men.

[487] The founders of Girton have been steadfast in demanding the degree. In 1887, 842 members of the senate signed a petition in favour of it. Miss Clough had signed a similar petition earlier. The objections to opening the degrees to women have been adequately met in the pamphlet “Women in the Universities of England and Scotland,” Cambridge, Macmillan and Bowes, 1896.

[488] The entries for 1863, when girls were first informally examined, were 639, the next year they rose to 844.

[489] Statutes regulating the examination of women, and opening to them the Mathematical, Natural Sciences, and Modern History schools, were voted in 1886 by a majority of 464 votes to 321. Responsions and the other schools were opened to women in 1888, 1890, and 1893 (the Theological school, Oriental studies, and the _D.Mus._) and in 1894 the remaining examinations were opened. Pass and honour examinations are both open to women at Oxford, and the names of successful candidates appear in the official lists. The certificate, however, is given by the Oxford Association for the Education of Women, who restrict it to those students who have qualified like the men on all points.

[Sidenote: The position of women in other universities.]

In 1856 the first application was made--by Jessie White to London university--for admission as a candidate for the medical degree. A similar request was made seven years later. A supplementary charter establishing special examinations for women was procured by this university in 1869. In 1878 it made “every degree, honour, and prize awarded by the university accessible to students of both sexes on perfectly equal terms.” Since 1889 all disqualification for women in Scotch universities has ceased. The Victoria university, by its original charter 20 April 1880, admitted both sexes equally to its degrees and distinctions; and in 1895 Durham became a “mixed” university. All the more recent universities treat men and women equally.