Part 15

The second killing was at the rancheria of [=A]´-choo-lik on the big lagoon known as Lake Earl about three miles north of Crescent City [cf. Drucker's etculet in Drucker, 1937, map 3]. The Indians were engaged in gambling at the time.

The third killing was at the large village of Hah-wun-kwut [Xawun hwut, Drucker, 1937, map 3] at the mouth of Smith River.

At the time of the Indian troubles in northwestern California Chief Ki´-lis (named for Ki-o-lus the Willow tree) was chief of the Hah´-wun-kwut tribe.

Three young men of the tribe were active in resenting the aggressions of the whites and were said to have killed several of the early settlers. They were very clever and neither the settlers nor the soldiers were able to capture them. Finally the officer in charge of the troops at Fort Dick (a log fort on Smith River, about three miles from the present settlement called Smith River Corners) told Chief Ki´-lis that he would be hung by the soldiers unless he captured the three young men in question.

It happened that the chief had two wives, who were sisters of the three young men. The chief was in great trouble and called a meeting of his head men. They said that if the people would contribute enough blood money (which consists of the long Dentalium shells) they could pay the two sisters the price necessary to atone for the killing in accordance with the law of the tribe. The people agreed to this and raised the necessary money. The nearest male relatives of the young men were chosen to do the killing, but the young men could not be found.

One day when one of the chief's wives was getting mussels near the mouth of Smith River one of the young men appeared and told her that he and his brothers were hungry and wanted food. She designated a place on the point of a nearby ridge where she said she would take food, and it was agreed that the three brothers would come to get it in the late afternoon or early evening. She then went home and told her husband, Chief Ki-lis, who in turn notified the nearest relatives of the young men; they went and concealed themselves near the spot. When the young men came and were looking for the food their relatives fell upon them and killed them. They were buried in the same place and the graves may be seen there to this day.

The officer in charge of the troops was greatly pleased. He and his soldiers arranged "a big time," giving the Indians plenty to eat and also some blankets. This ended the "Indian war" in that region.

There is a small island called Stun-tahs ahn-kot (50 acres or more in extent) in the lower part of Smith River, half or three-quarters of a mile from its mouth. On some of the early maps it bears the name Ta´-les after the chief. This island the officer gave to the Indians in the name of the Government, telling them it would always be theirs, and gave the chief a paper stating that it was given in return for killing the three outlaw boys. Sometime afterward this paper was burned.

After the Indians had been driven to the Hoopa Reservation and had come back, they were not allowed to go to their former rancheria Hah´-wun-kwut, but were told to go to this island. Later the whites claimed the island and did not let the Indians have it.

The present Indian settlement, a mile or two north of the mouth of Smith River, was purchased for the Indians in or about 1908 by Agent Kelsey of San Jose, and paid for by the Indian Office from a part of an appropriation made by Congress for homeless California Indians. It is occupied at present (1923) by ten or a dozen families.

APPENDIX II: NOTES ON UPPER EEL RIVER INDIANS

By

A. L. Kroeber

YUKI "TRIBES"

The following data were got from Eben Tillotson at Hulls Valley, north of Round Valley, on July 12, 1938.

A. Eben said he was a Wi·t'u·knó'm Yuki. This was a "tribe" speaking a uniform dialect, having uniform customs, but embracing several "tribelets." Their general territory was along main (or middle) Eel R. where this runs from E to W, on both sides of it, and S of Round V. They also owned Oklá·[)c] and Púnki·nipi·[t.] ("wormwood hole"), Poonkiny. The subdivisions or tribelets were:

[10.6] 1. U[)s]i·[)c]lAlhótno'm ("crayfish-creek-large-people") on Salt Cr., S of Middle Eel.

2. Olkátno'm, at Henley or Hop ranch in S part of Round V., where the road enters the flat of the valley. They owned S to the Middle Eel and down it to Dos Rios confluence.

3. Alniuk'í·no'm, at W edge of Round V.

4. Ontítno'm, E of Henley ranch in Round V.; also Eden V. to S.

B. The following were not grouped together by the informant, but agree in having a southerly range:

[10.6] 5. LAlkú·tno'm, around Outlet Cr.

6. Tí·tAmno'm, eastward, across (S of Middle) Eel R., toward Sanhedrin Mt., W of the ridge which runs W of Gravelly V. Mountain people, without villages of size. Dixie Duncan was half of this group.

7. Ki·[)c]ilú·kam is Gravelly V. The Huchnom roamed in that.

C. East of Hull's V., extending nearly to Hammerhorn Mt., but this was Nomlaki.

[10.6] 8. [vS]ipimA´lno'm, on a creek running from W into (S-flowing) Eel R.

9. I·'mptí·tAmno'm, at an opening in the range--i·'mp is a gap. They were across the Eel, on its E side.

10. Pi·lílno'm, beyond (farther E or SE?), at Kumpí·t, "salt hole," where salt was got, also at Snow Mt. These were Yuki, but "talked something like" Nomlaki Wintun (who adjoined them, across the main Coast Range watershed). Their language was about as different from Yuki as was Huchnom. They were "half Stony Creek" (along which lived Salt Pomo, then Hill Patwin, then Nomlaki).

11. U·k'í·[)c]no'm (added later by informant), in Williams V., "E" of Hull's V.

12. A Yuki group at Twin Rock Cr.--Eben had forgotten their name.

D. The real Yuki, centering in Round V., and coming N into the foothills only about as far as Ebley's Flat. To the N were the Onainó'm, Pitch Indians, Athabascans, who owned Hull V. ("here") and adjoined the [vS]ipimAlno'm (no. 8).

[10.6] 13. Hákno'm, in Round V., around Agency, in the N side of the valley.

14. Ukomnó'm, in middle of the valley. They did not own up into the mountains.

15. At TotimAl, W of Covelo, were a people whose name Eben had forgotten.

16. At NW end of Round V., another group whose name he could not recall.

It will be seen that the informant's knowledge was fullest for the part of Yuki territory S of Round V.

He thought that all the groups mentioned made the Taikomol and Hulk'ilAl initiations and performances.

_Orthography Used_

A a mid-raised a, nasalized [t.] retroflex or palatal t [vS] sh [)c] ch k' etc. glottalized · long [-l] surd l, Athabascan only =ê= ng Athabascan

ATHABASCAN DATA

DATA FROM EBEN TILLOTSON

Onainó'm were the Pitch Indians, a people of the rugged mountains, adjoining the [vS]ipimA´lno'm Yuki, and with Hull's Valley in their range. They were "half Yuki and half Wailaki," and spoke both languages.

The TA´no'm were at Spy Rock on main Eel R. They were also half Yuki and half Wailaki and bilingual. [But other Yuki cite them as Yuki who also knew Wailaki.] TAno'm were: Nancy Dobie, Sally Duncan, and Tip.

These two groups did not make Taikomol or Hulk'ilAl rites [this agrees with Handbook] but, probably knew about them from having seen them performed.

Between the Pitch people and the TAno'm, in the Horse Ranch country, lived the Ko'il, the Wailaki (proper). Most of the survivors of these spoke Yuki also.

DATA FROM LUCY YOUNG

The following notes, mainly on Athabascans, were obtained at Round Valley on July 13, 1938. Lucy Young, the informant, was born on Eel River at Tseye[)s]ente[-l], opposite Alder Point. Though listed by the Government as a Wailaki, she is actually what ethnologists call Lassik. Her father was born 3 mi. from Alder Pt.; her mother, at Soldier Basin, 22 mi. NE. Her mother's first cousin was T'a·su's, known to the whites as Lassik, from his Wintun name Lasek. He was chief for Alder Pt., Soldier Basin, (upper) Mad River. Mary Major, informant's contemporary, is from Soldier Basin and of the same tribe.

The following were obtained as names of groups of people, though some of them may be place names.

Setelbai, "yellow rock," Alder Pt., etc.

Nal[)s]a, "eat each other," downstream, around Fort Seward.

Ko[)s]o-ya=ê=, "soaproot eaters," farther downstream and on Van Duzen R.

Tena=ê=-keya, Mad R. Indians.

Kentet[-l]a(=ê=), Kettenchow V., a flat with roots.

Se[)c]([-l])enden-keya, at Zenia.

Ka·snol-keya, S of Zenia, called Kikawake in Hayfork [Wintun].

Tok'(a)-keya, South Fork of Eel Indians [Sinkyone].

Saya=ê=, "lamprey eel eaters," the Spy Rock

Wailaki [the Ko'il of Tillotson].

Djeh-ya=ê=, "pinenut eaters," the Pitch Wailaki, on North Fork Eel R.

[The outlook seems to have been chiefly downstream and inland.]

_Non-Athabascans_

[)C]iyin[)c]e, Yuki.

Baikiha=ê=, Hayfork Wintu.

Ya=ê=-keya, the Wintu from Weaverville to Redding; their own name was Poibos. The same name Ya=ê=-keya was applied also to the Cottonwood Creek Wintun, whom the Lassik met at Yolla Bolly Mt. to trade salt. [Wintu and Wintun were treated as one language.]

Yitá·kena, people of lowest Eel R., the Wiyot.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

_Abbreviations_

AA American Anthropologist BAE-B Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin SI-MC Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous Collections UC University of California Publications -AR Anthropological Records -IA Ibero-Americana -PAAE American Archaeology and Ethnology

American Anthropological Association

1916. Phonetic Transcription of Indian Languages, Report of Committee of American Anthropological Association, SI-MC, Vol. 66, No. 6.

Barrett, S. A.

1908. The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians. UC-PAAE 6:1-332.

Bennett, C. A., and N. L. Franklin

1954. Statistical Analysis in Chemistry and the Chemical Industry. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Cook, S. F.

1943. The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization: I. UC-IA 21, pp. 161-194.

1955. The Aboriginal Population of the San Joaquin Valley, California. UC-AR 16:31-80.

1956. The Aboriginal Population of the North Coast of California. UC-AR 16:81-130.

Cook, S. F., and A. E. Treganza

1950. The Quantitative Investigation of Indian Mounds. UC-PAAE 40:223-262.

Curtis, E. S.

1924. The North American Indian. Vols. 13, 14.

Dixon, Roland B.

1910. The Chimariko Indians and Language. UC-PAAE 5:293-380.

Drucker, Philip

1937. The Tolowa and Their Southwest Oregon Kin. UC-PAAE 36:221-300.

Du Bois, Cora

1935. Wintu Ethnography. UC-PAAE 36:1-148.

Essene, Frank

1942. Culture Element Distributions: XXI. Round Valley. UC-AR 8:1-97.

Foster, George M.

1944. A Summary of Yuki Culture. UC-AR 5:155-244.

Gifford, E. W.

1939. The Coast Yuki. Anthropos, 34:292-375.

Goddard, Pliny E.

1903_a_. Life and Culture of the Hupa. UC-PAAE 1:1-88.

1903_b_. Kato Pomo not Pomo. AA 5:375-376.

1904. Hupa Texts. UC-PAAE 1:89-377.

1907. Lassik. In Handbook of American Indians. BAE-B 30.

1909. Kato Texts. UC-PAAE 5:65-238.

1914_a_. Notes on the Chilula Indians of Northwestern California. UC-PAAE 10:265-268.

1914_b_. Chilula Texts. UC-PAAE 10:289-379.

1923_a_. The Habitat of the Wailaki. UC-PAAE 20:95-109.

1923_b_. Wailaki Texts. International Journal of American Linguistics, II:77-135.

1924. Habitat of the Pitch Indians, a Wailaki Division. UC-PAAE 17:217-225.

1929. The Bear River Dialect of Athapascan. UC-PAAE 24:291-324.

Goldschmidt, Walter

1951. Nomlaki Ethnography. UC-PAAE 42:303-443.

Goldschmidt, W. R., and H. E. Driver

1940. The Hupa White Deerskin Dance. UC-PAAE 35:103-142.

Heizer, R. F., ed.

1953. The Archaeology of the Napa Region. UC-AR 12:225-358.

Heizer, R. F., and M. A. Baumhoff

1956. California Settlement Patterns. _In_ Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the New World. G. R. Willey, ed. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, No. 23.

Jepson, W. L.

1951. A Manual of the Flowering Plants in California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

Kroeber, A. L.

1925_a_. Handbook of the Indians of California. BAE-B 78.

1925_b_. A Kato War. Festchrift, Publication d'Hommage Offert au P. W. Schmidt, pp. 394-400.

1932. The Patwin and Their Neighbors. UC-PAAE 29:253-423.

1939. Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. UC-PAAE, Vol. 38.

Loud, Llewellyn L.

1918. Ethnogeography and Archaeology of the Wiyot Territory. UC-PAAE 14:221-436.

Merriam, C. Hart

1905. The Indian Population of California. AA 7:594-606.

1923. Application of the Athapaskan Term Nung-kahhl. AA 25:276-277.

1928. An-nik-a-del, the History of the Universe. The Stratford Company, Boston.

1930. The New River Indians Tlo-Hom-tah-hoi. AA 32:280-293.

1955. Studies of California Indians. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

Nomland, G. A.

1935. Sinkyoni Notes. UC-PAAE 36:149-178.

1938. Bear River Ethnography. UC-AR 2:91-124.

Nomland, G. A., and A. L. Kroeber

1936. Wiyot Towns. UC-PAAE 35:39-48.

Powers, Stephen

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Rostlund, Erhard

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Waterman, T. T.

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PLATES

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 9

Map showing the lower Trinity River and locations of Hupa villages. The map was made by George Gibbs, a member of the expedition of Colonel Redick McKee in 1852. The village names shown are in the Yurok language.

PLATE 10

Views of Athabascan territory. _a_. View of Hoopa Valley looking north. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1901, UCMA 15-2917. _b_. Big rock on Mad River at Big Bend "taken from village site" (UCMA catalogue). Big Bend is in the southern part of Mad River Whilkut territory. There is no record of the site referred to. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1906, UCMA 15-3166. _c_. Fishing place on Van Duzen River between Bridgeville and Old Fort Baker. Nongatl informant Peter is shown on the rock. This spot is somewhere among the villages shown on map 7. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1906, UCMA 15-3156. _d_. Rock on ridge of Snow Camp between Mad River and Redwood Creek. It is about halfway between Kloki Whilkut village no. 45 and Mad River Whilkut village no. 15 on map 17. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1906, UCMA 15-3165. _e_. Rock on Eel River near Blocksburg in southern Nongatl territory. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1906, UCMA 15-3201. _f_. Indian house at Blocksburg in southern Nongatl territory. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1903, UCMA 15-3017.

PLATE 11

Views of Athabascan territory, _a_. Model house (right) and sweathouse made for Goddard by the Wailaki Captain Jim. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1906, UCMA 15-3281. _b_. Eel River in Wailaki territory, looking from the west. The mouth of North Fork Eel River is shown in the lower right-hand corner. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1906, UCMA 15-3264. _c_. Picture taken from the Blue Rock stage road to Cummings. This is the hinterland of the Eel River Wailaki west of the Eel River. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1902, UCMA 15-3011. _d_. A view of Usal, the southernmost village of the Shelter Cove Sinkyone. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1902, UCMA 15-2922. _e_. A village site near Laytonville in Kato territory. The village is not known. Photo by P. E. Goddard, 1906, UCMA 15-3146.

* * * * *

Transcribers Notes:

Obvious spelling and grammar errors corrected.

P. 23 capital L in the middle of two Indian words. Proofer thought typo. However, I believe it was intentional.

Greek text has been transliterated and enclosed in equal signs.

End of Project Gutenberg's California Athabascan Groups, by Martin A. Baumhoff