CHAPTER VI

GIRTON AND NEWNHAM

Etheldreda of Ely and Hild of Whitby connect the school of York with the monastery of Ely--English women and education--the four “noble and devoute countesses” and two queens at Cambridge--the rise of the movement for university education--two separate movements--Girton--Newnham--rise of the university lecture movement--Anne Clough--the Newnham Halls and Newnham College--the first triposes--the “Graces” of 1881--social life at the women’s colleges--character and choice of work among women--the degree--status of women’s colleges at Cambridge and Oxford--and status elsewhere.

The foundation of the women’s colleges is of sufficient importance to call for a chapter in any history of the university, even if they did not in themselves awaken so much general interest. Cambridge cannot be otherwise than proud of its position as pioneer university in the higher education of the women of the country; the women’s colleges count as one of its glories and stand to it in the relation which Spenser gave to the river Ouse:

My mother Cambridge, whom as with a crowne He doth adorne, and is adorn’d of it.

They belong to its atmosphere of vitality and growth, their presence adds something to that air of newness and renewal which has never been absent from the university town.

Etheldreda of Ely and Hild of Whitby were of the same blood, kin to Edwin and Oswy. They founded two of those famous double monasteries for women and men, one of which became the greatest school in England, the other the nursing mother of the university of Cambridge.[441] The histories of the School of York and of the School which was to rise on the banks of the Granta had therefore been linked together since the vii century by Hild and Etheldreda. Was any prevision vouchsafed to Hild, that mother of scholars, of the day just twelve hundred years later when two women’s colleges were to rise by the side of the great school in the diocese of Ely? The centre of learning which had Etheldreda of Ely for one of its patrons was certainly propitious to women; but Cambridge had another patroness--whose name was among the earliest to be invoked in the town after the coming of the Normans--that Rhadegund who ruled the first nuns and the first double monastery in France, who was ordained a deacon by S. Médard, in whose convent study came next to prayer, who lectured each day to her spiritual children, and whose learning is recorded with admiration by one of her monks, the poet-bishop Venantius Fortunatus.[442]

Perhaps there is no country with a long history where women have played a smaller part on the national stage than England. But a conspicuous exception must be made--in education they have played a great part, and this part was nowhere greater than in Cambridge. We have the little group of college builders who lived in contiguous centuries--Elizabeth de Clare, Marie de Saint-Paul, Margaret of Anjou, and Margaret of Richmond--to prove it: but the activity of the xiv and xv centuries was equally apparent between the viith and xth. It was Saxon nuns who carried learning to Germany, and the rôle of the great abbesses in those centuries, while it must be reckoned among the exceptions to the inconspicuous part played by women in English history, also served prominently the cause of education.[443]

The “two noble and devoute countesses” who built Clare and Pembroke, and whom Margaret of Anjou desired to imitate, realised perhaps more than anyone else in the xiv century the extraordinary joy of launching those first foundations with their promise for the

future:[444] but it was something of this joy which was reserved for their descendants who saw the rise of Newnham and Girton. It was, indeed, not to two but to four noble and devoute countesses[445] that Cambridge owed its most efficient co-operation in the great periods which mark its history--the dawn of the renascence in the xiv, the threshold of our modern life in the xv, and the consolidation of the religious movement in the xvi century:[446] and if Queens’ College was built by Margaret of Anjou “to laud and honneure of sexe femenine” Cambridge has repaid her by extending the significance of her ambition.

The women’s colleges which we now see did not, then, begin the connexion of women and the university, they completed it. It is a curious thing when one looks down a list of Cambridge benefactors to find that from a college to a common room fire, from a professorship to a Cambridge “chest,” from the chapel to a new college to the buttress of a falling college, from a university preacher to a belfry,[447] the names of women never fail to appear as benefactors, but appear in no other way. Not once until the xix century did any woman benefit from the learning which her sex had done so much to inaugurate, to sustain and consolidate.

In the year 1867 the idea of founding a woman’s college and of associating the higher education of women with the university of Cambridge began to take shape.[448] No movement of the century, it may confidently be affirmed, has done so much to increase the happiness of women, and none has opened to them so many new horizons. If men look back on the years spent at the university as among the happiest in their lives, so that everything in later life which recalls their _alma mater_--not excluding the London terminus from which they always “went up”--borrows some of its glamour, the university life meant all this, and more, for women. To begin with it repaired a traditional injustice, the absence of any standard of individual life especially for the unmarried; the neglect of every personal interest, talent, or ambition, which a woman might have apart from looking after her own or other people’s children. The Reformation, in itself, had done singularly little for women. Puritan views were of the kind patronised by a Sir Willoughby Patterne, and no step had been made towards recognising women’s claims as individuals since the days when convents had in some measure certainly admitted these, a fact which probably sufficed to make the convent turn the scale on the side of happiness.

Girton and Newnham are the outcome of two contemporaneous but separate movements. In 1867, as we have seen, the moral foundations were laid of a college in connexion with Cambridge university where women should follow the same curriculum and present themselves for the same examinations as men. In 1869 the late Professor Henry Sidgwick, fellow of Trinity, and afterwards Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy, suggested that lectures for women should be given at Cambridge in connexion with the new Higher Local Examination which the university had that year established for women all over England. To-day, more than thirty years after the building of the two colleges, Newnham and Girton are as alike in character as two institutions can be, but this likeness is the consequence of changes on both sides. The view taken by the promoters of Girton was that if women were to be trained at the university by university men they should undergo precisely the same tests, and take precisely the same examinations as men. Professor Sidgwick contented himself with a scheme for relating the higher education of women to university teaching, and not only accepted but encouraged a separate course of study and a separate examination test. Girton represents the principle that a woman’s university education should closely resemble that which the centuries had evolved as the best for men. Newnham was started to further a scheme of education as unlike the men’s as preparation for the higher work made possible. The one grew out of a claim to have the same examination as men; the other was the outcome of an examination established expressly for women. Events have not justified the second scheme. If women’s education was to be connected with the university, the only permanently satisfactory way was, clearly, to follow the curriculum already traced out. If this was not actually the best which could be devised, the foundation of women’s colleges was not the moment to attempt to alter it. A “best” created for women would always have been thought to be a second best. There were in fact not one but two objects set before all who interested themselves in these things--to get higher education for women, and to win recognition for their capacity to do the same work as men. Among the founders of women’s colleges many had present to their minds something further than the advantages of education--they looked forward to a time when women should participate in the world’s work, and have a fair share in the common human life; not a fair share of its labour, for this had never been lacking, but of the means, the opportunities, and the recognition enjoyed by men.

[Sidenote: Women and the ordinary degree.]

Girton at once prepared its students for the university Previous Examination, and claimed that they should be examined for both the

ordinary and the honour degree. Newnham at first prepared its students for the Higher Local examinations and the triposes, discountenanced the Previous Examination and would not allow its students to prepare for the Ordinary degree. In the event, Newnham has had to abandon the examination which was the original _raison d’être_ of its existence, and Girton has had virtually to abandon its claim to examination for the ordinary degree. This means that every woman who takes a degree takes it in honours: the same is true of no college of men in Cambridge except King’s. The founders of Newnham considered it a waste of time for women to come to the university to qualify themselves for that Ordinary degree which graces the majority of our men, and which represented such a mysterious weight of learning to sisters at home in the old days. This decision has a double _ricochet_--it is good for the colleges, for only the better women come up; it is bad for many women who, like many men, are unfit to do tripos work and who might yet enjoy from residence at Cambridge the same advantages--direct and extraneous--which the ‘poll’ degree man now obtains.

[Sidenote: Girton.]

The first committee for the future Girton College met on December 5th 1867;[449] but the foundation of Girton dates from October 16, 1869 when a hired house at Hitchin, midway between Cambridge and London, was opened to six students at a time when it was not thought advisable to plant a women’s college in Cambridge. The college at Hitchin[450] was carried on under serious tuitional and other disadvantages--lecturers from the university, for example, were paid for the time occupied in the journey--and in 1873 the college was removed to Girton, a village two miles out of Cambridge.

[Sidenote: The manor and village of Girton.]

The manor of Girton on the Huntingdon road--the old via Devana--belonged in the xi century to Picot the Norman sheriff of Cambridge who expropriated part of its tithes for the endowment of the canons’ house and church of S. Giles which is passed by Girtonians on their way from the college to the town. In the xvi century the manor provided a rent charge for Corpus Christi College. Earlier still it was the site of a Roman and Anglo-Saxon burial ground (discovered in a college field in 1882-6). The college itself is built on old river gravel.

[Sidenote: The founders.]

The final decision to build near but not in the university town was taken at the last moment when Lady Augusta Stanley, wife of Dean Stanley, refused both money and moral support if it were decided otherwise.[451] Lady Augusta Stanley who thus determined a step which has not proved advantageous to Girton was not, however, one of the founders of the college. This honour is due in the first place to Madame Bodichon (Barbara Leigh Smith before her marriage) and to Miss Emily Davies, daughter of Dr. Davies, rector of Gateshead, who elaborated the scheme together. The first thousand pounds which made possible the realisation of the scheme was given by the former, whose activity in all causes for the advancement of women’s interests was crowned by her gifts to the first women’s college: part of her capital was made over in her life-time to Girton which became her trustee for the payment of the interest until her death in 1891, and of certain terminable annuities afterwards.[452] The third founder was Henrietta wife of the 2nd Lord Stanley of Alderley and daughter of the 13th Viscount Dillon,[453] a munificent donor to the college, who joined the movement in 1871, before the removal from Hitchin, and who died in 1895.

[Sidenote: The college.]

The picturesque and collegiate-looking building which arose in 1873 for the accommodation of 21 students, was thus the first residential college for women ever built in connexion with a university. It was, like Pembroke, the result of a woman’s intention to found and finish a _domus seu aula scholarium_, the scholars being, for the first time, of the sex of the founder. Subsequent building in 1877, 1879, 1884, 1887 (when Jane C. Gamble’s legacy enabled the college to house 106 students) and finally between 1899 and 1902, has greatly increased its capacity, and the college now holds 150 students in addition to the Mistress and the resident staff. It contains a large hall, libraries, reading room, lecture rooms, a chemical laboratory, chapel, hospital, and swimming bath; and its position outside the town gives it the advantage of large grounds, some thirty acres being divided into hockey fields, ten tennis courts, an orchard, and kitchen garden; while a seventeen acre field, purchased with the Gamble bequest in 1886, is utilised as golf links and woodland. Over the high table in the hall are the portraits of the three founders; Madame Bodichon is represented painting, reminding each generation of students that one of their founders was a distinguished and delightful artist.

[Sidenote: Government.]

The college is governed by its members,[454] from whom is drawn the Executive Committee, three members of which are indirectly chosen by the old students. The Executive Committee appoints the Mistress and college officers, but the Mistress nominates the resident staff with the exception of the bursar, junior bursar, librarian, and registrar. The fees for residence and tuition are thirty-five guineas for each of the three yearly terms, and they include “coaching.” Students may be in residence who are not reading for a tripos, the goal of the great majority. A great part of the preparation for triposes is done at the college by its own resident staff. The first Cambridge degree examination taken by women was in 1870 when five of the six Hitchin students were examined for the Previous Examination;[455] and the first tripos examination taken by women was two years later when three of these students passed in the classical and mathematical triposes.[456] In scholastic successes, Girton trained the first wrangler (Miss Scott, equal to 8th wrangler 1880), the first senior moralist (Miss E. E. Constance Jones, the present Mistress of Girton), and the only senior classic (Miss Agnata Ramsay, now wife to the Master of Trinity); and was the first to obtain first classes in the classical tripos.[457]

Among scholarships and exhibitions are six foundation scholarships the gift of private persons; the scholarships of the Clothworkers’, Drapers’, Goldsmiths’, and Skinners’ Companies and of the Honourable the Irish Society; in addition to which there are other valuable scholarships and studentships due to private benefactors, and the Gamble, Gibson, Montefiore, Metcalfe, and Agnata Butler prizes.[458]

[Sidenote: Former Girton students.]

Former Girton students not only fill posts all over Great Britain and Ireland as head or assistant mistresses in high schools, grammar schools, and women’s colleges, but they are to be found holding the professorship of mathematics and a classical fellowship at Bryn Mawr College Pennsylvania, in the high schools of Pretoria, Bloemfontein, and Moscow, in women’s colleges at Toronto and Durban, as mathematical or other tutors in Queen’s College London, Queen’s College Belfast, and Alexandra College Dublin. A Girtonian is vice-president of the British Astronomical Association, computer at Cambridge Observatory, assistant inspector to the Scotch Education Department, lecturer in modern economic history in the university of London, a fellow of the university of London, on the staff of the Victoria History of the Counties of England, assistant on the staff of the English Dialect Dictionary (just published); while one is secretary and librarian of the Royal Historical Society, and another (a _D.Sc._ of London) is a fellow of the same society. Old students are also to be found as educational missionaries in Bombay and Calcutta, as members of the Missionary Settlement for University Women in Bombay, and of the Women’s Mission Association (S.P.G.) at Rurki; as medical missionary at Poona, as missionaries at Lake Nyasa, and in Japan, and the principal of the North India Medical School for Christian Women is also a Girtonian. In special work, a Girtonian is H.M.’s principal lady inspector of factories, one of H.M.’s inspectors of schools, a Poor Law guardian, a deputy superintendent of the women clerks’ department of the Bank of England, and on the secretarial staff of the Tariff Commission. An old Girtonian is the only woman member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and the only woman to hold the Hughes Gold Medal of the Royal Society.

All other colleges which have been founded or will be founded for women owe a debt to Girton for upholding the principle of equal conditions and equal examination tests in the university education of women and men. Its promoters always kept steadily before them the two ends of women’s education, and never moved from the position that “what is best for the human being will be found to be also the best for both sexes.” To them it is mainly due that when Plato’s ideal of equal education of the sexes came at length to be realised, after women had waited for it more than two thousand years, it was not upon a basis of separate examinations for women, and separate tests so designed as to elude comparison.[459]

[Sidenote: Newnham.]

The village of Newnham which is approached from the “Backs” of the colleges, and

which, until 1880, was also accessible by a ferry over Coe fen, played an important part in the early history of the university. It was the site given to the Whitefriars, who had been the first arrivals in Cambridge, and who from the time of their appearance there as romites till they became the sons of S. Theresa were the most conspicuous community in the town. The first general of the Carmelites--an Englishman--had been a contemporary of the founder of the first college, and it was at Newnham that he visited his friars in the middle of the xiii century, at the convent there which is described in the Hundred Rolls and the Barnwell Chartulary.[460] In the same century William de Manfield left his lands in Newnham to the scholars of Merton. In the next (the xiv) century the manor of Newnham was given to Gonville Hall by Lady Anne Scrope, and both Sir John Cambridge and Henry Tangmer, who were aldermen of the guilds of the Blessed Virgin and Corpus Christi, gave or bequeathed lands and houses they held in Newnham to the new college which the

[Sidenote: A.D. 1291.]

guilds had built.[461] The Carmelites moved later to the present site of Queens’ and the adjoining ground, and the edge of their property is skirted by every Newnham student on her way to lectures either through Silver Street or King’s College. This new residence was the gift of Sir Guy de Mortimer and was in the busy university centre--Mill Street in the parish of S. John Baptist--so that the friars still heard the sound of the horn which was blown at the King’s Mill to tell the miller at Newnham that he might begin to grind. Beyond the mill was Newnham Lane, which stretched to Grantchester.[462]

Like Peterhouse which was adapted and built for the “Ely Scholars,” the Hall at Newnham was the outcome of a students’ association:--the North of England Council for the Higher Education of Women, of which Miss Clough was president, and the association formed to promote the interests of the Higher Local students were its real progenitors.

As soon as the removal from Hitchin had been decided, it was hoped that the students already settled in Cambridge and the Girton community might form one body; but the decision to build away from the town put a stop to any such scheme. The standpoint of the promoters of Newnham had always diverged in some particulars from that of the promoters of Girton. The former wished to reduce the expenses of

a university education to the minimum, and they wished, too, that it should be completely undenominational, while a clause in the constitution of Girton provided for Church of England instruction and services. Finally, the question as to which preliminary and degree examinations should be preferred by women was still pending.[463] But when the moment came to hire and build a house of residence, the advantage was all on the side of Newnham. Work began in a hired house in the centre of the town with five students, in the October term of 1871.[464] These quarters were too noisy, and Miss Clough, who loved a garden, found an old house set in a large garden and orchard, with the historic name of Merton Hall, and moved there in 1872. A supplementary house in Trumpington Street was taken next year, and there were then in residence 14 students in Merton Hall, 7 in Trumpington Street, and 8 in town lodgings. In 1875 Newnham Hall was built on one side of Coe fen and Newnham Mill, as Peterhouse had been built on the other. So that Newnham students frequented the streets of Cambridge from the first, and had their house of residence in the town two years before the sister community settled at Girton. The founders of Girton had been the first to ideate a women’s college in connexion with university teaching, but Newnham was the first college for women to take its place by the side of the historic colleges in Cambridge.

Let us now retrace our steps for a moment. In March 1868 the North of England Council memorialised the university to obtain advanced examinations, and in the following year Cambridge instituted the examinations for girls over eighteen since known as the Higher Local Examination. In the autumn of the same year (1869), as we have seen--the year which saw the establishment of the future Girton community at Hitchin--the organisation of the Cambridge lectures for women was mooted under the auspices of Mr. Henry Sidgwick. The first meeting was convened at the house of Mrs. Fawcett, whose husband was then Professor of Political Economy at the university, and whose little daughter, the future senior wrangler, was peacefully cradled at the time in a room above. The result of this meeting was the formation of a committee of management consisting of members of the university, and of an executive committee, and the programme of a course of lectures was printed for the following Lent term 1870.[465] The original scheme

included a students’ house where women from a distance could be lodged. Two students applied in the autumn term of 1870 for permission to reside in Cambridge, and were received into private houses in the town. Meanwhile in response to an appeal, originating with Mrs. Fawcett, exhibitions of £40 for two years for students attending the lectures had been given by John Stuart Mill and Helen Taylor, and before the year closed it was found necessary to open a house of residence. In March 1871 the post of head of a house of residence was offered to Miss Anne J. Clough.

[Sidenote: Anne Clough.]

We know more about Miss Clough than about any founder or first principal of a college on which he or she left a personal mark. Of the life and thoughts of others, with the exception perhaps of Bateman in the xiv century and Fisher in the xvith, we know singularly little. Anne J. Clough was born on January 20, 1820, at Liverpool. Through her Newnham received, what Girton missed, the impress of a strong individuality, now placed by “great death” at a distance which enables us to focus and appraise it. Her father’s family was of Welsh origin and traced itself to that Sir Richard who was agent to the great merchant-adventurer, Sir Thomas Gresham. To her Yorkshire mother, Anne Perfect, she and her brother, the poet Arthur Hugh Clough, owed their literary interests. In appearance she was of middle height and spare--an old woman of that Victorian epoch in which she was born, out of whose eyes looked the soul of the twentieth century, and after. She seemed indeed to have two personalities--the white hair and an uncertain gait typified the one, but the eyes, very dark and very bright, would lift unexpectedly in the midst of a conversation, and then the visitor would receive a revelation; he would see no more the old woman but the woman who must always be young, the stamp of an inexhaustible energy, that shrewdness with an unconquerable idealism close behind, an atmosphere about her of uncouth poetry.

For she was no artist. She had not that which separates the artist from the man of ideas, or the dreamer, or the seer--expression. No poetical imagination was ever more tongue-tied. She spoke by actions, and used words only as indications of thoughts. Her speech was compared by a former student to the works of early painters, before command over the material had been obtained, but where “sheer force of character and feeling had risen over the difficulties.” She was an idealist, but she could never understand the value of an abstract principle. Her interest was always in the individual, in the career, and she came to no matter, to no person, with a store of general principles ready for the case. She wanted to give women not merely learning, but a life of their own, to call out interests, to satisfy their individuality. She liked to find in them many and marked vocations, for she understood the dignity of all work and had no disdain of common things. She wanted every one to have a place and an office in life, and must perforce fit the squarest bits into a round hole, so intolerably pathetic was it to her that they should have no hole. You could not “hand her the salt or open the door for her” without receiving “some recognition of your individuality” a student said of her. This recognition of the individuality of women and of the human and practical sides of higher intellectual training was her contribution to the movement in which she took so great a part. And the contribution was all important.

She had besides a strong belief in the value of academic advantages. It was in order that some crumbs of things academic might fall to the teachers in elementary schools, that she arranged the summer meetings of University Extension Lecture students. Miss dough’s belief in happiness--in people’s right to happiness--was the source of most delightful qualities. She had waited, she said, for her own till she was fifty years old, and it had come to her with Newnham. She insisted on the little pleasures “which bring joy by the way.” Nothing was too small to engage her own attention, and her educational qualities lay in awaking similar interest in others, as her moral disposition led her to share and so to increase the common stock of interests and supports in life. And so on the rare occasions when she left the college boundaries she would recount to the students at her table or in her room all that had interested her during her absence. She busied herself over the minutest details of their health or well-being, and finding that two students made a simple supper upstairs on Sunday, she arrived at the door carrying a good-sized table, because she had noticed there was none convenient for the purpose. Newnham was for her a big house, and the students were grown-up daughters in a delightful family not yet realised elsewhere, each of whom had her own place in the world, her own personal life, its rights and liberties. Yet the “head” who habitually intervened in small college matters (with a total lack of power of organisation, which in the administration of Newnham she left to others) and who was frequently agitated and over anxious about them, balanced these things by a life-long habit of interest in large public affairs, and, what was more strange, by a very real serenity. She did not think the individual should be sacrificed to the college, or “to a cause, however good.” She never lived in a small milieu--even Newnham.

She constantly exercised a simple diplomacy, not divorced from sympathy--with independent-minded students, with university dons who viewed Newnham with disfavour, and in generally vain attempts to conciliate high theory with prudent practice. It was here that her characteristics sometimes jarred on the early students, among whom were many ardent spirits, people whose presence there at all was the consequence of a struggle _à outrance_ with convention and prejudice; and who resented Miss Clough’s temporising ways, as though the first maker of Newnham were a backslider in the matter of first principles. They thought her indirect and timid. She was neither. She had real courage, not only as her biographer has said “audacity in thought”[466] but audacity in execution. She was staunch and tenacious, and might be found taking an individual’s part against the whole college; and whether the help she gave was moral or financial, no one ever knew of it but herself. Neither did she always prefer the most brilliant or useful student, but would take under her wing the apparently most insignificant. She had no fear of the unusual, though the younger students thought so, and it was “her indifference to abstract principle” which made them sometimes judge that she despised ideals. She had also a singular frankness--a singular directness--when speaking with others face to face; her important things were said at odd moments, odd moments were her opportunities. Neither did she compromise; she went all the way round and came out at the same place. This expedient made it quite unnecessary to override obstacles, and her aphorism “my dear, you must go round” was received with hostile scorn by a student seated on the high horse of abstract considerations. Indeed Miss Clough was not a fighter in the sense that she could neglect the quantity of others’ feelings: and her desire that people should not be offended was part of a sympathy, not of a timidity, which could not be conquered. The working of her mind is shewn in the saying: “If we watch, we may still find a way to escape”--because to her there was no inevitable where her sympathies were engaged. Her diplomacy led her to keep her notions to herself, so that they should not be nipped in the bud by the frost of hostile criticism.

“My dear, I did wrong” was the disarming reply to a very young student who asked her “as one woman to another” whether she considered she had been justified in a certain course of action. Her singleness of purpose--the absence of all vanity--a complete disinterestedness, shone on all occasions. Her never failing search after the right course she once tried to express by saying to a student: “You must remember that I try to be just but I don’t always succeed”; and she criticised the performance with complete detachment from the personal equation.[467]

Among the ideas which seethed in her brain was the training of students as doctors to work among Hindu women; and one of the last things she interested herself about was a school for girls at Siam. She wanted teachers trained to teach.[468] She urged students to know at least one country and one language besides their own. Her liking for new people, her interest in foreigners, especially in Italians, and in travel, was part of a spirit of adventure with which she was largely endowed. She liked old students to go to the colonies, and her interest in such doings never flagged. Her hold on the xx century was foreshadowed in the interest she took during the last years in the Norwegians, and in Japan. She felt very special sympathy with elementary teachers who receive small encouragement for highly important and difficult work. Even the monotonous life of the country clergy claimed her attention, as did a Sunday class for working men inaugurated by one of the students--which she visited, taking the keenest interest in the handwriting of the men, in the books they read. Her relations with her servants were always delightful, and she found time in the midst of a busy life to teach the Newnham house boy to write.

She sometimes spoke at the college debates, and usually, as a student remarked, “spoke on both sides.” On college anniversaries she would make short addresses, and point the connexion of study with life--“examinations demand concentration, presence of mind, energy, courage,” qualities which “come into use every day”: or she would tell students “to bear defeat, and to try again and again”; or she would quote the American who said we should not complain about things which can be remedied, or which cannot be remedied; and add: “there is great strength in these words.”

Her religion was unconventional like her mind; full of aspiration, but lacking in definiteness. She spoke of it as “a longing towards what is divine,” as “arising from the contemplation of the divine.” She spoke of “bringing our hearts into a constant spirit of earnest longing after what is right” and added in language which discovers the burning thought and the halting utterance that made strange partnership in her: “There is no occasion, then, of kneeling down and repeating forms to make prayers.”

One of the last acts was to preside on February 3, 1892 at a meeting which recommended the Council to build a college gateway; the gateway which was to symbolise the concentration of the work--for the public pathway had just been closed--and the _attollite portas_ to ever fresh generations of students. Its bronze gates are the old students’ memorial of her. And on the morning of October 27, 1892, she died, in her room on the garden at Newnham, looking out at the gathering light of the new day.

She was buried with the honours of the head of a college, the Provost and fellows of King’s offering their chapel for the purpose. She lies in the village church-yard of Grantchester, the _civitatula_ which Bede describes where the sons of Ely monastery came to fetch the sarcophagus for S. Etheldreda. So in her death she is not divided from the great memories which link the history of the university to that of the movement to which she gave her life.

The first 28 students came into residence in Newnham Hall on October 18th 1875, and found the moment no less thrilling because they approached the door of their _alma mater_ across planks and unfinished masonry. More room was at once needed, and “Norwich House” in the town was hired. In 1879 the Newnham Hall Company and the Association for promoting the Higher Education of Women[469] amalgamated, and as “the Newnham College Association for advancing education and learning among women in Cambridge” built the second, or North Hall. Thus Newnham Hall became Newnham College. A public pathway led between the two halls, and this was not closed till 1891; but in 1886 a still larger building, containing the college hall, was erected, and called Clough Hall, the original Newnham (“South”) Hall becoming the “Old Hall,” and the North Hall becoming “Sidgwick Hall.” Lastly the two original halls were joined by the “Pfeiffer building”[470] and the college gateway in 1893, and in 1897 Mr. and Mrs. Yates Thompson presented a fine library, the pretty old library of Newnham Hall which had been built in 1882, being converted into a reading room. The land for the three Halls was purchased from S. John’s College, the hockey field is on Clare land, and the total acreage is about ten and a half acres. The college holds 160 students, a few ‘out students’ being affiliated to one or other of the halls--and consists of a large hall, capable of seating 400 persons, a smaller hall and reading room in each building, the library, nine lecture and class rooms, gymnasium, small hospital, chemical laboratory, and the Balfour laboratory in the town which is a freehold of the college. The grounds contain two fives courts, lawn tennis courts, and a hockey ground. In the hall are the portraits of Miss Clough, Professor and Mrs. Sidgwick, and Miss M. G. Kennedy, as the four people who had given most of their life work to Newnham.[471]

The fees vary from £30 to £35 a term according to

the rooms occupied. The college is governed by a Council, and presided over by a Principal, Old Hall Sidgwick Hall and Clough Hall having each a resident vice-principal.[472] Miss Clough hoped to effect a real and lasting union between the old students and Newnham--that the college might be the support of the students, and the students of the college. It was a principle she had always present to her mind, and she herself did much to realise it. School and college have long bestowed this advantage on men, which is reinforced by the support men are accustomed to give to each other; but all this is lacking for the woman who goes forth into the world to fend for herself. University life might however do much to supply the want, and it is to be hoped that women will form a tradition on the point, as men have done. The constitution of the college at least preserves some part of its first Principal’s idea, old students have from the first had a share in the government and a place on the Council.

Candidates for entrance must pass the College Entrance examination (of the same standard as the university Previous Examination), unless they have already taken equivalent examinations. The greater number read for a tripos, but students may follow special lines of study. As to its university successes--the first tripos to be taken was the Moral Sciences (1874), and here Newnham students at once obtained the highest honours.[473] In 1876 Sir George Humphry,[474] as one of the examiners for the Natural Sciences tripos, when he met his fellow examiners said “I don’t know, gentlemen, who your first is, but my first is a man called Ogle.” The man called Ogle was a Newnham student.[475] In 1883 first classes were obtained in the Second Part of the Classical tripos, but Newnham waited till 1885 for its two first wranglers. In 1890 the University Calendar inserts in its Mathematical tripos list: “P. G. Fawcett, above the Senior Wrangler.” Miss Fawcett obtained (it was reported) several hundred marks above the university senior wrangler Bennett of John’s. It is customary to ring the bell of Great S. Mary’s in honour of this _enfant gaté_ of Cambridge university; but Mr. Bennett stopped the ringing, and a bonfire at Newnham celebrated the occasion. In the History tripos two Firsts were obtained in 1879, and this tripos has frequently been duplicated with another--the Moral Sciences, Modern Languages, Mathematical, Classical, or Law. The first woman to take the two historic triposes, mathematical and classical, together, was Miss E. M. Creak in 1875. The first examinations in the Medieval and Modern Languages tripos were passed in 1886, 1887, and 1888, when Firsts were obtained, and 30% of first classes have been taken in this tripos. Newnham has indeed been remarkable from the beginning for the number of its first class honours in the university lists.

[Sidenote: Former Newnham students.]

There have been 880 honour students, and the total number of past and present students is 1600.[476] Like the Girtonians, old Newnhamites are to be found engaged in all kinds of work and in every corner of the world, and like Girton they have their large share of the teachers in the County and High schools of the country; the towns which are perhaps most conspicuous for the number of Cambridge ‘graduates’ being Norwich, Exeter, Cambridge, and Birmingham. Among the mathematicians one is lecturer on Physics in the London School of Medicine for Women, another is mathematical lecturer at the Cambridge Training College, a third is warden of the House for Women Students at Liverpool, a fourth (who took the Natural Sciences as a second tripos) is senior physician in a Bombay hospital. Others are lecturers in the Civil Service Department of King’s College London, and others again are teaching in Toronto, Cape Town, the Training College of Cape Colony, in Nova Scotia, the diocesan school at Lahore, and at an Indian mission school; one is assistant investigator in the Labour Department of the Board of Trade, another who was secretary for secondary education in the Transvaal is now Chief Assistant on the Education Committee (Executive Office) of the L.C.C. The classics are engaged as classical tutors in Columbia University, in Trinity College Melbourne, at Mysore, and Cape Colony, at the Girls’ High school at Poona, and as lecturers on history in University College Cardiff, on Method in the Chancery Lane Training school of the L.C.C., as assistant to the Professor of Humanity at Aberdeen, and as members of the educational committees of the Staffordshire County Council and Newcastle Town Council. The moralists have posts as lecturers at Newnham, as Mistress of Method at University College Bristol, and in the training department of the government school for girls at Cairo, as member of the Chiswick education committee, and as sub-warden of the Women’s University Settlement at Southwark; and a senior moralist was first Principal of the Training College Cambridge. The natural scientists lecture on physiology in the London School of Medicine, on chemistry in Holloway College, are to be found in the geological research department of Birmingham University, as Quain student of botany in University College London, and as assistant demonstrator in geology to the Woodwardian professor at Cambridge. One is in Bloemfontein, one is sanitary inspector at Hampstead, another assistant curator of the museum at Cape Town, and another in the missionary

school at Tokio; and a daughter of a late master of S. John’s is a market gardener. The historical students are to be found teaching in New Zealand, Johannesburg, Bloemfontein, and Winnipeg, lecturing in English literature in Birmingham University, assisting the Professor of Education and assistant secretary in the faculty of commerce and administration in Manchester University, Principal of S. Margaret’s Hall Dublin, of the Cambridge Training College, of the Diocesan school at Lahore, of the missionary school at Kobé, Japan, superintendent of the women students in University College Bangor, and on the Education committee of the Somerset County Council. The Medieval and Modern Languages students are to be found as tutor and lecturer in French at University College Bristol, as readers in German at Bryn Mawr College Philadelphia, lecturers in English and French at Holloway College, mistress of the Ladies’ College Durban, and of the convent school Cavendish Square. Teaching in Queen’s College Barbadoes, in Londonderry, Brecon, and Guernsey (Newnham and Girton students are to be found in both the Channel Islands), Vice-principal of the Samuel Morley Memorial College London, and, not least interesting, lecturer at the University Extension College Exeter. One is assistant librarian of the Acton library Cambridge, another almoner of King’s College hospital, and a third is on the Education committee of the Gateshead County borough Council. Among the 658 who have not taken triposes,[477] among the usual number of principalships and head and assistant mistress-ships of schools and colleges, we find old students lecturing in History at the Women’s College Baltimore, demonstrating in Physics at Bryn Mawr College Philadelphia, lecturer at Smith College Northampton U.S.A., Professor at Wellesley College Massachusetts, tutor at Owens College Manchester, head of the Presbyterian school Calcutta, head mistress of the Church Missionaries’ High school Agra, warden of the Women’s University Settlement Southwark (and ex-vice-principal of Newnham College), and Principal of Alexandra College, Dublin (_LL.D._ of Dublin _honoris causa_). One is clinical assistant at the Royal Free hospital, another is in the superintendent’s office at Guy’s, a third is a physician at Newcastle-on-Tyne and member of the County borough Education committee. There is a lecturer in botany at Holloway, the director of a lyceum at Berlin, a teacher and superintendent of a class for blind women (Association for the Welfare of the Blind), a clerk to London university, a member of the council of Queen’s College London, and the secretary of the Association of University Women Teachers. These old students are also to be found in Toronto, the West Indies, Vancouver, New South Wales, New Zealand, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, Johannesburg, North China, New York, and Christiania; and on the Education committees of the Dorset, Herefordshire, and West Sussex County Councils, on the Croydon Education committee, and lecturing on English literature and on classical archaeology.

A large number of students take the tripos with a view to tuition, with which the above lists are, as we see, mainly concerned; but an account of the literary output of Newnham students is in course of preparation.

Newnham has formed a collegiate character which is partly due to elements in its original constitution, partly to its first principal, and partly to its physical vicinity to the university. To take the last first. The college has always benefited by what one of the professors once described to the present writer as “the life of the university passing through it.” It was not only this proximity, but the fact that Newnham was the product of the interest taken by university men in the advanced education of women--(Girton of a just and fully justified claim to university education made by women for women)--which made the acquirement of this character easier: and Newnham has in a marked degree the character of the university which harbours it--its cult of solid learning, its width and range, the absence of all pretentiousness, of that which every man and woman educated at Cambridge abhors as “priggishness.” The delightful informality of Newnham and the liking for simple appearances is already outlined in the first Principal’s views about the scheme and the new building; “nothing elaborate or costly” is wanted: “The simple Cambridge machinery will be found all the better and all the more lasting because it suggested itself so very naturally, and almost, so to speak, created itself. It is all the better for a college, as for other institutions, when it is not made, but grows.”[478] And Newnham was not made but has grown, grown “very naturally” out of the “simple machinery” first designed for it; has “created itself” because these simple elements suggested the way and the means of growth. There is no chapel at Newnham, all sorts and conditions of men have always been found there, and have worshipped God their own way--“not on this mountain, nor in Jerusalem.” Old students sit at its council board, and come up to read in the Long Vacation. Miss Clough governed without rules, in conditions which were not then normal--which were thought indeed to be so abnormal that no company of women could venture to accept them.

If the enthusiasm expended over the two colleges by those who did most for them--the anxiety when things seemed to go wrong, the rejoicing when they went right--be remembered best by those who experienced it, it has had its enduring result in the

movement itself. For nothing great is born without enthusiasm, and this was one of the greatest movements of the century. The lecturers--those “trained and practised teachers” who as an original prospectus declared “were willing to extend the sphere of their instruction“--took no fees, or returned them for several years as a donation to Newnham. Miss Clough not only took no stipend as Principal but helped the college with money; Dr. and Mrs. Sidgwick, in addition to financial help of every kind, gave up their home in Chesterton and lived in three rooms at the “North Hall” of which Mrs. Sidgwick became vice-principal; and here Miss Helen Gladstone, Gladstone’s unmarried daughter, acted as her secretary. Miss M. G. Kennedy has been honorary secretary of the college since 1875, Mrs. Bonham-Carter its honorary treasurer and Mr. Hudson its honorary auditor. It may fairly be said of Newnham also, that it is partly the outcome of the enthusiastic loyalty of its first students, who have since taken so large a share in its welfare.[479]

[Sidenote: The “Graces” of 1881.]

In the Lent term of 1881 there happened the greatest event in the history of the women’s university movement. Three “Graces” were proposed to the Senate (_a_) should women be entitled to examination in the triposes (_b_) to a certificate of the place won (_c_) to the insertion of their names, after that of the men, in all tripos lists, with a specification of the corresponding place attained by them in the men’s list? On the eve of the day fixed for the vote--February 24th--the vicar of Little S. Mary’s church and a Mr. Potts announced that they would _non-placet_ the ‘graces,’ and as the day dawned some believed that their recruits would swamp the vote. On the same evening Mr. John Hollond, late M.P. for Brighton, was differently engaged in the House of Commons getting members to promise to share in a special train which was to take them to the university by two o’clock to record their votes, and get them back to their places by four when there was to be an important division in the House.[480] The students of Girton and Newnham crowded the roof of the latter college to watch for the pre-arranged signal--a handkerchief tied to the whip of a student who rode along the “Backs” from the Senate House carrying the news. The vote in favour of the Graces had been 398 to 32, and when it was declared the venerable Dr. Kennedy, the distinguished headmaster of Shrewsbury school and at that time Regius Professor of Greek,[481] waved his cap under the eyes of the vice-chancellor like any schoolboy. The loyal friends now came hurrying up to Newnham, one by one, Henry Sidgwick, Miss Emily Davies, Professor Cayley (first president of the College Council) Mr. Archer-Hind, Mr. (now Dr.) J. N. Keynes, and received an ovation from those whose battles they had fought to such a successful issue: and if one of the seniors of the university became a boy in his delight, another Johnian[482] did not fail to cover himself with glory by his verses in imitation of Macaulay’s Lay of Horatius, in which “Father Varius” and his friends hold the bridge against progress:

Then out spake Father Varius No craven heart was his: ‘To pollmen and to wranglers Death comes but once, I wis. And how can man live better, Or die with more renown, Than fighting against Progress For the rights of cap and gown?’

The anniversary has since been kept at Newnham as “Commemoration” day: and if one touch were needed to complete it it would be found in Miss Clough’s reminder to the students that they commemorate not only what women gained that day, but what the university gave that day. There was an amusing sequel to the vote: the official charged with the preparation of the university certificates consulted a confidential clerk as to the colour of the knot of ribbon which is attached to the university seal--“Don’t you think blue--the university colour?” he hazarded; but was met by the prompt and horrified rejoinder “blue stockings, sir, blue stockings!” So the colour is green.

[Sidenote: Social life.]

Except under special circumstances the age for admission at Newnham and Girton is 18. Students’ quarters at Newnham consist, in most cases, of a bed-sitting room; at Girton each student has a sitting room with a small bedroom leading from it. The necessary furniture is supplied, and can be supplemented according to taste by the student. All students must be within college boundaries by 7 o’clock (but with permission they can be out till 11) and are “marked in” two or three times a day, the chief occasion being the 7 o’clock “hall.” Girton and Newnham students, if no other lady is to be present, can only visit men’s rooms accompanied by some senior of the college. Visits of men to students’ rooms are not permitted, except in the case of fathers and brothers; but a student cannot ask her brother to her room to meet her college friends, for as Miss Clough observed “the brother of one is not the brother of all.” Careful supervision with large liberty and an atmosphere which encourages the students to make themselves the trustees of the rules, characterise both colleges; and women students, as Miss Davies has pointed out, carry on their university life without being subject to the proctorial control which is found necessary in the case of men.

In the early days it required some independence of character to encounter the gibes and the wonder which women’s life at the university aroused outside it. People who did not know what a “divided skirt” was, undertook to affirm that all Girtonians wore them: at Newnham some unconventionality in dress was amply concealed by the general dowdiness of the early Newnhamite. The dreaded eccentricities in conduct or clothes would not indeed have killed the movement; and the authorities did not allow this dread to paralyse the quality of mercy, so that there was in fact small justification for the witty suggestion of a Newnham student that “Mrs. Grundy rampant and two Newnham students couchant” would make appropriate armorial bearings for the college. Nevertheless, as a concession to human weakness, smoking was not, and still is not, tolerated.

Both colleges hold debates in the great hall and also inter-collegiate and inter-university debates. Here are some of the subjects discussed: “Is half a loaf better than no bread?” “That we spend too much” (lost). “That the best education offered to our grandmothers was more adequate than that offered by the High Schools of to-day” (lost). The most important society at Newnham, however, is the Political Debating Society, and the lively and absorbing interest in politics shown nowadays by the college is in striking contrast to the general indifference to politics at Girton. This year (1906) in an inter-university debate (Oxford and Newnham) the motion “That this house approves Chamberlain’s conception of empire” resulted in a ‘draw.’ Most of the students of both colleges are members of the Women’s University Southwark Settlement, to which they subscribe. There is a Sunday Society and two musical societies in addition to the original Choral Society at Newnham, and societies in connexion with each of the triposes take the place of the select “Jabberwock” and “Sunday Reading Society” of earlier days. The great indoor institution at both colleges is the students’ party at 10 p.m. known at Newnham as the “Cocoa.” Two to four is the chief recreation hour, and there are college, inter-collegiate, and inter-university hockey, fives, cricket, tennis, and croquet matches. One of the first conveniences provided at Newnham was its gymnasium, where in the early days of the college a senior moralist might be seen leaping over the back of a student who had just been “ploughed” in the divinity of the “Little-Go,” and a series of reverend seigniors would engage in a hopping match round the room led by the youngest “first year” who was an acknowledged expert in the art.

The public of a generation ago imagined that

learned women would not marry and that men would specially ‘fight shy’ of taking to wife women who had done the same work as themselves. It may therefore be recorded that the first Newnham student to take a tripos, who was also the first lecturer appointed at Newnham Hall, married the professor of Political Economy, and that they wrote a book on that subject together. That the first classical lecturer at Newnham married a well-known classic and classical tutor of his college (Trinity); that the next Moral Sciences lecturer married the distinguished psychologist who is now professor of Mental Philosophy; that the first historical lecturer, Ellen Wordsworth Crofts, married Darwin’s biologist son Mr. Francis Darwin; and that the first woman to come out senior classic (a Girtonian) married the Master of Trinity College, himself senior classic of his year.

Writing about the proposed Bedford College for women, in 1848, Frederick Denison Maurice had declared that “The least bit of knowledge that is knowledge must be good, and I cannot conceive that a young lady can feel her mind in a more dangerous state than it was because she has gained one truer glimpse into the conditions under which the world in which it has pleased God to place her actually exists.” So “ambitious” a name as “college” for a girls’ academy had a novel sound “to English ears.” To-day the words which excuse and explain its use sound strange and antiquated in ours. Many of the things about which men have fought and borne the heat of long days will seem incredible to posterity, and the refusal of a ‘college’ or of university education to women will no doubt be among them. No one else, nevertheless, had given to women the opportunity they wanted when Cambridge gave it. Cambridge returned affirmative answers to each request as it was preferred--in 1863, in 1865, in 1870, and in 1880 when in reply to a memorial signed by 8600 persons praying that the Senate would “grant to properly qualified women the right of admission to the examinations for university degrees, and to the degrees conferred according to the result of such examinations,” the Syndicate appointed to consider it returned the memorable answer: “The Syndicate share the desire of the memorialists that the advantage of academic training may be secured to women and that the results of such training may be authoritatively tested and certified.”[483] The irony of history required that this memorial, which led to the granting of the Graces, should be rolled and unrolled over the drawing room carpet of a vice-chancellor known to be hostile to the movement. Forty years after F. D. Maurice had penned the words already quoted women had come out at the head of the list in each of the principal triposes. The most striking instance of the misjudgment which it is possible to make about things simply because custom has allowed no one to try them, occurred at the dinner table of friends of the present writer when the late Professor Fawcett, in urging the claims of women to university education, said: “I don’t say that a woman would ever be senior wrangler, but women would take very good places.” His daughter was to be the first senior wrangler: but at no other period of English history would the comparison have been possible by which a parent could test such capacities in his own child. After this it is not surprising that lesser men were unable to gauge the unused powers of half the race; and when one spirited person declared he had no objection whatever to women competing with men but that he considered the air of Cambridge would not be beneficial to them, the argument was as reasonable as any other.

[Sidenote: Character and choice of work.]

As to the character of the work in which women do best. It had been said that they would not do well in “abstract” subjects. The tripos in which they have taken the highest distinction is the Moral Sciences,[484] where they have been at the top of the list or alone in the First Class five times, provoking Punch’s cartoon in the ‘eighties’ of a girl graduate entering a first class railway carriage marked “For Ladies only.” Their best work has been done in pure mathematics, and, agreeing in this with the men, it is these subjects which they choose for the Second Part of the tripos. In choice of subject the order is as follows (_a_) Mathematics (_b_) Classics (_c_) History (_d_) Natural Sciences (_e_) Languages (_f_) Moral Sciences. The scale of success has been highest in Moral Sciences, then in (_b_) Languages (_c_) Natural Sciences (_d_) Classics (_e_) History (_f_) Mathematics.[485] The classical and mathematical triposes lead to those general tuitional posts for which so many women seek a university education; the languages tripos is easier for those women who go up without the usual school preparation; while the lower places in the history tripos do duty for that “ordinary degree” which is not open to women. It is therefore in the moral and natural sciences that there is distinct evidence of choice of subject: the proportion of women who take the former is overwhelmingly greater than the proportion of men,[486] and the taste of women for the natural sciences is as marked, a fact which might have been foreseen by those who watched the signs of the times many years ago.

[Sidenote: The degree.]

The refusal of the degree, of the magic letters _B.A._ and _M.A._, to women, need not be discussed here. That women have the same use for the degree as men is obvious; that it strains their alleged liking for self-sacrifice too far to suggest that they prefer to forgo the legitimate rewards of their work, not less so; and it should not be regarded either as satisfactory or logical that when they do the same work the men only should have the recompense. Dublin university has just offered an _ad eundem_ degree to all women who had qualified themselves for the degree at Cambridge or Oxford--187 have taken the _B.A._, 121 the _M.A._, and three have become doctors of letters or science. The credit of this act belongs to the gallant Irishman, and the coffers of Dublin university have thus been enriched, very warrantably, at the expense of the impoverished coffers of Cambridge which sent the far larger number of graduates.[487]

We have moved step by step from the cautious recommendation of the university that the names of the young girls examined for the Local Examination should not appear, and that no class lists should be published (1865) and the informal examination for the triposes, when for nine years (until 1881) the examiners in the classical tripos “objected to state” what class had been attained, to the present state of things when all the “publicity and intrusion” dreaded forty years back in the case of little girls being examined somewhere privately in the same town as little boys, is annually given to hundreds of women in the highest examination in the country in the midst of the university. There had been prophets who opined that under these circumstances Cambridge would be deserted by the other sex. Visions of the halls of Trinity and John’s empty and forsaken, while Girton and Newnham poured forth a ceaseless flow of undergraduates disturbed the sleep of these prophets and seemed worth putting on record in their waking moments. No sooner were the Local Examinations opened to girls in 1865 than the number of boys entered rose from 629 to 1217;[488] and the largest entry of undergraduates on record was that of this present year 1906-7. What has happened? Has a robuster generation of undergraduates arisen, or were the undergraduates of the “seventies” and “eighties” simply maligned?

[Sidenote: The status of women students at Cambridge and Oxford.]

As between the two ancient universities Cambridge remains the pioneer in the education of women. The examinations are open to women at Oxford, but the same restrictions as to preliminaries and residence are not imposed.[489] It is, however, by the restrictions imposed that Cambridge has established the position of its women students. It has thus bound itself to compare the work of all tripos students irrespective of sex. While at Oxford there is no university recognition of the status of the candidate or of her hall, and no university certificate of the place obtained, Girton and Newnham are recognised colleges at Cambridge; the name of the successful candidate followed by that of the college is read aloud in the Senate House and published on the Senate House door; and only students presented by these colleges are admitted to the university examinations, as is the case with men. Girton and Newnham each owe something to the other. Newnham to Girton in the collegiate status now enjoyed by both, Girton to Newnham because the considerable advantages accruing to women students through proximity to Cambridge have been reflected on the sister college. Each displayed a boldness distinctively its own which has been the main source of the success of the movement: Newnham planted her house of students in the university town, Girton asked to follow the same curriculum as men; and these two things have had a mutually favourable reaction ever since.

Index

OF

Names of Persons and of Cambridge Families referred to in the Text

_chr._ = chancellor, _v.-c._ = vice-chancellor, _proc._ = proctor (of the university), _M._ = master (of a college), _abp._ = archbishop, _bp._ = bishop.

Acre, Joan d’, 64 _n._, 298

Acton, 1st lord, professor, 192, (quoted) 99

Adams, Prof. John Couch, 126, 172 _n._, 191, 291, 318 _n._, 329 _n._, Mrs., 329 _n._, Sir T., founder of chair of Arabic, 190

Addenbrooke, Dr. John, 115

Agnes, daughter of Philip the tailor [_Rot. Hund. Cant._], 42, 43

Aidan, S., 2

Airy, G. B., prof., 139, 172 _n._, 191, 291

Albert Pr. Consort, chr., 113

Alcock, 347 _n._ John, bp. of Ely, 76, 150, 152, 259, 260, his arms on the watergate of Coe fen, 57 _n._, probably a Peterhouse man, _ibid._, a pluralist, 63, chancellor of England, 76 _n._, obtains dissolution of nunnery from Alex. VI., 115, 271, founds Jesus, 115, restores the church of S. Rhadegund, 116, his gateway at Jesus, 141, scope of his foundation, 153, its dedication, 319 _n._, friend of the new learning, 270

Alcuin, 1, 2, 172, 252, 254 _n._

Aldrich, 306, 308 Robert, bp., 105, 174 _n._, Thos., Puritan M. of Corpus, 276

Alexander VI., 78, 115, 271

Alfred, 8, 252, 254 _n._

Alfred of Beverley, 3

Alley, Wm., bp. of Exeter, 106

Andrewes, Lancelot, bp. of Ely & Winchester, M. of Pembroke, 74, 189 _n._, 259, 273, 280, 282, 354 _n._

Anjou, see _Margaret of_

Anna, king of the East Angles, 311 _n._

Anne, queen, visits Cambs., 113, Jacobites there in her reign, 267

Anselm, S., 101 _n._

Antony of Padua, S., 23 _n._

Arthur, Prince (duke of Brittany), 295

Arthur, Prince (Tudor), 176 _n._

Arundel, abp., 29, 58, 235 _n._, 269, Wm. FitzAlan, earl of, 75

Ascham, Roger, 3, 126, 173, 174, 175 _n._, 207, 243, 253, 254 _n._, 281, 283, 360

Athelstan, 32, 87 _n._

Audley, 296, 297, 298 Thos., Ld., founder of Magdalene Coll. 76, 129, 150, (quoted), 129, pedigree, 300, 301

Audrey, S., see _Etheldreda_

Augustine, S., of Canterbury, 2

Austen, Jane, 257

Babington, 296, 302 abbot of Bury, 302, Prof. C. C., 329 _n._, Henry, v.-c., 205 _n._, 302, Humphrey, Dr., 302

Bacon, 244, 296, 302 Francis, lord, 3, 85, 137, 139, 215, 218 _n._, 244, 253, 254 _n._, 255, 256, 258, 281, 282, 285, 290, 302, 303, 308, Sir Nicholas, 83, 85, 106 _n._, 107, 244, 302, Thos., M. of Gonville, 302

Badew, Ric. de, chr., 64, 64 _n._, 150, 152

Baker, Dr. Philip, v.-c., 106 _n._, 142, Thos., historian of S. John’s (1656-1740), 126, 215

Bale, John, bp. of Ossory, 16 _n._, 20, 20 _n._, 116, 245, 258

Balfour, Frank, prof., 329 _n._

Ball, Sir Wm., Royal Soc., 283

Balsham, Hugh de, bp. of Ely, 15, 27, 29, 30, 54, 55, 76, 150, 192 _n._ His judgment cited, 6 _n._, 28 _n._, 203, limits archidiaconal authority in university, 14, 28, 37, design to graft secular scholars on the canons’ house of S. John, 38, 55, 122-123, founds Peterhouse, 55-6, 62, his motives for so doing, 62, leaves money to build a hall, 56, leaves his books to the college, 58, 138 _n._, scope of foundation, 153, 154, sides with de Montfort, 260, S. Simon Stock his contemporary, 325, see _general index_

Bancroft, abp., 99, 116, 118, 259

Bardenay, John de, prior of Benedictine students, 128 _n._

Barnes, prior, 22, 272, 275

Baro, Peter, 60, 280

Barrow, Isaac, prof., 60 _n._, 139, 170, 191, 225, 263

Bassett, 44, 110 _n._, 292, 296, 306, 307 _n._, 347 _n._ Alan (quoted), 68 _n._, John, 306, Philip, chief justice 44, William, proc. 19, 306

Bateman, Wm. bp. of Norwich, 76, 150, 152, 153, 259, 330. Changes character of Gonville statutes, 67, Gonville’s executor, 78, 83, Edw. III.’s ambassador, 79, founds Trinity Hall, 79, motives of the foundation, _ibid._, founds the library, 80, obtains licences for the 2 college chapels, 109 _n._, Ely hostel conveyed to him, 127, Norwich monks come to Cambs. during his episcopate, 128 _n._, 143 _n._

Bateson, Wm., M. of S. John’s, 329 _n._, Mrs., 329 _n._

Beauchamp, 150 _n._ Eleanor dss. of Somerset, 299, Margaret dss. of Somerset, 299, 305 _n._

Beaufort, 262, 292, 294, 296-97 Anna, sister to Ly. Margaret, 308 _n._, Henry, Cardinal, scholar of Peterhouse, 58 _n._, 59, 106, 259, 260, 262, Thos. duke of Exeter, 58 _n._, 156

Beaumont, 202, 297 _n._ Charles, 62, Francis (the dramatist), 257, 306, Joseph, M. of Peterhouse, 62, Dr. Robt. v.-c., 302

Bede, 2, 5, 5 _n._, 10, 10 _n._, 172, 252, 254 _n._

Behn, Mrs. Afra, early novelist, 258

Beket, Thos. à, educated at Merton priory, 44 _n._

Benedict XI., 143 _n._, 144 _n._, XII. 127, 144 _n._

Benjamin the Jew, his house in Cambridge, 21 _n._

Benson, abp., confers Lambeth degree, 194 _n._

Bentley, 347 _n._ Ric., 126, 135, 139, 174, 175 _n._, 176, 191, 219 _n._, 245

Betham, Edw., fellow of King’s, his letter to Cole, 212

Beverley, John of, 2, 172

Bill, Wm., bp., v.-c., 139, 274 _n._

Billingford, Ric., chr., 205 _n._

Bilney, Thos., 80, 275, 275 _n._

Bingham, 347 _n._, & see _Byngham_

Blomfield, bp., 239

Blount, Chas., the deist, 279

Bodichon, Barbara L. S., 317 _n._, 318 _n._, 319, 320, 327 _n._

Boleyn, 102 _n._ Anne, 102, 102 _n._, Henry, 102 _n._, Wm., 102 _n._

Bolingbroke, Ld., the deist, 279

Bonham-Carter, Mrs., 347

Boniface IX., 204

Bonner, bp., 273 _n._

Bonney, T. G., 318 _n._, 329 _n._

Booth, Laurence, abp., chr., 74, 76 _n._, 154, 260, 347 _n._

Boquel, Lucien, 329 _n._

Bossuet, has Sherlock for opponent, 60

Bottlesham, John de, bp. of Rochester, M. of Peterhouse (1397-1400), 58

Bowling, E. W., 349, 349 _n._

Boyle, earl of Cork, 85, 260, Robt., Royal Soc., 284

Bradford, John, 75, 275

Bramhall, Protestant abp. of Armagh, 147

Brandon, 296, 297, 297 _n._, 301 Charles, 1st & 3rd dukes of Suffolk 106, Henry, 2nd duke 106

Brantingham, bp., 27

Braybrooke, see _Neville_

Brodrick, abp., 66

Brontë, Charlotte & Emily, 257

Brooke, see _Greville_

Brown, Ford Madox, 57 _n._

Browne, Robert, of Corpus, 278, 303, Sir Thos., letter to, from Christ’s, Coll., 180, Sir Wm., 61, 245, 260, 268

Browning, Robert, 251

Brownrigg, Ralph, bp., M. of Catherine’s, v.-c., 115, 264

Bruce, Robert, 69

Bryan, 302 Augustine, 175 _n._, John, 174 _n._

Bucer, Martin, 60

Buckingham, see _Stafford & Villiers_

Buckle, H. T., 251

Bullock, 347 _n._ Henry, v.-c., 111, 170 _n._, 174 _n._

Bunyan, 251, 253, 254 _n._

Burgh, de, 291, 292, 293, 296, 297 Elizabeth de, see _Clare_, Elizabeth jnr., _domina Claræ_, dss. of Clarence, 95, 295 _n._, 297 _n._, 298, Hubert, earl of Kent, 293, 295, 298, John, chr., 203 _n._, 293, John, bp. of Ely, 293, John, 3rd earl of Ulster, 64 _n._, 293, 298, Ric. 2nd earl of Ulster, the ‘red earl’, 64 _n._, 320 _n._, Ric. ‘the great earl of Clanricarde’, 301, Thos., 293, William, last earl of Ulster, 297 _n._, 298

Burke, Edmund, 268, 309

Burleigh, see _Cecil_

Burn, Rev. R., 318 _n._

Burnet, bp. (quoted), 284 _n._

Buss, Miss, 335 _n._

Butler, bp., 251

Butler ‘of Cambridge,’ 260

Butts, Sir Wm., _M.D._, 296

Byng, Thos. v.-c., 180 _n._

Byngham, 306, 307 _n._ Thos. 1st M. of Pembroke 306, Wm., founder of God’s House 117 _n._, 150, 153, 165 _n._, 306, (quoted) 165 _n._, Wm. proc. 306

Byron, lord, 139, 163, 255, 308, (quoted) 7, 182 _n._

Caedmon, 2

Caesar, 4

Caius or Keys, John, 151, 152, 260, 281, founds Caius, 78, 141, 142, President of College of Physicians, 141, Principal of Physwick hostel, 141, studies in Italy, 141, lives with Vesalius, 141, lectures in London on anatomy, 142, the first English anatomist, 142, his influence on Cambridge, 167, 179, scope of his foundation, 153, 154, an eminent classic, 142, 174 _n._, lectures at Padua on Greek, 174, opposes the new pronunciation of Greek, 177 _n._, Master of Gonville & Caius, 142, antiquary & historian of the university, 142, his care for sanitation, 142, his inscription on foundation stone & his epitaph in Caius chapel, 142, clings to Catholicism, 142, 180, 180 _n._

Cambridge, earls of, 36 _n._, family of, 294, Sir John de, 24 _n._, 132, prior John of, 261, Ric. earl of, 36 _n._, 295, 295 _n._, 296, Ric. earl of, & of Ulster, Lord of Clare 295 _n._, see _York, duke of_

Cantaber, 4, 20 _n._

Canterbury, abp. of, see _Bancroft_, _Cranmer_, _Grindal_, _Langton_, _Parker_, _Bancroft_, _Sumner_, _Tenison_, _Tillotson_, _Whitgift_, _Whittlesey_

Cantilupe, Nicholas, 20, 20 _n._

Canute, 10

Capranica, Card., 230

Carlisle, bp. of, see _Aldrich_, _Close_, _Goodwin_, _Law_, _May_, _Percy_ & _Scrope_

Carlyle, Thos., 140

Carr, Nicholas, 175 _n._

Cartwright, Thos., 276, 277, 347 _n._

Castle-Bernard, a Cambridge name, 292 _n._

Castlereagh, viscount, 126, 260

Catherine of Alexandria, S., 114

Catherine of Aragon, 114, 121

Cave, Wm., 126

Cavendish, 294, 302, 303 Henry, the scientist, 59, 303, Lord John, 302, Sir John de, chr., 203, 260, 302, Wm., M. of Peterhouse, 302, Mary, countess of Shrewsbury, benefactor of S. John’s, 124, 125, Spencer, 8th duke of Devonshire, chr. 205, Thos., the circumnavigator, 282

Caxton, 75, 99, 112

Cayley, Prof., 139, 172 _n._, 329 _n._, 348

Cecil, 296, 302, 303 Wm. lord Burleigh, chr., 126, 215, 260, 282, 303, Thos. earl of Exeter, chr., 303, Robert earl of Salisbury, chr., 126, 260, 282, 303, lady Dorothy (see _Neville_), lady Mildred, 313 _n._, Mr. Cecil, moderator, 303, ‘Cecil at the castle’ [_Rot. Hund. Cant._], 42 _n._, 292

Chantrey (quoted), 137

Chapman, Geo. (dramatist), 257

Charlemagne, 2

Charles I., 113, 263, 264 _n._

Charles II., 113

Charles V., Emperor, Pole’s letter to 121, (quoted) 129 _n._

Chatham, lord, 268, (quoted) 74 _n._

Chatillon, 69, 296, 297 Marie de, see _Valence_, Gaucher de, 1st Comte de Saint-Paul, 295, 296, Guy de, 69, 299, Walter de, 69, pedigree of, 299

Chaucer, 3, 88, 89, 252, 254 _n._, 255, 256

Cheke, Sir John, first Professor of Greek, fellow of S. John’s, 105, 126, 174, 175 _n._, 177 _n._, 191, 207 _n._, 281, 303

Chester, Gastrell, bp. of, 193

Chesterfield, Philip 4th earl of, 80, 260

Chillingworth, Wm., 278, 279, 286 _n._

Clare, 292-293, 296, 297, 297 _n._, 320, pedigree of, 298 Elizabeth de 64, _n._, 67, 95, 151 _n._, 152, 293, 295, 296, 297, 312, 320 _n._, 325 _n._ Benefactor to Austin priory at Stoke Clare, 22 _n._, 293, founds Clare, 64-5, conveyance to her of the _domus universitatis_, 65 _n._, her statutes quoted, 67-8, scope of foundation, 153, 154, founds Greyfriars of Walsingham, 293, sends timber to King’s Hall, 293, (quoted) 64 _n._, 86 _n._, 201, lineage, 64 _n._, 150, 299, pedigree of, 298 Gilbert de (temp. Conquest), 292, Gilbert earl of Hertford & Glouc. (_ob._ 1229), 292, 298, Gilbert ‘the red’ (father of the founder of Clare), 40, 44, 64 _n._, 298, Gilbert earl of Glouc. (killed 1314), 65, 151 _n._, 298 Richard, earl of Glouc., 22 _n._, 292-3, 298, Richard de, abbot of Ely, 298, Richard, 2nd earl of, 320 _n._

Clarence, Elizabeth dss. of, see _de Burgh_, George duke of, 111, Lionel duke of, 94, 95, 295 _n._, 297 _n._, 298

Clarentia, Philippa de, 298

Clark, 308 J. W. 8, 31, 32, 44, Rev. W. G. 318

Clarke, Robert, 179, Samuel, 144, 279

Clarkson, Thos., 126, 253 _n._, 269

Clerk, Sir Francis, 152

Clerk Maxwell, Jas., first Cavendish Prof., 139, 192

Clerke, Ric., a Cambs. colonist at Cardinal College, 272, 273

Cleveland, John, 263

Clifford, 3rd earl of Cumberland, 282

Clifford, W. K., 329 _n._

Clive, Robt., 251, 253, 254 _n._

Close, Nicholas, bp., 105, 327

Clough, Anne J., 326, 327, 327 _n._, 329, 330-337, 338, 339, 346, 347, 350, 357 _n._, Arthur Hugh, 330, Sir Ric., 330

Coke, Edw., lord, High Steward of the University, 139, 260, (quoted) 100

Cole, Wm., (ob. 1782), 66, 105, 212

Colenso, bp., 126, 172 _n._, 288

Coleridge, S. T., 116, 232, 302

Colet, dean, 173, 176 _n._, 253, 254 _n._, 270

Collier, Jeremy, 267

Collins, Anthony, of King’s, the deist, 279

Compton, bp., 265 _n._, 266 _n._

Coningsby, Sir Wm., 105

Constantia, wife to Earl Eustace, grants Cambs. fisheries, 116 _n._

Cook, R. S. (Mrs. Scott), 321 _n._

Cornwallis, 1st marquess, 66

Cosin, Cousins, 308 John, bp., M. of Peterhouse, 58, 59, 259, 274, 280

Cotes, Roger, 1st Plumian Prof., 139, 191

Cotton, Sir Robert, 139

Courtney, abp. of Canterbury, stays with the Whitefriars, 20

Coverdale, Miles, an Austinfriar at Cambs., 22, 245, 272

Cowley, Abraham, 139, 244, 263, 284

Cowper, Wm., 303, 303 _n._

Cox, Richard, bp. of Ely, 105, 175 _n._, 272, 273, 274 _n._

Cranmer, abp., 116, 194, 243, 253, 254 _n._, 259, 271, 273, 273 _n._, 274, 275

Crashaw, Ric., 59, 60 _n._, 263

Crawden, John de, prior of Ely, 127

Creak, E. M., 340

Creighton, 347 _n._

Crofts, Ellen, see _Darwin_

Croke (Crooke), first Reader in Greek at Cambs., 105, 172, 173, 174, 175 _n._, 191, 207, 281

Cromwell, Oliver, 22, 146, 147, 253, 254 _n._, 260, 264, 264 _n._, 275, 277, 308, Thos. 151, 167, 175, 205, 244 _n._, 276, 276 _n._

Cromwells, the, 229

Crook, 347 _n._

Crouchback, Edmund earl of Leicester, 42 _n._

Croyland, 294 Robert de, 132

Cudworth, Ralph, prof., 66, 119, 145, 145 _n._, 191, 286, 289

Culverwell, Nathanael, 145, 286

Cumberland, Ric., bp., 130

Cunningham, Dr. W., fellow of Trinity, archd. of Ely, 247, 322 _n._

Curteys, abbot of Bury, 16 _n._

Curthose, Robert, 8

Dakins, Wm., of Trinity, a translator of the bible, 275

Daniel, Samuel, 256 _n._

Darwin, 302 Charles, 119, 178, 253, 254 _n._, 255, 290, 291, 303, 309, Ellen Wordsworth Crofts (Mrs. Francis), 353, Erasmus, 126, 303, Francis, 353

D’Aubeney, Reiner, 75 _n._

David of Scotland, 36 _n._, 297 _n._

David’s, S., Thirlwall, bp. of (see also _Thirlwall_), 318 _n._, see _Langton_

Davies, Miss Emily, 314, 317 _n._, 319, 348, 351

Davy, Humphry, 255

Day, 307, 347 _n._ George, bp., v.-c., 105, 273 _n._, W., bp., 105, 273 _n._

Defoe, Daniel, 257, 354 _n._

Dekker, Thos. (dramatist), 257

De Morgan, Prof., 139, 172 _n._

Derby, css. & earl of, see _Ly. Margaret_ & _Stanley_

Descartes, 287

Devereux, 302 Robert earl of Essex, 139, 282, 301, 304

Devonshire, see _Cavendish_

Dickens, Charles, 251, 257

Digby, Sir Kenelm, 284

Dillingham, Francis, M. of Emmanuel, a translator of the bible, 175 _n._, 273.

Dillon, viscount, 319 _n._

Diss, Walter, 16 _n._, 20, Wm. 15 _n._

Dodwell, Prof., 267

Doket, Andrew, 109, 111, 152

Donne, John, 139, 308

Downing, Sir George, senr., 66, 147, founder of Downing, 147, 150, 153, 154

Downside, abbot of, 149

Drake, Sir Francis, 83, 251, 253, 254 _n._, 282

Drayton, Michael, 256 _n._

Dryden, John, 139, 255, 258, 258 _n._, 264, 274, 284, 305, 308

Dudley, 297 _n._ Robert earl of Leicester, 297 _n._, 300, 301

Dunning, 39, 123, 292 Eustace, 42, Hervey, 42, 42 _n._, 304

Durham, William, bp. of, 45 _n._, & see _Cosin_, _Lightfoot_, _Pilkington_, _Ruthall_, _Tunstall_, _Westcott_

Edmund, king & saint, 12 _n._, 15 _n._

Edward I., 64 _n._, 152, 252, 254 _n._, 298, 299. Builds Franciscan friary, 21, visits Cambs. as Pr. of Wales, 36, composes disputes between scholars & townsmen, 37, his Scotch wars, 69, lodges at the castle, 113, visits Walsingham with Eleanor, 114, redresses a later dispute, 233 _n._

Edward II. 150. Obtains from pope European status for university, 35, 35 _n._, maintains scholars there 37, 131, lodges at Barnwell priory, 113, gives licence for University Hall, 64, intends to found a college, 37, 131, 131 _n._

Edward III., 88, 94, 150, 152, 153, 154, 260, 295 _n._, 297, 298, 299, 300. Quarries Cambridge castle for King’s Hall, 5 _n._, bestows a hospice on Oriel College, Oxford, 18 _n._, gives licence to Gilbertines, 19, creates earls of Cambridge, 36 _n._, fulfils intentions of Edw. II., 37, 131, gives privileges to university, 37 _n._-38 _n._, 222 _n._, issues letters to town of Stamford, 46, knights the Master of Pembroke, 75, gives licence to Gonville, 78, Bateman his ambassador, 79, letters about King’s Hall, 95 _n._, his arms on Entrance Gate of Trinity, 103 _n._, visits Cambridge 113, builds King’s Hall, 131, his effigy on Great Gate, 131, his gateway at King’s Hall, 132. See _general index_.

Edward IV., 36 _n._, 37 _n._, 86 _n._, 112, 262, 298, 299. His arms in King’s chapel, 103 _n._, sequestrates building funds of, 104, visits university, 112, King’s Hall chapel built in his reign, 137, robs King’s College of revenues, 262

Edward VI., 141, 175 _n._ Continues favour shown by Tudors to Cambs., 37 _n._, sends foreign Protestants there, 60 _n._, Trinity College built under, 135, his tutors Cambridge men, 175 _n._, 281

Edward VII., 113

Edward the Confessor, 261

Edward the Elder, 4

Edwin of Northumbria, 2, 311

Eleanor of Castile, 114, 155

Eliot, George, 257, 317 _n._, John, ‘the Indian apostle,’ 263

Elizabeth, 21 _n._, 60, 141, 145, 175 _n._, 219 _n._, 233 _n._, 253, 254 _n._ Apostrophizes Pembroke College, 73-4, sends timber for Corpus chapel, 83, visits Cambs., 107, 108, 113, 163, completes Trinity Chapel, 134, 137, makes Leicester High Steward, 206 _n._, her statutes, 28 _n._, 210, entrusts revision of Edward’s Prayer-book to Cambs. men, 273, ‘Lambeth articles’ drawn up, 274, her anti-puritanism, 276, checks Presbyterianism, 277, Cambridge men round her, 281-2, sends timber to Trinity College, 293. See _general index_

Elizabeth of York, 114

Ellenborough, 1st lord, 59, 172 _n._, 239

Eltisley, Thos. first M. of Corpus, 82

Ely, bps. of, see _Alcock_, _Andrewes_, _Balsham_, _Cox_, _Felton_, _Fleetwood_, _Fordham_, _Goodrich_, _Gunning_, _Holbroke_, _Kilkenny_, _Moore_, _Montacute_, _Patrick_, _Stanley_, _Thirlby_, _Turner_, _Walpole_, _West_, _Wren_. For abbot, prior, & sub-prior of, see _Balsham_, _Clare_, _Norwich_, _Walsingham_ Harvey Goodwin, dean of, aftw. bp. of Carlisle, 317 _n._

Emma, queen, 261

Empson, Sir Ric., 206 _n._

Erasmus, 88, 174, 270, 281, 288, knows Franciscan nuns at Cambs., 25 _n._, bp. Sampson a pupil of, there, 80, Thos. Aldrich a Cambridge friend of, 105, lives at Queen’s, 111, influence of on statutes of Christ’s, 119, writes lady Margaret’s epitaph, 120, his description of Cambs. studies at the end of the xv. c., 170, letter to Bullock of Queen’s, _ibid._, co-operates with Fisher in introducing Greek, 172, studies Greek at Oxford, 173, studies Greek at Cambs., 173, teaches Greek there, 174 _n._, his Cambs. supporters, _ibid._, date of leaving Cambs., _ibid._, motive for leaving Oxford, 175 _n._, holds Margaret professorship, 191, cannot stomach Cambridge fare, 221, praises Wm. Gilbert, 291, his ‘three colleges’, 313 _n._, (quoted) 221

Essex, see _Devereux_

Essex, archdeacon of, receives a Lambeth _B.D._ (1635), 194 _n._

Ethelbert of Kent, 4

Etheldreda, S., 311, 311 _n._, 312 _n._, 337

Ethelred, king of the East Angles, 8 _n._

Eugenius IV., 140 _n._

Eustace, earl, 116 _n._

Evelyn, John, 284

Everett, Wm., (quoted) 171, 213 _n._- 214 _n._, 243

Exeter, see _Beaufort_ & _Cecil_

Exmew, Blessed Wm., 119, 275

Fagius, Paul, 60

Fairfax, Thos., lord, 126

Falkland, Lucius, viscount, 126, 278

Faraday, Michael, 251, 255

Fawcett, Rt. Hon. H., prof. 328, 329 _n._, 355, Mrs., 328, 329, 329 _n._, 346 _n._, P. G., 328, 340

Fawkes, Francis, the poet, 116

Felix, bp., 4 _n._

Felton, Nich., bp. of Ely, 75

Fenton, Elijah, the poet, 116

Ferrers, Eligius, receives a Lambeth _D.D._ (1539), 194 _n._, Dr., M. of Gonville & Caius, 329 _n._

Fielding, Henry, 257

Fisher, John bp. of Rochester & Cardinal, 3, 105, 119, 125, 150, 152, 253, 254 _n._, 259, 281, 330. Suggests foundation of Christ’s to Ly. Margaret, 118, co-operates with her, 120, her panegyrist, 120, 120 _n._-121 _n._, perpetual chancellor, 120, 204, succeeded by Thos. Cromwell, 205, chancellor & vice-chancellor, 205 _n._, Master of Michaelhouse, 120, completes foundation of S. John’s, 120, 124, statutes for, 67, 126, President of Queen’s, 111, establishes study of Greek in Cambs., 172, 174 _n._, & invites Erasmus 173, upholds Erasmus, 174 _n._, 273, a reformer before the Reformation, 120, 270, first Lady Margaret Professor, 191, created cardinal priest, 121 _n._, Hen. VIII.’s opinion of, 121, Hallam’s, 121 _n._, martyred, 121, 275, (quoted), 120, 120 _n._

Fitz-Eustace, a Cambridge name, 292

Fitzhugh, a Cambridge name, 308

Flamsteed, John, 1st astronomer royal, 146, 284, 290, 291

Fleetwood, Wm. bp. of Ely, 105

Fletcher, 302, 303 Giles, _LL.D._, 282, 304, Giles (poet), 304, John (the dramatist), 257, 304, Phineas (poet), 304, Ric. bp. of London, 303, John, of Caius, 304

Ford, John, 257

Fordham, bp. of Ely, 61, (quoted) 62 _n._

Foster, Saml., Royal Soc., 146, 283, 284, Sir Michael, prof., 329 _n._

Fowler, Edw., aftw. bp. of Gloucester, 266 _n._

Fox, Edw. bp. of Hereford 105, Ric. bp. of Winchester, M. of Pembroke, chr. (1500), 3, 74, 177 _n._, 205 _n._, 259, 260, 270, 273, 283

Frampton, bp., 266, 266 _n._

Francis, S., of Assisi, 21, 22, 22 _n._

Frost, 292, 347 _n._ Henry, 18, 122 _n._

Fry, Mrs., 253 _n._

Fuller, Thos., 5 _n._, 47, 51, 99, 111, 120, 146, & see _general index_

Galileo, 291

Gamble, Jane C., 320, 322

Gardiner, Stephen, bp. of Winchester, M. of Trinity Hall, chr., 79, 80, 177 _n._, 240, 243, 259, 304

Garrett, Dr. G. M., 329 _n._

Garth, Sir Samuel, 260

Gaunt, 294 _n._, 347 _n._

Gaunt, House of, 294, 297, John of 20, 27, 95, 261, 292, 295 _n._, 297 _n._, 308 _n._

George I., 99, 113, 192, 268

George II., 113

George IV., 138

Gibbon, Edw., 309

Gibbons, Orlando, 252

Gilbert, S., of Sempringham, 19

Gilbert, Wm., 126, 260, 281, 290, 291

Gladstone, W. E. 253, 254 _n._, Miss H., 347

Glisson, Francis, prof., 80, 144, 191

Gloucester, duke of, see _Clare_

Goddard, Jonathan, Royal Soc., 283

Goldcorn, John, 98 _n._

Goldsmid, Sir Francis, 318 _n._, lady, 318 _n._

Goldsmith, Oliver, 257

Gonville, 294, 295 Edmund, 77, 78, 150, 152, 153, Sir Nicholas, 77

Goodrich, Thos., bp. of Ely, 106, 260

Goulburn, bp., 2nd wrangler, 184 _n._

Grafton, 3rd duke of, chr., 59

Gray, Thos., prof., 7, 58, 59, 73, 74, 75, 104 _n._, 139, 184, 192, 232 _n._, 235, 255, 308, 308 _n._, (quoted) 7, 56, 74 _n._, 176, 249

Green, W. C., 329 _n._

Greene, Robt., 257

Gregory the Great, 4

Gregory XIII., 230

Gresham, Sir Thos., 78, 143, 144, 218 _n._, 282, 330

Greville, 302, 304 Fulke, 1st Ld. Brooke, 99 _n._, 116, 192 _n._, 282, 304, 308, 2nd Ld., 304, Sir Bevil, 304, (Grenville or Granville) 1st Ld. Lansdowne, 139, 304

Grew, Nehemiah, of Pembroke, 260, 284

Grey, 252, 295, 297, 297 _n._, 299, 300 earl, 268, 269, lady Jane, 113, 175 _n._, Sir Thos., 295, 296, of Wark, Ld. 264 _n._, pedigree of, 299

Grindal, Wm., the classic, pupil of Ascham, 126, Edmund, abp., 74, 99, 118, 130, 130 _n._, 259, 263, 274 _n._, 282

Grocyn, Wm., 173, 173 _n._, 176 _n._

Grosseteste, Robert, bp. of Lincoln, 172 _n._, 252, 254 _n._

Grosvenor, Sir Robert, 94

Grote, Geo., 251

Guest, Edm., bp. of Rochester & Sarum, 106

Guilford, Francis North, Ld., 260, 284

Gunning, Peter, bp. of Ely, M. of Clare, then of S. John’s, 126

Gurgentius, 4

Gurney, Rt. Hon. Russell, 318 _n._, Mrs., 318 _n._

Guthlac, S., of Mercia, 12 _n._

Hacket, bp. of Lichfield, 138

Haddon, 294 abbot of Thorney, 294 _n._, Walter, v.-c., 80, 105, 191, 282, 304

Hainault, John, count of, earl of Cambridge, 36 _n._

Hale, Chief Justice 284, Sir Matt., 309

Hales, John, 278, 279, 286 _n._

Halifax, Geo. Savile, visc. & marq., 260, 267, see _Montague_

Hall, Joseph, of Emmanuel, bp. of Norwich, 277, Ric., biographer of Fisher, 119

Hallam, Arthur, 139

Halley, Edm., Royal Soc., 284, 309

Hamilton, Sir Wm., 177

Hampden, John, 244, 264, 265

Harison, Thos., a translator of the bible, 273

Harrington, 307 Sir John, 1st Ld., 105, 282

Hartley, David, 116

Harvey, Hervey, 302, 304 Gabriel, 74, 74 _n._, 256, 281, 304, (quoted), 182, Henry, v.-c., 304, Wm., 144, 253, 254 _n._, 260, 281, 304

Hastings, 297, 297 _n._ Henry earl of Huntingdon, 111, John earl of Pembroke, 27, 295, 295 _n._, Warren, 251

Hatfield, Wm. of, 104 _n._

Hatton, 203 _n._, 294 _n._, 303, 307 Sir Christopher, 309, Ric. Provost of King’s, 307

Hawkins, John, 251

Heath, Nicholas, abp., a translator of the bible, 66, 273, 273 _n._

Henrietta Maria, queen, 114

Henry I. (Beauclerk), 18 _n._, 88. Favours the town, 8, 36, 36 _n._, gives it a charter, 9, charter referred to, 5-6, 6 _n._, 13, fabled to have studied at Cambs., 36

Henry II., 151

Henry III., 6 _n._, 36, 38, 45, 51 _n._, 54, 69, 152. Sends to Cambs. for fish, 11, orders the adherents of the dauphin to leave the town, 33, 260, establishes taxors, 33, rescript quoted, 33-34, gives a charter to the university, 34, rescripts on behalf of the university, 35, 47-48, 203, quoted, 30 _n._, 34 _n._, 203, withdraws licence to found university at Northampton, 46, licence quoted, 46 _n._, visits Cambs., 113, privileges of university date from his reign 222 _n._ See _general index_

Henry IV., said to have granted stone for a chapel at King’s Hall, 5 _n._

Henry V., 37 _n._, 59, 205 _n._, 228 _n._ Intended building a college at Oxford, 101, betrayed by “Cambridge, Scroop, & Grey”, 295

Henry VI., 58 _n._, 106, 117. Favours Cambs., 37 _n._, statutes for King’s, 67, 105 _n._, 152, 153, imitates Wm. of Wykeham, 67, 101 _n._, portrait of in Pembroke, 73, coins money at Cambs., 8 _n._, invites abbot of Bury to Cambs., 16 _n._, buys & conveys ground in Cambs., 24 _n._-25 _n._, 101, founds King’s College, 100, 150, dedicates to S. Nicholas, 101, double charter of Eton & King’s, _ibid._, lays foundation stones, 101, 102, 112, his original design for King’s, 101 _n._-102 _n._, visits Cambs., 4 times 112, lodged in King’s Hall, 112, 112 _n._, founds God’s House, 117 _n._, 118, 150, bestows church lands on this & King’s, 271, Byngham’s letter to, 165 _n._, half-brother to lady Margaret’s first husband, 299

Henry VII., 118, 175 _n._, 281, 299. Favours Cambs., 37 _n._, chief builder of King’s chapel, 104, visits Cambs. 5 times, 113, accompanied by lady Margaret, 114, & by the queen, _ibid._, makes Empson High Steward, 206 _n._

Henry VIII., 106, 123, 151, 212 _n._, 281, 295. Favours Cambs., 37 _n._, monogram with that of Anne Boleyn in chapel screen at Trinity, 102, visits Cambs., 113, Henry & Fisher, 121, 121 _n._, founds Trinity, 131, effigy on the Entrance Gate, 131, endows college with abbey lands, 133, motives for the foundation, 133, scope of, 133-134, 153, 154, portrait of in Trinity lodge, 136 _n._, invites Caius to lecture on anatomy, 142, his divorce from Catherine, how met at the university, 240, 271, his injunctions imposing the royal supremacy, 167 _n._, founds the Regius professorships, 190

Henry of Huntingdon, chronicle cited, 7 _n._

Henry of Orléans, bailiff, 16 _n._

Herbert, George, 139, 166, 207, 218 _n._, 289, of Cherbury, lord 279

Hereswitha, 311 _n._

Hereward the Wake, 11, 146, 292, 303

Herrick, Robert, of S. John’s, 244, 263

Herschell, 347 _n._ Sir John, 126, 172 _n._, 218 _n._, 291, senr., 255

Heynes, Dr. Simon, Pres. of Queen’s, v.-c., 212, 212 _n._

Heywood, Thos. (the dramatist), 59, 257

Hild, 2, 252, 254 _n._, 311, 311 _n._, 312

Hill, Rowland, 126

Hind, Archer, 329 _n._, 348

Hobart, lady, 318 _n._

Hobbes, Thos., 285, 289

Hobson the Cambridge carrier, 215 _n._

Holbroke, John, M. of Peterhouse, chr. (1430), bp. of Ely, 59

Holland, Margaret, 299

Hollond, John, M.P., 348

Honorius I., 28

Honorius III., 111, 127

Hoods, the, 251

Hooke, Robt., Royal Soc., 284

Hooker, Ric. 289, Thos., 262

Hope, Alex. Beresford-, 136

Horrox (Horrocks), Jeremiah, 146, 291

Hort, F. J. A., prof., 139, 179, 191, 288

Hottun, Hugo de, chr. (1246), 203 _n._

Howard, 297 _n._, 300, 301, 303 of Effingham, 251, Henry, earl of Northampton, chr., 301, Henry, earl of Surrey, 256, 256 _n._, 301, John, 253 _n._, Thos. earl of Suffolk, chr. 301, 303 [see _Norfolk_]

Howe, John [_Rot. Hund Cant._], 42, 43, Walter [_Rot. Hund. Cant._], 42

Hrostwitha of Gandersheim, 108

Huddleston, Sir Robert, 5 _n._, 113

Hudson, Prof. H. H., _LL.M._, 347

Hughes, Miss E. P., 335 _n._

Hugolina, wife of the Norman sheriff, 17

Hulle, Wm., English Prior of the Order of S. John, 24

Humphry, Prof. Sir Geo., of Downing Coll., 318 _n._, 340

Huntingdon, css. of 149, earl of, see _David of Scotland_ & _Hastings_ & 297 _n._

Hutchinson, Col., 59, 264, 265

Huxley, T. H., 251

Ingulph, abbot of Crowland, 13, 13 _n._

Ingworth, Ric., Franciscan friar, 20

Innocent VI., 72, 75

Ireton, Henry, 264

Jackson, Henry, Prof., 329 _n._

James I., 113, 116, 163, 229

James II., 265, 266

James, Thos. of King’s, Headmaster of Rugby, 283

Jaquetta of Luxembourg, 152

Jebb, 347 _n._ Dr. John, 183 _n._, Sir Ric., prof., 139, 176 _n._, 191, 329 _n._, (quoted) 153 _n._

Jessopp, Dr., 10 _n._, 80

Jocelyn of Bury, 16 _n._, (quoted) 15 _n._

Jocelyn, John, secretary to abp. Parker, (quoted) 81, 82

Joffred, abbot of Crowland, 12, 122, 127

John, king, 6 _n._, 11, 32, 36, 113, 260, 295

John XXII., 28, 35, (quoted) 35

John, prior, of Cambridge, 261

Johnson, Samuel, opposes American claims, 269

Jones, Burne, 57 _n._, Miss E. E. C. 321, Inigo, 65, 118

Jonson, Ben, 126, 256, 257, 281

Keats, John, 251, 255

Kelvin, Ld., 59, 172 _n._, 255

Ken, bp., 266, 267

Kennedy, B. H., _D.D._, prof., 338 _n._, 348, Miss M. G., 329 _n._, 338, 338 _n._, 346 _n._, 347

Kenton, Nicholas, Carmelite, chr., 20

Keynes, J. N., Dr., 329 _n._

Kilkenny, bp. of Ely, 38 _n._, 40, 192 _n._

King, Edw., 119, Oliver, bp., 105

Kinglake, A. W., 139

Kingsley, Chas., prof., 130, 192

Kirke, Edward, 139

Knollys, Sir Francis, 282

Kyd, Thos. (the dramatist), 257

Lake, of Chichester, one of the 7 Bishops, 266

Lancaster, Henry, the “good duke” of, 89, 89 _n._, 261, earl of 297 _n._, 298

Lanfranc, abp., 18 _n._

Langham, 304 _n._ Simon, bp. of Ely, afterwards primate, 62

Langley, 304 _n._ abp., 194 _n._, Edmund earl of Cambridge, 20, 36 _n._, 295 _n._

Langton, 296, 302, 304 John, chr., M. of Pembroke, bp. of S. David’s, 101, 304, Stephen, abp., 252, 254 _n._, 260, Thos., proc. fellow of Pembroke, bp. of S. David’s, Winchester, & elect of Canterbury, 3, 74, 259, 270, 304

Latimer, 306 Hugh, bp., 66, 119, 244, 259, 271, 275, 275 _n._, 306

Latymer, Wm., 176 _n._

Laud, abp., 143 _n._, 259, 280, 288, 289, (quoted) 208 _n._

Law, 59 Edm., bp. of Carlisle, 59, Wm., author of the “Serious Call”, 146

Layfield, J., a translator of the bible, 273

Lee, abp. of York, opposes Erasmus, 174 _n._

Leicester, Henry of Lancs., earl of, 297 _n._, Robt. Dudley, earl of, 206 _n._, de Montfort, earl of, 42 _n._, 260, 261, 298, 307 _n._, Robt. Sidney, earl of, 301, Wm. of [_Rot. Hund. Cant._], 43 _n._

Leland, John, 119

Le Strange, Roger, 258

Lewes, G. H., 251

Lichfield, bp. of, see _Hacket_, _Sampson_, _Scrope_

Lightfoot, 292, 302, 304 J. B., bp. of Durham, fellow of Trinity, prof., 3, 139, 191, 288, 305, 318 _n._, John, 115, 119

Lily, Wm., 176 _n._, 283

Linacre, Thos., 80 _n._, 125, 167, 173, 176 _n._, 179, 190 _n._

Lincoln, bp. of, see _Close_, _Wickham_, _Williams_, & _general index_

Liveing, Prof., 126, 318 _n._

Lloyd, non-juring bp. of Norwich, 266, 266 _n._, bp. of S. Asaph’s, one of the 7 Bishops, 266

Locke, John, 178, 253, 254 _n._, 309

Lodge, Thos., 256, 257

London, Dr., Warden of New Coll. (quoted), 272

Louis the Dauphin, 33, 260, 261, 295

Loyola, S. Ignatius, college founded by in Rome, 230

Lubbock, Sir John (Ld. Avebury), 251

Lucas, Henry, founds Lucasian professorship, 190

Lumsden, L. I., 321 _n._

Luther, Martin, 272, 288

Lydgate, monk of Bury, 4, 88, quoted 7 _n._, 88 _n._

Lyly, John, 256, 257

Lyndhurst, Ld., 139, 172 _n._, 260

Lyttelton, 308 4th Ld., 318 _n._

Lytton, 302, 305 Bulwer, 80, 305, Sir Rowland, 305

MacArthur, Thos., an early Cambs. Protestant, 275 _n._

Macaulay, 308 Thos. Babington, Ld., 137, 138, 139, 184, 211, 308, 309

Main, P. T., 329 _n._

Maine, Sir Henry, prof., 74, 80, 191

Maitland, 308 F. W., prof., 192, 308

Malcolm ‘the Maiden,’ 36 _n._, 116 _n._, 151 _n._, 297 _n._

Malherbe, Michael, owns land at Newnham, 325 _n._

Manchester, earl of, see _Montague_

Mandeville, earl of [_Rot. Hund. Cant._], 24 _n._

Manfield, 292 Wm. de, 39, 42, 292 _n._, 325

Manners, 302, 303 Sir John, 1st Ld., 110 _n._, lord, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, 172 _n._, lord John (duke of Rutland), 139, Roger son of 1st earl of Rutland, Esquire of the Body to Eliz., 86, Roger 3rd earl of Rutland, 111, 222, 232 _n._, 282

Manning, Card., 150, Mrs., 317 _n._

Mareschall, 297 _n._, 298, 299

Margaret of Anjou, 114, 123, 150, 152, 296, 312, founds Queen’s, 100, 109, her motives for so doing, 109, 112 _n._, 313, dedication, 109, 112, scope, 153, Eliz. Woodville co-founder with, 112, 262

Margaret, lady, 119-120, 125, 133, 150, 252, 254 _n._, 305, 312, 312 _n._ Most conspicuous figure in university hist., representative of John of Gaunt, 299, joins Ho. of Edw. III. to Ho. of Tudor, 297, 299, reconciles Houses of York and Lancs., 262, in her own person, & through alliance with Stafford, stands mid-way between founders of King’s Hall Clare & Pembroke & founders of Queens’ Magdalene & Sidney, 297, 299, 300, Three times married, 64 _n._, 299, 325 _n._, marries a Stanley, 299, reformer before the Reformation, 120, 270, friendship with Fisher, 120, her sojourns in Cambs., 114, 120, founds Christ’s, 118, endows it with abbey lands, 271, scope of foundation, 119, 153, 154, fellows from northern counties, 119, 152, bequeaths gold plate, 118, statutes, 67, 119, founds S. John’s, 123, alienates gifts to Hen. VII’s chapel for this coll., 120 _n._, institutes first university chairs & preachership, 120, 190, bur. Westminster Abbey, 120, 150, epitaph written by Erasmus, 120, Fisher’s panegyric, 120 _n._-121 _n._, lineage, 118, 152, 297, pedigree, 299

Margaret of Montefiascone, S., 109, 112 _n._

Markby, T., 318 _n._, 329 _n._

Markland, Jeremiah, 60, 175 _n._

Marlborough, duke of, 251, 253

Marlowe, Christopher, 85, 255, 256, 257, 281

Marshall, Alf., prof. 329 _n._, Roger, benefactor to Peterhouse library, 58 _n._

Marston, John (dramatist), 257

Martin V., 28, 28 _n._

Martyn, Hen., 126, 147

Marvell, Andrew, 139, 218 _n._, 245, 264

Mary, queen, 5 _n._, 60, 113, 134, 136, 141, 175, 175 _n._, 271, 281

Maskelyne, Nevil, astronomer royal, 291

Massinger, Philip, 257, 309

Matilda, empress, 6 _n._, 36 _n._, 114, 292 _n._

Maurice, F. D., prof., 139, 318 _n._, 329 _n._, 353, 354

Maxwell, James Clerk, prof., 139, 192

May, 347 _n._

May, Thos. (dramatist), 147, Wm. bp., M. of Queen’s, v.-c., 115, 274 _n._

Maynard, Wm. lord, 179 _n._

Mayor, J. B., 178, J. E. B. prof. of Latin, 329 _n._

Médard, S., 311

Meredith, George, 257, 258

Merton, Walter de, bp. of Rochester, 38, 76 _n._, 252 _n._ His scheme to endow scholars, 39, 40, 41, buys land Cambs., 39, 43 _n._, 45, buys land Oxford, 39, 40, 45, his statutes, 40, 41, 68, quoted, 39, 40, 41, 45, 68 _n._, the phrase “at any other university”, 45, scheme to found a coll., 43, 54, house of scholars at Cambs., 41, 41 _n._, 44, 45, buys house called ‘school of Pythagoras’, 39, 122, founds Merton, Oxford, 41, a pluralist, 63, his name, 44 _n._, Wm. de, 44 _n._

Metcalfe, Nicholas, M. of S. John’s, 106 _n._, 126, 126 _n._, 142, 191

Middleton, Conyers, 215, 279, Thos. (the dramatist) 257

Mildenhall, Edmund of, 15 _n._, Robert of, chr., 15 _n._

Mildmay, 307 _n._ Sir Walter, founder of Emmanuel College, 76, 119, 119 _n._, 144, 151, 152, 153, 282, 307, 308

Mill, J. S., 251, 253, 254 _n._, 329

Millington, Wm., 1st Prov. of King’s, 112 _n._

Milton, John, 3, 7, 7 _n._, 118, 119, 139, 215 _n._, 218 _n._, 253, 254 _n._, 255, 258, 264, 265, 277, (quoted) 7, 7 _n._, 104, 175 _n._, 200

Monckton-Milnes, Lord Houghton, 139

Monmouth, Jas. duke of, chr., 265

Montague, 302, 305, 307 Charles, Ld. Halifax (Trinity), 305, Edw. 2nd earl of Manchester, 147, 264 _n._, 305, James, bp. of Bath & Wells, then of Winchester, 1st M. of Sidney, 305, Richard, bp. of Norwich, 305, Sir Sidney, 305, Simon (Montacute), 17th bp. of Ely, 28, 28 _n._, 55 _n._, 67 _n._, 123, 305

Montefiore, Claude, 322, 322 _n._

Montfort, de, 297 _n._ Simon de, 11, 42 _n._, 254 _n._, 260, 261, 298, 307 _n._

Monthermer, 293, 298, 299 Ralph de, 293

Moore, bp. of Ely, 99

Moray, Sir Robert, an original member of Royal Soc., 284

More, Hannah, 253 _n._, Henry the Platonist, 257, 284, 288, (quoted) 119, 145, 287, Sir Thomas, 120, 121, 126 _n._, 173, 175, 175 _n._, 176 _n._, 243, 253, 254 _n._, 270, 309

Morgan, 308 Philip, second esquire bedell, 208 _n._, Thos., the deist, 279

Morland, 347 _n._ Sir Saml. the hydrostatician, fellow of Magdalene, 308

Morris, Wm., 57 _n._

Mortimer, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299 Anne, 295 _n._, Sir Constantine de, 132, 294, earl of March & Ulster, 298 _n._, Edw., 296, Guy de, 293, 326, Philippa, 295 _n._, 299, Roger, 295, Thos. de, 132, 294

Morton, Card., 259 _n._

Moulton, J. F., 329 _n._

Mowbray, Anne, wife to Ric. of York, 86 _n._

Mulcaster, Ric., 283, 354 _n._

Munday, Anthony (the dramatist), 257

Nash, Thos. (the dramatist), 257

Necton, Humphrey, Carmelite, 20

Nelson, Horatio lord, 245, 251, 253, 254 _n._

Nelson, Edmund (Hobhouse) bp. of, 41, 44 _n._

Neville (Nevile), 297, 300, 302, 304, 305 lady Dorothy, css. of Exeter, 303, Henry, proc., 305, Latimer 6th lord Braybrooke, M. of Magdalene, 305, Thos. (Nevile) v.-c., M. of Trinity, 113, 135, 139, 140 _n._, 145, 305

Newton, 302, 305 Fogg, Prov. of King’s Coll. (1610-12) v.-c., 305, Francis v.-c. (1562-3), 305, John de, M. of Peterhouse, 305, Isaac, fellow of Trinity, prof., 3, 31, 66, 137, 139, 170, 191, 218 _n._, 219 _n._, 225, 253, 254 _n._, 265, 290, 291, Isaac, of Peterhouse, 305

Nicholas, S., of Bari, 101, 106

Nicholson, John (”Lambert”), 275

Nightingale, Florence, 253, 254 _n._

Nix, bp., 144

Norfolk, Eliz. Talbot, dss. of, 86, 155, Margaret Audley dss. of, 301, Henry Howard 15th duke of, 149 (see also _Howard_)

Northampton, earl of, see _Howard_

Northumberland, see _Percy_ & _Dudley_

Norwich, John, bp. of, prior of Ely, 156, see also _Bateman_, _Hall_, _Montague_, _Nix_, _Overall_, _Thirlby_, _Walpole_

Nottingham, Daniel Finch, earl of, 267

Occam, Wm., 88

Ockley, Simon, professor of Arabic, 111

Odo, monk of Orléans, 14 _n._

Ogle, Amy, 340

Oswy, king of Northumbria, 311, 311 _n._

Oughtred, Wm., mathematician, 105

Overall, John, bp. of Norwich, M. of S. Catherine’s, 28, 115, 126, 126 _n._

Oxford, see _de Vere_

Pace, Ric., 176 _n._

Paget, 308 Sir James, 318 _n._

Paley, 347 _n._ Mary (Mrs. Marshall) 340 _n._, Wm., Preb. of S. Paul’s 118, 172 _n._, & see _general index_

Palmer, 302, 306 Edw., prof, (sheikh Abdullah), 306

Palmerston, Hen. Jno. Temple, visc., 126, 239, 260, 306, 309

Paris, Dr. J. A., 260, Matthew, 23 _n._, 33 _n._, 55 _n._, 84

Parker, 308, 347 _n._ Matthew, v.-c., abp., 49, 84, 85, 99, 106 _n._, 244, 245, 259, 273, 273 _n._, 274, 274 _n._, 282

Parr, 347 _n._ Samuel, 146, 308

Parsons, the Jesuit, 294

Partholin, Spanish king of Ireland, 4

Paston, 261, 308, 308 _n._ Sir Wm., 85

Patrick, Simon, bp. of Ely, 266 _n._, 274

Paul III., 121 _n._

Paulinus of York, 2

Peacock, Geo. dean of Ely, Lowndean prof., 139

Pearson, bp., 106, 111, 111 _n._

Perse, Stephen, 99 _n._

Peele, Geo. (dramatist), 257

Peile, Dr., M. of Christ’s, 329 _n._

Pembroke, css. of, see _Chatillon_, earls of, 292, 297 _n._, 298, 299

Pepys, Samuel, 130, 145, 308

Percy, 301, 307, 307 _n._ Eleanor, 301, Wm., bp., son of 2nd earl of Northumberland, chr., 307

Perfect, Anne, 330

Perne, Andrew, M. of Peterhouse, 58, 60, 99 _n._, 143

‘Peter of Blois,’ 13 _n._, 14, (quoted) 14 _n._

Peterborough, Francis Jeune, bp. of, (Oxonian), 317 _n._, see also _Cumberland_, _White_

Petrarch, 88

Peverel, 110 _n._, 292 Pain, 17, 292, 303

Pfeiffer, Mrs., 338

Philip of France, 296

Physwick, Wm., first esquire bedell, 50, 208 _n._

Picot, Hugh, baron of Bourne, 17, 292

Pigott, 292

Pilkington, Jas., bp. of Durham, 10th M. of S. John’s, 274 _n._

Pitt, Wm., 73, 74, 74 _n._, 100, 218 _n._, 253, 254 _n._, 260, 268

Plantagenet, 8 _n._, 152, 292, 300 Beatrice, 69, Joan, see _Joan d’Acre_

Pole, 296, 297 _n._ Card., chr., 259 _n._, (quoted), 121, Humphrey de la, 78, 143, Edw. de la, archd. of Richmond, 78 (sons of 2nd duke of Suffolk), Wm. de la, earl & 1st duke of Suffolk, 117 _n._

Porson, Ric., prof., 137, 139, 174, 175 _n._, 190

Porteous, bp., 172 _n._

Porter, Rev. Jas., M. of Peterhouse (1876), 318 _n._

Potts, Mr., 348

Prior, Matthew, 126, 305

Pritchard, fourth wrangler, 172 _n._

Pugin, Aug. W., 130

Puttenham, Geo., writes of art of poetry, 256

Pym, John, 264

Raddyng, _frater_, of Rome, incorporated as a Cambs. doctor, 193 _n._

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 251, 253, 254 _n._, 282

Ramsay, Agnata (Mrs. Butler), 322, 322 _n._

Ratcliffe, 307, 307 _n._ Thos., 3rd earl of Sussex (crd. _M.A._ 1564), 146, 282, 301

Ray, John, the botanist & zoologist, 115, 139, 284

Rayleigh, 3rd lord, prof., 172 _n._, 192

Rede, Sir Robt., 130, 192 _n._

Rennell, Thos., of King’s, (quoted) 209 _n._

Repingale, bp. of Chichester, chr., 204 _n._

Rhadegund, S., 115, 311, 312 _n._, 319 _n._

Richard II., 18, 20, 67, 113

Richard III., 104

Richard of Devon, Franciscan, 21

Richardson, Saml., 251, 257

Richmond, earl of 299, css. of, see _Margaret, lady_

Ridley, 306 Nicholas, bp., M. of Pembroke, 74, 75, 79, 212 _n._, 259, 275, 306, 347 _n._

Rivers, earl, 112

Rochester, Dr. Plume archd. of, 191

Rochester, bp. of, see _Bottlesham_, _Fisher_, _Merton_

Rogers, John, 75, 272, 275, 275 _n._, 307

Rooke, Lawrence, Royal Soc., prof. at Gresham Coll., 283

Rosse, Ld., see _Manners_, _3rd earl of Rutland_

Rotherham, Thos., abp. of York, chr., 74, 76 _n._, 97, 98, 98 _n._, 105, 115, 259, 260, 270, 307

Roubilliac, sculptor, 137

Routh, E. J. of Peterhouse, senior wrangler, 172 _n._

Rowley, Wm., dramatist, 257

Roy, Wm., Franciscan translator of the bible, 273

Ruthall, Thos., bp. of Durham, chr., 260

Rutland, see _Manners_

St. John of Bletsoe, Anne, 305 _n._

Saint-Paul, 152, 296, 300 Gaucher, 1st comte de, 296, Guy comte de, see _Cotillon_, Marie de, see _Valence_

Salisbury, see _Cecil_

Salisbury, bp. of (temp. Hen. VI.), 101

Sampson, abbot of Bury, 15, 15 _n._, 16 _n._

Sampson, bp. of Lichfield, 80

Sancroft, abp., 145, 267

Sanderson, 347 _n._ (Saunderson), Nicholas, prof., 118, 191

Sandys, Edwin, abp., v.-c., 115

Sanger, Ralph., proc., 98

Savona, Wm. of, printer, 99

Scory, bp. of Hereford, 273, 273 _n._

Scott, Sir Gilbert, 57 _n._, 102 _n._, 124, 125

Scott, Miss E. P., 321, Sir Walter, 251, 257, 257 _n._

Scrope (Scroope), 93, 94, 294, 295, 296, 307 lady Anne, 94 _n._, 325, 325 _n._, Henry le, 1st baron Scrope of Masham, 94, Henry 3rd baron (beheaded 1415), 295, 295 _n._, 296, Ric. le, 1st baron Scrope of Bolton, treasurer & Lord Chancellor, 1371, 1378-1381 (ob. 1403), 27, 295, Ric. abp. of York, chr. (1378), 94, 94 _n._, 203 _n._, 296, Ric. le, M. of King’s Hall, bp. of Carlisle, chr. (1461), 94 _n._, Stephen le, chr., brother of the conspirator, 94 _n._, 204 _n._, 295 _n._, Sir Stephen (brother of Wm. Scrope, earl of Wilts, & aftw. 2nd Ld. S. of Bolton), 296

Scrope & Grosvenor (controversy), 93

Sedgwick, 308, 347 _n._ Adam, Woodwardian prof. of Geology, 139, 308, junior, 329 _n._

Seeley, Sir John, prof., 119, 192, 318 _n._, --Clough (quoted), 346, 346 _n._, L. B., 179

Segrave, Nicholas, 307 _n._, Stephen, bp., chr., 203, 259, 307 _n._

Selden, John, 277

Selling, Wm., 176 _n._

Selwyn, bp., prof., 98 _n._, 126, 148, 185 _n._, 191

Sergius, pope, 27

Sexburga, abbess of Ely, 10

Shaftesbury, Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st earl of, 253 _n._, 279, 309

Shakespeare, 146, 251, 253, 254 _n._, 255, 256, 257, 295, (quoted) 295, 297 _n._

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 255, 309

Shepard (Shepherd), 302, 306 Nicholas, M. of S. John’s, proc., 306

Sheridan, Ric. Brinsley, 251

Sherlock, dean, 60, 266 _n._, 267

Shilleto, tutor of Trinity, 325

Shirley, James (dramatist), 115, 255, 256

Shrewsbury, John, 1st earl of (killed 1453), 86 _n._, see _Talbot_ & _Cavendish_

Shuckburgh, Dr. E. S., 329 _n._

Siberch, printer, 99, 100

Sickling, John, 1st M. of Christ’s, 118

Sidgwick, Hen., prof., 315, 318 _n._, 327 _n._, 328, 329 _n._, 338, Mrs., 338, 338 _n._, 347

Sidney, 296, 297, 297 _n._, 307 _n._ Frances, css. of Sussex, founder of Sidney Sussex Coll., 145, 151, 152, 312, Sir Philip, 147, 253, 254 _n._, 256, 309, Sir Wm., 146, pedigree of, 301

Siegebert, king of the East Angles, 3, 3 _n._

Simon Stock, S., 20, 325

Skeat, W. W., 329 _n._, (quoted) 7 _n._, 164

Skelton, 306, 347 _n._ John, 261, 281

Sloane, Hans, 284

Smith, John, the Platonist, 145, 286, 287, Sir Thos., v.-c., 111, 174, 175 _n._, 177 _n._, 191, 207, 273, 274 _n._, 281, 282, 304

Smollett, Tobias, 251, 257

Somerset, 307 Dr. John, of Pembroke, proc., 58 _n._, 76 _n._, 106, 106 _n._, 117 _n._

Somerset, Sarah Alston dss. of, 125, earls & dukes, 296, & see _Beaufort_ & pedigree, 299

Southampton, see _Wriothesley_

Spalding, Ralph, Carmelite, 269

Spelman, Sir Hen., 139, (quoted) 165 _n._

Spencer, Herbert, 251

Spenser, Edmund, 3, 7, 7 _n._, 47, 74, 74 _n._, 106 _n._, 124, 139, 182, 189 _n._, 215, 218 _n._, 255, 256, 281, (quoted) 310

Sprat, Thos., bp., historian of Royal Soc., 284

Stace, Thos. of Ipswich, 93

Stafford, 296, 297, 297 _n._, 298, 299, 300, 301, 307 _n._, & Audley, pedigree, 301 Edw. 3rd duke of Buckingham, 128, 129 _n._, 150, 152, 307, Hen. 2nd duke, 129, 150, 151 _n._, pedigree of, 300, John, proc., 307, George, an early Protestant, 275

Stanley, 269, 297, 299, 307 _n._ of Alderley, Henrietta, Ly., 319, 319 _n._, Ly. Augusta, 319, dean, 318 _n._, Jas. bp. of Ely, 271, Thos. Ld., 299

Stanton, 291, 294 Hervey de, 63 _n._, 68, 76, 150, 304. Founds Michaelhouse, 63, statutes & scope of, 67, 68, scope of foundation, 153, 154, Robt., original fellow of Pembroke, 75, 75 _n._

Steele, _frater_, of Rome, incorporated as a Cambs. _D.D._, 193 _n._, Ric. 257, (quoted) 166

Stephen, Sir J., prof., 192, Sir Leslie, 80, 179

Stephen, king, 36 _n._

Sterne, 146, 306 John, 1st pres. of Irish Coll. of Surgeons, 146, Laurence, 116, 257, 306, Ric., abp., M. of Jesus, 116, 306 _n._

Stillingfleet, Edw. bp. of Worcester, 126, 266 _n._, 274 _n._, 279

Stokes, Stokys, 307 Sir George, prof., 73, 74, 172 _n._, 191, 308

Stow, John, 245

Stratford, abp., 88

Stratford de Redcliffe, Ld., 105, 184, 194, 209 _n._, 239, 260, 308, (quoted) 104 _n._

Strype, John, 115, 116

Sudbury, John of, prior of Benedictine students, 128 _n._

Suffolk, 296, 297 _n._, 301 2nd duke of, 78, earls & dukes of, 297 _n._, see _Brandon_, _Howard_, _Pole_

Sumner, abp., 106, 194 _n._

Surrey, earl of, 256, & see _Howard_

Sussex, 3rd earl, 146, 282, see _Ratcliffe_

Swanwick, Anna, 318 _n._

Swift, Jonathan, 309

Sydenham, Thos., 74, 260, 260 _n._, 284

Symons, Ralph, architect, 145, 146

Tait, abp., confers Lambeth degree, 194 _n._

Talbot, Eleanor, 86 _n._, Eliz. see _Norfolk_

Tangmer, Hen., alderman of a Cambridge guild, 325

Taverner, Ric., one of the colonisers of Cardinal Coll., 272

Taylor, 302, 306 Brook, 126, Jeremy, 144, 219 _n._, 254 _n._, 259, 277, 278, 279, 306, Helen, 329, Rowland, 275, 275 _n._, 306, Sedley, 317 _n._, 318 _n._, 329 _n._

Temple, 302, 306 abp., confers Lambeth degree, 194 _n._, Sir Wm., 146, 245, 260, 284, 306, 308

Tenison, abp., 85, 259, 266 _n._, 274

Tennyson, lord, 139, 255

Thackeray, 302 Wm. Makepeace, 139, 257

Theodore, abp., 2

Theresa, S., 325

Thirlby, Thos., bp. of Ely, then of Norwich, 80

Thirlwall, bp., 139, 175 _n._ (see _S. David’s_)

Thixtil, John, fellow of Pembroke (1519), 74

Thompson, W. H., prof., 176 _n._ Yates, Mr. & Mrs., 338

Thorpe, Sir Robt., M. of Pembroke, 27, 75, 76 _n._, 96, 260, 295, Sir Wm., 98 _n._

Thurloe, secretary to Cromwell, 308 _n._

Tillotson, abp., 66, 259, 266 _n._, 274 _n._

Tindal, Matthew, the deist, 279

Tiptoft, John, earl of Worcester, 112

Todhunter, senior wrangler, 172 _n._

Tokerham, Ric., proc., 98

Toland, John, the deist, 279

Tomkinson, H. R., 317 _n._

Tonnys, John, prior of the Cambs. Augustinians, 174 _n._

Tooke, Horne, 126

Tonstall, Jas., of S. John’s, 215

Trelawney, bp. of Bristol, 265 _n._, 266

Trench, R. C., Protestant abp. of Dublin, 139

Trevelyan, 308 Macaulay’s biographer (quoted), 211

Tuckney, Anthony, Puritan M. of Emmanuel, 245, 277, (quoted) 286

Tudor, see the Tudor sovereigns & _general index_

Tulloch, Principal (quoted), 285 _n._, 286 _n._, 287, 288 _n._

Tunstall, Cuthb. bp. of Durham, 98, 139, 174 _n._, 259, 273, 273 _n._

Turner, bp. of Ely, one of the 7 Bishops, 266, 266 _n._

Twining, Miss, 318 _n._

Tyler, Wat, 261

Tyndale, 308 Wm., 175 _n._, 271, 272, 281

Upton, Jas., headmaster of Taunton school, 105

Urban V., 72

Ussher, abp., 279

Valence, 27, 294, 295, 297, 297 _n._, pedigree of, 299 Aymer de, earl of Pembroke, 69, 150, 151 _n._, 293, 299, Marie (_or_ de Saint-Paul, born Chatillon) css. of Pembroke, 74, 77, 150, 296, 312, Founds Pembroke, 69, 71, scope of foundation, 152, 152 _n._, 153, statutes of, 68, 73, 73 _n._, founds Denney, 25, 25 _n._, 73, 73 _n._, lineage, 69, 152, 293, 297, pedigree, 299

Venantius Fortunatus, bp., monk of Sainte-Croix, 312

Venn, Dr. J., 318 _n._, 329 _n._, Mrs., 329 _n._

Verdon, Theobald Ld., 298

Vere, 36 _n_., 292, 292 _n._, 301 Alice de, css. of Oxford, 21 _n._, Aubrey de, 1st earl of Oxford, 36 _n._, Maud, wife of 8th earl, 111

Vernon, 110, 296 Dorothy, of Haddon, 110 _n._

Verulam, visc., see _Bacon, Ld._

Vesalius, early Italian anatomist, 141

Victoria, queen, visits Cambs., 113, 176 _n._

Villiers, dukes of Buckingham, 297 _n._ Geo. 2nd duke of Buckingham (Trinity College), 99 _n._, 284

Wallace, Alf. R., 255

Waller, Edm., 105, 244

Wallis, John, fellow of Queen’s, one of founders of Royal Soc., 145, 146, 265, 277, 283, 286, 347 _n._

Walpole, 292, 294

Ralph, bp. of Ely & Norwich, 294, Robt., 105, 260, 294, Horace, 105, 139, 235, 294

Walsingham, 291, 292, 294 Edm., owns land in Cambridge, 132, Sir Francis, 105, 260, 307, Ld., 206 _n._, prior of Ely, 294

Ward, John, bp. of Salisbury, one of the founders of Royal Soc., 284, Prof. James, 340 _n._, Seth, 147

Warham, abp., 12 _n._, 144, 174, 175 _n._, 259 _n._, 273

Warkworth, John, M. of Peterhouse, 58, 59, 261

Washington, Godfrey, bur. at Peterhouse, 61, 262

Watson, Thos., early sonneteer, 256 _n._

Watts, Wm., of Gonville & Caius, archd., 175 _n._

Webbe, Wm., writer on art of poetry, 256

Webster, John (dramatist), 257

Wellington, duke of, 251

Wentworth Ld. Strafford, 126

Wesleys, the 280, John, 253

West, Nicholas, bp. of Ely, 105

Westcott, B. F., bp., fellow of Trinity, prof., 139, 191, 288

Wharton, Thos., the anatomist, 74, 260, Thos., fellow of Pembroke, Gray’s letter to, 249

Whewell, Wm., M. of Trinity, prof., 3, 136, 137, 138, 139, 172 _n._, 177, 179

Whichcote, Benj., the Platonist, 105, 145, 245, 286, (quoted) 287

Whiston, Wm., prof, in succession to Newton, 66, 191

White, bp., one of the 7 Bishops, 266, 266 _n._, Jessie, 360 _n._, Kirke, 126

Whitefield, Geo., 280

Whitehead, David, one of the 8 men on Cecil’s memorandum, 274 _n._, Wm., poet laureate, 66

Whitgift, abp., v.-c., 59, 60 _n._, 74, 74 _n._, 139, 259, 274, 282, 306, his thesis for the _D.D._, 169 _n._

Whittlesey, Wm., abp., M. of Peterhouse, 58

Wickham of King’s, bp., 105

Wilberforce, John, 126, 260, 269

Wilfrid of York, 2, 172

Wilkins, architect, 102 _n._, 147, John, bp. of Chester, M. of Trinity, 139, 283

William the Conqueror, 5, 8, 10, 11, 114, 254 _n._, 292, 292 _n._

William & Mary, 266, 267, 276, Wm. of Orange, 265, 266, 267

Williams, abp., 124, 125, 259, 277

Willughby, Francis, of Trinity, Royal Soc., 284

Winchester, bp. of, see _Andrewes_, _Beaufort_, _Day_, _Fox_, _Gardiner_, _Langton_, _Montague_, _Wickham_

Wisbeach, John of, abbot of Crowland, 128 _n._

Wolsey, Card., 63, 129 _n._, 174, 193 243, 244 _n._, 253, 254 _n._, 271, 282, 309

Woodhead, S. (Mrs. Corbett), 321 _n._

Woodlark, Robt., chr., founder of S. Catherine’s, 105, 114, 150, 153

Woodstock, Thos. of, earl of Buckingham, later duke of Glouc., 261, 295 _n._, 300

Woodville, 296, 297, 300 Anthony, see _Rivers_, Eliz., co-founder of Queens’, 112, 114, 150, 152, 262, 299

Woodward, John, founder of mineralogy, 284, 308

Woolston, Thos., of Sidney Sussex, the deist, 279

Wordsworth, 245, 302 Christopher, M. of Trinity, 136 _n._, (quoted) 231, Wm., 136 _n._, 255, (quoted) 7, 74 _n._, 103, 124, 137

Worsley, Mrs., wife of the M. of Downing, 136 _n._

Wren, Christopher, 58, 73, 137, 145, 284, Matthew, bp. of Ely, 58, 72, 75, 280, his staff & mitre, 75

Wright, Mr. Justice, 322 _n._

Wriothesley, Sir Thos., of King’s Hall? (crd. earl of Southampton 1547), 260

Wulfhere, king of Mercia, 12 _n._

Wyatt, Sir Thos., 218 _n._, 244, 256

Wyclif, John, 27, 252, 269

Wykeham, Wm. of, 27, 63, 67, 101 _n._, 252, 254 _n._

York, abp. of, see _Booth_, _Heath_, _Rotherham_, _Sandys_, _Scrape_, _Sterne_, _Wilfrid_, _Williams_

York, Cecilia, dss. of, 111, Ric. of, 86 _n._, Ric. duke of, 36 _n._, 295 _n._ [see _Langley, Edmund_]

Zouche, 294, 296 Guy de, chr., 111, 203, 204, 294, 296

General Index

(FOR NAMES OF PERSONS SEE P. 361.)

The principal references are in black type.

Abbesses, Saxon, 312, 312 _n._

Abbey lands and the University, 133, 270-71

Aberdeen University, 259

Abingdon Pigotts, 292

Academic year, the, 182 _n._, 241

“Accommodation,” doctrine of, 279

“Acts,” 163, 168, 169, 175, 176, 189

A.D.C., 239

Addenbrooke’s Hospital, 115

_Additional MSS. Brit. Mus._, cited, 6 _n._, 39 _n._, 161 _n._

_Ad eundem_ degrees, 195

Advanced students, 229, =241=

_Aegrotat_ degree, 188, 188 _n._

Age of students, 217 _n._-218 _n._

Agriculture, professorship of, 190 studies, board of, 238

Alban’s Abbey, S., 172 _n._

Ale, Cambridge, 221

Alexander (text book), 170

All Souls’, Oxford, 176 _n._, 218 _n._

Almanacks, printing of, 100 _n._

Almshouses, 18 _n._, 117 _n._

_Almum Collegium_, 230

America and Cambridge, 61, 146 colonisation of, 262, 263

American fellows at Cambridge, 246 _n._ independence, 268 professor, 192

Anatomy, 98 _n._, 180, 180 _n._, 181

Andrew’s (S.), parish of, 117 Street, 50 university, 284

Angers, 150

Angles, 3

Anglesey, Prior of, 24 _n._, 43 _n._ Priory, 24, 24 _n._

Anglo-Saxon burial ground, 318 Chronicle, 5, 6 _n._, 84 schools, _see Saxon schools_

Anjou, 151

Anne, S., hermitage of, 23

Antipuritanism in Cambridge, 60, 60 _n._

Arabic professorship, 190

Archidiaconal jurisdiction, 28, 28 _n._, 55 _n._

Aristotle, 153, 165, 166, 170, 170 _n._, 171 _n._, 178 _n._, 290

Aristotle’s logic, 15, 159 _n._, 165

Armiger bedell, _see bedell_

Art and universities, 251-2

‘Artist,’ the, 162 _n._

Arts, faculty, 119, 153, 166, 168, 170 schools, 98 _n._ the seven, 153

Ash Wednesday, ceremonies of, 160

_Assembly of Ladies_, cited, 57

Association of Assistant Mistresses, 335 _n._

Astronomy, 180, 180 _n._

Athanasian creed, 274

Audley-End, 129, 130

Augustinians, 18 _n._, 40, 91 _n._, 127, 127_n._, 272, 293 canons, 143, 292 habit, 91 _n._ Hospitallers, 22 _n._ Romites, _see Austinfriars_ rule of, 17, 18, 19 _n._, 23 _n._

_Aula_, 44, 63, 115 _n._ _scholarium_, 63, 71, 71 _n._

Austinfriars, 22, 89, 91 in Cambridge, =22=, 22 _n._, 23, 97, 98 _n._, 107, 174 _n._, 272, 293 _n._ London, 151

Austin’s hostel, 25 _n._, 49, 50, 50 _n._, 101, 102 _n._ Lane, 89

Avignon, 72, 79, 150

_B.A._, 104, 158, 168, 168 _n._, 184

Bachelor, the, 159-160, 168 _n._, 161 of arts, 206, 208 _n._, 217 _n._, 228, 231 _n._, 235 number of resident, 246 _n._

Bachelors’ school, 98

‘Backs,’ the, 65, 324, 348

Bailiffs of the town, 16 _n._, 33, 37 _n._, 222 _n._

Baker, Thos., cited, 122-123

Bale, cited, 20 _n._

Ball, W. W. Rouse, cited, 95 _n._

Balliol College, Oxford, 45 _n._, 174 _n._

Balsham’s Judgment, cited, 28 _n._, 165 _n._, 203, 208 _n._

Balsham, village, 55 _n._, 60, 191

Bannockburn, 64 _n._

Barnwell, 31, 64 canons, 17, 18, 22 _n._, 49, 91 Chartulary, 6 _n._, 19, 20, 23, 325 fair, 215 _n._ prior of, 40 priory, 17, 28, 113, 130, 227 Process, 59

Barons’ wars, 260

Bartholomew’s the Great (S.), London, 151 hospital, Oxford, 18 _n._

Barton, advowson of, 44 _n._ farm, 155

Basingstoke, 44 _n._

“_Bataille des Sept Arts_,” 15 _n._

Bath, road to, 6

Bathing, 222

_B.C._, 158, 168 _n._

_B.C.L._, 167

_B.D._, 158, 169

_Beata Maria de Gratia_, 58

Beaufort, House of, 262

Bede, cited, 3 _n._-4 _n._, 5 _n._, 10, 10 _n._

Bedell, 8, 50, 160, 164 _n._, =207-8=, 208 _n._

Bedford College, 353

Bedfordshire, 19 _n._, 150

Bedmaker, 234

Begging friars, 22 _n._, 23 _n._

Belfry, 72, 313 East Anglian, 66 _n._

Benedict (S.), rule of, cited, 29 _n._

Benedict XII., constitution of, 127, 144 _n._

Benedictine hostels, 26, 49, 127, 128, 128 _n._, 129, 143 nuns in Cambridge, 16, 23, 25, 115, 116 _n._, 312 _n._

Benedictines, 17, 25, 127, 127 _n._, 128 _n._, 143 ‘black,’ in the fen, 12 _n._ in Cambridge, 12, 25 _n._, 27, 29, 128, 128 _n._, 143, 143 _n._, 311 _n._ prior of, at universities, 127, 128, 128 _n._

Benet College, 78, 83, 176 _n._ House, 149

Benet’s (S.) church, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89 parish of, 81 tower of, 96

Bernard, S., 109, 112 _n._

Bernard’s (S.) Hostel, 49, 50, 83, 109

Berwick, 8 _n._

Bethlemite friars, 23, 23 _n._, 91

Beverley, 150, 152

Bible, the English, 84, 100 _n._, 179, =272-273= clerks, 62 _n._, 153, 217 _n._

_Bibliotistae_, 62 _n._

Biology, chair of, _see Quick professorship_

Birmingham, 341, 346 _n._

Bishop’s Hostel, 138 Mill, 11, 11 _n._, 97 _n._

Black book, the, 20 _n._

Black death, 86 _n._, 165 _n._ in East Anglia, 79, 80, 86, 88, 117

Blackfriars, _see Dominicans_

Bletsoe, 150, 299, 305 _n._

Boccaccio, 182

Bodleian, 99 _n._

Bologna, 35, 166

Botanical gardens, 22, 98 _n._ laboratory, 181

Botany, 180 _n._, 181

Botolph’s (S.) church, 83, 89 parish, 81

Bourne, barony of, 292 _n._, 303

Bowling green, 66, 70

Bridge, the great, 85, 90

Bridge “of Sighs,” 124, 125 Street, 90

British Museum, 99 _n._ remains, 5

Brownists, the, 262, =277-8=

Buckingham, earls and dukes of, 296, 297 _n._, 299, 300 College, 128, 129, 176 _n._

‘Bull-dogs,’ 223, 237

Bulls, papal, at Cambridge, 276 _n._

Burleigh’s 8 learned men, 274 _n._

Burnet, bishop, cited, 284 _n._

Bursar, 210, 210 _n._, 211

Burwell Rectory, 155

Bury-St.-Edmund’s, 8 _n._, 11, 12, 12 _n._, 15, 16, 16 _n._, 19, 143, 165 _n._, 166, 261, 293, 293 _n._ patron saint, 15 _n._ school, 15 _n._, 106 _n._

Butley, 143

Butteries, 110, 137

Cair-Graunth, 5, 5 _n._, 6, 20 _n._

Caius College, 100, 106 _n._, 107, 151, 153, 154, 229, 231, 246, 329 _n._ statutes, 142

Caius, Dr. John, cited, 7 _n._, 48 _n._, 62, 99, 207 _n._, 217 _n._, 246 _n._, 326 _n._

Calvinism, 145

Calvinists, anti-, at Cambridge, 281

Cam, the, 6, 7, 7 _n._, 9 _n._ (_and see the river_)

_Camboricum_ or _Camboritum_, 5

Cambridge, aldermen, 37, 222 _n._ bailiffs, 16 _n._, 33, 37 _n._, 222 _n._ bedells or beadles, 8 a British town, 5, 6 burgesses, 18, 18 _n._, 21, 34, 37, 261 castle, 5, 5 _n._, n, 39, 90, 113 castle mound, 5, 6, 7 _n._ charters, 9, 34, 298 and the Conqueror, 5, 8, 8 _n._, 11 and the Danes, 8, 8 _n._ and Domesday survey, 5, 8 _n._ earldom of, 6 _n._, 36 _n._ early landlords in, 23, 24, 24 _n._, 25, 25 _n._, 39, 41, 42 _n._, 43 _n._, 44, 97 _n._, 116 _n._, 132, 292, 292 _n._ and Ely, 8, 11, 12, 14, 17 fair, _see Stourbridge_ fire at, 14 a fish market, 10-11 floods, 47 guilds, _see guilds_ and Henry I., 8, 13, 36, 36 _n._ hospitals and almshouses, 18, 23, 32 Hundred Rolls, 43, 43 _n._, 44, 292, 294 in 1353, 88 and the Jews, 9, 9 _n._, 13, 22 under John, 11, 32, 36, 260, 261 jury, 35, 42 Lancastrian, 261 legends of its origin, 4, 20 _n._ martyrs, 275 mayor, 33, 34, 37 _n._, 38 _n._, 222 _n._ men, groups of, 291-7, 302-8 ‘mind,’ the, 134, 174, 273, 280, 288, 289 a royal mint, 8 _n._ the name, 5, 6, 6 _n._, 7 _n._ the Norman town, 90, 91, 96 oldest academic site in, 122 ‘oyer and terminer’ at, 261 place-names, 294 _n._ pre-university history, 1 Roman roads in, 6 a Roman town, 4, 5, 6, 10 _n._ the Saxon town, 5, 83, 89, 91, 96 schools, 14, 16, 16 _n._, 27, 33 schools, first glimpse of the, 33 sheriff of, 17, 34, 36 _n._ shire, 7, 8, 11, 12 _n._, 152 town, 5, 7 _n._, 8, 10, 10 _n._, 11, 13, 36, 326 _n._, 341 university jurisdiction in, 222, 222 _n._, 223

Camden, cited, 7 _n._, 9 _n._

Camus, 7, 7 _n._

_Cancellarius scholasticus_, 203 _n._

Candle rents, 84, 84 _n._

Canon Law, new schools of, 24

Canonical Houses, 17

Canons, 227, 228 in Cambridge, 16, 17, 19, 24, 318 of S. Giles, _see Barnwell_ of S. John, _see S. John’s Canons_ in Norfolk, 77 of Sempringham, _see Gilbertines_

_Cantaber_, 4, 20 _n._

Cante, 7 _n._

Cantebrigge etc., _see Cambridge, the name_

Canterbury, 2, 4, 8 _n._ archbishops of, 259 _n._ archbishops and degrees, 193

Canterbury, psalter, 138 school, 176 _n._

Cap and gown, =226-231= when worn, 231

Capitation fees, 154

Cappa, bachelor’s, 227, 228, 230, 231, 231 _n._

Cardinal College, Oxford, colonised from Cambridge, 174, 272, 282

Carmelites at Cambridge, 16 _n._, =19-20=, 26, 38, 89, 91, 102 _n._, 109, 292, 294, 325, 326 cloak of, 91 first to take degree, 20, 22

Carter, cited, 99, 104, 130 _n._, 203 _n._

Carthusians, the London, 276

Castle, the Conqueror’s, _see Cambridge_

Castle Inn, 50

Cathedral officers, 203 _n._, 209

Catherine’s (S.) College, 100, 110, =114=, 150, 153, 154, 156 _n._

Catholic Emancipation, 269 martyrs, xvi c., 276, 294

Cavendish College, 148 laboratory, _see laboratories_ professorship, 192

Cavaliers in Cambridge, 60, 263, 264

_Celar_, 66 _n._

Celts, 3

Chancellor, 14, 26, 35, 38 _n._, 53, =203-5=, 206, 207, 209, 222 _n._ and masters, 14, 35, 53, 203

Chancellors, in the xiv c., 203-4, 203 _n._, 295 list of, in Carter, 203 _n._

Chapel of S. Lucy, 108 _n._ of the university, 97, 98 _n._

“Chapels,” 224

Chapels, College, 56, 70, =107=, 176, 313 list of, 108 ritual and services in, 58, 145, 213, 223 _n._, 240 _n._

Chaplains, 210, 213, 213 _n._

Charterhouse, 55 _n._, 246

Chatteris Abbey, 12 _n._

Chaucer in Cambridge, 88, 93-96 cited, 11, 47 _n._, 66

Chelmsford, 150, 151, 152

Cherry Hinton, 61, 62 _n._, 140 _n._

Cheshunt College, 149

“Chest,” 99 _n._, 155, 156 college, 155

Chest, University, 114, 155, 313

Chesterton, 20, 44 _n._ hundred, 42 _n._ vicarage and rectory, 140, 140 _n._

Chester, 6

Christ’s College, 25 _n._, 70, 101 _n._, 103 _n._, =117-120=, 125, 133, 149, 150, 152, 153, 170 _n._, 176 _n._, 180, 210 _n._, 217 _n._, 235 _n._, 271, 275 _n._, 285, 313 _n._, 329 _n._ statutes, cited, 210 _n._, 217 _n._, 220-221, 235 _n._

Christ’s Pieces, 25

Churchmen, Cambridge, 254 _n._, 259

Cirencester, 6

Cistercians, 127 _n._, 128 _n._ at Cambridge, 19 _n._, 25, 143 Rule of the, 19 _n._

City companies and education, 322

Civil law, _see Law_ in the courts, 182 _n._ Regius of, 190, 191 school of, 154

Clare College, 44, 49, =64-66=, 67, 68, 70, 76, 77, 79, 82, 86 _n._, 87, 89, 95, 95 _n._, 101 _n._, 102 _n._, 114, 147, 153, 176 _n._, 214, 217 _n._, 218 _n._, 240, 293, 303, 312, 338 chapel, 109 _n._

Clare, county, 293 ‘Honour of,’ 22 _n._, 293, 298 statutes, cited, 109 _n._, 226 _n._

Clarence, the title, 298

Clark, J. W., cited, 31, 44

Clark-Planché, cited, 103 _n._

Classes of students, 217-219

Classical tripos, 172, 184, 187 _n._, 238 _n._, 322 _n._

Classics at Cambridge, 119 decline of, 176 _see Greek_

“Cle,” the river, 7 _n._

Clement’s (S.) church, 102 _n._

Clergy and the University, 212, 213, 217 _n._, 242, 244

Clerk, 34 _n._ -canon, 38 -friar, 38 and religious, 29, 30

Clerical patronage, 213

Clough Hall, Newnham, 338

Clubs, 214, 239 ‘Coaching,’ 226, 233

_Codex Augiensis_, 138

Coe fen, 56, 56 _n._, 57, 57 _n._, 89, 325, 327

Colchester, 6

Colet’s school, 283

College, benefactors, 131 _n._, 155, 313 “on the boards of a,” 246 _n._ building, eras of, 54-55 chapels, _see chapels_ cook, the, 234 court, _see courts_ expenses, 219-220, 234-5 gateway, _see gateways_ hall, _see hall_ kitchens, 234 libraries, 138 _n._ lodge, _see lodge_ plan of a, 69-71 porter, 224, 225 rooms, 219-220, 232 scheme of a residential, 53-54 statutes of, 6 _n._, 67-68, 222 visitor of a, 63 the word, 63, 65 _n._ of Physicians, 141, 167, 260

Colleges, built first for adult students, 54, 217 _n._ decoration of, 82, 109 _n._ early series of, 77 educational scope of, 153-154 founders, _see founders_ the ‘large’ and ‘small,’ 123 list and dates of, 55 numbers in, in xvi c., 246 _n._ popularity of, 246, 246 _n._ the first Protestant, 22, 55, 307 _n._ rebuilt since their foundation, 114 related to different counties, 152 scope of foundations, 153 and the University, 52-53 wealth of, 155-156

Collegiate _domus_, 44, 63, 70 officers, 208-212 system, 53

_Collegium_, 64, 115 _n._, 122

Colonies, the, and Cambridge, 245

Combination room, 56, 69, 135, 135 _n._, 214

Commencement, Great, 160

‘Commencements,’ 107, 160

Commissary, 206

Commission documents, cited, 123

Common Prayer, book of, 100 _n._, 273, 274, 274 _n._

‘Commons,’ 235 early allowance for, 235 _n._

Commonwealth committee, 176 _n._ marauders, 58

Congregation of the Senate, 205, 206

Congregationalists, 278

Connaught, Earls of, 293

Connecticut, 262

Consistory Court, 97

“Constitutionalize,” 215 _n._

Constitutions of Honorius III., 25

_Convivae_ of Christ’s College, 217 _n._

Convocation, 194

Copyright libraries, 99

Cornhythe, the, _see hythes_

Corpus Christi College, 22, 24 _n._, 49, 67, 77, 78, =81-86=, 87, 89, 89 _n._, 95 _n._, 100, 102 _n._, 106 _n._, 107, 110 _n._, 147, 150, 153, 153 _n._, 154, 156 _n._, 276, 282, 318, 325, 325 _n._ antiquaries at, 85 arms of, 85 guild of, 23, 81 _n._, 87 _n._ hall, 81 _n._, 130 library, 85 old court of, 209, 217 _n._, 232 _n._, 240

Corpus Christi, feast of, 84, 85 Oxford, 174 _n._, 283 procession in Cambridge, 85

Cosyn’s Place, 71 _n._

Cottenham, 12, 12 _n._

Council of Constance, 59 of Lyons, 23, 23 _n._

Countesses, the four Cambridge, 151, 313

County College Association, 148

Court of the Vice-Chancellor, 223, 223 _n._

Courts, College, 69, 70, 109 _n._, 142, 143 _n._, 240 arrangement of, 69-70 bonfires in, 227 cloistered, 110, 116 early, 79, 81-82, 132 grass-plots in, 240 oldest example of a, 32, 89 size of, 82, 102 _n._

Covenant, the, refused at Cambridge, 263, 306 _n._

Cross (S.), _see Crouched Hostel_

Crowland Abbey, 11, 12, 12 _n._, 13, 16, 24, 127, 128, 128 _n._, 129, 143

Croydon, Cambridgeshire, 151

‘Curtain,’ 230

Curteys’ Register, cited, 165 _n._

Damietta, 69

Dandies, at Cambridge, 66

Danelagh, 8

Danes, 4, 8, 8 _n._, 10, 12 _n._

David’s (S.) cathedral, 103

_D.C.L._, 107

_D.D._, 158, 169

Dean, the college, 210, 213, 223, 223 _n._, 224

Declamations, 107, 163, 176

Decoration of college rooms, 232 _n._

Degree, conditions for the, 185, 186

Degrees, kinds of, 158 meaning of, 157 by royal mandate, 194, 265, 309 titular, 195 and women, 357

Deists, 279

Denney Abbey, 24, 25, 73, 73 _n._, 150 monks at, 25 _n._

‘Determiner,’ 160

_Deva_, 62

Dialectic, 159 _n._, 185 _n._

Diplomatists and the university, 243, 260

Discipline, college, 221, 223 early, 221, 223 present, 221, 223 university, 221, 223

_Disce docendo_, 161

Disputations, 97, 107, 159, 171, 182 _n._

_Diversoria Literarum_, 63

Divinity, in Cambridge, 166, 192 _n._ regius of, 190, 191 school of, ancient, 97, 98 _n._ school of, modern, 98 _n._

Divorce, question of the, 240, 271

Doctorate, the, 158, 161, 169

_Doctores legentes_, 161 _n._

Doctors, as heads, 210 _n._

Doctors’ hoods and gowns, 158 _n._, 226, 229

Domesday, 5, 6 _n._, 8 _n._

Dominicans, 21, 22, 26, 91 _n._, 92 in Cambridge, =21=, 38, 78, 91, 145, 146, 273, 292, 292 _n._ priory of, 21 _n._

_Dominus_, 160 _n._

_Domus scholarium_, 44, 63, 65 _n._, 71, 71 _n._ _universitatis_, 65 _n._

‘Dons,’ 214, 215, 216, 231, 246, 248 married, 248-9 number of, 246 _n._

‘Double-first,’ 184

Double monasteries, 311

Downing College, 65, =147=, 151, 153, 154, 156 _n._ professorships, 147, 192

Dramatists, 255, 256 list of the, 257

Dublin University, 160, 267, 278, 309, 344, 357 degrees for women, 344, 357

Dugdale, cited, 21 _n._, 116 _n._, 129, 293

Duns Scotus, 170

Dunwich, 3

Durham, 146 University, 360 _n._

Dyer, cited, 28 _n._, 117 _n._, 163 _n._

East Anglia and East Anglians, 3, 3 _n._, 4, 9, 12 _n._, 21, 44 _n._, 77, 78, 98, 150, 151, 152, 292, 311 _n._ dialect of, 91, 93

Economics tripos, 179

Edinburgh University, 259

Edmund’s (S.) chapel, 58 house, 149 priory, 19

Educationalists, 251, 254 _n._, 312

Edward III. and his house, their connection with Cambridge, 36 _n._, 37, 37 _n._-38 _n._, 87, 88, 89, 94, 95, 95 _n._, 103 _n._, 104 _n._, 131, 222 _n._, 295 _n._, 297, 297 _n._ letters of, cited, 95 _n._

Edward VI.’s commissioners, 308

Edward (S.), church of, 65, 79

Ee or Ea, 7 _n._

Egbert’s, Abp., _Penitentiale_, 84

_Eirenicum_ of Stillingfleet, 279

Ejections of masters and fellows, 264, 276, 306 _n._

Electoral roll, 205

Elizabeth, age of, 21, 215, 219 _n._, 233 _n._, 274, 274 _n._

Elizabeth’s visit to the university in 1564, 73, 107, 108, 113

Ely, 6, 7, 10, 11, 11 _n._, 12, 12 _n._, 17, 25, 77, 140, 150, 311 Abbey, 11, 12 _n._, 25 _n._, 31, 49, 337 archdeacon of, 14, 55 _n._, 165 _n._ bishops of, 14, 28, 28 _n._, 38, 54, 55 _n._, 117, 122, 164, 203, 204, 205 _n._, 235 _n._ chartulary, cited, 122 _n._ hostel, see hostel Isle of, 8, 11, 12 _n._, 19, 36 _n._, 307 _n._ jurisdiction of see of, 28, 55 _n._ monks, 10, 91, 127, 128, 128 _n._ register, cited, 164 _n._ scholars, 37, 38, 45 _n._,, 55, 56, 61, 122, 123, 326 school at, 12, 311 see of, 12 _n._, 16 _n._, 28, 55 _n._ turbulence of men of, 11

Emmanuel College, 76, 107 _n._, =144-146=, 151, 153, 154, 245, 246, 265, 285, 307, 307 _n._

“_Enchiridion_” of Henry More, 287

Endowed colleges, 38, 44, 45 _n._, 217 _n._ intention in, 54, 219 n.

Endowed foundations, 31, 52, 54 scholars, 38, 45 _n._

Endowments vested in religious houses, 40

Engineering, electrical, 192

English philosophical temper, 289-290

Episcopal schools, 2, 12, 30, 30 _n._

_Episcopia_, 30

Erasmus, cited, 170 Holbein’s picture of, 111 his “Three Colleges,” 313 _n._

“Esperanto,” 182

Esquire bedell, _see bedell_

Essex, 100, 151, 152, 261

Ethics lecture, 210 _n._

Ethnology, 192

Eton, 101, 101 _n._, 105 _n._, 106 _n._, 152, 164 _n._, 210, 221, 239, 246, 283, 354 _n._ Provost of, 101 _n._, 105

Etonians, 101 _n._, 105, 221 _n._

Euclid at Cambridge, 171, 185 _n._

Evangelical movements, 145, 280

“_Evidences of Christianity_” of Paley, 178 _n._, 185 _n._

Examinations, 107, 154, 189, 231 changing value of, 183 growth of system of, 163 Examinations, oral, 163, 164, 189 written, 162, 190

Exclusion, bill of, 265

Exercise, necessity for, 233

“Exercises,” scholastic, 107

Exeter, 341 College, Oxford, 176 _n._

Exhibitions, 38 _n._, 107 _n._, 192 _n._

Expenses, college, 219-220

Experimental Physics, chair of, _see Cavendish professorship_

Faculties, the learned, 166, 217 _n._, 226

Fairs, 32

“_Fairy Queen_,” the, 7 _n._

‘Father,’ presiding, 160

Fellow-commoners, 218, 218 _n._, 220, 221, 230

Fellows, 68 _n._, 210, =211-213=, 214, 217 _n._, 218 _n._, 220, 222, 226 _n._, 229 _n._, 235 clerical, 212, 213 married, 211-212, 213 _n._, 216, 249 number of, 246 _n._ proportion of priests among, 68 _n._

Fellowships, 28 _n._, 211, 217 _n._ Macaulay on, 211

Fen Abbeys, 11, 12 _n._, 150

Fens, the, 11 _n._, 13

Ferry, the, 9

Fettes school, 107 _n._

Fires in college halls, 313

Fisheries, 116 _n._

Fitzwilliam museum, 57, 136 _n._

_Flavia Caesariensis_, 8

Florence, 290

Flying coach, 215

Ford, the, 8

Forty great Englishmen, 252-254

Foundation scholars, _see scholars_

Founders, 76, 117 _n._, 251, 295 _n._, 297, 312 bishops as, 76 chancellors of England as, 76, 76 _n._ kings as, 76 list of, 150 nationality of, 150 what constitutes, 117 _n._ women, 76

Franciscan friary, 21 readers in Divinity, 21

Franciscans, 21, 25, 26, 27, 38, 91 _n._, 293 at Cambridge, 6 _n._, 21, 25 _n._, 33, 73, 73 _n._, 91, 97, 107, 137, 146, 152, 273 orders of, 23 of Waterbeach, 25 _n._

Free school lane, 78

Free trade, 269

French influence in Cambridge, 69, 109, 152

Freshmen, 159

Friars at Cambridge, 19, 205 _n._, 307 _n._ dissensions with university, 26 gate, 102 _n._ rôle of the, 26

Frideswide, S., Oxford, 30 _n._, 31, 40 _n._

Fuller, cited, 5 _n._, 16 _n._, 47 _n._, 99, 119 _n._, 120 _n._-121 _n._, 126 _n._, 130, 130 _n._, 140, 160 _n._, 165 _n._, 167 _n._, 171 _n._, 173 _n._, 177 _n._, 180 _n._, 204 _n._ Prickett-Wright, cited, 165 _n._

Galleries, college, 110, 125 musicians’, 130, 130 _n._

Gamlingay, 43 _n._, 44 _n._, 147

Gardens, fellows’, 66, 70 master’s, 70 the, at Oxford, 65

Gateways, college, 70, 109 _n._, =140-41=

“Gating,” 225

General Examination, the, 185, 185 _n._ “excused the,” 187

Geographical studies, 238

Geology, 180 _n._, 181 museum of, 181

George I. and Cambridge, 267-8

Germany, Christianised, 1

Gibbs’ buildings, 102 _n._

Gilbertines, 19, 22, 49, 57, 91, 227, 319 _n._ of Chiksand, 19 _n._ a double order, 19 _n._

Giles, S., canons of, _see Barnwell_ church of, 17, 90, 101 _n._, 292, 318 parish of, 130, 247

Girton College, 148, 313, 315, 316, =317-324=, 325 _n._, 326, 326 _n._, 327 _n._, 328, 330, 341, 343, 345, 348, 350, 352, 357 _n._, 359, 360 first committees, 317 _n._, 318 _n._

Gisborne buildings, 57

Glasgow, 259

Glomerels, 14, 15, 16, 165 _n._, 218 _n._

_Glomeriae, vicus_, 15 _n._

_Glomeriaus, clers_, 15

Glomery Lane, 15 _n._

Glomery, master of, 14, 164 _n._, 165 _n._, 207 _n._, 208 school of, 14-16, 164, 164 _n._

God’s House, 25 _n._, 90, 101, 117, 117 _n._, 119, 150, 153, 154, 165 _n._

Gogmagogs, 6

Golden ages of the university, 87

Gonville Hall, 24 _n._, 50, 67, =77-78=, 78 _n._, 79 _n._, 86 _n._, 87, 89, 94 _n._, 106 _n._, 141, 143, 144, 150, 152, 154, 176 _n._, 296, 325 chapel, 109 _n._ court, 143

Gonville and Caius, _see Caius_

“Graces,” 205 the three, in 1881, 347, 350, 354

Graduate, 52, 158, 195, 229 _n._

Grammar at Cambridge, 14, 15, 119, 153, 164-5, 165 _n._, 185 _n._, 217 _n._, 218 _n._ degrees in, 164-165 schools, 27, 228, 245

Granta, 5, 5 _n._, 6, 7, 7 _n._, 9

Grantabrigge, 5, 7

_Grantanus_, 20 _n._

Grantchester, 5, 5 _n._, 6, 7, 8 _n._, 10, 10 _n._, 43, 89, 326, 326 _n._, 337

Gratian banished the schools, 167

Greek, in Cambridge, 170, =173-175=, 175-176, 179, 180, 182, 210 _n._, 322 _n._ College, Rome, 230 compulsory, 189 gospel, in examinations, 185 _n._, 186 _n._, 194 _n._ and Italy, 172, 173, 173 _n._, 176 _n._ and Oxford, 174 _n._-176 _n._ plays, 239 printing in England, 99 pronunciation of, 177 _n._ regius professorship, 190, 191 revivers of, 174 _n._-175 _n._ “scholars” at Pembroke, 175 _n._

Green, J. R., cited, 258, 258 _n._

Greencroft, 90

Gregory VII., 248

Gregory’s (S.) Hospital, Canterbury, 18 _n._

Greyfriars, _see Franciscans_

Guant, 7, 7 _n._

Guild of the Annunciation, 79 _n._ Blessed Virgin or S. Mary, 81, 85, 132, 153, 325 Corpus Christi, 80, 85, 153, 325 Holy Trinity, 79 _n._

Guildhall chapel, 103

Guilds, 80, 81, 86 _n._, 87 _n._, 150, 207, 208

“Gyp,” the college, 234

Haddon Hall, 70, 110, 110 _n._, 296

Hall, the college, 59, 69, 70, 71

Hallam, cited, 121 _n._

“Halls,” 221, 224, 234, 235

Harrow school, 106 _n._, 283

Haslyngfeld, 24 _n._

Hat fellow-commoners, 230

Hatcher’s _Hist. of Salisbury_, cited, 151 _n._

“Heads” of colleges, 195, 208, 210, 212, 223 _n._ marriage of, 211-12 (_and see Lodge, the Master’s_) powers of, 205, 210

Hebrew, Regius professorship, 190, 191

Helyg, 10

Henney, 24 _n._ Lane, 79 _n._

Henry III.’s rescripts, cited, 33-34, 34 _n._, 35, 46 _n._, 151 _n._, 203, 222

Henry VI., charter of, cited, 73 _n._

Henry VIII., portrait of, at Trinity Lodge, 136 _n._

Heraldry at Cambridge, 103 _n._-104 _n._, 125

Hertfordshire, 7

High Commission, 265

High Steward, 206, 206 _n._

High Street, 64, 66, 78, 89

Higher Education of Women, Association for the, 337

Higher Local Examination, 315, 326, 328

Hills Road, 148

“Hind and Panther,” Dryden’s, 305

_Historia Croylandensis_, 13 _n._

Historical Tripos, 238, 238 _n._

_Historiola Cantabrigiae_, 20

Hitcham building, _see Pembroke_

Hitchin, 19, 317 _n._, 318, 319 _n._, 321, 326, 328

Hobbism, 289

‘Hobson’s choice,’ 215 _n._

Homer MS. at Corpus, 84

Honorary degrees, _see degrees_

Honours degree, 104, 161, 184, 185 examination for, 185 _n._, 187 n., 188 _n._

Hoods, academic, 158-9 _n._, 213, 226, 226 _n._, 227 _n._, 228

_Hospitia locanda_, 47, 51 _n._, 63

Hostel, the, 25 _n._, 47, =48-51=, 63, 148, 217 _n._, 227 Austin’s or Augustine’s (S.), 25 _n._, 49, 50, 50 _n._, 89, 102 _n._ S. Bernard’s, 49, 50, 83 Bolton’s, 72 Borden’s, 49 Crouched, 24, 25 _n._, 49, 49 _n._, 63, 90, 133 S. Edmund’s, 19, 49 Ely, 26, 49, 79, 127, 128 _n._ Garrett’s or Gerard’s, 90, 95 _n._, 133, 138 S. Gregory’s, 63, 133 Harleston, 49 Holy Cross, _see Crouched_ Jesu, 49, 57 S. John’s, 49 S. Margaret’s, 133, 293 S. Mary’s, 49, 50, 81 _n._, 83, 275 _n._ Monks’, 49, 127, 128, 128 _n._, 129, 143, 144 _n._ Newmarket, 49 S. Nicholas, 25 _n._ Physwick, 49, 50, 133, 141 principal of a, 48, 51 _n._ scholar-principal of a, 51 _n._ Rud’s, 49 S. Thomas’s, 50, 72 Trinity, 50 Tyled, 133 University, 70, 71, 72

Hostels, catholic, 149 denominational, 148 jurists’, 50, 154 number of, 50, 90, 148 Peterhouse, 49, 56, 57, 58, 89 statutes relating to, 51 _n._

Hulsean lecture, 192 _n._

Hundred, 8 _n._

Hundred Rolls, 6 _n._, 16 _n._, 24 _n._, 25 _n._, 35 _n._, 39 _n._, 41, 42 _n._, 43, 43 _n._, 44, 44 _n._, 292, 294, 325 entries _re_ Merton scholars, 41-44

Hundred Rolls of Oxford, 25 _n._

Huntingdon, earls of, 36 _n._, 297 _n._ grammar school, 107 _n._ Road, 6, 318

Huntingdonshire, 12 _n._

Hygiene, college, 142-143

Hythe, hythes, 11 _n._ Clay, 11 _n._ Corn, 11 _n._, 132 Dame Nichol’s, 11 _n._ Flax, 11 _n._ Salt, 11 _n._

Incorporation in Cambridge University, 193, 193 _n._, 194

Independence, declaration of, 268

Independents, 277-78

_Index Monasticus_, 44 _n._

Indian civil service board, 237 languages, 182

Indulgence, declaration of, 266, 266 _n._

“_In Memoriam_,” 139

Inns, 48, 50

“_Installation Ode_,” cited, 56

Ipswich, 93

Ireland and the Irish, 4, 37, 64 _n._, 150, 151, 151 _n._, 298, 301, 319 _n._

Irish ‘Home Rule,’ 269

Isis, 9, 9 _n._

Islands voyage, 282

Italian, early study of, 182

Jacobitism, 267

James II. and the University, 265, 266

Jerome’s four gospels, 84

Jessopp, Dr., cited, 10 _n._

Jesus College, =115-117=, 150, 153, 154, 176 _n._, 235 _n._, 271, 307, 319 _n._ chapel, 109, 116, 116 _n._, 126

Jewish buildings at Cambridge, 15 _n._, 21 _n._

Jews and Jewish quarter, 9, 9 _n._, 22

Jocelin of Brakelond, Chronicle of, cited, 15 _n._

John XXII., cited, 35

John of Jerusalem (S.), Order of, at Cambridge, 18 _n._, 24, 25, 25 _n._, 49 Baptist (or Zachary) (S.), church of, 24, 65, 79, 101, 109 _n._ parish of, 24 _n._, 326 Zachary, London, 150

John’s (S.) canons, 18, 22 _n._, 91, 116 _n._, 122 house, 18, 124, 271

John’s (S.) College, 18, 55, 70, 76, 103 _n._, 107 _n._, 110, 114, 120, =121-126=, 133, 141, 145, 150, 152, 156, 176 _n._, 215, 235 _n._, 246, 271, 274 _n._, 313 _n._, 328 _n._, 329 _n._, 338, 338 _n._, 349 chapel, 109, 126 Oxford, 115 _n._, 143 _n._ statutes, 126

John’s (S.) Hospital, 18 _n._, 49, 56, 90, 122, 124, 127, 132 Street, 24, 96, 98 _n._

Keeper or warden, 79 _n._, 210 _n._

Kenilworth, defenders of, 307 _n._

Kent, 2, 42, 151

King’s Childer’s Lane, 19 _n._

King’s College, 5 _n._, 16 _n._, 25 _n._, 49, 55, 65 _n._, 67, 74, 89, =100-106=, 109, 110, 110 _n._, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115 _n._, 116, 117, 117 _n._, 133 _n._, 140, 147, 150, 152, 153, 154, 156, 176 _n._, 184, 210, 217 _n._, 218 _n._, 271, 283, 317, 326, 337, 354 _n._ chapel, 52, 89, =102-104=, 107, 109, 137 old court of, 102 _n._ original design for, 101 _n._, 102 _n._ old gate of, 102 _n._ provost of, 101 _n._, 107 scholars, 37 “ privileges of, 104 _n._ statutes, 101 _n._, 164 _n._, 218 _n._

King’s ditch, 143 Mill, 11 _n._, 97 _n._, 326 scholars, 131 school, Canterbury, 106 _n._

King’s Hall, 5 _n._, 6 _n._, 19 _n._, 65 _n._, 67, 68, 76, 77, 81, 87, 89, 95, 95 _n._, 106, 112, 112 _n._, =131-133=, 131 _n._, 135 _n._, 139, 139 _n._, 140, 140 _n._, 141, 150, 153, 156, 176 _n._, 217 _n._, 218 _n._, 226 _n._, 273 _n._, 293 chapel, 5 _n._, 102, 137 statutes, 95 _n._, 228 _n._ accounts of, cited, 112

Kirk’s coffee-house, 215

Knightbridge professorship, 190

Knights of Malta, _see S. John, Order of_

Laboratories, scientific, 98 _n._, =181=, 237, 329 _n._, 338

Lady Margaret professorships, 120, 190, 191

Lambeth degrees, 192-194, 308 “articles,” 274

Lancaster, duchy of, 298 dukes and earls of, 89 _n._, 297 _n._ house of, 262, 297 _n._, 299

“_Lancastrian Chronicle_,” 59

Lancastrians at Cambridge, 60, 261

Languages, modern, 181-2 oriental, 182

Latimer-Neville scholarships, 106 _n._

Latin, 176, 181, 182 grace in hall, 176 professorship, 338 _n._ pronunciation, 176 _n._-177 _n._

Latitudinarianism, 278, 284, 284 _n._, 285, 289

Law, study of, 79, 119, 153, 154, 166, 167, 242 civil and canon, 153, 167, 167 _n._, 208 civil and canon, schools of, 97, 98, 98 _n._ tripos, 168, 169, 238 _n._

Lawyers in Cambridge, 80, 242, 260

“_Lay of Horatius_,” parodied, 349, 349 _n._

Lazars, _see S. Anne’s Hermitage for_

Lecture, the, 189-190

Lectures, 208, 231, 233, 329 _n._

Lecturers, college, 210, 211 university, 192

“_Legend of Good Women_,” mentioned, 57

Leicester, earls of, 42 _n._, 297, 297 _n._

Le Neve, cited, 16 _n._

Leonard’s (S.) of Stratford le Bow, nuns of, 23, 96

Lepers, S. Magdalene’s Hospital for, 23

Lewes, 143

Lewis collection, 83

Liberalism, Manchester school of, 269

Libraries, college, 138 _n._

Library, the ‘old’ or ‘great,’ 97, 98 _n._ chancellor’s, 97, 98, 98 _n._ Bishop Andrewes’, 75 Bishop Moore’s, 268 university, 97, =98-99=, 98 _n._, 155, 231

Librarian, college, 211 university, 207

Licensed lodgings, 224, 225

Lichfield, 140 bishop of (1670), 138

Lincoln, 140 bishops of, 101, 101 _n._, 203 register of bishops of, 68 diocese, 12 _n._ shire, 12 _n._

Lists, classification of candidates in, 189

Literature and the university, 255-8

Litlyngton, advowson of, 65 _n._

_Litt.D_, 158

“Little-go,” 163, 178 _n._, 183 _n._, 185 _n._

Liverpool, 330

Livery stable, the first, 215 _n._

_LL.B_, 158, 167, 168

_LL.D_, 158, 167, 168

_LL.M_, 158, 167, 168, 169

Local Examinations, University, 314 _n._, 324 _n._, 358

Locke’s works at the university, 178, 179

Lodge, the primitive master’s, 69, 82, 110, 120, 209 evolution of, in the xvi and xix centuries, 110-111, 125, 209

Lodging-house Syndicate, 225 _n._

Logic, 14 _n._, 153, 159 _n._, 165, 178 _n._, 179, 179 _n._, 192 _n._, 210 _n._

Lollards, 20, 269, 286

‘London Gazette,’ 214, 258

London university, 360 _n._

Long Parliament, 277 vacation term, 241

Lowndean, 191

Lucasian, 190, 191

Lucy, S., chapel of, 108

Lurteburgh Lane, 78, 83

Lutheranism, 272, 275, 276

“_Lycidas_,” 119

Lydgate, cited, 7 _n._, 88 _n._

_M.A._, 158, 161, 169, 183, 184, 206, 217, 230 _n._

Macaulay, cited, 243

Mace, bedells’, 208 _n._

Magdalene College, 76, 106 _n._, =127-131=, 150, 156 _n._, 296

Magdalen College, Oxford, 156, 266

_Magister_, 161 _scholarium_, 15 _n._, 39

Malden manor, 39, 40, 41, 44, 44 _n._, 45

Mandate, royal, _see degrees_

Manfield, Wm. de, deed of, cited, 39 _n._

Margaret, _see Lady Margaret_ S., of Montefiascone, 109, 112 _n._

Market Hill, 137

Marlborough school, 107 _n._

Marshal, university, 207

Martyrs, the Cambridge, 272, 275 _n._, 278

Mary, portrait of, 136 _n._

Mary’s, Great S., 15 _n._, 21, 78, 81, 89, 107, 140, 140 _n._, 155, 160, 161 _n._, 169, 185 _n._, 231, 340 Guild, 80, 81 _n._, 87 _n._ Hall, 81 _n._ Hospital, 32 parish of, 22

Mary’s, Little S., 57, 58, 61, 74 _n._, 348

Massachusetts, 262, 277

Master of Arts, 27, 38 _n._, 99, 158, =160-161=, 169, 217, 228, 230 _n._

Master, the, 203, =208-9= election of, 107

Mathematical method, 170-171, 177 tripos, 167, =170-2=, 184, 238 _n._

Mathematics, 164 _n._, 170, 171 _n._, 177, 178, 179, 184

Matriculation, 154

‘Mayflower,’ the, 262, 278

May term, 31, 235, 239

“Mays,” the, 183 _n._

_M.B._, 158, 168, 168 _n._

_M.C._, 158

_M.D._, 158

Mechanical Sciences tripos, 183, 238 _n._

Medical degree, 167, 168, 168 _n._ jurisprudence, lecturer in, 192 school, new, 181

Medicine, study of, 119, 153, 154, 166, 167, 175 _n._, 180, 237, 242 school of, 98

Medieval and Modern Languages tripos, 183, 238 _n._

Members of the university, number of, 206, 246 _n._

Mental philosophy, _see philosophy_

Merchant adventurers, 144, 242, 282, 330 Taylors’ school, 106 _n._, 283, 354 _n._

Mercia, 12 _n._

Merton, 39, 44 _n._ brethren of, 39, 44 _Clerici de_, 34 _n._, 42, 42 _n._ College, Oxford, 40, 41, 43, 43 _n._, 45 _n._, 108, 125 estate, 39 Hall, 90, 327 house of, 41, 44, 45, 90 prior of, 44, 44 _n._ priory, 40, 44 _n._ scholars, 6 _n._, 34 _n._, 37, 39, 39 _n._, 40, 41, 42, 42 _n._, 43, 44, 45, 116 _n._, 233, 292, 298, 325 scholars, Oxford, 40, 41, 43, 43 _n._, 45 statutes, 44 _n._, 67, 68 statutes, cited, 40, 68 _n._

Metaphysics, 170, 259 at Cambridge, 170 _n._-171 _n._, 177, 178, 179

Michaelhouse, 16 _n._, 25 _n._, 63, 65 _n._, 67, 68, 77, 78 _n._, 89, 120, 133, 140, 150, 153, 154, 176 _n._, 217 _n._, 235 _n._ book, 68 statutes of, 29

Michael’s (S.) church, 140, 150 rectory house, 24 _n._

Middle class, effect on university of growth of, 242

Migrating students, 130 _n._

Mildenhall, 15 _n._, 16 _n._, 137, 261

Mill Lane, 100 (Milne) Street, 11 _n._, 20, 24, 24 _n._, 25 _n._, 49, 89, 100, 101, 101 _n._, 133 _n._, 326

“_Miller’s Tale_,” 11, 93

Mills, 11 _n._, 97 _n._, 326, 327

Mirmaud-at-Welle, Isle of Ely, 19 _n._

Moderators, 163 _n._, 183

Modern History, Regius of, 99, 192

Modern subjects at Cambridge, 198, 201, 238

Monks at Cambridge, 16, 25-6, 27, 29, 127-8, 143, 144 _n._

Montfort, de, parliament of, 307 _n._

Montpellier, 167

Moral Philosophy, professorship, 190

Moral Sciences tripos, 177-179, 187 _n._-189 _n._, 290, 356-7

Mullinger, _Hist. Univ._, cited, 51 _n._, 68, 235 _n._

Muniment room (or treasury), 70, 70 _n._, 141

Museums, new, 22

_Mus.B._, 158

_Mus.D._, 158

_Mus.M._, 158

Names, Cambridge, 292-5, 302-8

“Nation,” 208

“_Nativity_,” Milton’s “_Hymn to the_,” 119

Natural Sciences tripos, 168, 168 _n._, 179, 181, 182, 238, 238 _n._

Navigators, early, 282

Neo-Platonism, 290

Nevile’s Court, 137

New College, Oxford, 102 _n._, 104 _n._, 105 _n._, 156, 176 _n._, 240

New England, 224, 263

New learning, the, 133, 270, 281, 282, 313 _n._ men of, 270, 273, 281

Newnham, 20, 324, 325, 325 _n._, 326 College, 148, 313, 315, 316, 321 _n._, =324=, 327, 332, 337, 359, 360 College Association, 337 Hall, 327, 337, 337 _n._, 338, 345 Hall Company, 337, 337 _n._ Lane, 326, 326 _n._ Mill, 11 _n._, 326, 327

“_New Sect of Latitude-men_,” quoted, 245

Newspapers, 214, 215, 258, 258 _n._

Newton, statue of, 137

Newton’s works at the University, 170, 171, 179

Non-collegiate students, 220, 246

Nonconformists at Cambridge, 149, 247

Nonjurors, 267

Non-Regent, 161, 161 _n._

Norfolk, 6, 44 _n._ and Cambridge, 77, 80, 106 _n._, 144 canons, _see Westacre_ French of, 90 litigants, 80

Norman houses, 15 _n._, 90 town, the, 90, 91, 122

Normans, 17, 150, 152

Norrisian professorship, 191

Northampton, 46, 46 _n._ chapter, 128 _n._ S. Peter’s, 140 _n._ shire, 150, 152 university, 45, 46, 46 _n._, 160 _n._

Northern Christianity, 1

North of England Council of Education, 326, 328

Northumbria, 1, 2, 311 _n._

Norwich, 16 _n._, 23, 75, 79 _n._, 91, 140, 141, 150, 151, 152, 341 monks, 27, 91, 128 _n._, 143 priory, 27, 143, 143 _n._ school, 26, 106 _n._, 245

Observatory, 155

Opponencies, 159, 176

Ordinary degree, the, 161, 184, 317 examinations for, 185 _n._-186 _n._ “allowed the,” 186

Organs in college chapels, 109 _n._

Oriel College, Oxford, 18 _n._

Orléans, 12, 13, 14, 16, 16 _n._, 92, 165 _n._, 166 school of, 12, 13, 15

Ostia, titular bishop of, 307 _n._

‘Our-Lady’ friars, 23, 91

Ouse, the, 7, 7 _n._, 9, 310

Over-Merton, 44 _n._

Oving’s Inn, 50, 90, 133

Oxford, 9, 10 _n._, 11, 13 _n._, 15 _n._, 27, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46 _n._, 68 _n._, 72, 74, 93, 100, 100 _n._, 101, 106, 108, 115 _n._, 117 _n._, 120, 125, 128 _n._, 136 _n._, 143 _n._, 156, 167, 172, 173, 173 _n._, 174 _n._, 175 _n._, 176 _n._, 183, 194, 207, 207 _n._, 215, 218 _n._, 228 _n._, 236, 237, 238, 240, 245, 247, 252, 256, 259, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 275, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 288, 322 _n._, 359, 359 _n._ “brethren,” 271 charter, 34 _n._ depleted in 1209, 33 friars at, 26 “martyrs,” 275

Padua, 92, 141, 174 _n._, 228

Paley’s “_Evidences_,” 178, 178 _n._

Papal bulls, 28, 28 _n._, 29 forged, 34 _n._

“_Paradise Lost_” MS., 138

Paris, Matthew, cited, 23 _n._, 33 _n._, 55 _n._

Paris, 16, 92 students at Cambridge, 33 university, 35, 38, 166, 176 _n._, 254, 284

Parish churches and the colleges, 56, 65, 71, 79, 82, 83, 108

Parliament and the Stuarts, 73, 263, 264 and the university, 145, 264, 264 _n._

Parliamentary suffrage, 206, 206 _n._

Parliaments at Cambridge, 8 _n._, 112 _n._

Paston in Norfolk, 25 _n._

_Pato, moniales de_, 25 _n._

Patterne, Sir Willoughby, 315

Paul’s (S.) Inn, 50 School, 86, 106 _n._, 283

Pavia, 92

Peacock, Geo., dean of Ely, cited, 165 _n._

Peasants’ revolt, 84, 261

Peers, 195, 218, 229, 232 _n._, 309

_Pembrochiana, aula_, 69

Pembroke College, 56, 65_n._, 67, =69=, 70, 76, 77, 81, 84, 87, 95, 95 _n._, 100, 106 _n._, 108, 142, 150, 152, 153, 176 _n._, 189 _n._, 217 _n._, 246, 275, 293, 312, 320 chapel, 72, 109 fellowships, 152, 152 _n._ Hitcham building, 72 statutes of, cited, 152 _n._, 153 _n._

Pembroke, earls of, 69, 297, 297 _n._, 298, 299

_Penitentiae Jesu, de_, friars, 22

Pensioners, 52, 217 _n._, 218, 220, 226 _n._, 229 _n._, 232_n._ number of, in 1574, 217 _n._

Pepysian library, 130

_Perendinant_, 217 _n._

_Pernare_, 60

Peter of Blois, cited, 14, 14 _n._

Peterborough, 12, 12 _n._, 140 bishopric of, 12 psalter, 84 see of, 12 _n._

Peterhouse, 16 _n._, 19, 28 _n._, 45 _n._, 49, =55=, 64, 65 _n._, 67, 69, 74 _n._, 76, 77, 89, 90, 107 _n._, 108 _n._, 122, 123, 137, 150, 153, 156 _n._, 167, 176 _n._, 183 _n._, 184, 217 _n._, 218 _n._, 227, 262, 271, 294, 302, 326, 328 chapel, 73 library, 56, 58 scholars, 62 _n._ statutes, 29 statutes cited, 235 stone parlour, 57 _n._

Peter Lombard, 167

Peter’s (S.) church, 56, 58, 90 college, _see Peterhouse_ parish, 23

Petrarch, 182

Pfeiffer buildings, 338

Philanthropy, 269

Philology, 192

Philosophy at Cambridge, 145, 170, 170 _n._, 177-179, 185, 189, 190, 191, 192 _n._, 285-290 school of, 154

Physics, Linacre lecture, 125

Physic, Regius of, 168, 190, 191

Physiology, 180, 181

_Pileum_, 230 _n._

Pilgrim fathers, 262, 278

Pits, John, cited, 20 _n._

Pitt Press, the, 99-100

Plague, the, _see Black Death_

Plate, the university, sent to Charles, 263

Plato, 289, 290

Platonists, Cambridge, 145, 277, 284-290

Plumian professorship, 191

Pluralists and the universities, 63

Poets, the, 255

Politics at Cambridge, modern, 268-269

“Poll” degree, 184, 184 _n._

Pollard willows, 11 _n._

Pope, the, and university degrees, 192, 193, 193 _n._

Portraits, college, 136 _n._

Preachership, 120

Prelates, great Cambridge, 259

Pre-Reformation Reformers, 120, 270

Presbyterianism in Cambridge, 149, 265, 276-277, 287

President, 210 of Queen’s, 110

Previous Examination, 165 _n._, 168, 185, 185 _n._, 189, 316, 321, 339

Principal, 48, 51 _n._, 210 _n._, 339 _n._

Printing in Cambridge, 99-100

Proctor, 117 _n._, 210 _n._

Proctors, 183, 206, 207 _n._, 223, 237 courts, 97 fines, 154

Professor, 158

Professorships, 179 _n._, 180 _n._, 190-192, 192 _n._

Pro-proctors, 206

Protestant college, first, 146

Protestantism, 60 _n._, 144, 146, 270, 272, 275, 285, 287, 288, 290

Provost, 210

Psychology, 177-8, 179

Public orator, 175 _n._, 207, 207 _n._

Public schools, 218, 221, 223, 245 connected with the university, 106 _n._ Greek at, 173

Puritan college, first, 145 commissioners, 60 _n._

Puritans, 22, 116, 145, 179, 263, 264, 276, 277, 286, 287, 288, 314

Pythagoras, 288 ‘school of,’ 39, 122

Quadrangle, _see court and schools_

_Quadrivium_, 153, 164

Queen’s College, 49, 64, 70, 74 _n._, 76, 101, 102 _n._, =109-112=, 113, 114, 115, 123, 125, 140, 150, 152, 153, 156 _n._, 170 _n._, 176 _n._, 210, 221, 262, 263 _n._, 264, 282, 296, 313, 313 _n._, 326, 329 _n._ statutes, 112 _n._ Oxford, 87

Queens, English, and the university, 112 _n._, 113, 114

Queens’ Lane, 100, 102 _n._

Questionist, 159

Quick professorship, 192

Ramsey, 12 _n._, 128, 137, 143

Readers, 192

Reading, Berks., 46, 318 _n._

Rector, 101 _n._, 210 _n._

Recruiting grounds of the university, 245-246

Red-brick buildings, 110

“_Reeve’s Tale_,” 89, 93, 95

Reform Bill, the, 268, 269

Reformers and Cambridge, 153, 269-271, 272, 274, 274 _n._, 275 early, 270, 276 later, 271-272

Regent master, 14, 50, =160=, 161 _n._, 162 _n._, 207 _n._ and non-regent houses, 97, 98, 205 _n._

‘Regicides,’ 264, 265

Registrary, university, 100, 207

Registry, university, 155 MSS. cited, 89 _n._, 94 _n._

Religion at Cambridge, 246-247

Religious Orders in Cambridge, 16-27, 29, 91

Renascence, 92, 131, 281-283

Residence obligatory, 185

Responsions and opponencies, =159=

Restoration, the, and the university, 265

Revival of learning temp. Ed. IV., 112

Rhadegund, S., nunnery of, 16, 18, 90, 91, 116 _n._, 151 _n._

Rhee, 7 _n._

Rhetoric, 166, 210 _n._

Rhodes, 176 _n._ scholars, 239

Ridley Hall, 145, 148

“Ridley’s walk,” 75

Ritualistic movement at Cambridge early, 59, 145, 280

River, 6-7, 7 _n._, 9-10, 11 _n._, 233

Roman remains, 10 _n._, 318

Rome, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 176 _n._, 192, 193, 193 _n._, 205 _n._

Romites in Cambridge, 22 _n._, 325

Roscellinus, 32

Roundheads at Cambridge, 264

Royal Exchange, 144 Injunctions, 151, 167 _n._, 176 _n._ Society, 265, 283-284, 324 supremacy, 121, 167 _n._, 212 _n._, 276

Rugby school, 283, 296

“Rustication,” 225

Rutebeuf, the troubadour, cited, 15, 161 _n._

Rye House plot, 265

Sack, friars, 22, 23, 49, 109 _n._

Saffron Walden, 151

Salisbury, 46, 151

Sanitation, diploma in, 238

Sawston, 5 _n._

Saxon nuns, 312 schools, 3, 3 _n._, 4, 4 _n._ town, the, 83, 89, 91, 96

Saxons, 3, 96

Scapular of Mount Carmel, 20

“Scarlet days,” 240, 241 _n._

_Sc.D._, 158

Scholar-fellow, 93, 217 _n._

Scholar-principal, 5 _n._

Scholars, 14, 34 _n._, 53, 54, 217, 217 _n._ age of, 95, 95 _n._ dress of, 226-231 early list of, 48, 139 _n._ Hall of, 63 house of, 63 Lane, 24 major and minor, of Pembroke, 95, 217 _n._ and masters, 46, 53, 233 _n._

Scholars, poor, 39, 40, 47 _n._, 52, 62 _n._, 66, 92, 218 _n._, 220 secular, 30, 38, 122

Scholarships, extra collegiate, 241 tied, 106 _n._

School Hall Street, Bury, 15 _n._

School Street, 15 _n._, 24, 96

“_Schoolmaster_,” the, 283

Schoolmasters, famous Cambridge, 283, 354 _n._

Schools, 27, 76 _n._, 89, 97, 98 _n._ Anglo-Saxon, 1, 3, 3 _n._, 4, 4 _n._, 311 Enquiry Commission, 314 _n._ monastic, 30 _n._ new, of Philosophy and Law, 97, 154 pre-university, 14, 30, 166 quadrangle, 24, 25, 76 _n._, 89, 98, 133 _n._, 154 _see civil law and divinity_

Science and Cambridge, 14, 153, 154, 179, 180, 192 _n._, 290-291 revival of, at Restoration, 180

Scientists, eminent, 255, 290-291

_S.C.L._, 182 _n._

Scotch universities, 360 _n._

Scotland, 37, 61, 151, 151 _n._

Scottish Church, the, 2

Scroope Terrace, 57, 325

Seaham, 3

Sects, growth of, in the xviith c., 286

Selwyn College, 148

Seminaries, clerical, 29

Semitic languages, 182

Senate, the, 194, 205 council of, 205, 205 _n._, 321 _n._ numbers of, 206, 321 _n._

Senate House, the, 100, 107, 155, 163, 183, 206, 233, 348, 359

Sepulchre’s, S., 90

Seven arts, the, 153

_Sex viri_, 206

Shakespeare and Cambridge men, 295-6

Shakespeare, cited, 295-6, 297 _n._, 307

“_Shepherd’s Calendar_,” 74

Sheriff of Cambridge, 36 _n._ of Huntingdon, 36 _n._

Shrewsbury School, 107 _n._

Sidney Street, 21

Sidney Sussex College, 76, =146=, 151, 152, 307 _n._

Sidgwick Hall, 337

Silver St., 326

Singing taught at Clare, 153

Sixtus IV., Bull of, cited, 143 _n._, 144 _n._

Sizar, 62 _n._, 74 _n._, 217 _n._, 218, =219=, 219 _n._

Skeat, W. W., cited, 7 _n._, 164

Slave trade and slavery, 269

_Solarium_, 58, 66 _n._, 69, 82

Soler, 66 _n._ Hall, 66, 95, 95 _n._

Sonneteers, 256 _n._

Sophister, 159, 160 _n._, 171 _n._

Sophisters’ school, 97, 183

Sophistry, 159 _n._, 217 _n._

_Soprana_, 230

South and North riots, 34 _n._, 44 _n._, =45=

Special examinations, the, 185, 186 _n._

Spelman, cited, 165 _n._

Spinning House, the, 222

“Sporting one’s oak,” 236

Sports, university, 236, 238

Staffordshire, 150, 152

Stamford, 46, 47, 150

_Stans in quadragesima_, 160

Stars and stripes, 61

Statesmen, 260

Stationers’ Company, 100 _n._

_Status pupillaris_, 159, 223 _n._, 225 _n._, 231, 231 _n._

_Statuta antiqua_, 28 _n._ cited, 228 _n._

Statutes, cited, 131 _n._, 164 _n._, 207 _n._ college, 29, 54, =67-8=, 222 of Elizabeth, 28 _n._, 210 of Victoria, 28 _n._

Stoke Clare, 293

Stokys, cited, 164 _n._

Stone houses in Cambridge, 15 _n._, 24 _n._, 39, 78 _n._, 89

Stour, the, 31

Stourbridge fair, 10, 31, 32, 207 _n._ leper hospital, 23

_S.T.P._, 158

Stratford-le-Bowe, 25 prioress of, 43 _n._

Stubbs’ _Const. Hist._, cited, 8 _n._, 27, 86 _n._, 87 _n._

Students’ chambers, 70

“Students” of Christchurch, Oxford, 218 _n._

Students, classes of, 14, 165 _n._, 217-219 migration of, 45, 46, 47

Studies in colleges, 70, 232 _n._

_Studium generale_, 30 _n._, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 68, 68 _n._

Suffolk, 14, 16 _n._, 22 _n._, 293, 304 earls and dukes of, 78, 106, 296, 297, 301

Sunday in Cambridge, 240

Surgery, degrees in, 168 _n._

Surplice, wearing of the, 240 _n._

Tancred studentship, 144

Tanner, cited, 117 _n._

“Tawdry,” 215 _n._

_Taxatores_, _see taxors_

Taxors, 33, 48, 51 _n._ Court of, 98

Teachers, training of, 335, 354 _n._

Templars, 24, 25

Tennis courts, 70

Test act, 149, 212, 213 _n._

“Tetoighty,” 209

Thames, 9

Theology, study of, 119, 153, 166, 208, 213, 242 tripos, 167, 168, 238 _n._

Thirty-nine Articles, 60, 84, 274

Thorney, 12 _n._, 294 _n._

Titular degrees, on whom conferrable, 195

Titles connected with Cambridge, 297, 297 _n._

Tobacco, introduction of, 282

Tonsure, clerical, 92

Tories, 267

Tower of London, 126, 277

Town and gown, 14, 37, 221, 222 _n._, 232, 233 _n._ lodgings, 14, 33, 47, 48

Tractarians, 280, 281

Treasury, 70 _n._

Trinity College, 50, 63, 64, 68, 73, 76, 77, 89, 106, 106 _n._, 113, 116, 123, =130-140=, 141, 145, 146, 147, 151, 153, 156, 213 _n._, 226 _n._, 229, 231, 246, 282, 293, 308 _n._, 315, 329 _n._, 335 _n._, 342 Babington rooms at, 302 Bishop’s hostel at, 138 chapel, 107, 108, 136-7 chapel, memorial brasses in, 137 Entrance Gateway, 36 _n._, 103 _n._, 104 _n._, 133, 136 _n._, 141 great court, 134, 136 Great Gate (Edward’s), 131, 132, 140 library, 137-38 Queen’s Gateway, 133, 135 sedan coach, 136 n.

Trinity Hall, 25 _n._, 64 _n._, 65 _n._, 74 _n._, 76, 77, =78-80=, 82, 86 _n._, 87, 89, 90, 127, 143, 150, 152, 156 _n._, 176 _n._ chapel, 109 _n._ library, 79

Trinity, the, dedication to, 25 _n._ church, 25 _n._ Holy, monks of, at Cambridge, 25 n. Holy, of Norwich, 79 _n._ Holy, guild of, 25 _n._, 79 _n._ Street, 96

Tripos, =162-3=, 163 _n._, 200, 238 _n._ double, 184 results, 238 _n._ standard variable, 184

Triposes, divided, 185 _n._, 189, 231, 238 _n._ list of, 182 not conferring a degree, 179, 184, 185 _n._ popularity among the, 238 _n._, 356

_Trivium_, 153, 164, 164 _n._, 165 _n._, 166

‘Trojans,’ 173, 349 _n._

“_True Intellectual System_” of Cudworth, 287 _n._

Trumpington, 7, 7 _n._, 8 _n._, 23 _n._, 93 Street, 23, 23 _n._, 57, 62, 86, 91, 96, 100, 327

Tudor architecture, 102-3, 103 _n._

Tudors, the, and Cambridge, 74, 87, 102-4, 104 _n._, 131, 133-4, 135, 136-7, 206 _n._, 281, 297

Tutor, 210, 211, 224, =225-226=, 226 _n._

Tyltey monks, 25 _n._ Priory, 24

Ulster, earls of, 293, 295 _n._, 298, 298 _n._, 320 _n._

Undergraduates, 99, 115, 160 _n._, 206, 217 _n._, 219, 223, 225, 231-237 numbers of the, 246, 246 _n._, 357 _n._, 358 entertainments given by, 224 _n._

Union Society, 239

Unitarianism, 279

_Universitas_, 30 _n._, 53, 68 _n._, 166

University, the, 30, 30 _n._, 31, 38, 53, 166, 243, 244 aristocratic period of, 216, 220, 242-3, 244 “on the boards of,” 246 _n._

University buildings, 96-100 Calendar, 192 _n._, 195 careers prepared by, 242-244 a chartered corporation, 30, 30 _n._ charters, 34-35 chest, 155 church, _see Great S. Mary’s_ classes frequenting, 241-245 and the Colleges, 52, 154 diplomatists and, _see diplomatists_ discipline, _see discipline_ earliest existing references to, 33 and the education of women, 310, 354 and great Englishmen, 250-260 Extension lectures, 382 first public buildings in, 97 Hall, 64, 77, 89, 144 _n._, 150, 339 idea of a, 197-200 and intellectual movements, 281-291 jurisdiction, 37 _n._-38 _n._, 222-223, _see also chancellor_ and the kings, _see Henry III.’s rescript, Edward III. and his relation to the university_; and in the index of names of persons under _John_, _Hen. III._, _Edw. I._, _II._, and _III._, _Edw. IV._, _etc._ legends of origin of, 3-4 and national movements, 281-291 officials, 203-208 and the popes, 28-9, 35, 78, 78 _n._, 143, 143 _n._-144 _n._, 144, 193 licensed preachers at, 78 _n._ precincts, 185, 185 _n._ press, 155 and the professions, 197, 198, 242, 259-260 and religious movements, 269-281 secular and religious studies at, 26, 28 settlement, 247, 248 statutes, _see statutes_ a _studium generale_, 30 _n._, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 68, 68 _n._ and technical education, 197-198, 201 and the town, _see town officers and, above, jurisdiction_ wealth of, 154

University College, Oxford, 45 _n._, 150 _n._

Universities Commission, 189 continental, 35, 53, 227 _n._, 228

Uppingham school, 107 _n._

Valence-Mary College, 64, 69

Vercelli monastery, 140 _n._

_Via Devana_, the, 6, 7, 8, 318

Vice-chancellor, 38 _n._, =204-205=, 206, 207, 223, 223 _n._, 225 _n._, 231, 241 _n._, 254

_Vicecomes_ of Cambridgeshire, _see sheriff_

Victoria University, 360 _n._

Vineyards, Cambridge, 221

Visitation of 1401, 109 _n._, 217 _n._

Visits of sovereigns to the university, 112-114

_Viva voce_ examinations, 163, 169

‘Volunteers’ at King’s, 184

Walden Abbey, 128, 129, 143, 150

Wales and the Welsh, 150, 151, 151 _n._, 298, 301, 319 _n._, 330

Walsingham, 114, 293

Warden, 79 _n._, 93, 210 _n._

Ware, Herts, 150

Wareham, 8 _n._

Washington arms, the, 61

Waterbeach, _see Franciscans_

Wealth of the university, 154

Wesleyanism, 280

Westacre, Norfolk, 143

Westminster Abbey, 100, 103, 103 _n._, 120, 120 _n._, 150 Assembly, 277 College, 149, 151

Whigs, 267, 268

Whitefriars, _see Carmelites_

White Horse Inn, 272

‘White nights,’ 240 _n._

Whittington Hospital, 18 _n._

Whittlesey mere, 303

Winchester school, 102 _n._, 107 _n._, 221

Windsor, 150

“Wilderness” the, at S. John’s, 124

Willis, Prof., cited, 95 _n._

Willis and Clark, cited, 58 _n._, 102 _n._, 110, 115, 123, 130 _n._, 141

“Wine,” the, 238

Wisbech school, 107 _n._

Women, colleges for, at Cambridge, 310, 313, 314 and convents, 315 and education, 312, 313 and pioneer committee for, 314 _n._ first Cambridge lecturers to, 328 _n._, 329 _n._ and the ordinary degree, 117

Women and the Reformation, 314 subjects of study chosen by, 355-357 academic successes, 321, 339-40 university settlement, 342, 344, 352 university status of, 359, 360 _n._ and the university, 216

Wranglers, 171, 172 _n._, 322 _n._ senior, 171, 172 _n._, 189

Wyclif’s bible, 138

Wycliffism, 286 (& _see Lollards_)

Yeoman bedell, see _bedell_

York, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 140, 150, 151, 152, 330 School of, 2, 3, 4, 173, 311

York and Lancaster, 112, 262, 292, 296, 299

Yorkshire, 66, 91, 94, 141, 152, 311 dialect, 93

Zachary’s Inn (S.), 50

THE END

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Cf. iii. p. 172.

[2] Siegebert, who had been baptized in France, on returning to his own country and becoming king of East Anglia “desiring to imitate those things which he had seen well ordered in France, at once set up a school in which youths could be instructed in letters, and was helped herein by bishop Felix who came to him from Kent, and who supplied him with paedagogues and masters after the custom of the men of Kent.“--Bede, cap. xviii.

[3] Cair-Graunt means the Castle on the Granta, and is exchanged in the A-S. Chronicle for _Grantacaester_.

[4] “_Civitatulam quandam desolatam ... quae lingua anglorum Grantacaestir vocatur._“--Bede, cap. xix.

[5] The castle, ruinous by the middle of the xv c., was quarried to supply stone for King’s College and other university buildings in that and the next century. Edw. III. had quarried it for King’s Hall, and Hen. IV. granted more of the stone for King’s Hall chapel. Finally Mary gave the stone to Sir Robert Huddleston in 1557 for his new house at Sawston: “Hereby that stately structure, anciently the ornament of Cambridge, is at this day reduced next to nothing,” writes Fuller.

[6] A-S. Chron., _Grantebrycge_. Domesday, _Grentebrige_. Henry I.’s charter (1118) _Grantebrugeshire_ and borough of _Grantebruge_. In Matilda’s grant of the earldom of Cambridge (before 1146) _Cantebruggescire_. Temp. John, _Cantebrige_, _Cantebrig_. Temp. Hen. III., _Cantebr._ (1218) _Cantabr._ (1231, 1261) _Cantabrigiense_. _Cauntebrigg._ and _Cantebrigg._ in the same deed relating to the Merton scholars (1269-70) Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 5832. f. 74. Hundred Rolls (1276-9) _Cantebr._ In a document of Hugh de Balsham’s, 1275, _Cantabr._ Barnwell Chartulary, circ. 1295, _Cantebrige, Cantebrigesire, burgum Cantebrigiae_. In the earliest college statutes (1324) _Cantebrigia_. In Chaucer, Cantebrigge, Cantebregge. In the first half of the next (xvth) century we have _Cambrugge_ in a petition sent by King’s Hall to the Franciscans. Cf. also note _infra_ p. 7, on the name of the river.

[7] The Roman _Deva_.

[8] Caius, writing in 1447, says that the town is divided into two parts by the Canta and the Rhee, called earlier le Ee; and by Spenser the Cle. We have _Granta_, _Guant_, and _Cante_: the _r_ dropped out, and _G_ was replaced by _C_ in the name of both town and river (see _supra_). Cante does not seem to have been the name of a river at all. The river bank by Castle Mound is spoken of in the xiv c. as “the common bank called Cante“: one arm at least of the Cambridge river was known simply as “the water” [Prof. Skeat has pointed out that Ee is the xii, xiii, and xiv c. form of the A-S. _éa_, cognate with _aqua_] and for centuries there would appear to have been no need for any other name. In Henry of Huntingdon’s Chronicle (1130) the river is called the _Grenta_; but Lydgate writes

And of this noble vniuersitie Sett on this ryver which is called Cante.

In the same decade Spenser knows only the Guant (_Faery Queene, Book iv, Canto xi._ 1590) and Camden for the first time tells us that it was called both Granta and Cam (_alii Grantam_, _Camum alii._ 1586) the name used as we have seen by Milton. If there was no river Cante _à fortiori_ there was no river Cam; for the _m_ in the name of the town is only another change in the original first syllable of Cambridge. See _footnote_, p. 6.

[9] Trumpington is 2 miles S., Grantchester 2 miles S.S.W. of the town.

[10] 878. It was from the town (Grantebrycge) that the Danes set forth, two years before, and surprised Alfred at Wareham. In the time of Ethelred, just before the Danish invasion, Cambridge was a royal mint; it was so in the time of the Conqueror, and had a Danish ‘moneyer,’ and continued to be so under the Plantagenet kings: even Henry VI. coined money at Cambridge. In Domesday the town is described as a “Hundred,” a description, says Stubbs, belonging to big towns with large surrounding common land--Norwich and Canterbury are similarly described. After the history of the town became merged in that of the university, two parliaments were summoned there; in 1388, and in 1447 (afterwards held at Bury-St.-Edmund’s). For the city, see also p. 36 and v. p. 260.

[11] Fuller, p. 7.

[12] The edict expelling the Jews from England dates from 1290, and the Jews left Cambridge the year following.

[13] The fancy appellations Cam and Isis appear to have both been due to Camden. They are not heard of before his work appeared in 1586.

[14] Cambridge, writes Doctor Jessopp, existed as a town and fortress “a thousand years before Oxford was anything but a desolate swamp, or at most a trumpery village, where a handful of Britons speared eels, hunted for deer, and laboriously manufactured earthenware pots.”

[15] They found a Roman stone coffin, sculptured; one, apparently, of many known to have been left there, for portions of Roman sarcophagi are even now to be seen walled up in the church at Grantchester. Bede, cap. xix.

[16] The pollard willow is the chief denizen of the fens.

[17] The water runs flows and dances through the Cantabrigian’s life. The king’s and the bishop’s mills, Newnham mill just beyond, the Mill street, and the hythes, all courted constant recognition. As at Ely, the _hythes_ were the small trading ports along the river: there was Dame Nichol’s hythe, Cornhythe, Flaxhythe, Salthythe, Clayhythe.

[18] For the vii c. foundation of _Ely_ see chap. vi. p. 311. The see dates from 1107, when the minster became a cathedral. _Crowland_, in Lincolnshire on the borders of Cambridgeshire, was built over the tomb of Guthlac, a prince and a saint of the house of Mercia, in the vii c. _Bury_ rose after the martyrdom of the East Anglian king Edmund (870) _c._ 903; it did not become a monastery till 1020. _Peterborough_ was founded by Wulfhere, king of Mercia from 659 to 674: it formed part of the diocese of Lincoln till the xvi c. Ramsey and Thorney were other fen monasteries. Ramsey was on the borders, in Huntingdonshire, but Thorney was in Cambridgeshire. Peterborough and Thorney with Ely and Crowland were sacked by the Danes in 870. All these were ‘black Benedictine’ houses.

[19] Cottenham 7 miles north of Cambridge; the benefice became an advowson of Chatteris abbey in the isle of Ely, and was bestowed by the abbess on Warham in 1500.

[20] Joffred was appointed abbot of Crowland in 1109 in succession to Ingulph: the xiv c. forgery the _Historia Croylandensis_ pretends to be written by Ingulph (_nat._ 1030) and continued by Peter of Blois. It contains fables about the antiquity of Oxford. See _Ingulph and the Historia Croylandensis_ by W. G. Searle, _M.A._

[21] p. 8.

[22] Fuller.

[23] “The monk Odo, a singular grammarian and satirical poet, read grammar to the boys and those of the younger sort assigned to him”; logic and rhetoric were imparted to the elder scholars. _Soi-disant Peter of Blois._

[24] iii. p. 164. Their school was in the parish where the university schools rose later--under the shadow of Great S. Mary’s; and opposite was Le Glomery Lane (the _Vicus Glomeriae_).

[25] _La Bataille des vii Ars._ Oeuvres Rutebeuf, Paris 1839, ii. 415.

[26] Abbot Sampson (_b._ 1135) had himself been “a poor clerke” at the school of Bury, and William Diss, a Norfolk man, was the schoolmaster. In 1160 Sampson became its _magister scholarum_. He proceeded to buy certain stone houses--those solid structures which either as Jewish or Norman building were sought for at Cambridge and at Oxford also--so that the scholars might live rent free; and in 1198 he endowed the _magister scolarum grammaticalium_ so that the tuition too became free. (_The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond_, newly edited by Sir Ernest Clarke, _M.A., F.S.A._) “School Hall Street” was just outside the abbey precincts, and answered to the “School Street” and the _Vicus Glomeriae_ in Cambridge. There was an ancient chapel in Cambridge dedicated to the patron saint of Bury, and one of the chief possessions of that rich abbey was the manor of Mildenhall, which provided the expenses of its sacrist and cellarer: it is at least an interesting coincidence that Robert and Edmund of Mildenhall were original fellows of Michaelhouse; the former was its second master, third master, according to Le Neve, of Peterhouse, and chancellor of the university in 1334. An abbot and a monk of Bury are two of those to be specially commemorated in every mass said by the scholars of the new foundation of Michaelhouse (1324); and Curteys the 24th abbot of Bury was one of the personages invited by Henry VI. to assist at the laying of the foundation stone of King’s College. Walter Diss (a name well known in Bury) was a famous Carmelite friar at Cambridge in the xiv c. Fuller preserves the legend that Jocelyn, Abbot Sampson’s Boswell, had studied in the Cambridge schools, the source of which is Bale who was a Carmelite of Norwich and Cambridge. Together these things perhaps suggest that the schools of Cambridge and Bury had some relation to each other as well as to Orléans.

Bury was reckoned among fen monasteries because of its Suffolk property (of which Mildenhall formed part) where the See of Ely possessed several manors.

[27] A Henry of Orléans was sub-bailiff of Cambridge in the 2nd year of Edw. I. (Hundred Rolls i. p. 49).

[28] The transformation of houses of canons serving a church or cathedral into Regular Canons in the xii and xiii centuries was the effect of the rule indited by Yvo of Chartres which gave its final form and name to the “Canons Regular of S. Augustine” at the end of the xi c. The canons of S. Giles and Lanfranc’s hospital of S. Gregory at Canterbury were among the earliest of these communities to be converted, in the reign of Henry I., into Regulars.

[29] In the xi and xii centuries a large number of hospitals of the order of S. Augustine were founded for the relief of poor and impotent persons, the type being that of the Whittington hospital in London. Sometimes their object was to succour the wayfarer, sometimes they were virtually almshouses where leprous and indigent “brethren” formed the larger part of the community with a few “healthful brethren” and the master to look after them. Such was the origin, in the xi c., of the Knights of Malta, or Order of the Hospital of S. John of Jerusalem. At Canterbury Lanfranc erected a hospital of S. Gregory; at Oxford the hospital of S. Bartholomew, founded in the reign of Hen. I., was bestowed by Edw. III. on Oriel College; and Magdalen, Oxford, was erected on the site of another S. John’s hospital, which numbered brethren and sisters among its members. Amalfi merchants trading to the Holy Land endowed the first “master and brethren” of the Order of S. John of Jerusalem; a well-to-do burgess endowed the Cambridge hospice, and the nobles, the bishops, and the sovereign himself are to be numbered among the founders and benefactors of these first almshouses and hospitals. Cf. ii. p. 117 _n._

[30] See chap. ii. Peterhouse and S. John’s.

[31] See chap. ii. S. John’s and Jesus Colleges.

[32] Fordham and Mirmaud-at-Welle. The Gilbertines of Chiksand in Bedfordshire had a house and garden in King’s Childers’ Lane by King’s Hall, which they leased to the university for the schools quadrangle in 1433. The Gilbertines were a double Order of nuns and canons; the former followed the Cistercian rule but were never affiliated to that Order. The canons followed the rule of S. Augustine, but the sympathies, like the dress, of the Gilbertines were Cistercian: “_militat sub instituto Cisterciensi_.” Only in this indirect way did Citeaux enter Cambridge: but see i. p. 25 and ii. p. 143.

[33] The Carmelite Bale says: _ex omni factione sua primus tandem fuit qui theologicus doctor sit effectus_. Pits says the same in the _De illust. Angl. Script._ For Carmelite property in Cambridge see also vi. pp. 325-6.

[34] This was the treatise known in Cambridge as ‘the black book,’ in which Prior Cantilupe tells of Cantaber and his son Grantanus, and their foundation of Cambridge on the site of Caergrant.

[35] The prison or tolbooth had been the house of Benjamin the Jew, which became university property in the reign of Elizabeth, but after a famous trial in the next reign reverted to the citizens. Like the Jewish houses elsewhere it was amongst the most solid structures in the town.

[36] Dugdale says “before 1275.” Their priory was enlarged and perhaps refounded by Alice, wife of de Vere second Earl of Oxford.

[37] Chap. ii., Sidney Sussex and Emmanuel Colleges.

[38] v. p. 275.

[39] All branches of the Augustinians were represented at Cambridge: the Augustinian canon at Barnwell, the hospitaller at S. John’s, and the hermit-friar at the Austin friary. ‘_The friars heremites of the order of S. Austin_’ were settled in Suffolk from the middle of the xiii c., probably by Richard de Clare Earl of Gloucester and Lord of the honour of Clare. One of their chief benefactors was Elizabeth de Burgh. See Clare College chap. ii. p. 64.

[40] Confraternities and friars “of the Sack,” known as Sacconi in their birthplace, Italy, and so called because of the loose gown or ‘sack’ common to begging friars and confraternities, and also because of the large sacks which they sometimes carried when begging for the poor, were associations due to the preaching of S. Francis and especially of S. Antony of Padua in the first quarter of the xiii c. So that the Cambridge friars, dispersed after the Council of Lyons in 1307, were one of the earliest of these communities; and it is interesting to find them addicted to scholarship.

[41] Matthew Paris, anno 1257. _Concessa est mansio fratribus Bethleemitis in Cantabrigia, silicet in vico qui ducit versus Trumpintonam._

[42] They were begging friars following the rule of S. Austin.

[43] They had held land in Cambridge for over 100 years “of the gift of the earl of Mandeville.” At the Suppression they were seized of land in Haslyngfeld, co. Cambridge. Cf. ii. p. 96.

[44] The property was situated “in Henney,” a well-known part of Mill Street in the parish of S. John Baptist, and included the stone house on the high street by S. Michael’s rectory house which passed to the family of Sir John Cambridge in 1311 was by him bequeathed to Corpus Christi College, and became the nucleus of Gonville Hall. The prior of Anglesey is found leasing this land in the reign of Edward III., and selling it to Henry VI. in 1447. The priory lay between Cambridge and Newmarket.

[45] _Rot. Hund._ ii. 360. Cf. also _ibid._ p. 370.

[46] pp. 25 _n._, 49 and ii. p. 90.

[47] Another piece of this ground was conveyed by Henry VI. (who bought it of the university in the same year) to Trinity Hall in 1440 (and became the college garden). It is there described as “a void ground” _pertinent priori et confratribus sancti Johannis in Anglia_. Crouched hostel had already been pulled down for the schools. Like other hostels in Mill Street--God’s house, S. Nicholas, and Austin’s (see King’s and Christ’s Colleges) it stood, as we see, on open ground: “a certain garden of the hostel of the Holy Cross” we hear of in 1421.

[48] It is supposed that monks from Denney and Tyltey came here to study. The former was in fact a cell to Ely abbey before Marie de Chatillon transferred the Franciscans of Waterbeach thither. The two ‘nuns of the Order of S. Clare’ who were friends of Erasmus at Cambridge were probably inmates of Denney. In _Rot. Hund._ two other communities are recorded: the _moniales de Pato_, of whom we know nothing--there is a _Paston_ in Norfolk and another in Northants.; and ‘the monks of the Holy Trinity at Cambridge’ who are mentioned in the Oxford Hundred Rolls of the 7th year of Edw. I.: the name affords another instance of the antiquity and popularity of this dedication to the Trinity, which we find at Michaelhouse, Trinity Hall, Trinity church, and in the guild of the Trinity at Cambridge.

[49] p. 127.

[50] Fuller.

[51] For later monastic influences in Cambridge, see ii. pp. 127-9, Magdalene College.

[52] Pembroke College p. 69. For Scrope see ii. 94, v. 295; for Thorpe ii. 75, 96, v. 295.

[53] _ ...in statutis universitatis ejusdem ... familia scholarium ... immunitate et libertate gaudeant qua et scholares, ut coram archidiacono non respondeant...._ (Balsham’s Judgment A.D. 1275/6). The _Statuta Antiqua_, the old body of statutes of the university, have for the most part no chronological arrangement, and the date cannot in some cases be determined to within a century. The earliest ‘grace’ to which a date is attached belongs to the year 1359, but there is another referable to the year 1275/6. The latest, reduced to chronological order, is of the year 1506. The _Statuta Antiqua_ were replaced in the 12th year of Elizabeth by a fresh body of statutes, and these again by the statutes of Victoria, 1882. The former are printed in Dyer’s _Privileges of the University_.

[54] Simon Montacute (1337-1345) ceded the right of the bishops of Ely to the presentation of fellowships in their own college of Peterhouse. Cf. also iv. pp. 203-4.

[55] Dated February 20, 624; and 689. Martin’s bull recognises their authority. Copies exist in the Cambridge Registry, Nos. 107 and 114 in the catalogue.

[56] “_Si quis de ordine sacerdotium in monasterio suscipi rogaverit, non quidem citius ei assentiatur._“--_Regula S. P. Benedicti, caput lx._

[57] See, chap, ii., Michaelhouse, Corpus, Gonville, and Trinity Hall.

[58] A chartered corporation and a university in the sense of a _studium generale_ possessing European privileges. Cambridge was a _universitas_ many years before this, and was so familiarly styled by Henry III. in 1231.

[59] It has been pointed out that our knowledge of Oxford’s intellectual activity during the xii c. is confined to the visits of three or four celebrated teachers who lectured to its changing population and in its schools, among which the priory school of S. Frideswide was the most important. We must not of course confuse the activities of monastic and episcopal schools with those of a university.

[60] Matthew Paris, _in anno 1209: Ita quod nec unus ex omni universitate remansit_.

[61] p. 47.

[62] _Satis constat vobis quod apud villam nostrum Cantebr’ studendi causa e diversis partibus tam cismarinis quam transmarinis confluit multitudo, quod valde gratum habemus et acceptamus, cum exemplum toti regno nostro commodum non modicum, et honor nobis accrescat, et vos specialiter inter quos fideliter conversantur studentes non mediocriter gaudere debetis et laetari._

[63] _Clerk_ and _scholar_ were used interchangeably in the xiii c. as they are in these two rescripts, _clericus_ being employed in the rescript of 1218 and in that addressed to the sheriff (_vicecomes_) of the county cited above: _Quoniam ut audivimus plures nominantur_ clerici _apud Cantabr. qui sub nullius magistri scholarum sunt disciplina et tuitione, sed potius mentiuntur se esse_ scholares _cum non sint_.... In a further rescript of the king’s the meaning is no less clear: _Ita tamen quod ad suspensionem vel mutilationem clericorum non procedatis, sed eos alio modo per consilium universitatis Cantabr. castigetis_. (Referring to “insults recently offered to certain northern scholars of the university of Cambridge,” 1261.) In the Hundred Rolls, at the same period, we have _clerici de Merton_ and _scholares de Merton_; and _clerici in scholis degentes_ is W. de Merton’s own description of his scholars.

[64] The charter of Oxford university belongs to the same reign.

[65] _Rot. Hund._ 7th Edw. I.

[66] The Pope no doubt refers to the forged bulls (p. 28) but his reference to previous royal rescripts is likely to be more correct, and to have been supplied by Edward himself.

[67] See _studium generale_ pp. 30 _n._, 31.

[68] The importance of Cambridge was steadily growing in the reigns of Henry I. and Stephen. The isle of Ely supported Matilda; and the earldom of Cambridge was conferred both by her and by Stephen for the first time. The former by her letters, issued before the year 1146, bestowed it on her favourite Aubrey de Vere, “if the King of Scotland hath it not,” as prior in dignity to the counties of “Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, or Dorsetshire” one of which he was to take if Stephen’s gift of the earldom of Cambridge to Saint David of Scotland held good. De Vere had to accept the county of Oxford which has since remained in that family--the earldom of Cambridge passing to royal hands and becoming in time a royal dukedom. David of Scotland held Cambridge in his own and Huntingdon in right of his wife. Malcolm of Scotland held both earldoms together in exchange for the northern counties of Northumberland and Cumberland. The union of these earldoms is still represented by the union of Huntingdon and Cambridge under one _vicecomes_ or sheriff. Edward III. created his wife’s brother (the Count of Hainault) and after him his son Edmund Langley, earls of Cambridge. Edmund’s son Richard held the earldom until his attainder, and his son Richard Duke of York was again created Earl of Cambridge by Henry V. (p. 295). This was Edward IV.’s father in whom the earldom became merged in the crown. The arms of Edmund Langley, Duke of York and Earl of Cambridge, are on the first of the 6 shields of arms of Edward’s sons over the entrance gate of Trinity; beneath is inscribed: EDMONDUS D. EBOR. C. CANTABRUGIE.

[69] See “Town and Gown” chap. iv. p. 233 _n._

[70] Cf. “the students from regions near home” (_e partibus diversis tam cismarinis_ ...) of his father’s rescript p. 33.

[71] For other references to this important document see _ante_ pp. 14, 28; chap. iii. p. 165 _n_, iv. p. 203.

[72] Henry VI., VII., VIII., and Edward VI. continued the favour shown by the Henrys and Edwards to Cambridge; the exceptions were Henry V. and Edward IV. See ii. p. 101, v. p. 262. For the relation of the English queens to the university see Queens’ College pp. 109, 112, and p. 114.

Edward III. allowed the university to appropriate any church of the yearly value of £40; to receive (through its chancellor) the oaths of the mayor and aldermen and the bailiffs; to take cognizance of all causes in which the scholars were concerned, “maim and felony” excepted; and required that the chancellor should not be disquieted if he imprisoned offenders; that masters of arts should not be cited out of the university; and that the mayor should make assay of the weight of bread as often as the chancellor demanded it.

[73] pp. 29, 54.

[74] Peterhouse p. 55, S. John’s pp. 122-3.

[75] Except Kilkenny’s exhibitioners, _infra_ p. 40.

[76] “I have given to God, the Blessed Virgin, blessed John Baptist, and to the House of the Scholars of Merton“: these words occur in the same deed with those in the text. _Harl. Add. MSS. 5832. ff. 74, 75._ The gift includes a stone house in the town: _Dedi etiam et concessi prefatae domui ... domum illam lapideam in Cauntebrigg. cum gardino et curia adjacente_.... Three deeds relating to the same transaction are dated _mense Martii_ 54th of Hen. III. In _Rot. Hund._ 7th Edw. I. p. 366, a certain John gives a quit rent to the scholars of Merton for 18 acres of this property.

[77] The priory of S. Frideswide granted him land in 1265, and he obtained much more two years later.

[78] The wording provides for the existing or any other _ordinatio_ Merton may formulate.

[79] “_Domus scolarium de Merton._” _Burg. Cantebr. Rot. Hund._ i. 55.

[80] _Rot. Hund._ ii. 360.

[81] The “Merton clerks,” _clerici de Merton_, are mentioned again in the next paragraph. At the same date a certain Johanna declares that she had as a marriage portion from her father a messuage given him by Cecil at the Castle, for which is paid a quit rent of twelve pence a year to “the scholars of Merton.” _Rot. Hund._ ii. 379. In the Hundred of Chesterton (p. 402) we find that “the scholars of Merton hold of the fee of Hervey Dunning” such and such properties. They also paid a quit rent to Edmund Crouchback for lands he held (on the death of de Montfort) as earl of Leicester.

[82] _Rot. Hund._ ii. 364, 407.

[83] The general rule in these Rolls is to add no qualification of origin in cases where the owner, or religious house, has another habitation in the locality to which the transaction refers. Hence we find “the prior of Anglesey,” “the prioress of Stratford,” side by side with “the scholars of Merton” in the Cambridge Hundred Rolls (cf. _Rot. Hund._ ii. 364).

[84] Grantchester (7th Edw. I. p. 565): _et tota dicta pars alienata est scolaribus Oxon’ per dominum Walter’ de Merton’, nescit quo warranto_. Gamlingay: “William of Leicester sold the whole of that holding to _dominus_ Walter de Merton and the said Walter _gave it all to the scholars_ of the _domus de Merton Oxonie_.”

[85] “Villani ejusd’ Gunnor’ dicunt quod _prior de Mertone_” held the advowson of the church of Barton. (_Rot. Hund._ ii. 564.)

The Bishop of Nelson points out that the scholars were called not after Walter de Merton, but after the place--Merton priory. Merton himself had no surname; he was born at Basingstoke, and was perhaps educated at the priory from which he also took his name. Beket was certainly educated at this well-known Merton, which gave its name to the “Statute of Merton” devised there in 1236, and was also the theatre of a council held by the archbishop 22 years later. At the evaluation of 1291, the priory held property in Norfolk (_Index Monasticus_). The Cambridge estates settled on the scholars of the _domus apud Meandon_ (Malden) in 1270 were in Gamlingay, _Merton_, _Over-Merton_, Chesterton, etc. It is worth notice that among a number of scholars who received the king’s pardon in 1261 for the part they had taken in a riot, there is a _William de Merton_, servant to two of the East Anglian scholars implicated.

[86] For the “Ely scholars” see ii. pp. 122-3. The first _to leave an endowment_ for scholars was William of Durham in 1249; but several years elapsed before the fund was utilised, scholars maintained, or University College Oxford founded. University College was thus the outcome of an earlier _intention_ to endow, and Balliol College was an earlier foundation in embryo, than either Peterhouse or Merton.

[87] The preamble of these letters addressed to the civic authorities at Northampton is as follows: _Occasione cuiusdam magnae contentionis in villa Cantabrigiensi triennio jam elapso subortae nonnulli clericorum tunc ibidem studentium unanimiter ab ipsa villa recessissent, se usque ad villam nostram praedictam Northam. transferentes et ibidem (studiis inherendo) novam construere universitatem cupientes_. The letters are dated from Westminster 1 Feb. in the 49th year of his reign (1265). _Rot. Claus._ 49, _Hen. III. membr._ 10. _d._ [1 Feb. 1264-5].

[88] Chaucer shows us that the system of private lodgings continued in vogue at Oxford even in the late xiv c. His “pore scholer” lodges in the house of a well-to-do carpenter.

[89] p. 33.

[90] Cf. the regulations for lodgings at the present day, iv. pp. 224, 225.

[91] Caius speaks of “two principals” overseeing respectively the studies and the economics of Physwick hostel.

[92] Cf. ii. Trinity Hall p. 79, Magdalene pp. 127, 128.

[93] Crouched, Crutched, for _Crossed_. So the Trinitarians who also wore a conspicuous cross on their habit were known in England as Crutched friars.

[94] p. 56.

[95] S. Austin’s or Augustine’s hostel had a length of 220 feet with 80 of breadth.

[96] See _pensioners_, iv. p. 217 _n_.

Mr. J. Bass Mullinger has published (_Hist. Univ. Camb._ pp. 218-220) a highly interesting statute relating to hostels which dates in all probability from the end of the xiii c., and shows how rapidly university rights in these _hospitia locanda_ were extended as a consequence of Henry’s rescript (p. 47). Any scholar who “desired to be principal of a hostel” offered his “caution“--with sureties or pledges--to the landlord and became _ipso facto_ its head, and could be instituted by the chancellor against the will of the landlord. The scholar, who has become principal, may not abdicate in favour of a fellow scholar but only give up possession to the said landlord. The next candidate could also appeal to the chancellor should the landlord refuse his request to succeed when a vacancy in the principalship occurred. An interesting clause provides that though the landlord should agree with the scholar-principal that “mine hostel” should not be taxed, the scholars who come to live there may, in spite of both of them, have the house taxed by the taxors, “inasmuch as agreements between private persons cannot have effect to the prejudice of public rights.”

[97] For university and collegiate officials, see iv. pp. 203-10.

[98] i. 29, 38, ii. 55-6.

[99] See iv. 217 _n._, and early college discipline pp. 221-2.

[100] Balsham (a village 9-1/2 miles S.E. of Cambridge) was one of the 10 manorhouses, palaces, and castles of the bishops of Ely in the xiv c. Montacute resided here in 1341. In 1401 a controversy regarding archidiaconal jurisdiction in the university was held here: a similar dispute occurred in Balsham’s time (p. 28). On the alienation of this manor from the see of Ely it was purchased by the founder of the Charterhouse, and now forms part of the endowment of that college. There is a mention of Hugh de Balsham (Hugo de Belesale) in Matthew Paris.

[101] S. John’s College, pp. 122-3.

[102] iv. p. 214.

[103] Gray, _Installation Ode_. There has been little water in Coe fen for the last hundred years. The wall and water gate were made during the mastership of Warkworth and the episcopacy of Alcock (1486-1500) and ornamented with the arms of the latter, who was probably a Peterhouse man.

[104] i. p. 22. Their house was on a messuage purchased by them “opposite the chapel of S. Edmund“: it lay on the south of the two hostels, and reached “as far as the marsh“--_i.e._ Coe fen.

[105] The rebuilding of the hall and combination room took place in 1866-70. Gilbert Scott, William Morris, Burne-Jones and Ford Madox Brown were called in, and an excellent piece of work accomplished, the fellows’ old “Stone parlour” and “inner parlour” being thrown into one to make the present picturesque combination room.

[106] College libraries, p. 138 _n._ The two Beauforts, the Cardinal and the Duke of Exeter, and two of Henry VI.’s physicians Roger Marshall and John Somerset (p. 106), all enriched this library.

[107] _Beata Maria de Gratia._ For S. Peter’s church and Peterhouse chapel, see _Willis and Clark, i. p. 40_.

[108] v. p. 280.

[109] v. pp. 263-4. Isaac Barrow uncle of his great namesake was one of the fellows ejected by the Puritan commissioners, before his nephew who had been entered for the college could come into residence. Crashaw was another; and Whitgift was a third fellow whose name stands for anti-Puritanism.

[110] Both sent by Edward VI. to inculcate Protestant doctrine in Cambridge.

[111] See v. p. 278.

[112] In the reign of Richard II. the merits of the Peterhouse scholars were as celebrated as their “indigence” was “notorious”; they continued in unceasing exercise of discipline and study, and the tithes of Cherry Hinton appear to have been bestowed in the hope of providing through them a bulwark against lollardry.

[113] The Bible-clerks (_bibliotistae_) were so called because it was their duty to read the Scriptures in hall at meal time: they were a sort of poorer scholar or ‘sizar,’ see iv. p. 219.

[114] He was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Edward II.; Canon of York and Wells, and Rector of East Dereham and of North Creake in Norfolk. For Michaelhouse, see also Statutes p. 67 and Trinity College p. 133.

[115] Elizabeth de Burgh speaks of “the college” of her “aforesaid house.” Cf. the words used by the founder of Trinity Hall as regards his own foundation: University Calendar _sub rubrica_ Trinity Hall.

[116] See royal visits, p. 113.

[117] See Mill Street, pp. 96-7 _n._

[118] She was daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford by Joan daughter of Edward I. Her brother and co-heir fell at Bannockburn 1314. Like Lady Margaret she was three times married, first to John de Burgh son and heir of Richard Earl of Ulster, her third husband also being an Irishman.

Chancellor Badew was a member of the Chelmsford knightly family of that name.

[119] April 5 1340. Grant by the university of the _domus universitatis_ to Elizabeth de Burgh Lady de Clare, in consideration of her gift of the advowson of Litlyngton. See Caius p. 144 _n._

[120] Peterhouse, Michaelhouse, Clare House--the earliest name for a Cambridge college; Corpus also was incorporated as the _Domus Scholarium Corporis Christi_, etc. King’s Hall is the first to be so styled and is followed by Pembroke Hall. In 1440 we have King’s College. Peterhouse and Trinity Hall are now the only colleges which retain the older style, although Clare itself was called Clare Hall until 1856.

[121] Cf. p. 109 _n._

[122] “Soler,” apparently used for a loggia or balcony. East Anglian belfries were called bell-solers. Cf. _solarium_ for an upper chamber, and _nei solai_ (Ital.) for “in the garrets.” In early Cambridge college nomenclature _solar_ was an upstairs, _celar_ (cellar) a downstairs room.

[123] Simon Montacute, 17th Bishop of Ely, re-wrote the statutes of Peterhouse, 1338-44.

[124] Cf. Merton’s “Oxoniae, vel alibi ubi _studium vigere_ contigerit” (1264), and the words in Alan Bassett’s bequest for monastic scholars at Oxford or elsewhere _ubi studium fuerit universitatis_ (1233).

[125] See also p. 86 footnote.

[126] The proportion of priests among the fellows (_i.e._ scholars on the foundation) was to be 6 in 30, 4 in 20, 2 in 12. See also pp. 152 and 153.

[127] Cf. King’s Hall, p. 132.

[128] The xv c. library at Pembroke was over the hall; the older library of the same date at Peterhouse was next the hall.

[129] The earliest of these features appears at Pembroke, which had a treasury. For the combination room see p. 135 and iv. p. 214. For the gateway, p. 140. For students’ studies, iv. p. 232 _n._

[130] Cf. Peterhouse p. 56. The Christian church evolved in Rome no doubt originated in the domestic _aula_, the basilica, of a great private house, and was surrounded by those dwelling-rooms which constituted the first _titulus_ or _domus ecclesiae_. So at Cambridge we have a _domus collegii_, and _domus vel aula scholarium_ sancti Michaelis or Clarae.

[131] After the founder’s death two rectors were to exercise complete jurisdiction, one of these was to be a secular graduate but the other is to be a Franciscan. Moreover the fellows of the college were “to give their best counsel and aid” to the abbess and sisters of Denney abbey who had from the founder “a common origin with them.” For Denney, see i. p. 25, 25 _n._

[132] _Notabile et insigne et quam pretiosum collegium quod inter omnia loca universitatis ... mirabiliter splendet et semper resplenduit._

[133] Spenser entered as a sizar.

[134] Gray left Peterhouse on account of some horseplay on the part of its students who raised a cry of fire which brought him out of bed and down from his window overlooking Little S. Mary’s church in an escape which his dread of fire had induced him to contrive. Of his treatment at Pembroke he writes that it was such as might have been extended to “Mary de Valence in person.”

[135] Pitt in introducing his son to the college writes: “Such as he is, I am happy to place him at Pembroke; and I need not say how much of his parents’ hearts goes along with him.” (Letter to the Senior tutor of the college, 1767.)

[136] He was afterwards fellow of Trinity Hall, and Spenser dedicates one of the Eclogues to him there.

[137] See Trinity Hall, p. 80.

[138] The asterisks denote Masters of the College. Whitgift migrated from Queens’ to Pembroke, and was subsequently fellow of Peterhouse and Master of Pembroke. Langton of Winchester was a fellow.

[139] pp. 27 and 96.

[140] v. p. 275.

[141] Reyner D’Aubeney and Robert Stanton.

[142] p. 68 _n._

[143] Alcock himself, by a unique arrangement made with Rotherham, held the Seals conjointly with that prelate, then Bishop of Lincoln, from April to September 1474; and he had acted in parliament in the same capacity for Stillington in 1472. Merton whose Cambridge operations were described in the last chapter was Lord Chancellor; so was Sir Robert Thorpe who began the Schools, and so were Booth and Rotherham who completed the Schools quadrangle and built the old library. John Somerset, who was chiefly instrumental in the founding of King’s College, was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Henry VI.

[144] Cf. nationality of founders of colleges p. 150.

[145] The stone house (p. 24 _n._) and John Goldcorn’s property--all opposite Michaelhouse--were then fashioned by Bateman, after the founder’s demise, as Gonville Hall.

[146] See Gonville and Caius, pp. 143-4.

[147] Twelve preachers from each university were annually licensed for any diocese in England. Gonville was now allowed two such licences on its own account.

[148] p. 141.

[149] He landed at Yarmouth in June, and the charter of foundation is dated November 20.

[150] Magdalene, p. 127.

[151] The style “the keeper and scholars of the college of the Holy Trinity of Norwich,” reminds us that the original dedication of this and Gonville corresponds to that of two of the ancient Cambridge guilds--the Holy Trinity and the Annunciation.

[152] The N.E. corner was obtained four years after the foundation by the purchase of a house at the corner of Henney Lane.

[153] See also King’s.

[154] See also Caius.

[155] Account given of the building of Corpus by Archbishop Parker’s Latin secretary, John Jocelyn, fellow of Queens’. It is supposed that the hall of the guild of Corpus Christi was near the old court; S. Mary’s guild met at the hostel of that name near the present Senate House. See also p. 83.

[156] _Ibid._

[157] The brethren and sisters of the two guilds presumably thus taxed all house property bequeathed by them to their college, to defray the expenses of the wax lights so freely used in funeral and other liturgical rites. It has been pointed out that the riots occurred two days after the feast of Corpus Christi, with its recent procession in England, the contribution of wax tapers for which may have greatly aggravated the grievance. The feast is of xiii c. origin, the outdoor procession dates from the late xivth.

[158] She was heiress to her sister Eleanor who had been betrothed to Edward IV. They were the daughters of John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, and Elizabeth’s only child Ann was wife to Richard of York murdered in the Tower.

[159] The dearth of clerks or clergy and the failure of learning: the former engaged the attention of the founders of Gonville, Trinity Hall, and Corpus, the latter of the founder of Clare who writes: “to promote ... the extension of these sciences, which by reason of the pestilence having swept away a multitude of men, are now beginning to fail rapidly.”

[160] The fact that we have a guild college built in Cambridge is especially interesting, for, as Dr. Stubbs has shown, Cambridge ranks highest among English towns for its guild history. Even the Exeter statutes do not rival those of one of its ancient guilds which united the craft or religious guild with the frith-guild--the guild instituted for the religious interests of its members or to protect craftsmen and their craft, and the guild which was an attempt “on the part of the public authorities to supplement the defective execution of the law by measures for mutual defence.” The Cambridge statutes, in fact, show us the guild as an element in the development of the township or burgh, one of those communities within a community which was the earliest expedient of civilisation, the earliest essay in organisation, everywhere. The guild which combined these two institutions was a thanes guild. It made and enforced legal enactments; it paid the blood-money if a member slew a man with righteous cause, and exacted eight pounds from any one who robbed a member. “It is improbable” writes Dr. Stubbs “that any institution on so large a scale existed in any other town than London.” In Athelstan’s reign we have a complete code of such a London frith-guild. (_Constitutional History of England_, vol. i. p. 414.)

It is against this historic background that we find the guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin uniting to add a common scholastic interest to interests civil and religious, by founding a college. The guilds were lay institutions; in two of the best known Cambridge guilds priests were either excluded, or, if admitted, denied a share in the government; and a chaplain for the guild of the Blessed Virgin was only to be maintained if the necessary assistance to the poorer members permitted of it.

[161]

“Thus of Cambridge the name gan first shyne As chieffe schoole and vniuersitie Vnto this tyme fro the daye it began”

[162] The “good duke of Lancaster” was Alderman of the Guild of Corpus Christi. John of Gaunt greatly befriended the college. It was _anno 1356_ that the “translation of the college of Corpus Christi out of lay hand to the patronage of the duke of Lancaster,” took place; a document so entitled once formed part of the Registry MSS.

[163] Augustinians never enjoyed their habit in comfort; in the xiii c. they were obliged to make their leather girdle long and their tunic short because they were suspected of a desire to pass as corded and sandalled Franciscans, and to cover over their white tunic with black in the streets lest they should be taken for friars preachers.

[164] pp. 127, 128 _n._, and p. 143, 143 _n._

[165] _Recorda et placita coram cancellario Ric. le Scrope in le Tollebouth. 2 Ric. II. 1378-9._ MS. No. 49 in the Cambridge Registry.

[166] Stephen le Scrope was chancellor in 1400 and 1414, Richard Scroop (who had been Master of King’s Hall) in 1461, and Lady Anne Scroope was one of the early benefactors of Gonville’s hall; see vi. p. 325, 325 _n._

[167] Edward himself speaks of it as “so important a college” in 1342. See p. 132. Since going to press I see that Mr. Rouse Ball identifies King’s Hall as ‘Solar Hall’ in his monograph on Trinity College, published in March 1906. Prof. Willis conjectured that ‘Solar Hall’ = Garrett Hostel.

[168] King’s Hall statutes name 14 as the age.

It will be remembered that Pembroke, Clare, Corpus, and King’s Hall were all directly or indirectly connected with the reigning house. For the group of great names connected with Edward’s household and with Cambridge at this time cf. v. pp. 291-295.

[169] The main artery of the xiv and xv century university was not, as now, the High street, but the Mill street (Milne street). It lay in a direct line between Clare Hall and Queens’ Lane, and 7 colleges had their entrances on it: Michaelhouse, Trinity Hall, Clare, old King’s College, S. Catherine’s, and Queens’. Gonville was approached from the north end, and King’s Hall lay on the same side. The church and property of the Knights of S. John and Garret’s and Ovyng’s hostels were in the same street. Mill street began at Queens’ Lane, and led northwards from the King’s and the Bishop’s Mills, which gave it its name. The larger part was alienated in 1445 to build the second King’s College.

Another characteristic feature of old Cambridge was the _King’s Ditch_ made by Henry III. in 1267, which starting from Castle Mound, with a walk beside it, formed the western boundary of King’s Hall, Michaelhouse, and Trinity Hall, and polluted the water supply of Peterhouse even in Andrew Perne’s time.

[170] Temp. Laurence Booth, chancellor.

[171] See Loggan’s print, 1688. The great schools in the School street are first mentioned 1346-7. The divinity schools were the first to be completed, by Sir _William_ Thorpe’s executors, in 1398. The quadrangle was completed _c._ 1475. The eastern front was rebuilt in 1755. The buildings lie under the present library and are now used for the keeping of “acts” and for discussions, but not for lectures in the various faculties. The new Divinity schools are in S. John’s street, and were erected by friends as a memorial of Bishop Selwyn. The Science schools, school of Human Anatomy, chemical laboratories, etc. are on the site of the university botanical garden which was once Austinfriars’ property.

[172] The room where these were treasured was the _libraria communis_ or _magna_ (in the time of Caius the “old” or “public” library), which still exists on the south side, with Chancellor Rotherham’s library on the east. The ancient two-storeyed building on the west which existed as early as 1438 still contains the old Canon Law (now the Arts) school, with the original library and the university chapel (disused for centuries) above (p. 97).

[173] Fuller and Caius both record this fact.

[174] It consists of 700 MSS. and 30,000 volumes. Other and earlier benefactors to the library were Perne (1574), Fulke Greville, Stephen Perse of Caius, and George Villiers Duke of Buckingham.

There is a library “Chest” and endowments, amounting to about £2000, plus the income of £4500 from the common university Fund.

[175] A copy of every book and pamphlet published in England is sent here, to the British Museum, and to the Bodleian.

[176] The printing of bibles and of the Book of Common Prayer is still confined to the king’s printer and the 2 universities. Until 1779 the printing of almanacks was also restricted to the universities and the Stationers’ Company.

[177] See iii. p. 183, and iv. p. 205.

[178] Cf. the laying of the foundation stone of the Norman church of S. Giles in 1092, when Anselm of Canterbury and the Bishop of Lincoln (then the diocesan) were present.

[179] In 1439. Its site was the present ante-chapel, see Christ’s College p. 117.

[180] The king’s design did not at first include the connexion of Eton and King’s. The foundations of a college and chapel for a rector and 12 scholars were first laid opposite Clare, between Mill Street and the Schools, on April 2, 1441. Within three years this foundation was changed into a society which, like Eton, is under a Provost and which was bound to provide the free education of poor Etonians. Here Henry imitated William of Wykeham, and the statutes which he drew up follow the lines laid down by the founder of Winchester and New College. The original “mean quadrant” was used till 1828 when it was sold to the university for the library extension on that side. The chapel fell down in 1536. A wall and gateway on the west, remain. The new design had the original court and Clare on the north, Austin’s hostel and Whitefriars on the south: the chapel was to form the north side of a quadrangle measuring 230 × 238 feet (cf. the measurements of Corpus); and, as in previous colleges, the west side was to contain the hall and provost’s lodging, a library and lecture rooms. The south and east sides were to be for the chambers and the latter was to have a gateway and tower. The present Queens’ College is on the site of the Whitefriars’ house; and the old gate of King’s which led from the chapel yard to Queens’ Lane used to be known as “Friars’ gate.” (For a full account of this most interesting design the reader is referred to Messrs. Willis and Clark’s book.)

For the modern buildings four _separate_ ranges were designed, the first to be erected being the Gibbs’ building on the west: the southern side and the screen have been built since 1824, Wilkins being the architect; on this side are the hall, combination room, and library, and the Provost’s lodge. Sir Gilbert Scott erected the building on the south east, which was projected after 1870.

[181] The Norfolk name of Boleyn is found at the university in the xv c. Henry Boleyn was proctor in 1454-5, and Anne’s uncle was churchwarden of S. Clement’s.

[182] It has been suggested that Tudor architecture might be styled Heraldic architecture, so freely does heraldry and blazonry enter into its plan and the scheme of decoration. England’s two great specimens of the Perpendicular--King’s College chapel and Henry VII.’s chapel at Westminster--are pervaded by a “gorgeous display of heraldry.” The west and south entrances of King’s are decorated with bold carvings of the badges of Henry VII.--the crowned rose and portcullis. “No person ever glanced his eye over the wonders around and above him, without being awestruck at the daring of the architect that could plan, and the builders that could erect such a structure. The whole of the lower part of the Chapel beneath the windows is divided into panels, and every panel is filled with the arms of the king who erected the building.” “The immense pendants hanging from the gorgeous roof are ornamented with the rose, the royal badge of both the king and queen at this period.” (Clark’s _Introduction to Heraldry_, edited by J. R. Planché, Rouge Croix.) The arms and supporters of Eton, Henry VI. and VIII., Richard II., Edward IV. and VIth, Mary and Elizabeth, appear also. The gateway towers of Christ’s and John’s afford other examples of heraldic display as the exclusive scheme of decoration--they bear the arms, supporters, and badges of their founder, the mother of Henry VII. Finally the Entrance Gateway tower of Trinity exhibits the arms of Edward III. and his six sons (William of Hatfield being represented by a blank shield); above is a statue of Henry VIII. No street--no town--in England presents anything like this “boast of heraldry” which Gray had always under his eyes in Cambridge. It is a permanent record of the two royal groups in England who preferred this university; the gateway at Trinity being the _trait d’union_ between them.

[183] “The scholars of King’s enjoyed the questionable privilege of drifting into their degrees without examination. Lectures and rare compositions in Latin were the only demands upon their time,” writes Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. The same arrangements obtained at New College Oxford until 50 years ago.

[184] The “13 poor men” who are to form part of the foundation at Eton are an addition of Henry’s own; they do not appear on Wykeham’s foundation.

[185] For the Days, see v. p. 273 _n._ Wickham was vice-provost of Eton.

[186] Somerset returned to Cambridge in later life, after he had fallen into disgrace and poverty, and met, like Metcalfe of John’s, with small gratitude. Dr. Philip Baker, though a Catholic, retained the provostship under Elizabeth till 1570. For King’s men see also pp. 174-5, 272-3-4 _n._, 283.

[187] Eton is the only public school joined from its foundation with a Cambridge college. Merchant Taylors’ used however to be related to Pembroke (which owes Spenser’s presence there to this circumstance) and the ancient school of Bury used, it is said, to send its _alumni_ to Gonville. S. Paul’s school has tied scholarships and exhibitions at Corpus Christi and Trinity: Corpus was connected with Norwich school and Norfolk by Bacon, Parker, and other Norfolk benefactors, and has tied scholarships with King’s School, Canterbury, and Westminster; the last being also closely connected with Trinity College. Harrow has two tied scholarships at Caius; Magdalene holds the Latimer Neville scholarships for Shrewsbury, Marlborough, Uppingham, and Fettes schools, and tied exhibitions from Wisbech school. Uppingham is similarly connected with Emmanuel; Peterhouse with Huntingdon Free Grammar School, and S. John’s with 18 schools all over England and with several towns as well.

[188] A chapel of S. Lucy (erected 1245) came into the possession of Peterhouse with the property of the friars of the Sack (1309) and was used by the fellows towards the end of that century. The licences obtained by Bateman (1352 and 1353) for chapels in Trinity Hall and Gonville were never acted upon. Gonville however had a house chapel in 1393. At this date Clare also had a chapel, which was used at the primate’s visitation in 1401. The Clare Statutes (1359) direct that S. John Baptist’s church be used. For ritual in the college chapels, see pp. 59, 145. Organs were placed in most of the chapels in the reign of Charles I., at a time when the courts, gates, and frontage of colleges underwent repair and decoration.

[189] Cf. with the dimensions of Corpus old court which was considerably larger (220 by 140), of the proposed quadrangle at King’s p. 102 _n._, and with the frontage of some of the hostels p. 50.

[190] Haddon Hall in Derbyshire; the first owners of which were those Peverels (”of the Peak”) who figure in Cambridge history at the time of the Conquest (i. p. 17). The house passed to the Bassetts, a name which was also well known in the university; and from there--so the old story runs--Dorothy Vernon, a daughter of the last owners of the manor, ran away with Sir John the first Lord Manners.

[191] For the marriage of a xvi c. President of Queens’, see iv. pp. 209, 212.

[192] Pearson was educated here, then at King’s of which he became fellow, and was Master of Jesus and, in 1662, of Trinity.

[193] See Bernard’s hostel p. 109.

[194] Margaret had however called it “the quenes collage of sainte Margarete and S. Bernard.” In her petition for a charter she tells the king: “in the whiche vniuersitie is no college founded by eny quene of Englond hidertoward.” The statutes were drawn up by Millington first Provost of King’s, and others.

[195] Accounts of King’s Hall. Here, too, the king was to have been lodged for the parliament of 1447.

[196] Henry VII. was on his way to the same celebrated shrine when he came to Cambridge in 1506.

[197] He was at S. John’s Oxford, which he left without his degree.

[198] “Hall of S. Katerine,” the only foundation since King’s College founded as a _hall_ not a _college_.

[199] Willis and Clark.

[200] It was the gift of Malcolm “the Maiden” of Scotland. The monastery was much enlarged and enriched by him _circa_ 1160. Dugdale dates the house to the middle of Stephen’s reign or perhaps as early as 1130. In the xiii c. Constantia wife to Earl Eustace granted to the nuns all the fisheries and water belonging to the town of Cambridge, and the convent at that time shared with the canons of S. John’s and the Merton scholars the fame of being the greatest landlords in the town. See i. pp. 16, 18 and 36 _n._, vi. p. 311 and ii. p. 109. On a stone by the south-eastern corner of the south transept in the church there is this inscription (A.D. 1261):

_Moribus ornata Facet hic bona Berta Rosata._

[201] Fuller.

[202] See iii. p. 165 _n._ Dyer points out that William Byngham is called “proctor and Master of God’s House,” but not founder: he considers that Hen. VI. was the founder, Byngham being its procurator as Doket was procurator of Queens’ and Somerset of King’s colleges. The facts recorded here and in chap. iii. appear to support this conclusion. At the same time Byngham in his letter to the king in 1439 distinctly claims to have built the house: “Goddeshous the which he hath made and edified in your towne of Cambridge.” In the case of every Cambridge college the founder is the man who endows it. A college may owe its existence (as certainly in Byngham’s case) to the energies of some one else, but its founder remains the man by whom it was built and endowed. A God’s House at Ewelme in Oxfordshire was founded about the same time by William de la Pole and Alice his wife, Earl and Countess of Suffolk. “It is still in being,” writes Tanner, “but the Mastership is annexed to the King’s professor of Physic in the university of Oxford.” A God’s house was an almshouse for some object of mercy. Thirteen poor men were maintained at Ewelme.

[203] Founder of Emmanuel College. Fuller says he was “a serious student in” and benefactor of this college.

[204] Refer to iv. p. 217 _n._

[205] p. 153, iii. p. 165 _n._

[206] She diverted some of her gifts to Henry VII.’s chapel at Westminster, with the king’s consent, in favour of S. John’s College Cambridge.

[207] “Fryvelous things, that were lytell to be regarded, she wold let pass by, but the other that were of weyght and substance, wherein she might proufyte, she wolde not let for any payne or labour, to take upon hande. All Englonde for her dethe had cause of wepynge ... the students of both the unyversytees, to whom she was as a moder; all the learned men of Englonde, to whom she was a veray patroness ... all the noblemen and women to whom she was a myrroure and exampler of honoure; all the comyn people of this realme, for whom she was in their cause a comyn medyatryce, and toke right grete displeasure for them.”

Fisher was created cardinal priest of S. Vitalis, in the modern Via Nazionale (the ancient _titulus Vestinae_) by Paul III. When Henry VIII. heard that the Hat had been conferred, he exclaimed that he would not leave the bishop a head to wear it on. The following prayer appears in the Roman breviary for the feast day of Blessed John Fisher (June 22):--_Deus, qui beato pontifici tuo Joanni pro veritate et justitia magno animo vitam profundere tribuisti; da nobis ejus intercessione et exemplo; vitam nostram pro Christo in hoc mundo perdere, ut eam in coelo invenire valeamus._

“The most inflexibly honest churchman who held a high station in that age.“--Hallam. Fisher was confessor to Catherine of Aragon and to Lady Margaret.

[208] See i. 38; ii. 55-6. An old Ely Chartulary says: “Henry Frost ought never to be forgot, who gave birth to so noted a seat of religion, and afterwards to one of the most renowned seats of learning in Europe.”

[209] _History of the College of S. John the Evangelist_, Baker-Mayor, pp. 22-3.

[210] _Lit. Pat. 9 Edw. I. membr. 28_ (23 Dec. 1280). Printed in Commission Documents vol. ii. p. 1.

[211] Willis and Clark.

[212] See p. 103 _n._

[213] v. p. 278.

[214] Overall had been a scholar at Trinity, and was Master of S. Catherine’s.

[215] Metcalfe was the Catholic Master who made the great reputation of S. John’s, but whom “the young fry of fellows” combined to oust in 1534. “Did not all the bricks of the college that day double their dye of redness to blush at the ingratitude of those that dwelt therein?” (Fuller.)

[216] He was buried by the side of Sir Thomas More in the chapel of S. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower.

[217] Constitutions for the reform of the Black Benedictine, Cistercian, and Augustinian Orders, issued in 1335, 1337, 1339.

[218] i. p. 27. The university for English and Irish monks provided by papal authority and by the Cistercian Constitutions was Oxford. The licence for Monks’ hostel Cambridge stipulates that all monks of the order of S. Benedict in England or in other the king’s dominions shall henceforth dwell there together during the university course. There was a small recrudescence of monastic studies in Cambridge in the xiv c. when Ely hostel was built, and from this time forward 3 or 4 Ely monks were regularly to be found pursuing the university course there (Testimony of John of Sudbury, prior of students, at the Northampton chapter in 1426). But there was no prior of students at Cambridge till towards the end of that century; Ely hostel itself was dismantled before the middle of the century; the black monks of Norwich however came to Cambridge under Bateman’s influence with what the bull of Sixtus IV. 150 years later shows to have been considerable constancy. See Caius pp. 143-4, 144 _n._

[219] Chambers for Crowland were built by its abbot John of Wisbeach in 1476. John de Bardenay had preceded John of Sudbury as prior of Benedictines in 1423, and both were probably Crowland monks.

[220] Dugdale. When Charles V. heard that Stafford Duke of Buckingham had been beheaded through the machinations of the butcher’s son Wolsey, he exclaimed: “A butcher’s dog has killed the fairest buck in England!”

[221] It is clear from the masonry of the chapel that this was anterior to the college of 1519. See Willis and Clark ii. 362, 364.

[222] Corpus hall is the only one in Cambridge not provided with a musicians’ gallery.

[223] The retired position of the earlier college had been, he held, a salutary assistance to study: it “stood on the transcantine side, an anchoret in itself, severed by the river from the rest of the university.”

[224] Fuller and Carter say the college site was purchased by the convents of Ely, Ramsey, and Walden. Cf. p. 128.

[225] Grindal is a good instance of a migrating student: he entered at Magdalene, and subsequently migrated to Christ’s and Pembroke, where he became fellow and Master.

[226] The university statute providing for the commemoration of benefactors and others, directs that mass be said every 5th of May for Edward II. as founder of King’s Hall.

[227] Which is on the site of the hall, pulled down in 1557 to make room for the chapel.

[228] For changes made in the Mill Street district in the xv c. when the School’s Quadrangle and King’s College were built, cf. pp. 24, 24 _n._, 25 _n._, 97 _n._, 101.

[229] There was a fellows’ “parloure” in King’s Hall as early as 1423-4.

[230] There is a fine series of most valuable portraits in the Lodge; among them one of Mary, and the standing portrait of the young Henry VIII. which Wordsworth made the subject of a poem. A careful list of university portraits appears at the end of Atkinson’s volume, but such a list--useful and valuable as it is--tucked away somewhere in a book on Cambridge is not an adequate homage to so important a source of university history as these portraits. The loan exhibition at the Fitzwilliam Museum in 1884-5 was the first attempt to collect the Cambridge pictures: the example was followed by Oxford in 1904-6, and the Catalogue of portraits then published is a model of what can and should be done.

No complete list of the portraits of either university, however, at present exists. Many canvasses remain unidentified or misidentified; some are doubtless perishing for want of care, and the artist’s name has long disappeared from many more. The work therefore that remains to be done is a big one, but is eminently worth the doing.

[231] A sedan coach is preserved in the entrance hall of Trinity Lodge, and is used to transport visitors from the Gateway to the Lodge when the Master entertains. It is the college tradition that the coach was presented by Mrs. Worsley, wife of the then Master of Downing, to Christopher Wordsworth Master of Trinity, and brother of the poet (1820-41).

[232] This is the largest college library but it is not the most ancient. Peterhouse led the way in the xiii century with divinity and medicine books of Balsham’s. In 1418, 380 volumes were catalogued, containing “from six to seven hundred distinct treatises.” Here were to be found books on law, medicine, astrology, and natural philosophy, as well as the preponderating theological tomes. Trinity Hall was another famous xiv century library, and Pembroke has a catalogue of books in that and the next century amounting to 140 volumes. In the xv century Queens’ had 224, and S. Catherine’s 137 (in 1472 and 1475). In 1571 the French ambassador to this country deemed the library at Peterhouse “the worthiest in all England” Cf. the university library, p. 98.

[233] His name appears in the House List of King’s Hall.

[234] The tithes of Great S. Mary’s and Chesterton both belonged to King’s Hall, on which the advowson of S. Peter’s Northampton was bestowed, as Cherry Hinton had been bestowed on Peterhouse. The rectory of Chesterton, which had pertained till then to the monastery of Vercelli, was given by Eugenius IV.

[235] Removed to its present position by Nevile in 1600; see p. 132.

[236] p. 102 _n._

[237] See p. 133.

[238] Willis and Clark.

[239] iii. p. 179.

[240] iii. p. 174.

[241] iii. p. 180.

[242] Closed courts, however, continued to be built at Oxford; a late instance being the second court of S. John’s built by Laud so that his college should not be outshone by its Cambridge namesake.

[243] Bull of Sixtus IV. 1481. The bull recites that in the time of William Bishop of Norwich the Norwich Benedictines had been accustomed to lodge at Gonville and Trinity Hall where Bateman had made convenient arrangements for them. When the pope proceeds to say that Benedict XI. had required all Benedictines who wished to study in Cambridge to live _in certo alio collegio dictae universitatis_, “deputed ad hoc,” he is mistaking the authorisation of Monks’ hostel 50 years before for the papal Constitution of 150 years before, as he mistakes Benedict XI. for Benedict XII. The suggestion that he refers to University Hall (the _hospicium universitatis_) is certainly erroneous: the words above quoted simply mean “in the said university” and not “the college called university college“: there was no such house for monks in Cambridge between 1347 and 1428, when “the college deputed in the said university ad hoc“--Monks’ College--was founded. Benedict’s Constitution does not specify whether the religious are to dwell in common, or not.

[244] Cf. Magdalene, p. 127.

[245] v. p. 286. Cudworth was afterwards Master of Clare, then of Christ’s; Whichcote became Provost of King’s.

[246] p. 126.

[247] The spot is marked by the black tombstone in the present farmyard, half way between Cambridge and Ely.

[248] At her own request made to Louis XI. The tomb was destroyed during the Revolution.

[249] The seat of the Bedfordshire Beauchamps, her mother’s family.

[250] A headless skeleton found, before the middle of last century, near the spot where tradition says that Henry Duke of Buckingham suffered, is presumed to be that of the duke, of whose burial there is no other record. Hatcher’s _History of Salisbury_, 1843.

[251] Elizabeth Clare was heir to her brother who fell at Bannockburn: Marie Chatillon was widow of Valence Earl of Pembroke who fell in the wars against Bruce. The only Scotch benefactor was Malcolm the Maiden who endowed the nunnery of S. Rhadegund; but this was before colleges were built.

[252] “_Ex omni dioecesi et qualibet parte hujus regni nostri Angliae, tam ex Wallia quam ex Hibernia._” There were, however, Scotchmen at Cambridge in the xiv c., i. p. 37.

[253] To this day Pembroke fellowships are open to men “of any nation and any county,” whereas at other colleges (as e.g. Corpus) the restriction is to “any subjects of the king, wherever born.” Cf. Jebb’s “_Bentley_,” p. 92.

[254] See divinity, canon and civil law, medicine, arts, and grammar in the next chapter, pp. 164-7.

[255] To these must be added: insurance, rates, and taxes, repairs, legal expenses, printing, and stationery, gifts made by the university, and the _honorarium_ paid to the university preacher.

[256] Fuller.

[257] Magdalene, S. Catherine’s, Downing, Queens’, Peterhouse, Corpus, and Trinity Hall are the small and least wealthy colleges, and in this order. All the others have a gross income of over £10,000 a year. The income of all the colleges is published annually in Whitaker.

[258] University College contributed £50.

[259] See p. 167.

[260] A man’s university and the faculty in which he has graduated are shown by the hood: the Cambridge master’s hood is black silk lined with white silk; the bachelor’s black stuff hood is trimmed with white rabbit fur. The doctors in the three faculties wear scarlet silk hoods lined with pink and violet shot silk (_D.D._), cherry silk (_LL.D._) and magenta silk (_M.D._).

_B.D.’s_ wear a hood of black silk inside and out; _LL.M.’s_ wear an _M.A.’s_ hood; _LL.B.’s_, a _B.A.’s_ hood; _M.B.’s_ a black hood lined with scarlet.

The _Mus.Doc._ wears a brocaded hood lined with cherry satin; _Mus.Bac._ black silk lined with cherry silk and trimmed with rabbit fur; _Litt.D._ scarlet silk inside and out; _D.Sc._ scarlet, lined with shot pink and light blue silk.

[261] Thus the _knight bachelor_ is one enjoying the titular degree and rank of knighthood, without membership of any knightly order, to the companionship of which he is supposed to be an aspirant.

[262] The study of sophistry or dialectic, which preceded Aristotle’s analytical logic.

[263] Junior and senior sophister and bachelor: Fuller writing of Northampton says: “But this university never lived to commence Bachelor of Art, Senior Sophister was all the standing it attained unto. For, four years after,” etc.

On tutors’ bills a century ago the style of _dominus_ was always given to bachelors, that of “Mr.” to masters; the undergraduate had to be content with “freshman” or “sophister.” The bachelors are still designated _dominus_ in the degree lists; a style which reminds us of the clerical “dan” of Chaucer’s time, and the Scotch “dominie” for a schoolmaster. For the degree ceremonies and processions see _Peacock_, _Appendix A_.

[264] Regent: _regere_ like _legere_, to teach; cf. the _doctores legentes_ and _non-legentes_ of Bologna: _regere scholas_, and _officium regendi_ occur in Bury school records, xii c. (Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 14,848, fol. 136). A congregation of the Cambridge masters, regents and non-regents, met in S. Mary’s church as early as 1275.

[265] It must be realised that the degree in arts always differed from degrees in theology law and medicine inasmuch as these latter implied competence to exercise the corresponding professions. There was no such corresponding profession in the case of arts, except that of the schoolmaster. The clergyman, lawyer, or doctor at least exercised himself in these subjects, but the “artist” unless he was a regent-master, or a _magister scholarum_ elsewhere, left his studies when he left his university.

[266] “The Tripos is a paper containing the names of the principal graduates for the year. It also contains 2 copies of verses written by two of the undergraduates, who are appointed to that employment by the proctors.“--Dyer. An extract from one of these sets of tripos verses is given in Dyer, _Hist. Camb._ ii. 89.

[267] It was at this time that the moderators were substituted for the proctors, see p. 183.

[268] pp. 168, 169.

[269] Cf. p. 189, the lecture.

[270] The derivation is Prof. Skeat’s.

[271] The school of glomery was nourishing in 1452 (Ely Register _anno_ 1452); but a few years previously, when the statutes of King’s College were written, it was understood that grammar would be studied at Eton not at Cambridge. A century later (1549) the parliamentary commissioners introduced mathematics into the _trivium_ where it replaced grammar. A school of grammar existed at the university side by side with the school of glomery [see the provision for the teaching of grammar at God’s House (below) and Peterhouse and Clare p. 153 of the last chapter]. As late as 1500 there was a _magister grammaticae_ and a _magister glomeriae_, who, _in ejus defectu_, is represented by proctors (_Stat. Cant._). “The Master of Grammar shall be browght by the Bedyll to the Place where the Master of Glomerye dwellyth, at iij of the Clocke, and the Master of Glomerye shall go before, and his eldest son nexte him.” A.D. 1591 (_Stokys in G. Peacock_). By Fuller’s time the master of glomery had ceased to exist. His work seems to have resembled the preparatory work of the Previous Examinations at the university to-day.

In the Curteys Register of Bury-St.-Edmund’s (in the time of Abbot Sampson xii c.) we have the students of dialectic distinguished from the students of grammar and the latter from other scholars--“_dialecticos glomerellos seu discipulos_,” and “_glomerellos seu discipulos indistincte_”; surely a clear reference to two branches of the _trivium_. The use of the word _glomerel_ in O.E. law to signify an officer who adjusts disputes between scholars and townsmen, is obviously the result of a misinterpretation of Balsham’s rescript of 1276 “_Inprimis volumus et ordinamus quod magister glomeriae Cant. qui pro tempore fuerit, audiat et dicedat universas glomerellorum ex parte rea existentium.... Ita quod sive sint scholares sive laici qui glomerellos velint convenire ... per viam judicialis indaginis, hoc faciat coram magistro glomeriae...._” The form of the latter’s oath to the Archdeacon of Ely and the functions which fell to the master of glomery when the school became decadent, may also have led to the mistake (which was made by Spelman as regards the Cambridge glomerels). Cf. i. p. 14, iv. p. 207 _n._, and Fuller, Prickett-Wright Ed. pp. 52-4. The second of these editors, indeed, was the first to call attention (in 1840) to the irrefutable evidence in the Cole and Baker MSS. as to the meaning of master and school of glomery, and to light on the confirmation from the university of Orléans in the verses of the troubadour Rutebeuf. For glomery, see also _Peacock, Appendix A, xxxii-xxxvi_.

The foundation of God’s House in 1439 was due to Parson Byngham’s zealous desire to remedy “the default and lack of scolemaisters of gramer,” following on the Black Death. In a touching letter to the king (Henry VI.) Byngham points out “how greatly the clergy of your realm is like to be empeired and febled” by the default, and relates that “over the est parte of the wey ledyng from Hampton” to Coventry alone, “and no ferther north yan Rypon,” _70 schools_ were empty for lack of teachers. “For all liberall sciences used in your seid universitees certein lyflode is ordeyned, savyng only for gramer.”

[272] See chapter i. p. 33.

[273] _Royal Injunctions_ to the university of 1535, requiring the denial of papal supremacy. “King Henry stung with the dilatory pleas of the canonists at Rome in point of his marriage, did in revenge destroy their whole hive throughout his own universities,” _Fuller_. The last Cambridge doctor in canon law “commenced” in this reign.

[274] The usual course is to take the special medical examinations with the First Part of the natural sciences tripos. Sometimes however these are taken in addition to the ordinary _B.A._ degree. The last of the three _M.B._ examinations is divided into two parts, of which Part I. is taken at the end of the fourth year of medical study, and Part II. after six years, three of which must have been spent in medical and surgical practice and hospital work. The keeping of the “act” is not intended to be a mere form, and students are advised to prepare for it during the years of their hospital practice.

[275] The degrees of bachelor of surgery (a registrable qualification) and master of surgery require no separate examination; the candidate must have done all that is required of a bachelor of medicine; but bachelors of surgery who are not also masters of arts cannot incept until three years have passed since they took the _B.C._, and masters of arts must have become legally qualified surgeons.

[276] Whitgift’s thesis for the _D.D._ degree (1570) was “_Papa est ille anti-Christus_“--‘the pope is himself anti-Christ.’

[277] _Erasm. Epist._ (London 1642), _Liber secundus, Epist. 10_. Letter to Bullock dated from the Palace at Rochester, August 31, 1516.

[278] Or were relegated to the previous examinations.

[279] Till then it had meant Aristotle: the statutes of Queens’ and Christ’s, framed within 50 years of one another, provide for its teaching--“the natural, moral, and _metaphysical_ philosophy of Aristotle”; and even in Fuller’s time these metaphysics were the study of the bachelor of arts: “Let a _sophister_ begin with his axioms, a _batchelor of art_ proceed to his _metaphysicks_, a _master_ to his _mathematicks_, and a _divine_ conclude with his _controversies_ and _comments_ on scripture....”

Philosophy, meaning Aristotle, had come in to disturb the peace and the sufficiency of the old ‘seven arts.’

[280] William Everett, _M.A._, 1865.

[281] It has been said that senior wranglers are hidden in country rectories and are never heard of again. In a hundred and sixty years (1747-1906) there have been eight senior wranglers who could be placed in the first rank as mathematicians and physicists:

Herschell 1813 Airy 1823 Stokes 1841 Cayley 1842 Adams 1843 Todhunter 1848 Routh 1854 Rayleigh 1865

Paley, in 1763, was the first distinguished senior wrangler. On the other hand Colenso Whewell and Lord Kelvin were second wranglers, so was the geometrician Sylvester; de Morgan and Pritchard were fourth wranglers; the learned Porteous was tenth wrangler, Lord Manners (Lord Chancellor of Ireland) was 5th, Lord Ellenborough (Lord Chief Justice) 3rd, Lord Lyndhurst (Lord Chancellor) second.

[282] Another distinguished Oxonian, and East Anglian, Grosseteste, attempted in the xiii c. the re-introduction of Greek into England; but the foreign linguists whom he invited to St. Albans left no successors.

[283] The west countryman Grocyn (b. 1442) who learnt his Greek in Italy and returned to teach it in Oxford was, chronologically, the first English classical scholar since the revival of learning.

[284] “All students equally contributed to his” (Croke’s) “lectures, whether they heard or heard them not.” _Fuller_.

[285] REVIVERS OF GREEK IN CAMBRIDGE.

[Sidenote: First period: Early patrons of Greek learning, and the group round Erasmus.]

1. John Fisher, b. Beverley, Yorks, 1459. Chancellor of the university, Master of Michaelhouse, President of Queens’, a co-founder of S. John’s. Though not himself a Greek classic, one of the chief instruments of its introduction into Cambridge. See also ii. pp. 120-21.

2. John Tonnys, _D.D._ prior at Cambridge and provincial of the Augustinians. Ob. 1510. One of the first men in the university to desire to learn Greek.

3. John Caius, ii. pp. 141-2 (lectured in Greek at Padua after leaving Cambridge).

4. Erasmus, _D.D._ Queens’, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at Cambridge, and lecturer in Greek. Befriended by Fisher, Warham, Tunstall, and Fox, but opposed by the Oxonian Lee, Abp. of York. Left Cambridge 1513.

5. Richard Fox (Bishop of Winchester) Master of Pembroke College. Introduces Greek learning into his college of Corpus Christi, Oxford, and founds the first Greek lectureship at the sister university.

6. Cuthbert Tunstall (Balliol Oxford, King’s Hall Cambridge, and university of Padua) b. 1474. Ob. 1559. Bishop of Durham.

7. Henry Bullock, fellow of Queens’ and vice-chancellor.

8. John Bryan, fellow of King’s, ob. 1545. Lectured on Greek before the appointment of Croke.

9. Robert Aldrich, fellow of King’s, senior proctor 1523-4, Bp. of Carlisle.

10. Richard Croke or Crooke, scholar of King’s 1506; later a pupil of Grocyn’s; studied Greek in Italy at the charges of Abp. Warham. Greek tutor to Henry VIII. Appointed first Reader in Greek at Cambridge 1519; and was first Public Orator. Afterwards professor of Greek at Oxford.

11. Tyndale, b. circa 1486, ob. 1536 (resided at Cambridge between 1514-1521, and owed his Greek to that university). Left Oxford for Cambridge, as Erasmus had done, probably on account of the sworn hostility at Oxford to classical learning. See his “Answer” to Sir Thomas More, written in 1530 (Mullinger, _The University of Cambridge_ p. 590).

[Sidenote: Greek Classics, Second period.]

Roger Ascham, b. 1515, fellow of S. John’s. Reader in Greek and Public Orator in the university. Tutor to Mary, Elizabeth, and Lady Jane Grey.

Sir Thomas Smith, b. 1514, _LL.D._ Queens’. Regius Professor of Law and Reader in Greek at Cambridge, and Public Orator.

Sir John Cheke, b. 1514 at Cambridge, fellow of S. John’s. First Regius Professor of Greek. [”Thy age, like ours, O soul of Sir John Cheek | Hated not learning worse than toad or asp, | When thou taught’st Cambridge, and King Edward, Greek” (Milton).]

Nicholas Carr, fellow of Pembroke, who replaced Cheke. Ob. Cambs. 1568-9. (As with other Cambridge men he joined science and classics, and afterwards became a doctor of physic.)

Richard Cox, scholar of King’s (v. pp. 272-4). One of the introducers of Greek and the new learning into Oxford.

Francis Dillingham, fellow of Christ’s. One of the translators of the English bible.

Dr. Thomas Watts, of Caius, who endowed 7 “Greek scholars” at Pembroke College in the xvi century.

[Sidenote: A few later names.]

Augustine Bryan, ob. 1726, Trinity College,

Jeremiah Markland, b. 1693, fellow and tutor of Peterhouse.

Richard Bentley, 1662-1742, of S. John’s, Master of Trinity.

Richard Porson, 1759-1808, scholar and fellow of Trinity, Regius Professor of Greek.

Thirlwall, b. 1797, fellow of Trinity, Bishop of S. David’s.

W. H. Thompson, ob. 1886, Trinity. Regius Professor of Greek, Master of Trinity.

Sir R. C. Jebb, ob. 1906, Trinity, Regius Professor of Greek.

REVIVERS OF GREEK IN OXFORD.

1. William Selling. Got his love of Greek from Italy. Taught at Canterbury. Afterwards of All Souls’ Oxford.

2. Linacre, b. _circa_ 1460 and studied at Canterbury with Selling, and at Oxford under Vitelli, but learnt his Greek in Italy. Lectured in Oxford on physic. Tutor to Prince Arthur. Ob. 1524.

{ 3. Grocyn b. Bristol 1442. New and Exeter Colleges, Inspired by { Oxford. The first to lecture on Greek. Linacre to start { 4. William Latymer, educated at Padua, but afterwards for Italy to { a fellow at Oxford. learn Greek. { 5. William Lily, b. Hants. 1468, learnt Greek at Rhodes { and Rome.

6. Colet, b. 1466. At Oxford and Paris; learnt Greek in Italy.

7. Thomas More, b. 1480. Learnt Greek with Linacre and Grocyn.

8. Richard Pace.

[286] Namely “in King’s Hall, King’s, S. John’s and Christ’s Colleges, Michaelhouse, Peterhouse, Gonville, Trinity Hall, Pembroke Hall, Queens’, Jesus, and Buckingham Colleges, Clare Hall and Benet College.” Royal Injunctions of 1535.

[287] The ancient pronunciation of Latin (so far as it can be recovered) has been taught, as an alternative, at Cambridge for the last 25 years, and has of late been widely adopted there, as elsewhere. Perhaps at the bottom of the preference for English Latin there lies the notion that without it Latin would no longer be the English scholar’s second tongue. The simple retort is that with it Latin is no longer (has not been for centuries) a common medium, the second tongue, of European scholars. Anglicised Greek is due to Sir John Cheke and Sir Thomas Smith, though it was promptly abolished at the time by Stephen Gardiner then chancellor of the university, and opposed also by Caius. “Nor mattereth it if foreigners should dissent, seeing hereby we Englishmen shall understand one another,” so Fuller explains the position.

[288] Paley continued to keep his traditional hold on Cambridge through the divinity paper in the “Little Go” which is based upon the “Evidences for Christianity.” On the other hand logic has recaptured the place which Aristotle held in the general curriculum by being admitted, since 1884, as the alternative subject for Paley’s “Evidences.”

[289] Lord Maynard of Wicklow (S. John’s College) endowed a professor of logic at Cambridge in the reign of James I., with £40-50 a year.

For university activity in philosophy in the xvii c. see chapter v. pp. 284-90.

[290] One must not forget, however, that both the remarkable men who planted the study of the experimental sciences in Cambridge were distinguished ‘classics’ as well as scientists.

[291] Letter of Vice-Chancellor Byng to Burleigh then chancellor of the university, 14 Dec. 1572, in which he advises him of a “greate oversighte of Dr. Caius” who had long kept “superstitious monuments in his college.” “I could hardly have been perswadid,” he continues, “that suche things by him had been reservid.”

“Some since have sought to blast his memory by reporting him a papist; no great crime to such who consider the time when he was born, and foreign places wherein he was bred: however this I dare say in his just defence, he never mentioneth protestants, but with due respect, and sometimes, occasionally, doth condemn the superstitious credulity of popish miracles.... We leave the heat of his faith to God’s sole judgment, and the light of his good works to men’s imitation,” writes old Fuller.

[292] Chairs of anatomy, botany, geology, and astronomy had been created in the first quarter of that century. See also Peterhouse p. 153.

[293] For the natural sciences professorships, see pp. 190-92, and _n._ p. 192.

[294] “In barb’rous Latin doom’d to wrangle” writes Byron of the Cambridge of his time.

[295] The year is counted from the beginning of the academic year, _i.e._ Oct. 1747--the first degrees were taken in 1748.

[296] A classified list of civil law graduates exists from the year 1815. There used to be a university _title S.C.L._ (Student of Civil Law) in relation to the civil law classes. The Act of 20-21 Vict., disestablishing civil law in the courts, led to a revolution of law studies at Cambridge. From then dates the abolition of the old quaint ceremonies and disputations connected with this faculty.

[297] From 1870, before the creation of the history tripos, examinations were conducted in a mixed law and history tripos.

[298] Among educational reformers in the second half of the xviii c. Dr. John Jebb must not be omitted. To him is due the annual test examinations of tripos students called ‘the Mays,’ and perhaps also the “Little-Go.” He was a distinguished scientist, and member of Peterhouse.

[299] Cf. chap. ii. p. 61 and chap. iv. p. 241.

[300] “Poll,” οἱ πολλοἱ.

[301] In 1835 Goulburn (afterwards Bishop of Trinidad) was second wrangler and senior classic; in 1828 Selwyn, another bishop, was senior classic and sixth wrangler. For the 2 triposes cf. iv. p. 238 _n._

[302] “Within 2-1/2 miles in a direct line” from Great S. Mary’s. For the academic year see iv. p. 241, and _n._ p. 182.

[303] Part I. of most of the divided triposes entitles to the degree. Advanced and research students (p. 241) are entitled to the _B.A._ and higher degrees after receiving a “certificate of research” and residing for 6 terms at the university.

[304] The Previous Examination or “Little-Go,” as it is popularly called, consists of two parts, the first containing 5 papers on (_a_) one of the four Gospels in Greek (set book) (_b_) a Latin classic (set book) (_c_) a Greek classic (set book) (_d_) simple unprepared passages in Latin (_e_) simple Latin and Greek syntax. Since 1884 a Greek or Latin classic may be substituted for the Greek Gospel.