CHAPTER XII

Caesar arrives at the Court of his brother-in-law, the King of Navarre--D’Albret’s danger--The Agramont and Beaumont factions-- Beaumont holds Viana--War is declared between D’Albret and Beaumont--Caesar is appointed commander of the troops of the King of Navarre--Viana--The chronicler Moret--Caesar is killed--The body is buried in Santa Maria de Viana--His epitaph--Removal of the body and destruction of the tomb--The news of Caesar’s death reaches Italy--The feeling in the peninsula--Caesar’s wife, Charlotte d’Albret, and their descendants--His illegitimate children--Death of Caesar’s mother Vannozza de’ Catanei-- Conclusion.

The last of December, 1506, Caesar’s secretary, Don Federico, arrived in Italy with letters from his master announcing his escape. Of these letters, dated December 7, 1506, one was to the Marquis of Mantua, and another to the Cardinal of Este. The former, owing to political reasons, had always been friendly to Valentino; moreover, his wife Isabella was a sister of Alfonso d’Este, Caesar’s brother-in-law. The seal on the letters has the lilies of France and the Borgia arms, with the inscription, “Caesar Borgia de France, Duke of Romagna.”

On arriving in Italy Don Federico immediately went to Ferrara, where he appeared December 28th to impart the good news to Lucretia. Two weeks after leaving Ferrara, Federico was arrested at Bologna by order of Julius II., and Lucretia wrote the Marquis of Mantua, who was in the Pope’s service, and who had just administered a crushing defeat to Bentivoglio, and annexed his domain to the States of the Church, telling him that the messenger had merely come to bring her news of her brother, and not to attempt anything contrary to the Pope’s interests or wishes.

It was suspected that Federico had been sent to feel the pulse of the country, and to ascertain whether the Romagnols were still loyal to Valentino.

If Caesar in prison was a source of uneasiness to the Holy Father, how much more to be feared was he now, at liberty in Navarre, protected by the Emperor Maximilian, and likely to appear in Italy any time, rally his supporters--of whom he still had many--about him, and endeavour to recover Romagna, where his rule was preferred to that of the Pope! It was, therefore, the part of wisdom to nip his plans in the bud; consequently Don Federico was seized.

The Court of Navarre was impoverished and could not be of much help to Caesar, the larger part of whose fortune consisted of deposits with the bankers of Genoa; these funds, however, had been attached by his Holiness. Caesar now remembered that he was a French prince, Duke of Valentinois, and entitled to the revenues of the duchy, in addition to those of the county of Diois--not to mention those of the salt magazines of Issoudun, all assured to him by formal contract at the time of his marriage to Charlotte d’Albret. Besides, there was the dowry of 100,000 livres promised by Louis XII. and guaranteed by the royal treasurers, not a sou of which had he ever received, although it was to have been paid in November, 1500.

Caesar therefore sent his majordomo Requesenz to France to press his claim before Louis XII., and ask permission to come and take his place at Court and serve his Majesty.

In January, 1507, the French King was at Burgos, and there Requesenz presented himself. Louis not only refused to grant any of Caesar’s demands, but, February 18th, by letters patent, formally declared the Duke deprived of the revenues and lordship of Issoudun. From this document it is clear that Louis wanted to punish Caesar for threatening Florence, which he regarded as treachery; for his attack on Pisa, which was under the protection of France; and also for his attempts to expel the King’s ally, Giovanni Bentivoglio, from Bologna.

Caesar was now thirty-one years of age, and his one desire was to avenge himself on his enemies, Julius II., who had deprived him of his estates; on the King of Spain, who had treacherously imprisoned him; and on Louis XII., who had taken all his privileges from him, and who had even withheld the marriage portion. Louis had used the Borgia in securing Milan and Naples, and he had obtained Bretagne thanks to the dispensation of Caesar’s father permitting his marriage with Anne.

When Caesar found refuge at the Court of Navarre, his brother-in-law Jean d’Albret was in sore straits. On one side he was threatened by Ferdinand, the Catholic, who had always regarded Navarre as his prey, and on the other he was imperilled by the contentions of two factions, one headed by the Count of Agramont, the other by Luis de Beaumont, Count of Lerin. Louis XII. was doing all he could to foment the discord, and at this juncture D’Albret’s brother-in-law, Caesar, suggested that the King ask aid of the Emperor Maximilian, and offer him free passage through Navarre to Castile and Aragon. This suggestion immediately approved itself to Jean d’Albret. Caesar, of course, expected to be made commander of the forces of Navarre, and he at once set about putting the castles and strongholds of the kingdom in condition for defence, and enlisting such forces as Navarre could equip and maintain.

The first thing for Jean d’Albret to do was to put an end to the discord among his own subjects. Luis de Beaumont was then in possession of the castle of Viana, and he refused to surrender it on the King’s demand. His rebellion was of long standing. Luis had inherited his father’s affection for Castile, and in 1495 he had entered into an agreement with Ferdinand, the Catholic, by which he relinquished his estates in Navarre, and received in exchange for them equivalent domains in Castile. Thus he became a vassal of the Spanish monarch, and at the same time the latter secured a foothold in the kingdom of Navarre. The convention was duly ratified, but owing to the difficulty which was encountered in adjusting the exchange of estates it was soon abrogated.

Don Juan de Ribera, Captain-General of the Catholic Monarch, had taken charge of the domain hitherto in the possession of Beaumont, whose departure from Navarre had brought peace to the kingdom. Jean d’Albret of course was incensed by the occupation of a part of his territory by a representative of the King of Spain. He therefore went to Seville to endeavour to reach an understanding with Ferdinand; this he succeeded in doing, and the convention included a pardon for his rebellious count, to whom was also restored the office of constable and warder of the castle of Viana, while Don Juan de Ribera, Captain-General of Castile, returned to him all the estates he had conveyed to their Catholic Majesties. Luis de Beaumont was, however, a turbulent soul; his tomb in the monastery of Veruela bears the inscription: _En un cuerpo tan pequeno nunca se vi tanta fuerza_--Never before in body so small was there such strength.

Ever since 1505 he had regarded himself as the rightful owner of the castles, which he was merely holding for his sovereign, and, forgetful of D’Albret’s generosity, he refused to submit to him, and also continued to make inroads on his neighbours’ domains and appropriate their lands. He was endeavouring to build up a power to oppose the throne of Navarre and had established himself as a conqueror in the castle of Viana. While Jean d’Albret and Caesar were putting the strongholds of the country in fighting condition, the King sent an officer to Beaumont to demand the surrender of the place. Luis had the envoy seized, whipped, and confined in the castle of Larraga. Incensed when he was informed of this, and remembering how he had forgiven the count, the King sent to him three times and commanded him to appear; on his failure to do so he charged him with _lese-majeste_, declared all his goods confiscate, his titles, honours, and offices forfeit, and himself condemned to death.

Supported by Don Alonzo Carilli de Peralta, Count of San Sebastian, who was also on the side of Castile, Luis prepared to take the field.

War was declared between the King and his rebellious vassal, and Caesar, having been appointed Captain-General of the royal troops, set out February 11, 1507, to invest Larraga, whose defence had been entrusted by Beaumont to Ogier de Verastegui. Caesar attacked with great determination, but the place resisted bravely. Trusting to his lieutenants to cut off all means of communication, Valentino decided to go and attack Beaumont at his camp near Mendavia, adjacent to the small town of Viana, on the road to Logroño.

At Viana, near the frontier of Castile, D’Albret would be in an excellent position to receive reinforcements from the Count of Benavente, the Duke of Najera, and Maximilian’s partisans, who were anxious to begin a struggle which would open Castile to the son of Philippe le Beau.

Caesar’s force consisted of a thousand cavalry, more than two hundred lances, an escort of thirty men-at-arms, and five hundred foot-soldiers, with some siege guns and a few field-pieces. It was his intention to invest Viana, and then seek the Count, who had entrusted the defence of the town to his son Luis, and who had himself taken up a position near Mendavia.

Viana, being poorly supplied with provisions when the troops of Navarre appeared under her walls, was in no condition to resist a long siege. The Count of Lerin, aware of this, determined to re-victual the place; the undertaking was difficult and would have to be carried out, if at all, by night, for the Navarrais had entirely surrounded the town. The plan was favoured by a terrific storm which occurred during the night of March 11th, when Beaumont set out from Mendavia with two hundred lances and six hundred foot-soldiers, some of whom were armed with blunderbusses, to cover the line of his convoy, which consisted of sixty horses laden with flour. Profiting by the darkness, he advanced up to the very walls of the castle of Viana with a small force, having concealed the greater part of his men in a ravine near the town, so that they might be brought up quickly if needed. Everything was in his favour--the darkness, the storm, the relaxed vigilance of the besiegers, and he succeeded in getting his convoy into the stronghold by a secret gateway. Elated by his good fortune, Beaumont twice repeated the operation, and with equal success. He might have returned to his camp without being detected, but he decided to take advantage of the opportunity and reconnoitre, and, if possible, inflict some loss on the enemy.

As he was manœuvering his troop they were discovered by a considerable body of soldiers coming down the road leading to Logroño who, they thought, were reinforcements sent by the Duke of Najera. At sight of Beaumont’s men a shout went up. The alarm was given in the besiegers’ quarters surrounding the castle. Instantly all was confusion. Caesar hastily donned his armour, sprang to his horse, and without waiting to give any orders dashed out of the gate and down the Solana road.

“When I was a boy,” says the chronicler Moret, “I heard old men eighty years of age, who had it from contemporaries who saw him, say that just as he dashed through the gate, cursing and swearing, his horse stumbled and fell.” Believing that his men were at his heels, the Borgia spurred straight on toward the rebels, and, coming up to the rearguard, with his own hand he slew three of the enemy; oblivious of the fact that he was alone, he spurred on, cursing the rebels the while. Suddenly he was discovered by Beaumont, who ordered some of his men to advance to meet him.

Among those who did so were Luis Garcia de Agredo and Pedro de Allo, who succeeded in drawing him on into a deep ravine, where his followers, who were far behind, were unable to see him. There, hidden from the sight of his own people and also from that of Beaumont’s men, he engaged in a terrible hand-to-hand fight with his adversaries.

Valentino fought for his life, but, wounded in the armpit just as he was about to deliver a blow, he was unhorsed, and finally, covered with wounds, was forced to the ground and killed.

His brilliant armour having attracted the attention of his assailants, they removed it. Entirely unaware who their victim was, they even took his weapons and his charger and its accoutrements.

Fearing they might be surprised, they hastily departed, leaving the body naked on the field of battle. When the Count of Lerin saw the costly armour he was incensed because, instead of taking him alive, they had killed a man evidently of high rank, and he ordered some of his followers to fetch the body to his camp at Mendavia. They started for the ravine, but turned back when they heard the shouts of the men of Navarre who, in the early dawn, were searching for the body of their dead chieftain.

Before retreating, however, Beaumont’s men succeeded in capturing an unfortunate equerry whom they had found in manifest grief wandering about the scene of the conflict. Taken to Beaumont, he was shown the brilliant armour and asked to whom it belonged, and “Juanico burst into tears, exclaiming that he had girded it on his master, Caesar Borgia of France, Duke of Romagna, that very morning, and that he had followed him when he dashed through the gate, but had lost him from sight owing to the swiftness of the Duke’s horse.”

In the meantime the King of Navarre was advancing. After the first surprise his forces rallied and deployed before the hill upon which Viana is situated. Beaumont, seeing he was in danger of being cut off from Mendavia, retired with his men, leaving the unhappy squire, who immediately hastened back to the ravine, where he was found by D’Albret and his followers standing over the bleeding body of his master. The King had the corpse taken to Viana, where it was placed in a tomb before the great altar in the parochial church of Santa Maria of Viana, and in the course of the same year--1507--a magnificent monument was erected to Caesar’s memory, and upon it was chiselled the following epitaph:--

“Aqui yace en poca tierra Al que toda le temia; En que la paz y la guerra En la su mano tenia. Oh! tu que vas a buscar Cosas dignas de loar! Si tu loas lo mas digno, Aqui pare tu camino; No cures de mas andar.”

Early in the eighteenth century Father Aleson, then in Viana, found nothing left of the monument but two stones which had been inserted in the base of the main altar. In the “Antequedades de Navarra” Yanguez Miranda says the destruction of the sepulchre was, according to oral tradition, which he gathered from some of the inhabitants of Viana, due to the order of a fanatical bishop who felt that the church was desecrated by the presence of Caesar’s ashes.

The Church of Santa Maria de Viana underwent extensive repairs about the end of the seventeenth century, and probably it was at that time that the tomb was removed. Its destruction may have been connected with an incident which occurred long before. In 1498 Pedro de Aranda, Bishop of Calahorra and Superior of the diocese of Viana, was examined by Alexander VI. on the charge of heresy and was condemned and imprisoned in the Castle of St. Angelo, where he was held a long time. As a result of his confinement the bishop died. It is highly probable that the prelates of the diocese of Viana, which had been dishonoured in the person of its bishop by the Borgia, continued to feel resentment toward the family and that one of Pedro de Aranda’s successors revenged them by removing Caesar’s remains from the church. What could have been more natural than for the officiating priest to have desired to have removed from his sight all reminders of the recalcitrant cardinal, the degenerate son of Alexander VI. whose memory was already blasted by history? This much is certain--a bishop did destroy the tomb.

Following Paul Jovius and Tomaso Tomasi, later historians have placed Caesar’s burial at Pamplona; but Father Aleson, who continued Moret’s “Annals of Navarre,” and who lived in Viana, says: “_Asi lo llevaron a Viana, no a Pamplona, como algunos quisieron decir; y lo depositaron en la yglesia parocchia de Santa Maria_”--Thus they took the body to Viana, not to Pamplona as some say, and placed it in the parochial church at Santa Maria. Then follows a description of the tomb and the epitaph and the fact of the removal of the monument. In 1523, only sixteen years after Valentino’s death, Antonio de Guevara, the Bishop of Mondoñedo, described the tomb and copied the epitaph in his “Lettres Morales.”

Tradition indicated that the final resting-place of Caesar’s remains was just in front of the steps in the _Calle de la Rua_, leading to the terrace upon which the Church of Santa Maria de Viana stands, and M. Charles Yriarte induced the alcalde of the town, Don Victor Cereceda, to make an excavation at the place. The investigation brought to light a perfectly preserved skeleton--were these the mortal remains of the son of Alexander VI.?

There was nothing to prove that they were; the bishop may have wished to consign them to everlasting oblivion and so placed no mark upon the tomb. With the skeleton were other bones, which may have been removed from the church at the same time, when it was being restored.

Reports of Caesar’s death reached his sister--who in January, 1505, had become Duchess of Ferrara--by way of Naples promptly, and she dispatched one of her servants, a certain Tullio, to Navarre to ascertain whether the rumour was true. As he progressed on his journey he became convinced of the truth of the report, and therefore returned to Ferrara without going to Navarre. The last doubt was dispelled when Juanico Grasica, who had been present at Caesar’s funeral and who had been sent by King Jean d’Albret to inform Lucretia of his death, appeared in Ferrara. Alfonso was absent from his domain, and his brother, Cardinal Ippolito d’Este was the first to receive the news, which he immediately directed Jeronimo Magnanini, the Duke’s secretary, to communicate to his master. This he did in a long letter giving full particulars of Caesar’s death taken down from the lips of his faithful squire Grasica. The details were confirmed by Costabili, who had just come from Rome. Accounts of Valentino’s death are given by Zurita, Moret, Esteban de Garribay, and Avalos de la Piscina, and all closely agree with that of Grasica.

Lucretia’s grief was profound and apparently sincere, and many were the prayers she directed to be said for the repose of Caesar’s soul. Shortly afterwards her Court poet, Ercole Strozzi, dedicated his “Epicedium,” a funeral oration in verse, in honour of Valentino, to her, but Jacopo Sannazzaro, the mortal enemy of the Borgia, invited his friends and all Italy to join him in making merry over “this happy event.”

Caesar, deprived of the support of the Vatican, was merely a bold condottiere, a soldier of fortune, and with these Italy teemed in his day. He was ready to sell his services to the highest bidder, provided he could advance his own projects. Although he was no longer in a position to harm his enemies, all Italy breathed a sigh of relief when the news of his death was confirmed; even Julius II., who was more than a match for Caesar, felt easier, and henceforth he was able peaceably to carry on the work of reconstructing the domain of the Church. Had Valentino survived and entered the employ of Venice in her conflict with the Pope for the possession of Romagna, or if he had taken the side of France when his Holiness withdrew from the League of Cambray, he might have recovered his former influence and power.

But all Italy now laughed at the adventurer who had inscribed on his sword the words, _Aut Caesar, aut nihil_. Still, there were a few individuals who remained faithful to his memory, and a number of poets published panegyrics and bewailed the loss of the hero. Hieronimus Portius, the Strozzi, Francesco Justolo, and Uberti saw fit to lament him in more or less polished verse. One of the most famous of the epitaphs was written by Jeronimo Casio of Bologna, who had known Caesar:--

“Cesar Borgia che ere della gente Per armi et per virtù tenuto un sole; Mancar dovendo, andó dove andar sole Phebo, verso la sera, a l’occidente.”

Leaving France immediately after his marriage with Charlotte d’Albret, Caesar had never seen his wife again, and there is nothing to show that he regretted her. She was merely a pawn in the political game, and she had been sacrificed by her father for his own gain and to further the plans of Louis XII., on whose marriage to Anne of Bretagne she had retired to Berri to be as near as possible to Jeanne of France, his repudiated Queen. It was not long, however, before she took up her final residence at Motte-Feuilly, where she occupied herself with the education of her daughter Louise, whom the father, Caesar, had never seen. The Duchess of Valentinois died March 11, 1514, leaving, as her sole heir, her daughter, who two years later, when she was seventeen years of age, married Louis II. de La Trémoille, Viscount of Thouars and Prince of Talmont, the Chevalier Bayard, the knight _sans peur et sans reproche_, who was slain at the battle of Pavia in 1525. Five years later she again married, her second husband being Philippe de Bourbon, Lord of Busset, eldest son of Pierre de Bourbon.

Caesar also left an illegitimate son, Girolamo, whose mother is unknown, and who probably died young, as we find no trace of him after his removal to Naples about the time of Caesar’s release by Julius II. He likewise had a natural daughter, whom he named Lucretia in honour of his sister, and who subsequently became abbess of San Bernardino and died at Ferrara in 1573.

Caesar’s mother, Vannozza de’ Catanei, survived him eleven years. Up to the time of her death she had maintained close relations with her numerous children. She lived in Rome and enjoyed a certain competency, provided for her by Alexander VI.; she engaged actively in charitable work. The day of her death, according to the Roman custom, the announcement was made by the public crier:--

“Messer Paolo gives notice of the demise of Madonna Vannozza, mother of the Duke of Gandia. The deceased belonged to the fraternity of the Gonfalon.”

She left her entire fortune to S. Giovanni in Lateran. She was interred in Santa Maria del Popolo, her parish church, and on her tomb her executor inscribed the following epitaph:--

“To Vannozza Catanea, ennobled by her children, the Dukes, Caesar of Valentinois, and Juan of Gandia, the Prince Giuffre of Squillace, and the Duchess Lucretia of Ferrara. To the woman rendered illustrious by her integrity, her piety, her wisdom, and to whom the Hospital of the Lateran is so greatly indebted, Geronimo Pico, her testamentary executor, has erected this monument. She lived seventy-seven years, four months, and thirteen days, and died November 26, 1518.”

For two centuries the friars of Santa Maria del Popolo prayed for the repose of her soul, but a sense of decency or shame finally asserted itself, and the monument was removed.

Lucretia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara, survived her brother Caesar twelve years, dying in 1519, greatly beloved by her people. By her husband Alfonso d’Este she had five children: Ercole II, who married Renée of France; Ippolito, who passed away in 1572; Eleonora, who became a nun and lived until 1575; Francesco, who survived until 1576; and Alexander, who died in infancy. Ercole II., by his wife Renée, daughter of Louis XII., had five children: Alfonso II. Cardinal Ludovico d’Este, Donna Anna, Duchess of Guise, Lucretia, Duchess of Urbino, and Leonora, who never married.

The Spanish chroniclers contemporary with Caesar Borgia discovered the hand of God in his death, which occurred March 12, 1507, on the anniversary of his premature elevation to the Bishopric of Pamplona and in his own diocese, where he had never before set foot!

THE END.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Loria, “Economic Bases of Society,” London, n.d., p. 37.

[2] Lanzol, Llançol, Llanzol, &c.

[3] Gebhart, E., “Les Origins de la Renaissance en Italie,” Paris, 1879.

[4] Gebhart.

[5] The Roman day of twenty-four hours ended at sunset--about eight in the evening in June.

[6] Infessura, “Diario,” Rome, 1890, p. 155.

[7] Medin, “Il Duca Valentino nella Mente di Machiavelli,” Florence, 1883.

[8] “Pii Secundi Comentarii,” Rome, 1583, Lib. 2.

[9] Burckhardt, “Renaissance in Italy,” London, 1892.

[10] Tomaso Tomasi, “Vita del Duca Valentino,” ed. by G. Leti, Montechiaro, 1670.

[11] Yriarte, “César Borgia, sa Vie, sa Captivité, sa Mort,” Paris, 1889.

[12] Burchard, “Diarium,” ed. by Thuasne, vol. ii., p. 84.

[13] Villari, “Savonarola,” English translation, London, p. 742.

[14] Fumi, “Alessandro VI. e il Valentino in Orvieto,” Siena, 1874.

[15] Fumi, Appendix, Document VIII.

[16] Burchard, “Diarium,” ed. by Thuasne, Paris, 1884, vol. iii., p. 387.

[17] Machiavelli, “Opere,” Florence, 1820, vol. iii. “Discorsi,” Lib. 1, Chap. XXVII.

[18] Gaspare Torrella, “Tractatus Contra Pudendagra,” Rome, 1497.

[19] Pierre de Bourdeille, “Œuvres,” Paris, 1838, vol. i., p. 156, “Caesar Borgia.”

[20] Yriarte, “César Borgia,” Paris, 1889.

[21] Jean d’Auton, “Chroniques,” Paris, 1834.

[22] Varsari, “Vite de’ più, Eccellenti Pittori, Scultori et Architetti,” Bologna, 1647. “Vita di Pietro di Cosimo.”

[23] Auton, Jean d’, “Chroniques,” Paris, 1834, Pt. III., vii.

[24] Alvisi, “Cesare Borgia,” Document 40.

[25] Gregorovius, “Storia della Città di Roma,” Venice, 1875, Bk. 13, Chap. V., sec. 4.

[26] Burchard’s statement is incorrect: the last named was spared, but was assassinated August 28, 1504.

[27] Guillaume Brissonet of Tours, Bishop of San Malo, Cardinal of Santa Prudenziana; Luigi d’Aragona, Cardinal-Deacon of the title of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.

INDEX

Æneas Sylvius, _see_ Pius II.

Agapito, _see_ Gerardino, Agapito

Agramont, Count of, 300

Agrigentum, Bishop of, 101

Alain, Cardinal of Santa Prassede, 31

Albret, Alain d’, 131

Albret, Charlotte d’, 71, 131; marries Caesar Borgia, 132, 137; her death, 310

Albret, Jean d’, 131, 284, 291, 300, 301, 305

Aleson, Padre, 306

Alexander VI., Pope, 38; nepotism of, 47, 48; election of, 51; his dissolute life, 51; a temporal prince, 53, 64, 69, 70, 72, 78, 83, 86; meets Alfonso of Naples, 88; removes to Castle St. Angelo, 93; treaty with Charles VIII., 93, 94; avoids the King, 96; goes to Perugia, 97; his letter to the people of Orvieto, 98; the Romagnol barons, 100; creation of cardinals, 101; declares the Orsini rebels, 101; receives Giuffre and Sancia, 104; grief for murder of Gandia, 109; reform of the Church, 114; goes to Ostia, 118; alliance with Louis XII., 123, 124, 133, 149; confiscates estates of the Riario, 151; appoints Caesar gonfalonier, 151; confers the Golden Rose on him, 153, 160; Faenza banned, 163; creates twelve cardinals, 164, 171; threatens Bologna, 172, 177; receives French officers, 179, 182; places the ban on the Colonna and the Savelli, 186; his son Giovanni, 187; relations with Ferrara, 188, 189, 190; his opinion of Caesar, 191; goes to Piombino, 192; to Elba, 193, 196; seizes the Orsini, 221, 222, 229; threatens Caesar, 230; seizes the towns of the Savelli, 232; watches Naples, 234; stricken by the plague, 235; death and rumours of poison, 236, 238; obsequies, 248, 261

Alexius, Attilius, 41

Alfonso of Naples, Duke of Bisceglia, 73, 121; murder of, 157–9, 161

Allegre, Yves d’, 92, 138, 144, 146, 147; in Rome, 179

Alviano, Bartolomeo d’, declared a rebel, 101; active about Rome, 103, 202, 257, 260

Alvisi, E., 232

Amananti, Jacopo, Cardinal of Pavia, 39

Amboise, Georges d’, Cardinal of Rouen, 123, 129, 245, 246; in Rome, 247, 249; defends Caesar, 261, 274

Anastasius, Pope, 28

Angelo, Michael, his “Cupid,” 201

Appiano, Giacomo d’, 176

Aquilano, Sebastiano, 119

Aragona, Luigi d’, comes to Rome, 247, 249

Aranda, Pedro de, Bishop of Calahorra, 124, 306, 307

Arignano, Domenico d’, 74

Aubigny, Count d’, 137

Auton, Jean d’, chronicler, 137; account of Pope’s reception of French officers, 179–80; account of the expedition against Naples, 181; the taking of Capua, 182

Avignon, the Papal See at, 58

Ayala, Pedro de, 287

Baglioni, the, join the Pope’s enemies, 103, 257

Baglioni, Giampaolo, 164, 212; attacks Perugia, 242, 274

Balue, Cardinal, 66

Barbo, Marco, Cardinal, 41

Barbo, Piero, 39

Beaumont, Luis de, 300, 301, 302, 305

Benavente, Count of, 286–7, 290

Benedict XIII., Anti-Pope, 32

Bentivoglio, the, 205

Bentivoglio, Annibale, 258

Bentivoglio, Ercole, 147

Bentivoglio, Giovanni, 164, 171, 172, 173; his agreement with the Pope, 214, 276

Bessarion, Cardinal of Nicæa, 31, 32, 41

Bisceglia, Alfonso, Duke of, _see_ Alfonso of Naples

Boccaccio, Gianandrea, 75; account of Caesar Borgia, 82

Bologna, relations with the Pope, 205

Bona of Savoy, regent in Milan, 62, 88

Boniface VIII., Pope, 28, 58

Books, dedication of, 67

Borgia or Borja family, the, 31; their character, 52, 68, 70; family solidarity, 72; their enemies, 242

Borgia, Alonzo, Cardinal (_see_ Calixtus III., Pope), 31, 68

Borgia, Angela, 139

Borgia, Catalina, 69, 77

Borgia, Caesar, 38, 44, 53, 64, 67, 71, 73; his birth, 75–6; plans in central Italy, 76, 77; student in Pisa, 78; his letter to the Counsellors of Pamplona, 79; in Spoleto, 81, 82, 83; made cardinal, 85, 88, 93; hostage of Charles VIII., 93, 94, 95, 96, 97; Governor of Orvieto, 98, 99, 100; meets the Duke of Gandia, 102–4; legate to Naples, 105; suspected of the murder of Gandia, 110–12; crowns the King of Naples, 117; returns to Rome, 118; book dedicated to, 119; to resign ecclesiastical offices, 123; goes to France, 124–5; meets Louis XII., 126, 129; Duke of Valentinois, 130, 131; marries Charlotte d’Albret, 132; given Order of St. Michael, 135; his daughter Louise, 137; first campaign in Romagna, 139; takes Forli, 144; Vicar of Imola and Forli, 145; in Rome, 147–9; Vicar of Romagna, 150; Governor of Imola, 151; Gonfalonier of the Church, 151; his oath, 152; the Golden Rose, 153; a bull-fighter, 154; and the artists, 155; murders Alfonso of Naples, 158, 159; second campaign in Romagna, 164; relations with the Gonzaga, 166; enters Pesaro, 167; his habits, 168; returns to Rome, 173; Florence, 175; and Machiavelli, 175, 176; in Rome, 179; expedition against Naples, 182; Capua, 185; affairs in the north, 186, 189, 190, 191; goes to Piombino, 192; Elba, 193; third campaign in Romagna, 194; has Manfredi killed, 195, 196; goes to Spoleto, 197, 199; Duke of Urbino, 201; his letter to Lucretia, 203; goes to Milan, 204; estranged from his captains, 205; the conspiracy, 206–7; and Machiavelli, 208–10, 211, 212; his captains return to him, 215; receives delegation from Ancona, 217; goes to Sinigaglia 218; the trap at Sinigaglia, 219; has Oliverotto and Vitelli killed, 220; seizes Città di Castello, 223; has Paolo and Francesco Orsini strangled, 224, 226; his letter to the _Balia_ of Siena, 226–7, 228, 229, 230; a power in Central Italy, 230, 231; plots with Spain, 223, 234; ill of the plague, 235, 237; he recovers, 240; seizes the Pope’s personal property, 241; his domain crumbles, 242; and the Sacred College, 243, 244, 245; leaves Rome with troops, 246, 248, 251; favoured by Pius III., 252; deserted by Moncada and Romolino, 253; brings his men to Rome, 255, 256; his fortunes improve, 257; again deserted, 258; he escapes but returns to Rome, 259, 260, 261, 265; lodged in the Vatican, 267; relations with Julius II., 269; leaves Rome, 270; arrested, 272, 273, 274; confined in the Borgia tower, 275; goes to Ostia, 276–7; goes to Naples, 278, 279; arrested by Gonsalvo de Cordova, 280; sent to Spain, 284; attempts to kill his gaoler, 285, 286, 287; escapes from prison, 289; the investigation, 291–3; informs friends of his escape, 294, 298, 299; Captain-General of Navarre, 302; is slain, 304; his body taken to Viana, 305; entombed in Santa Maria, 306; news of his death reaches Italy, 308, 309; his epitaph, 310, 312

Borgia, Francesco, Cardinal of Cosenza, 101, 146; flees from Rome, 275

Borgia, Francina, 68

Borgia, Giovanni, Cardinal of Monreale, dies of the plague, 235

Borgia, Giovanni, Cardinal of Santa Susanna, his death, 145

Borgia, Giovanni, _see_ Gandia, Duke of

Borgia, Giovanni, Lord of Camerino, 38, 73, 187

Borgia, Girolama, 73, 86

Borgia, Girolamo, son of Caesar, 311

Borgia, Giuffre, Prince of Squillace, 73, 83, 85; marries Sancia of Naples, 87; enters Rome, 104, 120, 248; arrested and released, 281

Borgia, Gonzales Gil, 68

Borgia, Isabella, daughter of Rodrigo Borgia and wife of Pietro Giovanni Matuzzi, 73

Borgia, Isabella de, sister of Calixtus III., 70

Borgia, Juan Domingo, 68

Borgia, Juana de, wife of P. Guillem Lanzol, 71

Borgia, Laura, daughter of Alexander VI., betrothed to Niccolò della Rovere, 282

Borgia, Louise de, daughter of Caesar, 137, 310, 311

Borgia, Lucretia, daughter of Alexander VI., 71, 73; her birth, 75; under care of Adriana Mila, 77; betrothed to Giovanni Sforza, 83; married, 84, 104; divorced, 120; married to Alfonso, Prince of Bisceglia, 121, 158, 161, 187; placed in charge of Vatican, 189; married to Alfonso d’Este, 192; the final estimate of her, 192, 285, 308; her death and her descendants, 312

Borgia, Lucretia, daughter of Caesar, 311

Borgia, Ludovico, 145

Borgia, Pedro Luis, First Duke of Gandia, 72

Borgia, Pier Luigi, 33, 34; made cardinal, 164

Borgia, Raymon, 68

Borgia, Ricardo, 68

Borgia, Rodrigo (_see_ Alexander VI.), 32, 33, 34, 37; made cardinal, 41; crowns Sixtus IV., 32, 48, 50, 51; a student of canon law, 52; Bishop of Valencia, 52; Vice-Chancellor, 52, 71, 77, 78; elected pope, 80

Borgia, Ximenes Garcia, 68

Borja, _see_ Borgia

Borja, Rodrigo Gil de, 70

Borja, y Doms, Jofre, 70

Braccio, Alessandro, 114

Brantôme, describes Caesar’s entry into Chinon, 126

Bretagne, Anne of, 131

Brissonet, Guillaume, Cardinal of Santa Prudenziana, comes to Rome, 247

Bugliotto, Odoardo, 246

Bull-fighting in Rome, 154

Burchard, Johann, his account of the murder of the Duke of Gandia, 107–14; on the death of Cardinal Orsini, 226

Calderon, Pedro, murder of, 119

Calixtus III., Pope (Alonzo Borgia), 31, 32, 34, 39, 43, 70, 71, 72, 77

Calmeto, Vincenzo, 223

Camerino, fall of, 202

Canale, Carlo, 74

Capello, Paolo, relation of, 114, 116, 119; describes Caesar, 155, 158; on Alexander VI., 162, 165

Capranica, Bartolomeo, 211

Capranica, Domenico, Cardinal, 31, 33

Capua, capture of, 183

Caraffa, Oliviero, Cardinal, 51

Caranza, Pedro, 81

Cardenas, Bernardino de, 288–9

Cardinals, the, their wealth, 64; their character, 65

Carilli, Alonzo, 302

Carlotta of Aragon, 121, 130

Carniola, the Bishop of, 239

Carvajal, Bernardino, Cardinal, 41, 275

Casio, Jeronimo, his epitaph on Caesar, 310

Castiglione, Baldessare, 138

Catanei, Vanozza de’, 72–3; her character, 74; her house plundered, 93, 248, 275, 311

Catherine, St., 39

Cecco d’Ascoli, 27

Cesarini, Giuliano, 86

Charles VIII., claims Naples, 83; prepares to invade Italy, 88; his character, 89, 90; enters Tuscany, 92; enters Naples, 95; returns to Rome, 95, 97; returns to France, 98, 103; his death, 122, 136

Chinchilla, Caesar sent to, 284

Church, States of the, 43

Churches, murders in, 65

Cibo, Franceschetto, 48, 49

Cibo, Giambatista, elected pope, 48; his nepotism and avarice, 49

Cibo, Lorenzo, 50, 51

Clement VII., Pope, 232

Collennuccio, Pandolfo, 167; on Caesar’s habits and character, 168

Colonna, feud with the Orsini, 60; they hold to the Pope, 103; banned by the Pope, 186, 203

Colonna, Cardinal, 50, 66, 93; returns to Rome, 249

Colonna, Fabrizio, 84, 103, 182; captured, 184

Colonna, Prospero, 182; returns to Rome, 242, 244, 246, 247

Commines, Philippe de, envoy to Venice, 90

Communes, the Italian, 56–7

Condottieri, the, 59

Cordova, Juan de, 211

Cordova, _see_ Gonsalvo de Cordova

Corio, Bernardino, 41

Corneto, Adriano di, Cardinal, the dinner in his garden, 236

Corrella, Michelotto, 158, 173, 211, 260; captured, 274; examined for crimes, 281

Cosimo, Pietro di, 156

Costabili, Beltrando, 191; on death of Alexander VI., 238

Crime during the Renaissance, 115

Croce, Giorgio de, 72, 74

Dante, his “Convito,” 26

Da Vinci, Leonardo, 137, 155, 193, 205

Decio, Filippo, 78

Dijon, the Bailli of, 138, 146

Dolcino di Novara, 27

Doms, family arms, 70

Doms, Sibilla, 70

Doria, Andrea, 223

Dracaz, Giacomo, 99

Empire, the, 56

Enea, Silvio, _see_ Pius II.

Enriquez, Maria, 73, 102, 284

Este family, 58; arms, 71

Este, Alfonso d’, 71, 73; marries Lucretia Borgia, 187–8, 192

Este, Ercole d’, 188, 191

Este, Fernando d’, 191

Este, Ippolito d’, 105, 188, 191, 308

Este, Isabella d’, 188, 221

Estouteville, Cardinal, 104, 187

Faenza, invested, 170; surrenders, 173

Farnese, Alessandro, 64, 84; made cardinal, 86

Farnese family, 86

Farnese, Giulia (La Bella), 38, 64, 73, 77, 81; captured by the French, 92

Federico, Caesar’s secretary, arrested by Julius, 11, 297

Feo, Giacomo, 140

Ferdinand II. of Spain, 77, 286; goes to Naples, 287, 289, 300–1

Ferdinand II. of Naples, 98

Ferdinand of Naples, 83

Ferrara, 188; her orator complains to the pope, 189

Ferrer, Luis, 289

Ferrerio, Vincenzo, 32

Foix, Gaston de, 286

Foix, Germaine de, 286

Forli surrenders, 143–4

Fornovo, battle of, 98

Florence, 45, 175

Flores, Antonio, 94

Flores, Bartolomeo, 83

Francesco da Pistoja, 27

France, superiority of armies of, 91

Frederic II. of Naples, 105, 130; declared deprived of Naples, 182; goes to France, 185

Gaetani, the, robbed by Alexander VI., 164, 167

Gandia, Giovanni Borgia, Duke of, 73; made Captain-General, 102; wounded, 103; the murder of, 107–14

Gasparino da Verona, 37

Gerardino, Agapito, 124, 154, 208, 213, 224; deserts Caesar, 272

Ghibellines, the, 57

Giovanni, Don, Infans Romanus, _see_ Borgia, Giovanni, Lord of Camerino

Giovio, Paolo, 184

Giulia Bella, _see_ Farnese, Giulia

Giustinian, Antonio, Venetian ambassador, 214, 225, 236, 247, 252, 253, 255, 260; his opinion of Julius II., 266, 269, 270, 273, 275, 277, 278, 280

Gonsalvo de Cordova, defeats the French, 233, 258, 275; victory at the Garigliano, 276, 279, 280, 285; sends Caesar to Spain, 282, 287, 288

Gonzaga family, 58

Gonzaga, Francesco, Cardinal, 41, 74, 97, 165

Got, Bertrand, made pope, 58

Grammont, French ambassador, 245

Grasica, Juanico, Caesar’s equerry, 305; goes to Ferrara, 308

Gregorovius, Ferdinand, opinion of Caterina Sforza, 140; on Letter to Silvio Savelli, 190, 283

Guelphs, 57

Guevara, Antonio de, 307

Guicciardini, Francesco, his opinion of Alexander VI., 52, 184; account of Alexander’s death, 238

Guilds, 55

Gurk, Cardinal (Raymond Perrault), 93

Guzman, Gabriel, 284

Illegitimacy during the Renaissance, 42, 54–5

Infessura, Stefano, his opinion of Sixtus IV., 45; his opinion of Innocent VIII., 50, 84

Innocent VIII., Pope (Giambatista Cibo), 48, 49; death of, 50, 78

Investiture, Wars of, 56

Isabella of Aragon, daughter of Alfonso of Naples, 89

Isabella of Spain, 285

Italy, corruption in, 48

Jeanne la Folle, 285, 288, 292

Jubilee of 1300, 58

Julius II., Pope (Giuliano della Rovere), 115, 266; statement to Giustinian, 267; attitude towards Caesar, 269, 270, 272; arrests Caesar, 273, 275, 277, 280, 281, 283, 289

La Trémoille, Louis de, 154

La Trémoille, Louis II. de, 310

League of the Conservation, 95

League against France, 95

Lenzol, the, family arms, 70, 71

Lenzol, Jofre, 69

Lenzol, Pedro Luis, 69

Lenzol, Rodrigo, 69, 71

Lenzol y Borja, Jofre, 71

Lenzol y Moncada, 71

Ligny, Louis de, 137

Lopez, Juan, 81, 97

Lorca, Remiro de, 124, 193; put to death, 216

Louis XII., King of France, 122; alliance with Alexander VI., 123, 124, 131; his claim to Milan, 136, 137, 171, 176, 177, 178; league with Pope against Naples, 182; thanks Caesar for his services, 185, 186, 200; receives Caesar at Milan, 204, 212, 229; restores Pandolfo Petrucci to Siena, 232–3; sends troops to the Regno, 234; his Prime Minister, 246, 258, 286, 289; deprives Caesar of his French fiefs, 299, 300, 310

Luna, Pietro de, 103

Machiavelli, 76; on Giampaolo Baglioni, 115, 175; sent to Caesar, 199; his opinion of Caesar, 200, 208–10, 216, 219, 232, 261, 271, 272

Maillard, Benoit, his description of a banquet given to Caesar, 125

Malatesta family, lords of Rimini, 59

Malatesta, Pandolfo, 164, 169, 257

Mancini, Jeronimo, 191

Manfredi family, lords of Faenza, 59

Manfredi, Astorre, 163, 168, 169; his bravery, 172; surrenders, 173; murder of, 194, 196

Mantua, Marquis of (Gian Francesco Gonzaga), 248

Marades, Juan, 81

Marches, the Lords of the, 101

Marciano, Rinuccio da, 182; wounded and captured, 184

Mariana, Juan de, historian, 69, 72

Marsini, Niccolò, 203

Martin V., Pope, 32

Martyr, Peter, of Anghiara, 239

Matarazzo, 186; on Caesar, 231

Matilda, Countess, 56

Maximilian, his ambassador arrives in Spoleto, 96, 165, 190, 286, 298, 300

Medici, the, 45, 58

Medici, Giovanni de’, made Cardinal, 49, 51, 64

Medici, Giuliano de’, murder of, 45, 65, 174

Medici, Lorenzo de’, attempted murder of, 45

Medici, Maddalena de’, married to Franceschetto Cibo, 48

Medici, Piero de’, 90, 174

Medino del Campo, fortress of, 285, 290

Mendoza, Diego de, 276

Mendoza, Pedro de, his letter, 295–6

Mercenaries in Italy, 59

Michele, _see_ Corrella, Michelotto

Michelotto, _see_ Corrella, Michelotto

Michiel, Giovanni, Cardinal, 41, 51

Middle Ages, 62; the Arts during, 63

Mila, Adriana, 69, 77

Mila, Juan del, Cardinal, 69

Mila, Juan, Bishop of Zamora, 32, 69

Mila, Juan, Luis de, 32

Mila, Perot del, 69

Mirandola, Antonio Pico della, suspected of the murder of Gandia, 110

Moncada, Juan de, 71

Moncada, Ugo, 211, 253

Montefeltre, Federico, made Duke of Urbino, 44, 198, 210, 234, 267

Montefeltre, Giovanna, 44

Montefeltre, Guido, 215

Montefeltre, lords of Urbino, 59

Montpensier, Gilbert de, Vice-Regent in Naples, 98

Moret, the chronicler, 289, 304

Moro, Ludovico il, 62, 83, 88, 89, 95, 97, 98, 136, 137, 140, 146; returns to Milan, 147; defeated by the French, 154

Mottino, Admiral, 259, 277, 278

Mugnone, Lucchesina, 42

Naples, Federico of, 85

Naples, Ferdinand of, 45

Naples, league against, 83

Naples, Sancia of, _see_ Sancia of Naples

Nepotism, 39, 47, 80

Nicæa, Cardinal-Bishop of, _see_ Bessarion

Niccolò da Verona, 26

Nicholas III., Pope, 28

Nicholas V., Pope, 31, 68

Oliverotto da Fermo, 202, 213; put to death by Caesar Borgia, 220

Olivieri, Giovanni, 154

Ordelaffi family, lords of Forli, 59

Orsini, the, 50; their feuds, 60; and Charles VIII., 101, 103; strongholds in Rome, 116; active about Rome, 228; return to Rome, 242, 244, 257; protest to the Pope against Caesar, 259, 260, 261

Orsini, Carlo, declared a rebel, 101; captures the Duke of Urbino, 103

Orsini, Giambattista, Cardinal, 41; made camerlengo, 42; arrested by Alexander VI., 221; his palace plundered, 222; death in prison, 225

Orsini, Gian Giordano, declared a rebel, 101, 230

Orsini, Giulio, 174, 257

Orsini, Ludovico, Lord of Bassanello, 69, 77

Orsini, Niccolò, 229

Orsini, Paolo, declared a rebel, 101, 164, 174, 211, 213; takes Urbino, 215

Orsini, Virginio, 50, 84, 85; declared a rebel, 101; made prisoner, 102

Orvieto, 98

Oviedo, Pedro de, 198, 274

Palavicini, Antoniotto Gentile, Cardinal of Sta Anastasia, 96

Panvinio, 69

Papacy, the, 28, 42; secularisation of, 45–6; politics of, 262

Paul II., Pope, 37, 40, 41; his avarice, 45

Pavia, Cardinal of (Francesco Alidosio), 37

Pazzi, conspiracy, 45, 47

Pepoli, the, lords of Bologna, 59

Perugia, Bishop of, _see_ Romolino, Francesco

Pesaro, surrenders, 167

Petrarch, 26, 28

Petrucci, Pandolfo, 212; leaves Siena, 228, 251

Philippe le Beau, 285, 287; his death, 288

Philippe le Bel, 58

Piccolomini, the, 51

Piccolomini, Enea Silvio, _see_ Pius II.

Piccolomini, Francesco, Cardinal of Siena, elected Pope, 250

Pigna, Ferrarese ambassador, 113

Pinturicchio, Bernardo, 71

Piombino, surrender of, 176, 186

Pius II., Pope (Enea Silvio Piccolomini), his letter to Rodrigo Borgia, 34, 35, 39, 43, 54

Pius III., Pope (Francesco Piccolomini), compels French troops to withdraw from Romagna, 250; death and rumours of poison, 251; favours Caesar, 252; makes Caesar Gonfalonier, 256, 258; his death, 260

Plague of 1503, 235

Polentani, the, lords of Ravenna, 59

Politics, Italian, 166; papal, 262

Pompilio, Paolo, dedicates a work to Caesar, 67, 77

Popes, the character of, 42; temporal sovereigns, 46; their nephews, 46; corruption of, 48

Rationalism in Italy, 63

Renaissance, the Italian, 23–8, 38; illegitimacy during, 42, 54–5, 62; murder during, 65; palaces of, 66; lack of moral sense in, 67; politics and rulers of, 77; warfare during, 91

Requesenz, Caesar’s Majordomo, 285, 299

Riario, the, deprived of their domain, 151

Riario, Girolamo, 44, 140

Riario, Pietro, 41; made cardinal, 43

Riario, Raffaele, Cardinal, 44, 50, 65; returns to Rome, 249

Ribera, Juan de, Captain-General of Spain, 300–1

Rimini, surrender of, 169

Rio, Francesco, 277

Roccamura, Francesco de, 243

Rodrigo, son of Alfonso of Naples and Lucretia Borgia, 187

Romagna, feudal families of, 42; lords of, 101; Caesar’s first campaign in, 139; second campaign in, 164; third campaign in, 194; remains faithful to Caesar, 213; lack of order in, 282

Rome, corruption in, 49; plague in, 235; threatened by civil war, 242, 249

Romolino, Francesco, made Cardinal of Perugia, 78, 81, 101; deserts Caesar, 253, 272; flees from Rome, 275

Rouen, Cardinal of, _see_ Amboise Georges d’

Rovere, della, the, 103

Rovere, Francesco della, 41, 42

Rovere, Giuliano della (Julius II.), made cardinal, 42, 43; a skilful campaign manager, 48, 84, 93, 103, 124, 125, 130; abandons the Riario, 139, 215; returns from France, 249, 250, 251, 254; complains of Caesar’s presence in Rome, 255, 262; elected pope, 266, 268

Rovere, Giovanni della, 44, 45

Sacred College, treats with Caesar, 243

Saluzzo, Marquis of, 234

Sancia of Naples, 85; marries Giuffre Borgia, 87; enters Rome, 104; her character, 105, 160, 177, 247

San Clemente, Cardinal of, 255

Sanctuary, right of, 65

Sangallo, Antonio di, 189, 193

San Giorgio, Cardinal, complains of Caesar’s presence in Rome, 255

San Malo, Bishop of, _see_ Brissonet, Guillaume

San Marco, Cardinal of, 39

Sannazzaro, Jacopo, 185; on Caesar’s death, 309

San Niccolò in Carcere Tulliano, Cardinal of, _see_ Borgia, Rodrigo

San Pietro ad Vincola, Cardinal of, _see_ Rovere, Giuliano della

Sant Angelo, Cardinal, 275

Santa Croce, Cardinal of, 276; releases Caesar, 278

Santa Prudenziana, Cardinal, _see_ Brissonet, Guillaume

Santi Quattro Coronati, Cardinal, _see_ Borgia, Alonzo

Sanudo, 119–20, 145

Sasseta, Ranieri della, 279

Savelli, the, support the Pope, 103; banned by the Pope, 186; their estates seized, 187

Savelli, Giambattista, Cardinal, 51, 66, 93

Savelli, Silvio, the letter to, 114, 186, 190; joins the Orsini, 228; returns to Rome, 242

Savonarola, Girolamo, 27, 78

Scalla, the, family, 58

Scarampo, Ludovico, Cardinal, 33

Scipione, Baldassare di, 279, 281

Sclafenati, Gian Giacomo, Cardinal, 51, 74

Segovia, Bishop of, made cardinal, 101

Sforza, Ascanio, made cardinal, 44; bribed with office of Vice-Chancellor, 50; suspected of murder of Gandia, 110, 116, 246; comes to Rome, 247, 249

Sforza, Caterina, 44, 140, 142, 144; a prisoner, 147

Sforza, Francesco, seizes Milan, 61

Sforza, Galeazzo, 44, 88

Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, 44, 62

Sforza, Gian Galeazzo, 62

Sforza, Gian Galeazzo Maria, 88; his death, 90

Sforza, Giovanni, of Pesaro, 73; marries Lucretia Borgia, 84; meets Gonsalvo, 103, 167

Siena, surrenders, 228

Sinigaglia, 216; captured, 217

Sixtus IV., Pope (Francesco della Rovere), 42, 43; his nepotism, 44–5; a politician, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 76–7

Soderini, Francesco, sent to Caesar, 199; his account of Cardinal Orsini’s funeral, 226

Spanocchi, Alessandro, 253

Spanocchi, Ambrogio, 39

Squillace, Prince of, _see_ Borgia, Giuffre

Squillace, Princess of, _see_ Sancia of Naples

Strozzi, Ercole, his _Epicedium_ on Caesar, 309

Stuart, Berault, comes to Rome with the French Army, 179

Suere, Marco, 169

Toledo, Fabrique de, Duke of Alva, 286

Tomasi, Tomaso, his “Duca Valentino,” 69; his opinion of Vanozza and Alexander VI., 74

Torrella, Gaspare, dedicates a work to Caesar, 119, 124, 203, 240

Trans, Baron of, _see_ Villeneuve, Louis de

Trivulzio, Gian Giacopo, 146

Tyranny and tyrants, the Italian, 55–7, 58–9, 61, 101, 166

Umbria, the lords of, 101

Valentino, Valentinois _see_ Borgia, Caesar

Valentinois, Duchess of, _see_ Albret, Charlotte d’

Valgulio, Carlo, 102

Vannozza, _see_ Catanei, Vannozza de’

Varano, Giulio Cesare, 202

Varano, lords of Camerino, 59, 202

Vasari, Giorgio, 155

Vatican, Orgies in, 84, 186

Venice, the Patriarch of, 51; aids Montefeltre, 211–12

Vera, Juan, 78, 81

Verastegui, Ogier, 302

Vettori, Francesco, 195

Viana, the Castle of, 300, 301, 302, 303; Santa Maria de, 306

Villeneuve, Louis de, Baron of Trans, 123

Virago, the, 142

Visconti, Filippo Maria, last of the, 61

Visconti, the, lords of Milan, 60

Visconti, Gian Galeazzo, 60

Visconti, Valentina, 136

Vitelli, the, return to Rome, 242

Vitelli, Vitellozzo, 103, 169, 174, 201, 213, 214; put to death, 220

Warfare during the Renaissance, 91

Worms, Concordat of, 56

Yriarte, Charles, his genealogy of the Borgia, 69; searches for Caesar’s remains, 307

Zapata, Martin, 78

Zeno, Battista, Cardinal, 41, 51

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained; occurrences of inconsistent hyphenation have not been changed.

Some illustrations of people had two captions: one in Latin, placed within the frame of the image, and one in English, printed below the image. When present and legible, both are shown in printed form in this eBook. The Latin spellings sometimes differ from the English ones.

Text uses the names “Spanocchi” and “Spannocchi” several times; the latter is correct, but both spellings have been retained here.

The spellings of proper names were not thoroughly checked.

Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been moved to the end of the book, just before the Index.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Page 41: “duplicit” was printed that way.

Illustration facing page 280: The Latin caption is “CONSALVO DI CORDOVA;” the English caption is “GONSALVO DE CORDOVA”.