Butterflies and Moths (British)
CHAPTER XXI
_THE MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA_
The butterflies, and all the moths contained in the groups of the last four chapters, are commonly spoken of as constituting the _Macro-lepidoptera_; but in addition to these there are many hundreds of small British moths that represent what is known as the _Micro-lepidoptera_.
It is not usual for young entomologists to have much to do with the 'Micros' until they have had a little practical experience with the larger species; in fact, a good number of them never seem to extend their knowledge beyond the limits of the 'Macros' except that they may make an occasional capture of a Micro that happens to fly across their path.
Now, since it would be practically impossible to deal fairly, even in outline, with both these divisions of the _Lepidoptera_ in a work of the present dimensions, I have devoted most space to the larger species so as to meet the probable requirements of the majority of my readers. But in order that the beginner may also have the means of introducing himself intelligently to a study of the 'Micros,' I shall set apart this chapter for a simple account of the broad principles of their classification, illustrated by means of a few types, so that the collector may at least know _something_ of the insects he captures, even though he may not be able at once to fix on their names.
The young entomologist, thus provided with the broad features that enable him to roughly classify the specimens which reach his cabinet, may, as his store increases, pay an occasional visit to a public museum or the private collection of an entomological friend, and so obtain the names and other details he may require.
The _Micro-lepidoptera_ are divided into five main groups--_Pyralides_, _Pterophori_, _Crambi_, _Tortrices_, and _Tineae_, each of which is divided into families and genera, as we have seen in the case of the 'Macros.'
_Pyralides_
The _Pyralides_ may be easily distinguished by the proportionately long fore wings, long legs, and elongated abdomen. Some of them have wings of a pearly lustre, and are accordingly known popularly as the 'Pearls.' Some species fly in bright sunshine, others appear on the wing before sunset, and fly till dusk; others, again, are purely nocturnal in their habits. All, however, are apparently light sleepers, and may be easily beaten out of their resting places and netted by day. Some of these moths are common everywhere, but the majority of them are very local, though they may be extremely abundant where they occur.
The larvae have a glossy and bristly appearance, and are generally gregarious in their habits.
This group contains about eighty species, arranged in five families as follows:
1. _Pyralididae_, including about forty species. 2. _Botydae_, about thirty species. 3. _Steniiadae_, containing only five species. 4. _Hydrocampidae_, four species. 5. _Acentropodidae_, containing only one.
_The Tabby_ (_Aglossa pinguinalis_)
The first of these families contains the Tabby or Grease Moth, commonly met with both in the larval and perfect states in barns and stables.
Its fore wings are brownish grey, crossed with zigzag darker lines, and having a black spot near the centre of the costal margin. The term 'Tabby' has been applied on account of the fancied resemblance of the transverse markings to the fur of a tabby cat, and the other popular name was given under the belief that the caterpillar feeds on fatty matter, but it is extremely doubtful whether this supposition is correct.
The caterpillar probably feeds exclusively on the vegetable accumulations that lie in the undisturbed corners and crevices of outhouses and stables, and lives concealed in silken tubes, strengthened outside by fragments of hay, chaff &c. that have been spun together. It feeds from September to April, except during very severe weather, and when full grown it leaves its tube, and changes to a chrysalis in a light silken cocoon in some secluded corner.
The moth emerges in July.
_The Meal Moth_ (_Pyralis farinalis_)
The same family contains the common Meal Moth, so called because in the larval state it feeds on meal and allied substances.
The fore wings are yellowish grey, with reddish basal patches, a broad reddish band along the hind margin, and two whitish indented transverse lines. The hind wings are grey, and are crossed by two lines similar to and continuous with those of the front pair.
This moth is to be found in abundance throughout the summer months in places where corn, meal, and grain are stored in large quantities, sitting on walls and rafters during the daytime, and taking to flight in the evening.
The caterpillar feeds on corn, meal, grain, bran, &c., and lives concealed in a silken tube covered outside with particles of its food substance. It is not fully grown till nearly two years old, and then changes to a chrysalis in a white silken cocoon.
_The Small Magpie_ (_Eurrhypara urticata_)
The family _Botydae_ contains the moths that are popularly known as the 'Pearls' on account of the pearly lustre of the wings. One of its species--the Small Magpie--is shown in the accompanying illustration. Its fore wings are pearly white, with blackish hind margin, a yellow streak at the base, and blackish markings, the arrangement of which may be seen in the figure.
It is a very common moth, flying at dusk during June and July in waste places where the stinging nettle grows.
The caterpillar is whitish, with a dark dorsal line. It feeds on the stinging nettle (_Urtica dioica_), always remaining concealed between leaves which it has spun together with silken threads.
_The Mother-of-Pearl_ (_Botys ruralis_)
This is another very common species of the family _Botydae_, abundant almost everywhere, and to be found on the wing from June to August.
Its wings are whitish, and exhibit a very decided pearly lustre, and all the markings are of a dull dark grey.
The caterpillar is glossy, and has a semi-transparent appearance. It is greenish white above, with a darker line down the back; and the sides are of a brighter green. It feeds on the stinging nettle (_Urtica dioica_) during May.
_The Garden Pebble_ (_Pionea forficalis_)
The same family contains also the Garden Pebble, which is one of the commonest frequenters of gardens, both in town and country.
The fore wings are pale yellowish grey with brown markings. The latter include a fine line from the tip to the middle of the inner margin, and another paler one inside and parallel with this, having a dark spot near its centre. The hind wings are lighter, and have a pale and interrupted line parallel with the hind margin.
The caterpillar is pale greenish, with a dark line along the back and on each side. It feeds on the cabbage and other cruciferous plants.
The moth flies from May to the end of the summer, and the caterpillar may be found about midsummer, and again in the autumn.
_The Beautiful China Mark_ (_Hydrocampa stagnata_)
Our last example of the _Pyralides_--the Beautiful China Mark--belongs to the family _Hydrocampidae_. This small family is remarkable for the fact that its four species spend their larval state in the water, feeding on the under surfaces of the leaves of water lilies and other aquatic plants. These curious larvae live either in cases which they construct for their protection, something after the fashion of the larvae of caddis flies, or quite free in the water, and then they are supplied with special breathing organs that enable them to absorb the oxygen held in solution in the water.
The moth we have selected for illustration is a very common species, and may be seen flying in great numbers in the neighbourhood of ponds during June and July.
_The Pterophori_
The members of this remarkable group are easily distinguishable from all other moths by the feathery appearance of their wings, a feature that has gained for them the popular name of _Plume Moths_. Their fore wings are more or less divided or cleft, and their hind wings are generally divided into three distinct feathery plumes.
The larvae are hairy, and when full fed they suspend themselves by their anal claspers, and change to the chrysalis state without any kind of covering. They are generally to be found in spring and early summer, but some of them feed in the autumn.
The chrysalides are often hairy, though some of them are perfectly smooth.
Plume moths are to be met with more or less throughout the year. Many of the earlier species appear on the wing in spring and early summer; but the late feeders emerge in the autumn, and hybernate through the winter, often taking to the wing on the mild days of our coldest months.
The _Pterophori_ include only about forty British species, all of which, with two exceptions, belong to the family _Pterophoridae_. The two exceptions represent as many families--one the _Chrysocorididae_, and the other the _Alucitidae_.
_Platyptilia gonodactyla_
This is one of the commonest of the _Pterophoridae_, generally appearing in our gardens and in waste places towards the end of May, and continuing with us for some time. It starts from its retreat at or before sunset, and remains on the wing after dark.
Its fore wings are ochreous grey, with a narrow brown costal margin, and a triangular brown patch on the costa. Beyond this patch the wing is cleft. The hind wings consist of three distinct brownish plumes, the third of which has a small tuft of black scales projecting from the middle of the inner margin.
The caterpillar feeds on the flower stalks of the coltsfoot during March and April.
_Leioptilus osteodactylus_
This is another species of the same family. It is not uncommon, but is more local than the last.
Its fore wings are pale yellow, with a small brown dot at the commencement of the dividing fissure, and a brown blotch on the costal margin nearer the tip. The hind wings are divided into three distinct plumes like those of _Gonodactyla_.
This is a later species, appearing on the wing in July.
_Aciptilia pentadactyla_
The fore wings of this species are white, frequently with a few greyish scales, and are deeply divided into two feathery plumes. The hind wings are pure white, and consist of three plumes.
This pretty insect is common and widely distributed, and flies during June and July.
The caterpillar feeds on the convolvulus in May.
_Alucita hexadactyla_
Our last example of the _Pterophori_ is the Twelve-plume Moth, the only British representative of the family _Alucitidae_.
This little insect is of a yellowish colour, with two dark bands across the fore wings; and both fore and hind wings are divided into six distinct feathers. It is a common moth, and frequents sheltered spots, flying at dusk. It appears in August, remains on the wing till October, and then hybernates till the following April. During the winter it is commonly met with in outhouses and even in dwelling houses.
The caterpillar feeds during June and July on the flower buds of the honeysuckle (_Lonicera Periclymenum_). It is not hairy, like most of the larvae of the last family; and, unlike these, it changes to a chrysalis in a silken cocoon.
_Crambi_
The third group of the 'Micros' is the _Crambi_, and contains about eighty species, arranged in four families.
Some of them are common moths with which all must be more or less familiar, as they are roused from the grasses on which they repose at almost every footstep as we walk through meadows in the summer. When at rest, they present a very peculiar appearance. Their wings are wrapped closely round their bodies in such a manner that they are hardly distinguishable from the stems on which they repose.
The larvae have sixteen limbs, and are very variable in their habits. Some feed among moss or dry stems in silken tubes, some on the stems of reeds, and others inhabit the hives of bees and feed on the wax of the honeycomb.
The four families are:
1. _Chilidae_--five species.
2. _Crambidae_--about thirty species.
3. _Phycidae_--over forty species.
4. _Galleridae_--five species.
_Chilo Phragmitellus_
This species is one of those moths known as the 'Veneers,' and is popularly termed the Wainscot Veneer. It is one of the largest of the family _Chilidae_.
Its fore wings are long, narrow, and pointed at the tip. They are of a pale ochreous brown colour, with a row of small black dots along the hind margin.
The caterpillar is pale grey, with brown stripes; and the head and second segment are yellowish brown. It feeds on the common reed (_Phragmites_) in the autumn, and hybernates till the following spring, when it resumes its feeding.
This insect is rather local, but may be searched for in all marshy places where reeds abound.
_Crambus hamellus_
The family _Crambidae_ is represented by the above-named species, which has the popular title of Pearl-streak Veneer. It is not a common moth, but is to be obtained in some localities by beating low herbage.
Its fore wings are ochreous and glossy, with a silvery streak from the base, running almost parallel with the costal margin. The hind margin is yellow, bordered inside by a wavy brown line. The hind wings are pale greyish brown with a yellowish margin.
_Crambus tristellus_
The same family contains the species _Tristellus_, which, unlike the preceding insect, is abundant everywhere.
Its fore wings are generally yellowish brown, but exceedingly variable. A pale streak runs from the base to just beyond the middle of the wing, and is then forked. Near the hind margin is a very indistinct brown wavy line. The hind wings are dull smoke colour with a light fringe. As with the other moths of the family, its labial palpi are very long.
The moth flies from July to September.
_Crambus hortuellus_
This is also an abundant species, to be met with everywhere during June and July.
Its fore wings are dull ochreous brown. The wing rays are whitish near the inner margin, and a brown line with a silvery edging crosses near the hind margin. The hind wings are dull smoky brown, with a shining surface, and the fringe is light.
The larva is pale grey with dark grey spots, and may be found among moss in April and May.
_Galleria mellonella_
Our last example of the _Crambi_ is a moth that the young entomologist is not likely to meet with unless he happens to be in the neighbourhood of one of its haunts, but its habits are so peculiar that we are tempted to introduce it on that account.
It belongs to the family _Galleridae_, the larvae of which feed on the wax combs in the hives of bees and in the nests of wild bees. They are protected from the stings of the inmates by silken tubes which they construct, and by the hardened covering of their heads and front segments--the only parts that remain exposed while they are feeding.
The fore wings of the moth are reddish-grey or brownish, sometimes with a greenish tinge, and yellowish along the inner margin. The hind wings are greyish brown.
It flies in July and August, and the caterpillar feeds in May and June.
_The Tortrices_
This is a large group of moths, deriving their name from the peculiar habit of a number of the larvae of twisting or rolling up leaves for their protection. This habit, however, is not common to all, for some feed on stems and flowers, and others devour seeds and fruits.
The perfect insects may easily be known by the shape of the wings. The fore pair are gracefully curved on the costal margin in such a way that, when the insect is at rest with its wings closed, its outline is much the shape of a bell.
The identification of the various species of this extensive group is no easy task, for many of them are so variable in their colouring that insects of the same species are often very different from each other. So puzzling indeed is this tendency to run into varieties that many insects, once considered to belong to separate species, have been reduced to one; and this has been the case in a number of instances.
There are so many of these little moths that we cannot even give a representative of each family, but the following outline will serve to show the extensiveness of the group.
Family 1. _Tortricidae_, about sixty species. " 2. _Penthinidae_, " twenty " " 3. _Spilonotidae_, " twelve " " 4. _Sericoridae_, " twenty-seven species. " 5. _Sciaphilidae_, " twenty-four " " 6. _Grapholithidae_, about one hundred and fifty species. " 7. _Pyraloididae_, four species. " 8. _Conchylidae_, about fifty species. " 9. _Apheliidae_, three species.
We shall now briefly examine a few of the commonest insects of the group.
_Tortrix xylosteana_
This pretty moth is common in most parts, and may often be met with in abundance in wooded localities during July. It belongs to the family _Tortricidae_.
Its fore wings are ochreous brown. A very dark oblique streak, edged with yellow, runs from the inner margin of the base. A reddish patch in the centre of the wing, also edged with yellow, is narrow on the costa, and expands as it approaches the inner margin. Beyond this are another dark patch on the costa and two reddish-brown blotches on the hind margin.
The larva is greenish brown, marked with white spots which have black centres; and it feeds on oak (_Quercus Robur_), honeysuckle (_Lonicera Periclymenum_), and other plants, in the month of May.
_Tortrix viridana_
In June and July this pretty but destructive little insect may be seen flying in abundance in almost every oak wood. Its fore wings are one uniform pale green with the exception of a streak of yellow along the costal margin; and, when at rest, scores may exist on a single twig without being seen unless closely examined. The hind wings are of a pale smoky tint, and rather glossy.
The larva is green, with black spots, and feeds in May and June on the oak and other trees, often almost completely devouring the foliage.
_Peronea cristana_
This moth is not so generally abundant, but is very common in many of the woods of the south. It is remarkable for the large number of varieties that have been observed, many of which have been regarded as distinct species.
Its fore wings are of some shade of brown or grey, with a light streak of variable colour along the inner margin, and a tuft of raised white scales in the middle of the wing.
It flies during August and September.
_Ptycholoma lecheana_
Our last example of the family _Tortricidae_ is _Lecheana_, a moth that is common in most parts in June and July.
Its fore wings are brown, lighter towards the base. There are no very distinct markings, but there is generally a darker patch in the middle of the wing, edged with a silvery streak on each side.
The larva feeds on several trees, including oaks and elms, in the month of May.
_Penthina pruniana_
The next family--_Penthinidae_--contains the common species _Pruniana_, which may be readily known by its boldly marked wings. The basal portion of the fore wings, to the extent of nearly two-thirds of the whole, is very dark brown. The remaining third is almost white, and clouded with grey. The hind wings are smoky brown with a paler fringe.
The caterpillar of this species feeds on the blackthorn (_Prunus spinosa_) in May, and the moth flies in June and July.
_Antithesia salicella_
This moth is not nearly so common as the last species, but is fairly plentiful in some localities in the south of England. It belongs to the same family as _Pruniana_.
The fore wings are whitish at the base and along the inner margin, but the light tint is dotted and clouded with shades of brown. The remainder of the wings is marbled with dark brown of different depths, relieved near the hind margin with a little blue. The hind wings, as is usual with the _Tortrices_, are dull smoky brown.
The caterpillar is reddish brown with black spots, and feeds during May in rolled leaves of willows.
The moth flies in August and September.
_Sciaphila octomaculana_
Our single example of the family _Sciaphilidae_ is the species _Octomaculana_, which, though not very abundant, is widely distributed, and moderately common in parts.
Its fore wings are white, dusted with grey, and each is marked with four dark grey patches which have given rise to its specific name--a word which signifies 'eight-spotted.' The hind wings are grey.
The caterpillar feeds on thistles and other plants, and the moth flies from August to October.
_Ephippiphora cirsiana_
This insect represents the family _Grapholithidae_. It is a common moth, and is widely distributed.
Its fore wings are greyish brown, with a large white patch on the middle of the inner margin; and beyond this white, in the anal angle, is a pale grey patch containing three or four black dots. The tips of the wings are reddish brown.
The moth flies in June and July; and the larva, which feeds on thistles, may be found in the stems from October to the following May.
_Carpocapsa pomonella_
The same extensive family contains a few moths that are very destructive to our fruits, the larvae burrowing into and living entirely within their substance. One of these--_Pomonella_--is popularly known as the Codlin, as its larva is so often found in the interior of small apples of the same name.
The fore wings of this insect are grey, with a number of dark transverse lines. The spot in the anal angle is edged with a coppery tint, and inclosed by a curved black line.
This moth is common in all parts, flying during June and July; and the larva may be looked for in apples and pears in August and September.
_Xanthosetia zoegana_
Our last example of the _Tortrices_ is _Zoegana_, which belongs to the family _Conchylidae_. Its fore wings are yellow, with a reddish streak along the costa near the base, and a small reddish spot opposite this near the inner margin. The tip of the wings is dark reddish brown, in the middle of which is a large yellow spot.
This moth is widely distributed, and in some parts common. It flies from May to August, and the larva feeds on the small scabious (_Scabiosa columbaria_).
_The Tineae_
We have noticed that the _Tortrices_ form a very extensive group of moths, but they are far outnumbered by the _Tineae_, for of these there are over seven hundred known British species.
Of course, among so many species we are sure to find considerable variety in form and structure; but notwithstanding this, the _Tineae_ form a well-marked division, and the beginner will find but little difficulty in distinguishing between these and the other Micros.
The wings are long and narrow, and are remarkable for the length of the fringe, particularly that of the hind wings. The bodies, too, are long and slender.
The larvae are exceedingly variable. Some have the usual number of sixteen limbs, and others have as many as eighteen. Again, the larvae of several genera have only fourteen legs, and some are absolutely legless.
With regard to their food and habits, they are equally variable, for while some feed exposed, others are always protected in rolled leaves. Some construct for themselves portable tubes, so that they always remain under cover, and are at the same time perfectly free to ramble in search for food. Some, also, are leaf miners; and the group includes the so-called 'Clothes Moths,' whose larvae devour our garments, furs, and the upholstering of our furniture.
We shall now briefly notice a few species, in order that we may become better acquainted with the general characters of the group.
_Diurnea fagella_
This moth represents the small family _Epigraphiidae_, containing only six species, all of which appear in the winter or early spring.
The present species is very common in most parts, and may be seen at rest on the barks of trees in March and April.
The fore wings are usually pale grey or yellowish grey, and dotted with brown; but there is a great variety both in the depth of the ground colour and the distinctness of the markings. Our illustration gives the usual appearance of the insect.
The caterpillar feeds on various trees in September and October, always protected between leaves that it has spun together.
_Adela cuprella_
The family _Adelidae_ contains ten species, all remarkable for the great length of their antennae. The one selected for illustration is a beautiful little moth with bright bronzy green fore wings, tinged with a rich glossy violet. The hind wings are brown with a glossy surface.
This moth does not seem to be widely distributed, but is fairly plentiful where it occurs. Wimbledon Common and Epping Forest are good localities for it. It is on the wing in April and May.
_Hyponomeuta Padellus_
The family _Hyponomeutidae_ contains about twenty insects, some of which are very common and exceedingly destructive to our trees. In May and June hawthorn and fruit trees may be seen swarming with the gregarious larvae of some of them, and almost entirely stripped of their leaves.
The species here figured has grey or white fore wings with three rows of black dots. The hind wings are darker grey without dots.
The larva feeds on hawthorn, apple, and other trees. The perfect insect flies in July and August.
_Depressaria nervosa_
The next family--_Gelechiidae_--is represented by the species Nervosa, which is common in many localities.
Its fore wings are reddish brown, and are marked by a number of short longitudinal streaks of a darker colour. The hind wings are light grey.
The caterpillar is black, marked with black spots in white rings, and having yellow side stripes. It feeds on the flowers of the hemlock water dropwort (_[OE]nanthe crocata_) during June and July.
The moth flies in August and September.
_Harpella Geoffrella_
The same extensive family contains the moth Geoffrella, represented in the accompanying cut. This is an exceedingly pretty insect. The basal portion of its fore wings is yellow, with two longitudinal dark streaks, the outer one of which is bent towards the inner margin near the middle of the wing. The remaining portion of the wings is brown, with two yellowish triangular spots, one on the costal and one on the inner margin. On the middle of the costa is a short dark streak.
This moth appears in May and June, and is rather local, but very abundant in some parts.
_Coleophora ibipennella_
The family _Coleophoridae_ contains about seventy small moths, characterised by their very narrow and pointed wings, with long fringes, and also, generally, by a little tuft of hair on the first joint of the antennae.
The larvae live in little cases which they construct, and feed on various leaves and seeds. They spend the winter within their cases, and change to the chrysalis state in spring or early summer.
One of these moths--_Ibipennella_--is shown in fig. 239. Its fore wings are white, with a satiny gloss, and brownish towards the tips. The 'nervures' are generally of a yellowish tinge. The hind wings are dark grey.
The larva feeds on the birch (_Betula alba_), and may be seen walking on the surface of the leaves, carrying, or rather dragging after it, the pistol-shaped case in which it lives, nothing protruding save its head and front legs. It is full fed in May, and the moth flies in July.
_Tischeria complanella_
This species represents the rather extensive family _Elachistidae_, the members of which have narrow and pointed wings. Many of them are adorned with beautiful metallic tints, but are generally so small that a lens is necessary to show up the splendour of their clothing. Most of the larvae are leaf miners, and are easily reared. All that is necessary is to pluck a few twigs, the leaves of which, when held up to the light, reveal the tiny larvae in their burrows, and place them in a vessel of water. They do not feed long, and it is probable that most of the larvae so treated will be ready to change before the leaves have become dry. The present species has bright yellow fore wings, with pale grey cloudings at the hind margins. It is very abundant in many parts, and flies during the month of June.
The larva is one of the numerous leaf miners, and is of a yellowish colour. It feeds in oak leaves during the autumn, and its presence is indicated by light blotches on the foliage.
_Nepticula aurella_
The family _Nepticulidae_--the last of the _Tineae_--contains a number of little moths, including the smallest of the _Lepidoptera_. Many of them are exceedingly beautiful, being decorated with various tints of a splendid metallic lustre, but their beauty is revealed only by the use of a magnifying lens, and they are so small that very great care and patience is required to set them properly.
They may be recognised by their short and thick antennae, rather large head, broad fore wings, and narrow pointed hind wings.
The larvae have no true legs, but have nine pairs of very imperfectly developed claspers. They are leaf miners, and are sometimes so abundant that several may be found in a single leaf.
The species we have selected has fore wings of a rich golden brown, with deep violet tips, and a broad bar of pale golden yellow beyond the middle. It may be found throughout the spring and summer. The larva excavates long irregular burrows in the leaves of the bramble.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
I have previously called the reader's attention to our classified list of butterflies and moths, and have hinted at one or two of the objects for which it is inserted. It contains the scientific and popular names of all the British Butterflies, _Sphinges_, _Bombyces_, _Noctuae_, and _Geometrae_, arranged in their various families and genera; and in cases where two specific names are commonly applied to the same insect, both are given.
Its chief uses to the young entomologist are to show the relation which the insects bear one to another, and to supply a guide for the proper arrangement of the specimens in his cabinet.
The order adopted is that of South's 'Synonymic List of British Lepidoptera,' and it has already been mentioned that similar lists, printed on one side of the paper only, may be obtained from dealers in naturalists' appliances. These, cut up as required, supply very neat labels for cabinets or store boxes.
_COMPLETE CLASSIFIED LIST OF BRITISH MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA_
=RHOPALOCERA (BUTTERFLIES).=
PAPILIONIDAE. =Papilio.= _Machaon_--Swallow Tail
PIERIDAE. =Aporia.= _Crataegi_--Black-veined White =Pieris.= _Brassicae_--Large White _Rapae_--Small White _Napi_--Green-veined White _Daplidice_--Bath White =Euchlo[:e].= _Cardamines_--Orange Tip =Leucophasia.= _Sinapis_--Wood White =Colias.= _Hyale_--Pale Clouded Yellow _Edusa_--Clouded Yellow =Gonopteryx.= _Rhamni_--Brimstone
NYMPHALIDAE. =Argynnis.= _Selene_--Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary _Euphrosyne_--Pearl-bordered Fritillary _Latona_--Queen of Spain _Aglaia_--Dark Green Fritillary _Adippe_--High Brown Fritillary _Paphia_--Silver-washed Fritillary =Melitaea.= _Aurinia_ (_Artemis_)--Greasy Fritillary _Cinxia_--Glanville Fritillary _Athalia_--Heath Fritillary =Vanessa.= _C-Album_--Comma _Polychloros_--Large Tortoiseshell _Urticae_--Small Tortoiseshell _Io_--Peacock _Antiopa_--Camberwell Beauty _Atalanta_--Red Admiral _Cardui_--Painted Lady =Limenitis.= _Sibylla_--White Admiral
APATURIDAE. =Apatura.= _Iris_--Purple Emperor
SATYRIDAE. =Melanargia.= _Galatea_--Marbled White =Erebia.= _Epiphron_ (_Cassiope_)--Small Ringlet _AEthiops_ (_Blandina_)--Northern Brown (Scotch Argus) =Pararge.= _Egeria_--Speckled Wood _Megaera_--Wall =Satyrus.= _Semele_--Grayling =Epinephele.= _Ianira_--Meadow Brown _Tithonus_--Large Heath (Small Meadow Brown) _Hyperanthes_--Ringlet =Caenonympha.= _Typhon_ (_Davus_)--Marsh Ringlet _Pamphilus_--Small Heath
LYCAENIDAE. =Thecla.= _Betulae_--Brown Hairstreak _W-Album_--White-letter Hairstreak _Pruni_--Dark Hairstreak _Quercus_--Purple Hairstreak _Rubi_--Green Hairstreak =Polyommatus.= _Dispar_--Large Copper _Phl[oe]as_--Small Copper =Lycaena.= _Baetica_--Tailed Blue _AEgon_--Silver-studded Blue _Astrarche_ (_Agestis_)--Brown Argus _Icarus_ (_Alexis_)--Common Blue _Bellargus_ (_Adonis_)--Clifden Blue _Corydon_--Chalk-hill Blue _Argiolus_--Azure or Holly Blue _Semiargus_ (_Acis_)--Mazarine Blue _Minima_ (_Alsus_)--Small Blue _Arion_--Large Blue
ERYCINIDAE. =Nemeobius.= _Lucina_--Duke of Burgundy
HESPERIIDAE. =Syrichthus.= _Malvae_ (_Alveolus_)--Grizzled Skipper =Nisoniades.= _Tages_--Dingy Skipper =Hesperia.= _Thaumas_ (_Linea_)--Small Skipper _Lineola_--New Small Skipper _Actaeon_--Lulworth Skipper _Sylvanus_--Large Skipper _Comma_--Silver-spotted Skipper =Carterocephalus.= _Palaemon_ (_Paniscus_)--Chequered Skipper
HETEROCERA (MOTHS).
=SPHINGES.=
SPHINGIDAE. =Acherontia.= _Atropos_--Death's Head Hawk Moth =Sphinx.= _Convolvuli_--Convolvulus Hawk _Ligustri_--Privet Hawk _Pinastri_--Pine Hawk =Deilephila.= _Euphorbiae_--Spurge Hawk _Galii_--Bedstraw Hawk _Livornica_--Striped Hawk =Chaerocampa.= _Celerio_--Silver-striped Hawk _Porcellus_--Small Elephant _Elpenor_--Large Elephant =Smerinthus.= _Ocellatus_--Eyed Hawk _Populi_--Poplar Hawk _Tiliae_--Lime Hawk =Macroglossa.= _Stellatarum_--Humming-bird Hawk _Fuciformis_--Broad-bordered Bee Hawk _Bombyliformis_--Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk
SESIIDAE. =Trochilium.= _Apiformis_--Hornet Clearwing of the Poplar _Crabroniformis_ (_Bembeciformis_)--Hornet Clearwing of Osier =Sciopteron.= _Tabaniformis_ (_Vespiforme_)--Dusky Clearwing =Sesia.= _Scoliiformis_--Welsh Clearwing _Sphegiformis_--White-barred Clearwing _Andreniformis_--Orange-tailed Clearwing _Tipuliformis_--Currant Clearwing _Asiliformis_ (_Cynipiformis_)--Yellow-legged Clearwing _Myopiformis_--Red-belted Clearwing _Culiciformis_--Large Red-belted Clearwing _Formiciformis_--Red-tipped Clearwing _Ichneumoniformis_--Six-belted Clearwing _Musciformis_ (_Philanthiformis_)--Thrift Clearwing _Chrysidiformis_--Fiery Clearwing
ZYGAENIDAE. =Ino.= _Globulariae_--Scarce Forester _Statices_--Forester _Geryon_--Cistus Forester =Zygaena.= _Pilosellae_ (_Minos_)--Transparent Burnet _Exulans_--Scotch Burnet _Meliloti_--New Forest Burnet _Trifolii_--Broad-bordered Five-spotted Burnet _Lonicerae_--Narrow-bordered Five-spotted Burnet _Filipendulae_--Six-spotted Burnet
=BOMBYCES.=
NYCTEOLIDAE. =Sarothripus.= _Undulanus_--Tortrix Moth =Earias.= _Chlorana_--Cream-bordered Green =Hylophila.= _Prasinana_--Green Silver-lined _Bicolorana_ (_Quercana_)--Large Green Silver-lined
NOLIDAE. =Nola.= _Cucullatella_--Short-cloaked _Strigula_--Small Black Arches _Confusalis_ (_Cristulalis_)--Least Black Arches _Albulalis_--Kent Arches _Centonalis_--Scarce Black Arches
LITHOSIIDAE. =Nudaria.= _Senex_--Round-winged Muslin _Mundana_--Muslin Moth =Setina.= _Irrorella_--Dew Moth =Calligenia.= _Miniata_--Rosy Footman (Red Arches) =Lithosia.= _Mesomella_--Four-dotted Footman _Muscerda_--Dotted Footman _Sororcula_ (_Aureola_)--Orange Footman _Lutarella_ (_Pygmaeola_)--Pigmy Footman _Griseola_ (_Stramineola_)--Pale Footman _Deplana_ (_Helveola_)--Buff Footman _Lurideola_ (_Complanula_)--Common Footman _Complana_--Scarce Footman _Sericea_ (_Molybdeola_)--Leaden Footman _Caniola_--Hoary Footman =Gnophria.= _Quadra_--Four-spotted Footman _Rubricollis_--Red-necked Footman =Emydia.= _Cribrum_--Speckled Footman
EUCHELIIDAE. =Deiopeia.= _Pulchella_--Crimson Speckled =Euchelia.= _Jacobaeae_--Cinnabar =Callimorpha.= _Dominula_--Scarlet Tiger _Hera_--Jersey Tiger
CHELONIIDAE. =Nemeophila.= _Russula_--Clouded Buff _Plantaginis_--Wood Tiger =Arctia.= _Caia_--Tiger _Villica_--Cream-spot Tiger =Spilosoma.= _Fuliginosa_--Ruby Tiger _Mendica_--Muslin _Lubricipeda_--Buff Ermine _Menthastri_--White Ermine _Urticae_--Water Ermine
HEPIALIDAE. =Hepialus.= _Humuli_--Ghost Swift _Sylvanus_--Wood Swift _Velleda_--Northern Swift _Lupulinus_--Common Swift _Hectus_--Gold Swift
COSSIDAE. =Cossus.= _Ligniperda_--Goat =Zeuzera.= _Pyrina_ (_AEsculi_)--Leopard =Macrogaster.= _Castaneae_ (_Arundinis_)--Reed Moth
COCHLIOPODIDAE. =Heterogenea.= _Limacodes_ (_Testudo_)--Festoon Moth _Asella_ (_Asellus_)--Triangle Moth
LIPARIDAE. =Porthesia= (=Liparis=). _Chrysorrh[oe]a_--Brown Tail _Similis_ (_Auriflua_)--Yellow Tail (Gold Tail) =Leucoma.= _Salicis_--Satin Moth =Laelia.= _C[oe]nosa_--Reed Tussock =Ocneria.= _Dispar_--Gipsy =Psilura.= _Monacha_--Black Arches =Dasychira.= _Fascelina_--Dark Tussock _Pudibunda_--Pale Tussock =Orgyia.= _Gonostigma_--Scarce Vapourer _Antiqua_--Vapourer
BOMBYCIDAE. =Trichiura.= _Crataegi_--Pale Oak Eggar =P[oe]cilocampa.= _Populi_--December Moth =Eriogaster.= _Lanestris_--Small Eggar =Bombyx.= _Neustria_--Lackey _Castrensis_--Ground Lackey _Rubi_--Fox _Quercus_--Oak Eggar _Trifolii_--Grass Eggar =Odonestis.= _Potatoria_--Drinker =Lasiocampa.= _Quercifolia_--Lappet _Ilicifolia_--Small Lappet
ENDROMIDAE. =Endromis.= _Versicolor_--Kentish Glory
SATURNIIDAE. =Saturnia.= _Pavonia_ (_Carpini_)--Emperor
DREPANULIDAE. =Drepana.= _Lacertinaria_ (_Lacertula_)--Scalloped Hook Tip _Harpagula_ (_Sicula_)--Scarce Hook Tip _Falcataria_ (_Falcula_)--Pebble Hook Tip _Binaria_ (_Hamula_)--Oak Hook Tip _Cultraria_ (_Unguicula_)--Barred Hook Tip =Cilix.= _Glaucata_ (_Spinula_)--Chinese Character
DICRANURIDAE. =Dicranura.= _Bicuspis_--Alder Kitten _Furcula_--Sallow Kitten _Bifida_--Poplar Kitten _Vinula_--Puss =Stauropus.= _Fagi_--Lobster
NOTODONTIDAE. =Glyphisia.= _Crenata_--Dusky Marbled Brown =Ptilophora.= _Plumigera_--Plumed Prominent =Pterostoma.= _Palpina_--Pale Prominent =Lophopteryx.= _Camelina_--Coxcomb Prominent _Cuculla_ (_Cucullina_)--Maple Prominent _Carmelita_--Scarce Prominent =Notodonta.= _Bicolor_--White Prominent _Dictaea_--Swallow Prominent _Dictaeoides_--Lesser Swallow Prominent _Dromedarius_--Iron Prominent _Trilophus_--Three-humped Prominent _Ziczac_--Pebble Prominent _Trepida_--Great Prominent _Trimacula_ (_Dodonea_)--Marbled Brown _Chaonia_--Lunar Marbled Brown
PYGAERIDAE. =Phalera.= _Bucephala_--Buff Tip =Pygaera= (=Clostera=). _Curtula_--Chocolate Tip _Anachoreta_--Scarce Chocolate Tip _Pigra_ (_Reclusa_)--Small Chocolate Tip
CYMATOPHORIDAE. =Thyatira.= _Derasa_--Buff Arches _Batis_--Peach Blossom =Cymatophora.= _Octogesima_ (_Ocularis_)--Figure of Eighty _Or_--Poplar Lutestring _Duplaris_--Lesser Satin _Fluctuosa_--Satin Carpet =Asphalia.= _Diluta_--Lesser Lutestring _Flavicornis_--Yellow-horned _Ridens_--Frosted Green
=NOCTUAE.=
BRYOPHILIDAE. =Bryophila.= _Algae_--Tree Lichen Beauty _Muralis_ (_Glandifera_)--Marbled (Mottled) Green _Par_--Scarce Marbled Green _Perla_--Marbled Beauty
BOMBYCOIDAE. =Moma= (=Diphthera=). _Orion_--Scarce Marvel-du-jour =Demas.= _Coryli_--Nut-tree Tussock =Acronycta.= _Tridens_--Dark Dagger _Psi_--Grey Dagger _Leporina_--Miller _Aceris_--Sycamore _Megacephala_--Poplar Grey _Strigosa_--Grisette _Alni_--Alder _Ligustri_--Coronet _Rumicis_--Knot-grass _Auricoma_--Scarce Dagger _Menyanthidis_--Light Knot-grass _Euphorbiae_ (_Myricae_)--Sweet Gale =Diloba.= _Caeruleocephala_--Figure of Eight =Arsilonche.= _Albovenosa_ (_Venosa_)--Powdered Wainscot
LEUCANIIDAE. =Synia.= _Musculosa_--Brighton Wainscot =Leucania.= _Conigera_--Brown-line Bright-eye _Vitellina_--Delicate _Turca_--Double Line _Lithargyria_--Clay _Albipuncta_--White-point _Extranea_--American Wainscot _Obsoleta_--Obscure Wainscot _Putrescens_--Devonshire Wainscot _Littoralis_--Shore Wainscot _Impudens_ (_Pudorina_)--Striped Wainscot _Comma_--Shoulder-striped Wainscot _Straminea_--Southern Wainscot _Impura_--Smoky Wainscot _Pallens_--Common Wainscot =Calamia.= _Phragmitidis_--Fen Wainscot =Meliana.= _Flammea_--Flame Wainscot =Senta.= _Maritima_--Silky Wainscot =C[oe]nobia.= _Rufa_--Small Rufous =Tapinostola.= _Fulva_--Small Wainscot _Hellmanni_--Mere Wainscot _Extrema_ (_Concolor_)--Concolorous Wainscot _Bondii_--Bond's Wainscot _Elymi_--Lyme Wainscot =Nonagria.= _Cannae_--Reed Wainscot _Sparganii_--Iris Wainscot _Arundinis_ (_Typhae_)--Bullrush _Geminipuncta_--Twin-spotted Wainscot _Neurica_--Nerved Wainscot _Brevilinea_--Fenn's Nonagria _Lutosa_--Large Wainscot
APAMEIDAE. =Gortyna.= _Ochracea_ (_Flavago_)--Frosted Orange =Hydr[oe]cia.= _Nictitans_--Golden Ear _Petasitis_--Butter-bur _Micacea_--Rosy Rustic =Axylia.= Putris--Flame =Xylophasia.= _Rurea_--Clouded-border Brindle _Lithoxylea_--Light Arches _Sublustris_--Reddish Light Arches _Monoglypha_ (_Polyodon_)--Dark Arches _Hepatica_--Clouded Brindle _Scolopacina_--Slender Clouded Brindle =Dipterygia.= _Scabriuscula_ (_Pinastri_)--Bird's Wing =Cloantha.= _Polyodon_ (_Perspicillaris_)--Purple Cloud =Aporophyla.= _Australis_--Feathered Brindle =Laphygma.= _Exigua_--Small Mottled Willow =Neuria.= _Reticulata_ (_Saponariae_)--Bordered Gothic =Neuronia.= _Popularis_--Feathered Gothic =Heliophobus.= _Hispidus_--Beautiful Gothic =Charaeas.= _Graminis_--Antler =Pachetra.= _Leucophaea_--Feathered Ear =Cerigo.= _Matura_ (_Cytherea_)--Straw Underwing =Luperina.= _Testacea_--Flounced Rustic _Dumerili_--Dumeril's Luperina _Cespitis_--Hedge Rustic =Mamestra.= _Abjecta_--Crescent Striped _Sordida_ (_Anceps_)--Large Nutmeg _Albicolon_--White Colon _Furva_--Confused _Brassicae_--Cabbage _Persicariae_--Dot =Apamea.= _Basilinea_--Rustic Shoulder Knot _Connexa_--Union Rustic _Gemina_--Dusky Brocade _Unanimis_--Small Clouded Brindle _Ophiogramma_--Double Lobed _Leucostigma_ (_Fibrosa_)--Crescent _Didyma_ (_Oculea_)--Common Rustic =Miana.= _Strigilis_--Marbled Minor _Fasciuncula_--Middle-barred Minor _Literosa_--Rosy Minor _Bicoloria_ (_Furuncula_)--Cloaked Minor _Arcuosa_--Dotted Buff =Phothedes.= _Captiuncula_--Least Minor =Celaena.= _Haworthii_--Haworth's Minor
CARADRINIDAE =Grammesia.= _Trigrammica_ (_Trilinea_)--Treble Lines =Stilbia.= _Anomala_--Anomalous =Caradrina.= _Morpheus_--Mottled Rustic _Alsines_--Uncertain _Taraxaci_ (_Blanda_)--Rustic _Ambigua_--Ambiguous _Quadripunctata_ (_Cubicularis_)--Pale Mottled Willow =Acosmetia.= _Caliginosa_--Reddish Buff =Hydrilla.= _Palustris_--Marsh Moth =Rusina.= _Tenebrosa_--Brown Rustic
NOCTUIDAE. =Agrotis.= _Vestigialis_ (_Valligera_)--Archer's Dart _Puta_--Shuttle-shaped Dart _Suffusa_--Dark Sword Grass _Saucia_--Pearly Underwing _Segetum_--Common Dart (Turnip Moth) _Lunigera_--Crescent Dart _Exclamationis_--Heart and Dart _Corticea_--Heart and Club _Cinerea_--Light Feathered Rustic _Ripae_--Sand Dart _Cursoria_--Coast Dart _Nigricans_--Garden Dart _Tritici_--White-line Dart _Aquilina_--Streaked Dart _Obelisca_--Square-spot Dart _Agathina_--Heath Rustic _Strigula_ (_Porphyrea_)--True Lover's Knot _Praecox_--Portland _Obscura_ (_Ravida_)--Stout Dart _Simulans_ (_Pyrophila_)--Dotted Rustic _Lucernea_--Northern Rustic _Ashworthii_--Ashworth's Rustic =Noctua.= _Glareosa_--Autumn Rustic _Depuncta_--Plain Clay _Augur_--Double Dot _Plecta_--Flame Shoulder _Flammatra_--Black Collar _C-Nigrum_--Setaceous Hebrew Character _Ditrapezium_--Triple-spotted Clay _Triangulum_--Double-spotted Square-spot _Stigmatica_ (_Rhomboidea_)--Square-spotted Clay _Brunnea_--Purple Clay _Festiva_ (_Conflua_)--Ingrailed Clay _Dahlii_--Barred Chestnut _Subrosea_--Rosy Marsh _Rubi_--Small Square-spot _Umbrosa_--Six-striped Rustic _Baia_--Dotted Clay _Sobrina_--Cousin German _Castanea_ (_Neglecta_)--Grey Rustic _Xanthographa_--Square-spot Rustic =Triphaena.= _Ianthina_--Lesser Broad Border _Fimbria_--Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing _Interjecta_--Least Yellow Underwing _Orbona_ (_Subsequa_)--Lunar Yellow Underwing _Comes_ (_Orbona_)--Lesser Yellow Underwing _Pronuba_--Large Yellow Underwing
AMPHIPYRIDAE. =Amphipyra.= _Pyramidea_--Copper Underwing _Tragopogonis_--Mouse =Mania.= _Typica_--Gothic _Maura_--Old Lady
ORTHOSIIDAE. =Panolis.= _Piniperda_--Pine Beauty =Pachnobia.= _Leucographa_--White-marked _Rubricosa_--Red Chestnut _Hyperborea_ (_Carnica_)--Mountain Rustic =Taeniocampa.= _Gothica_--Hebrew Character _Incerta_ (_Instabilis_)--Clouded Drab _Opima_--Northern Drab _Populeti_--Lead-coloured Drab _Stabilis_--Common Quaker _Gracilis_--Powdered Quaker _Miniosa_--Blossom Underwing _Munda_--Twin-spotted Quaker _Pulverulenta_ (_Cruda_)--Small Quaker =Orthosia.= _Suspecta_--Suspected _Upsilon_--Dismal _Lota_--Red-lined Quaker _Macilenta_--Yellow-lined Quaker =Anchocelis.= _Rufina_--Flounced Chestnut _Pistacina_--Beaded Chestnut _Lunosa_--Lunar Underwing _Litura_--Brown-spot Pinion =Cerastis= (=Glaea=). _Vaccinii_--Chestnut _Spadicea_--Dark Chestnut _Erythrocephala_--Red-headed =Scopelosoma.= _Satellitia_--Satellite =Dasycampa.= _Rubiginea_--Dotted Chestnut =Oporina.= _Croceago_--Orange Upperwing =Xanthia.= _Citrago_--Orange Sallow _Fulvago_ (_Cerago_)--Sallow _Flavago_ (_Silago_)--Pink-barred Sallow _Aurago_--Barred Sallow _Gilvago_--Dusky Lemon Sallow _Circellaris_ (_Ferruginea_)--Brick =Cirrh[oe]dia.= _Xerampelina_--Centre-barred Sallow
COSMIIDAE. =Tethea.= _Subtusa_--Olive _Retusa_--Double Kidney =Cosmia= (=Euperia=). _Paleacea_ (_Fulvago_)--Angle-striped Sallow =Dicycla.= _Oo_--Heart Moth =Calymnia.= _Trapezina_--Dun-bar _Pyralina_--Lunar-spotted Pinion _Diffinis_--White-spotted Pinion _Affinis_--Lesser-spotted Pinion
HADENIDAE. =Eremobia.= _Ochroleuca_--Dusky Sallow =Dianth[oe]cia.= _Luteago_ (_Barretti_)--Barrett's Marbled Coronet _Caesia_--Grey Marbled Coronet _Nana_ (_Conspersa_)--Marbled Coronet _Albimacula_--White Spot _Compta_--The Shears _Capsincola_--Lychnis _Cucubali_--Campion _Carpophaga_--Tawny Shears _Capsophila_--Pod-lover _Irregularis_ (_Echii_)--Viper's Bugloss =Hecatera.= _Chrysozona_ (_Dysodea_)--Small Ranunculus _Serena_--Broad-barred White =Polia.= _Chi_--Grey Chi _Flavicincta_--Large Ranunculus _Xanthomista_ (_Nigrocincta_)--Black-banded =Dasypolia.= _Templi_--Brindled Ochre =Epunda.= _Lichenea_--Feathered Ranunculus _Lutulenta_--Deep-brown Dart _Nigra_--Black Rustic =Cleoceris.= _Viminalis_--Minor Shoulder-knot =Valeria.= _Oleagina_--Green-brindled Dot =Miselia.= _Oxyacanthae_--Green-brindled Crescent _Bimaculosa_--Crescent =Agriopis.= _Aprilina_--Marvel-du-jour =Euplexia.= _Lucipara_--Small Angle-shades =Phlogophora.= _Meticulosa_--Angle-shades =Trigonophora.= _Flammea_ (_Empyrea_)--Flame Brocade =Aplecta.= _Prasina_ (_Herbida_)--Green Arches _Occulta_--Great Brocade _Nebulosa_--Grey Arches _Tincta_--Silvery Arches _Advena_--Pale Shining Brown =Crymodes.= _Exulis_ (_Assimilis_)--Northern Arches =Hadena.= _Porphyrea_ (_Satura_)--Beautiful Brocade _Adusta_--Dark Brocade _Protea_--Brindled Green _Glauca_--Glaucous Shears _Dentina_--Grey Shears _Trifolii_ (_Chenopodii_)--Nutmeg _Atriplicis_--Orache _Dissimilis_ (_Suasa_)--Dog's Tooth _Oleracea_--Bright-line Brown-eye _Pisi_--Broom _Thalassina_--Pale-shouldered Brocade _Contigua_--Beautiful Brocade _Genistae_--Light Brocade _Rectilinea_--Saxon
XYLINIDAE. =Xylocampa.= _Areola_ (_Lithoriza_)--Early Grey =Xylomiges.= _Conspicillaris_--Silver Cloud =Calocampa.= _Vetusta_--Red Sword Grass _Exoleta_--Sword Grass _Solidaginis_--Golden-rod Brindled =Xylina.= _Ornithopus_ (_Rhizolitha_)--Grey Shoulder Knot _Semibrunnea_--Tawny Pinion _Socia_ (_Petrificata_)--Pale Pinion _Furcifera_ (_Conformis_)--Conformist _Lambda_--Nonconformist =Asteroscopus.= _Nubeculosa_--Rannoch Sprawler _Sphinx_ (_Cassinea_)--Sprawler =Cucullia.= _Verbasci_--Mullein Shark _Scrophulariae_--Betony Shark _Lychnitis_--Lychnis Shark _Asteris_--Starwort Shark _Gnaphalii_--Cudweed Shark _Absinthii_--Wormwood Shark _Chamomillae_--Chamomile Shark _Umbratica_--Shark
GONOPTERIDAE. =Gonoptera.= _Libatrix_--Herald
PLUSIIDAE. =Habrostola.= _Tripartita_ (_Urticae_)--Light Spectacle _Triplasia_--Dark Spectacle =Plusia.= _Chryson_ (_Orichalcea_)--Scarce Burnished Brass _Chrysitis_--Burnished Brass _Bractea_--Gold Spangled _Festucae_--Gold Spot _Iota_--Plain Golden Y _Pulchrina_--Beautiful Golden Y _Gamma_--Silver Y _Interrogationis_--Scarce Silver Y
HELIOTHIDAE. =Anarta.= _Melanopa_--Broad-bordered White Underwing _Cordigera_--Small Dark Yellow Underwing _Myrtilli_--Beautiful Yellow Underwing =Heliaca= (=Heliodes=). _Tenebrata_ (_Arbuti_)--Small Yellow Underwing =Heliothis.= _Dipsacea_--Marbled Clover _Scutosa_--Rare Marbled Clover _Peltigera_--Bordered Straw _Armigera_--Scarce Bordered Straw =Chariclea.= _Umbra_ (_Marginata_)--Bordered Sallow
ACONTIIDAE. =Agrophila.= _Trabealis_ (_Sulphuralis_)--Spotted Sulphur =Acontia.= _Luctuosa_--Four-spotted
ERASTRIIDAE. =Erastria.= _Fasciana_ (_Fuscula_)--Marbled White Spot _Venustula_--Rosy Marbled =Bankia.= _Argentula_--Silver-barred =Hydrelia.= _Uncula_ (_Unca_)--Silver Hook
ANTHOPHILIDAE. =Thalpochares= (=Micra=). _Ostrina_--Purple Marbled _Parva_--Small Marbled _Paula_--Scarce Marbled
POAPHILIDAE. =Phytometra.= _Viridaria_ (_AEnea_)--Small Purple-barred
EUCLIDIIDAE. =Euclidia.= _Mi_--Mother Shipton _Glyphica_--Burnet Noctua
OPHIUSIDAE. =Ophiodes.= _Lunaris_--Lunar Double Stripe
CATEPHIIDAE. =Catephia.= _Alchymista_--Alchymist
CATOCALIDAE. =Catocala.= _Fraxini_--Clifden Nonpareil _Nupta_--Red Underwing _Promissa_--Light Crimson Underwing _Sponsa_--Dark Crimson Underwing
AVENTIIDAE. =Aventia.= _Flexula_--Scallop Barred
TOXOCAMPIDAE. =Toxocampa.= _Pastinum_--Black Neck _Craccae_--New Black Neck
BOLETOBIIDAE. =Boletobia.= _Fuliginaria_--Waved Black
HERMINIIDAE. =Rivula.= _Sericealis_--Straw Dot =Zanclognatha.= _Grisealis_--Lesser Fan-foot _Tarsipennalis_--Fan-foot _Emortualis_--Olive Crescent =Herminia.= _Cribralis_--Dotted Fan-foot _Derivalis_--Clay Fan-foot =Pechypogon.= _Barbalis_--Common Fan-foot
HYPENIDAE. =Madopa.= _Salicalis_--Lesser Belle =Bomolocha.= _Fontis_ (_Crassalis_)--Beautiful Snout =Hypena.= _Rostralis_--Lesser Snout _Proboscidalis_--Snout =Hypenodes.= _Albistrigalis_--White-streak _Costaestrigalis_--Ribbed-streak =Tholomiges= (=Schrankia=). _Turfosalis_--Tiny Snout
BREPHIDES. =Brephos.= _Parthenias_--Orange Underwing _Notha_--Light Orange Underwing
=GEOMETRAE.=
UROPTERYGIDAE. =Uropteryx.= _Sambucaria_ (_Sambucata_)--Swallow Tail
ENNOMIDAE. =Epione.= _Parallelaria_ (_Vespertaria_)--Dark-bordered Beauty _Apiciaria_--Bordered Beauty _Advenaria_--Little Thorn =Rumia.= _Luteolata_ (_Crataegata_)--Brimstone =Venilia.= _Macularia_--Speckled Yellow =Angerona.= _Prunaria_--Orange Moth =Metrocampa.= _Margaritaria_--Light Emerald =Ellopia.= _Prosapiaria_ (_Fasciaria_)--Barred Red =Eurymene.= _Dolobraria_--Scorched Wing =Pericallia.= _Syringaria_--Lilac Beauty =Selenia.= _Bilunaria_ (_Illunaria_)--Early Thorn _Lunaria_--Lunar Thorn _Tetralunaria_ (_Illustraria_)--Purple Thorn =Odontopera.= _Bidentata_--Scalloped Hazel =Crocallis.= _Elinguaria_--Scalloped Oak =Eugonia.= _Autumnaria_ (_Alniaria_)--Large Thorn _Alniaria_ (_Tiliaria_)--Canary-shouldered Thorn _Fuscantaria_--Dusky Thorn _Erosaria_--September Thorn _Quercinaria_ (_Angularia_)--August Thorn =Himera.= _Pennaria_--Feathered Thorn
AMPHIDASYDAE. =Phigalia.= _Pedaria_ (_Pilosaria_)--Pale Brindled Beauty =Nyssia.= _Zonaria_--Belted Beauty _Hispidaria_--Small Brindled Beauty _Lapponaria_--Rare Brindled Beauty =Biston.= _Hirtaria_--Brindled Beauty =Amphidasys.= _Strataria_ (_Prodromaria_)--Oak Beauty _Betularia_--Peppered Moth
BOARMIIDAE. =Hemerophila.= _Abruptaria_--Waved Umber =Cleora.= _Angularia_ (_Viduaria_)--Speckled Beauty _Glabraria_--Dotted Carpet _Lichenaria_--Brussels Lace =Boarmia.= _Repandata_--Mottled Beauty _Gemmaria_ (_Rhomboidaria_)--Willow Beauty _Abietaria_--Satin Carpet _Cinctaria_--Ringed Carpet _Roboraria_--Great Oak Beauty _Consortaria_--Pale Oak Beauty =Tephrosia.= _Consonaria_--Square Spot _Crepuscularia_--Small Engrailed _Biundularia_--Engrailed _Luridata_ (_Extersaria_)--Brindled White-spot _Punctularia_--Grey Birch =Gnophos.= _Obscuraria_--Annulet =Dasydia.= _Obfuscaria_--Scotch Annulet =Psodos.= _Coracina_ (_Trepidaria_)--Black Mountain Moth
GEOMETRIDAE. =Pseudoterpna.= _Pruinata_ (_Cytisaria_)--Grass Emerald =Geometra.= _Papilionaria_--Large Emerald _Vernaria_--Small Emerald =Phorodesma.= _Pustulata_ (_Bajularia_)--Blotched Emerald _Smaragdaria_--Essex Emerald =Nemoria.= _Viridata_--Small Grass Emerald =Iodis.= _Lactearia_--Little Emerald =Hemithea.= _Strigata_ (_Thymiaria_)--Common Emerald
EPHYRIDAE. =Zonosoma.= _Porata_--False Mocha _Punctaria_--Maiden's Blush _Linearia_ (_Trilinearia_)--Clay Triple-lines _Annulata_ (_Omicronaria_)--Mocha _Orbicularia_--Dingy Mocha _Pendularia_--Birch Mocha
ACIDALIIDAE. =Hyria.= _Muricata_ (_Auroraria_)--Golden-bordered Purple =Asthena.= _Luteata_--Small Yellow Wave _Candidata_--Small White Wave _Sylvata_--Waved Carpet _Blomeri_ (_Pulchraria_)--Blomer's Rivulet =Eupisteria.= _Obliterata_ (_Heparata_)--Dingy Shell =Venusia.= _Cambrica_ (_Cambricaria_)--Welsh Wave =Acidalia.= _Perochraria_--Ochraceous Wave _Ochrata_--Bright Wave _Rubiginata_ (_Rubricata_)--Tawny Wave _Dimidiata_ (_Scutulata_)--Single-dotted Wave _Bisetata_--Small Fan-footed Wave _Trigeminata_--Treble Brown-spot _Contiguaria_--Greening's Wave _Rusticata_--Least Carpet _Holosericata_--Silky Wave _Dilutaria_ (_Interjectaria_)--Dark Cream Wave _Virgularia_ (_Incanaria_)--Small Dusty Wave _Circellata_--Circellate _Ornata_--Lace Border _Marginepunctata_ (_Promutata_)--Mullein Wave _Straminata_--Dotted-bordered Cream Wave _Subsericeata_--Satin Wave _Immutata_--Lesser Cream Wave _Strigaria_--Streaked Wave _Remutaria_--Cream Wave _Fumata_--Smoky Wave _Strigilaria_ (_Prataria_)--Sub-angled Wave _Imitaria_--Small Blood-vein _Emutaria_--Rosy Wave _Aversata_--Riband Wave _Inornata_--Plain Wave _Degeneraria_--Portland Riband Wave _Emarginata_--Small Scallop =Timandra.= _Amataria_--Blood-vein
CABERIDAE. =Cabera.= _Pusaria_--Common White Wave _Rotundaria_--Round-winged Wave _Exanthemata_--Common Wave =Bapta.= _Temerata_--Clouded Silver _Bimaculata_ (_Taminata_)--White-pinion Spotted =Aleucis.= _Pictaria_--Sloe Carpet
MACARIIDAE. =Macaria.= _Alternata_--Sharp-angled Peacock _Notata_--Peacock _Liturata_--Tawny-barred Angle =Halia.= _Vauaria_ (_Wavaria_)--V Moth _Brunneata_ (_Pinetaria_)--Rannoch Geometer
FIDONIIDAE. =Strenia.= _Clathrata_--Latticed Heath =Panagra.= _Petraria_--Brown Silver-line =Numeria.= _Pulveraria_--Barred Umber =Scodiona.= _Belgiaria_--Grey Scalloped Bar =Selidosema.= _Ericetaria_ (_Plumaria_)--Bordered Grey =Fidonia.= _Carbonaria_--Netted Mountain _Limbaria_ (_Conspicuata_)--Frosted Yellow =Ematurga.= _Atomaria_--Common Heath =Bupalus.= _Piniaria_--Bordered White =Minoa.= _Murinata_ (_Euphorbiata_)--Drab Geometer =Scoria.= _Lineata_ (_Dealbata_)--Black-veined =Aplasta.= _Ononaria_--Rest-harrow =Sterrha.= _Sacraria_--Vestal =Lythria.= _Purpuraria_--Purple-barred Yellow =Aspilates.= _Strigillaria_--Grass Wave _Ochrearia_ (_Citraria_)--Yellow Belle _Gilvaria_--Straw Belle
ZERENIDAE. =Abraxas.= _Grossulariata_--Currant Moth (Magpie) _Sylvata_ (_Ulmata_)--Clouded Magpie =Ligdia.= _Adustata_--Scorched Carpet =Lomaspilis.= _Marginata_--Clouded Border
LIGIIDAE. =Pachycnemia.= _Hippocastanaria_--Horse Chestnut
HYBERNIIDAE. =Hybernia.= _Rupicapraria_--Early Moth _Leucophaearia_--Spring Usher _Aurantiaria_--Scarce Umber _Marginaria_ (_Progemmaria_)--Dotted Border _Defoliaria_--Mottled Umber =Anisopteryx.= _AEscularia_--March Moth
LARENTIIDAE. =Cheimatobia.= _Brumata_--Winter Moth _Boreata_--Northern Winter Moth =Oporabia.= _Dilutata_--November Moth _Filigrammaria_--Autumnal Moth _Autumnaria_ =Larentia.= _Didymata_--Twin-spot Carpet _Multistrigaria_--Mottled Grey _Caesiata_--Grey Mountain Carpet _Flavicinctata_ (_Ruficinctata_)--Yellow-ringed Carpet _Salicata_--Striped Twin-spot Carpet _Olivata_--Beech-green Carpet _Viridaria_ (_Pectinitaria_)--Green Carpet =Emmelesia.= _Affinitata_--Rivulet _Alchemillata_--Small Rivulet _Albulata_--Grass Rivulet _Decolorata_--Sandy Carpet _Taeniata_--Barred Carpet _Unifasciata_--Haworth's Carpet _Minorata_ (_Ericetata_)--Heath Rivulet _Adaequata_ (_Blandiata_)--Pretty Pinion =Eupithecia.= _Venosata_--Netted Pug _Consignata_--Pinion-spotted Pug _Linariata_--Toadflax Pug _Pulchellata_--Foxglove Pug _Oblongata_ (_Centaureata_)--Lime-speck _Succenturiata_--Bordered Lime-speck _Subfulvata_--Tawny-speckled Pug _Scabiosata_ (_Subumbrata_)--Shaded Pug _Pernotata_--Guen['e]e's Pug _Plumbeolata_--Lead-coloured Pug _Isogrammaria_--Haworth's Pug _Pygmaeata_--Marsh Pug _Helveticaria_--Edinburgh Pug _Egenaria_--Pauper Pug _Satyrata_--Satyr Pug _Castigata_--Grey Pug _Jasioneata_--Jasione Pug _Trisignaria_--Triple-spotted Pug _Virgaureata_--Golden-rod Pug _Fraxinata_--Ash-tree Pug _Extensaria_--Scarce Pug _Pimpinellata_--Pimpinel Pug _Valerianata_--Valerian Pug _Pusillata_--Dwarf Pug _Irriguata_--Marbled Pug _Campanulata_--Campanula Pug _Innotata_--Long-winged Pug _Indigata_--Ochreous Pug _Constrictata_--Wild Thyme Pug _Nanata_--Narrow-winged Pug _Subnotata_--Plain Pug _Vulgata_--Common Pug _Albipunctata_--White-spotted Pug _Expallidata_--Bleached Pug _Absinthiata_--Wormwood Pug _Minutata_--Ling Pug _Assimilata_--Currant Pug _Tenuiata_--Slender Pug _Subciliata_--Maple Pug _Lariciata_--Larch Pug _Abbreviata_--Brindled Pug _Dodoneata_--Oak-tree Pug _Exiguata_--Mottled Pug _Ultimaria_--Tamarisk Pug _Sobrinata_--Juniper Pug _Togata_--Cloaked Pug _Pumilata_--Double-striped Pug _Coronata_--V Pug _Rectangulata_--Green Pug _Debiliata_--Bilberry Pug =Collix.= _Sparsata_--Dentated Pug =Lobophora.= _Sexalisata_ (_Sexalata_)--Small Seraphim _Halterata_ (_Hexapterata_)--Seraphim _Viretata_--Yellow-barred Brindle _Carpinata_ (_Lobulata_)--Early Tooth-striped _Polycommata_--Barred Tooth-striped =Thera.= _Juniperata_--Juniper Carpet _Simulata_--Chestnut-coloured Carpet _Variata_ (_Obeliscata_)--Shaded Broad-bar _Firmata_--Pine Carpet =Hypsipetes.= _Ruberata_--Ruddy High-flier _Trifasciata_ (_Impluviata_)--May High-flier _Sordidata_ (_Elutata_)--July High-flier =Melanthia.= _Bicolorata_ (_Rubiginata_)--Blue-bordered Carpet _Ocellata_--Purple Bar _Albicillata_--Beautiful Carpet =Melanippe.= _Hastata_--Argent and Sable _Tristata_--Small Argent and Sable _Procellata_--Chalk Carpet _Unangulata_--Sharp-angled Carpet _Rivata_--Wood Carpet _Sociata_ (_Subtristata_)--Common Carpet _Montanata_--Silver-ground Carpet _Galiata_--Galium Carpet _Fluctuata_--Garden Carpet =Anticlea.= _Cucullata_ (_Sinuata_)--Royal Mantle _Rubidata_--Flame _Badiata_--Shoulder Stripe _Nigrofasciaria_ (_Derivata_)--Streamer _Berberata_--Barberry Carpet =Coremia.= _Munitata_--Red Carpet _Designata_ (_Propugnata_)--Flame Carpet _Ferrugata_--Red Twin-spot Carpet _Unidentaria_--Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet _Quadrifasciaria_--Large Twin-spot Carpet =Camptogramma.= _Bilineata_--Yellow Shell _Fluviata_--Gem =Phibalapteryx.= _Tersata_--Fern _Lapidata_--Slender-striped Rufous _Vittata_ (_Lignata_)--Oblique Carpet _Polygrammata_ (_Conjunctaria_)--Many-lined _Vitalbata_--Small Waved Umber =Triphosa.= _Dubitata_--Tissue =Eucosmia.= _Certata_--Scarce Tissue _Undulata_--Scalloped Shell =Scotosia.= _Vetulata_--Brown Scallop _Rhamnata_--Dark Umber =Cidaria.= _Siterata_ (_Psittacata_)--Red-green Carpet _Miata_--Autumn Green Carpet _Picata_--Short-cloak Carpet _Corylata_--Broken-barred Carpet _Sagittata_--Marsh Carpet _Truncata_ (_Russata_)--Common Marbled Carpet _Immanata_--Dark Marbled Carpet _Suffumata_--Water Carpet _Reticulata_--Netted Carpet _Silaceata_--Small Ph[oe]nix _Prunata_ (_Ribesiaria_)--Ph[oe]nix _Testata_--Chevron _Populata_--Northern Spinach _Fulvata_--Barred Yellow _Dotata_ (_Pyraliata_)--Barred Straw _Associata_ (_Dotata_)--Spinach =Pelurga.= _Comitata_--Dark Spinach
EUBOLIIDAE. =Eubolia.= _Cervinata_ (_Cervinaria_)--Mallow _Limitata_ (_Mensuraria_)--Small Mallow _Plumbaria_ (_Palumbaria_)--Belle _Bipunctaria_--Chalk Carpet =Mesotype.= _Virgata_ (_Lineolata_)--Oblique-striped =Carsia.= _Paludata_ (_Imbutata_)--Manchester Treble Bar =Anaitis.= _Plagiata_--Treble Bar =Lithostege.= _Griseata_--Pale Grey Carpet =Chesias.= _Spartiata_--Streak _Rufata_ (_Obliquaria_)--Broom Tip
SIONIDAE. =Tanagra.= _Atrata_ (_Chaerophyllata_)--Chimney Sweep
APPENDIX II
_THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR_
The success of the country rambles of an expert lepidopterist depends greatly on his knowledge of the times at which the various butterflies and moths generally appear, and of the localities which they are known to frequent. The experiences he has gained in the past enable him to calculate on the probabilities of the future, and he chooses both time and locality according to his requirements.
As he makes his way to the hunting ground he counts over the chances of meeting with a certain insect that is wanted to fill a long-standing blank in his cabinet; and we hear him discussing the probabilities as to whether this species is yet 'out,' or whether the larvae of that species are feeding.
How different it is with the young and unguided entomologist! He rambles promiscuously here and there, having only the faintest idea as to what he is likely to see, and perhaps meeting with only four or five species when an experienced collector, without covering a larger area of ground, would take scores in the same time.
In order to afford some little help to the beginner, I have thought it advisable to introduce a calendar of operations to guide him in his work. The space at our command would not allow this to be carried out in detail, but the general instructions will undoubtedly assist most of my readers until the practical experience gained by a few years' work has enabled them to run on their own legs.
Of course, in making reference to the monthly lists of insects on the wing, allowance must be made for the forwardness or backwardness of the seasons. Thus, an insect entered in the April list _may_ appear in March in an exceptionally warm season, but may not emerge till the early part of May if the spring has been unusually severe.
It will be observed that in cases where all the species of a certain genus or family appear on the wing in the same month, the name of that genus or family is entered on the list instead of the names of the individual species; but the latter can easily be obtained by reference to Appendix I.
JANUARY
There is not much field work to be done during this month. If the weather is very severe, hardly an insect will be found on the wing; but a mild January will sometimes entice the Brimstone Butterfly (_Rhamni_) and some of the hybernating Vanessas from their winter quarters.
Hybernating moths may also be met with, on the wing if the weather is mild, or sleeping in their sheltered nooks during the frosts. These include several _Noctuae_--_Auricoma_, _Lithargyria_, _Suffusa_, _Vaccinii_, _Spadicea_, _Erythrocephala_, _Satellitia_, _Rubiginea_, _Croceago_, _Vetusta_, _Exoleta_, _Ornithopus_, _Furcifera_, _Semibrunnea_, _Socia_, and _Libatrix_; and also a few _Geometrae_--_Zonaria_, _Fluviata_, _Dubitata_, _Siterata_, and _Miata_.
In addition to these hybernating insects, the collector may examine tree trunks and fences for the Early Moth (_Rupicapraria_), and late specimens of the Winter Moth (_Brumata_); and towards the end of the month he may expect to meet with fresh specimens of the Pale Brindled Beauty (_Pedaria_) and the Spring Usher (_Leucophaearia_). A few of the _Tineae_ may also be seen.
The net need not be used at all during the colder months of the year, as the moths are easily taken in pill boxes from the trunks and fences on which they rest.
Pupa digging may be carried on throughout the month if the weather is sufficiently mild, but it is of no use attempting this during a frost. Hybernating larvae may also be searched out of their winter quarters if the collector does not mind giving them the attention they require; but, as a rule, it is better to wait till they themselves start out to feed in the spring, at which time all their food plants are showing leaf.
FEBRUARY
Our remarks under 'January' concerning pupa digging and other work apply equally well to this month. The same hybernating butterflies and moths may be looked for; and, in addition to _Pedaria_, _Leucophaearia_, and _Rupicapraria_, which now appear more plentifully, the following species will probably be seen:
Small Eggar (_Lanestris_) Small Brindled Beauty (_Hispidaria_) Oak Beauty (_Strataria_) Dotted Border (_Marginaria_) March Moth (_AEscularia_)
About half a dozen species of the _Tineae_ will also have made their appearance before the end of the month.
MARCH
Many of the hybernating larvae will come out during March if the weather is mild, and commence to feed; and the young caterpillars will begin to appear from the eggs of the early moths already named. This is consequently a good time to commence the search for larvae if you intend to go in for rearing. During the daytime some may be beaten from the boughs of trees and shrubs; and those which feed on low plants, being generally nocturnal in their habits, should be searched for in the evening, after dark, with the aid of a lantern.
The hybernating butterflies are now flying more freely than before, and, if the weather is bright and warm for the time of year, a few freshly emerged species may be seen. These may possibly include:
Large White (_Brassicae_) Small White (_Rapae_) Green-veined White (_Napi_) Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)
As regards moths, several fresh species may be expected to appear, while those named as appearing in February are still to be found. The new-comers may include:
=Bombyces.= Kentish Glory (_Versicolor_) Yellow-horned (_Flavicornis_)
=Noctuae.= Pine Beauty (_Piniperda_) White-marked Rustic (_Leucographa_) Red Chestnut (_Rubricosa_) All species of the genus _Taeniocampa_ Early Grey (_Areola_) Green-brindled Dot (_Oleagina_) Orange Underwing (_Parthenias_) Light Orange Underwing (_Notha_)
=Geometrae.= Early Thorn (_Bilunaria_) Engrailed (_Biundularia_) Mottled Grey (_Multistrigaria_)
Sugaring may be commenced towards the end of March, and sallow blossom may be searched in the evening, but it is probable that only a few species will be taken by these means.
A few more species of the _Tineae_ appear in March, and four or five of the _Tortrices_ are out before the end of the month.
APRIL
This is really a busy month with the entomologist, and it will be necessary to put all apparatus and appliances into perfect order early. The cyanide bottle should be freshly charged, nets examined and repaired if necessary, and all setting boards, breeding cages &c. put in perfect trim for the new season's work.
Larvae are now feeding freely, and a few hours spent in beating, sweeping, and searching will enable you to stock your cages liberally.
Sugaring may be continued throughout the month, and the sallow blossom may be searched as long as it proves attractive. Moths may also be attracted by light at night.
The following butterflies are generally out during April, in addition to the hybernated species already named:
Large White (_Brassicae_) Small White (_Rapae_) Green-veined White (_Napi_) Orange Tip (_Cardamines_) Wood White (_Sinapis_) Pearl-bordered Fritillary (_Euphrosyne_) Speckled Wood (_Egeria_) Green Hairstreak (_Rubi_) Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_) Holly Blue (_Argiolus_) Grizzled Skipper (_Malvae_) Dingy Skipper (_Tages_)
The following is a list of the principal moths for April:
=Bombyces.= Small Lappet (_Ilicifolia_) Kentish Glory (_Versicolor_) Yellow Horned (_Flavicornis_) Frosted Green (_Ridens_)
=Noctuae.= Pine Beauty (_Piniperda_) White-marked Rustic (_Leucographa_) Red Chestnut (_Rubricosa_) All species of the genus _Taeniocampa_ Early Grey (_Areola_) Mullein Shark (_Verbasci_) Orange Underwing (_Parthenias_) Light Orange Underwing (_Notha_)
=Geometrae.= Brimstone (_Luteolata_) Early Thorn (_Bilunaria_) Belted Beauty (_Zonaria_) Brindled Beauty (_Hirtaria_) Waved Umber (_Abruptaria_) Small Engrailed (_Crepuscularia_) Engrailed (_Biundularia_) Sloe Carpet (_Pictaria_) Netted Mountain (_Carbonaria_) Mottled Grey (_Multistrigaria_) Satyr Pug (_Satyrata_) Marbled Pug (_Irriguata_) Campanula Pug (_Campanulata_) Brindled Pug (_Abbreviata_) Oak-tree Pug (_Dodoneata_) Double-striped Pug (_Pumilata_) Early Tooth-striped (_Carpinata_) Shoulder Stripe (_Badiata_) Many-lined (_Polygrammata_) Tissue (_Dubitata_)
In addition to the above, a few species of the _Tortrices_, several of the _Tineae_, and one or two of the Plume Moths (_Pterophori_) are out during April.
MAY
Little or nothing will be obtained by digging during May, yet a number of pupae may be found among grass and leaves under trees, and also attached to the leaves and stems of low plants. These pupae include those of several of the butterflies, among which may be mentioned _Machaon_, _Selene_, _Euphrosyne_, _Aurinia_, _Megaera_, _Ianira_, _Rubi_, _Astrarche_, _Icarus_, _Bellargus_, _Corydon_, _Lucina_, and _Sylvanus_.
Larvae may now be taken in abundance by beating the boughs of oaks and other trees, and also by examining low plants.
The hybernating butterflies are still on the wing, and the following are also out:
Swallow Tail (_Machaon_) Large White (_Brassicae_) Small White (_Rapae_) Green-veined White (_Napi_) Bath White (_Daplidice_) Orange Tip (_Cardamines_) Wood White (_Sinapis_) Small Pearl-bordered (_Selene_) Pearl-bordered (_Euphrosyne_) Greasy Fritillary (_Aurinia_) Glanville Fritillary (_Cinxia_) Speckled Wood (_Egeria_) Wall (_Megaera_) Marsh Ringlet (_Typhon_) Small Heath (_Pamphilus_) Green Hairstreak (_Rubi_) Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_) Brown Argus (_Astrarche_) Common Blue (_Icarus_) Clifden Blue (_Bellargus_) Holly Blue (_Argiolus_) Mazarine Blue (_Semiargus_) Grizzled Skipper (_Malvae_) Chequered Skipper (_Palaemon_)
There is a great increase in the number of moths this month, and much good work may be done by means of light traps and by the examination of fences. Many moths are driven from their resting places early in the morning by the direct rays of the rising sun, and then seek out a spot where they are better sheltered, and where they are consequently less easily found. Hence the advantage of searching fences early in the morning.
The May list includes:
=Sphinges.= Small Elephant (_Porcellus_) All species of the genera _Smerinthus_ and _Macroglossa_ Some of the Clearwings (_Apiformis_, _Sphegiformis_, and _Culiciformis_) Cream-bordered Green (_Chlorana_) Green Silver-lined (_Prasinana_)
=Bombyces.= Wood Tiger (_Plantaginis_) Muslin Moth (_Mendica_) Common Swift (_Lupulinus_) Pale Tussock (_Pudibunda_) Small Lappet (_Ilicifolia_) Emperor (_Pavonia_) All species of family _Drepanulidae_ Alder Kitten (_Bicuspis_) Puss (_Vinula_) Several of the 'Prominents' (_Cuculla_, _Carmelita_, _Dictaea_, _Dictaeoides_, _Trilophus_, _Ziczac_, _Trepida_, _Chaonia_, _Trimacula_) Chocolate Tip (_Curtula_) Small Chocolate Tip (_Pigra_)
=Noctuae.= Knot Grass (_Rumicis_) Sweet Gale (_Myricae_) White Colon (_Albicolon_) Cabbage (_Brassicae_) Treble Lines (_Trigrammica_) Marsh Moth (_Palustris_) Light Brocade (_Genistae_) Mullein Shark (_Verbasci_) Betony Shark (_Scrophulariae_) Starwort Shark (_Asteris_) Camomile Shark (_Chamomillae_) Small Dark Yellow Underwing (_Cordigera_) Small Yellow Underwing (_Tenebrata_) Bordered Sallow (_Umbra_) Lunar Double Stripe (_Lunaris_)
=Geometrae.= Brimstone (_Luteolata_) Speckled Yellow (_Macularia_) Purple Thorn (_Tetralunaria_) Scalloped Hazel (_Bidentata_) Brindled Beauty (_Hirtaria_) Peppered (_Betularia_) Waved Umber (_Abruptaria_) Ringed Carpet (_Cinctaria_) Square Spot (_Consonaria_) Small Engrailed (_Crepuscularia_) Engrailed (_Biundularia_) Grey Birch (_Punctularia_) Small Grass Emerald (_Viridata_) All species of family _Ephyridae_ Cream Wave (_Remutaria_) White Wave (_Pusaria_) Round-winged Wave (_Rotundaria_) Common Wave (_Exanthemata_) Clouded Silver (_Temerata_) White-pinion Spotted (_Bimaculata_) Latticed Heath (_Clathrata_) Brown Silver-line (_Petraria_) Barred Umber (_Pulveraria_) Netted Mountain (_Carbonaria_) Common Heath (_Atomaria_) Bordered White (_Piniaria_) Rest Harrow (_Ononaria_) Yellow Belle (_Ochrearia_) Clouded Border (_Marginata_) Horse Chestnut (_Hippocastanaria_) Pretty Pinion (_Adaequata_) Pugs (_Venosata_, _Consignata_, _Pulchellata_, _Plumbeolata_, _Satyrata_, _Castigata_, _Pusillata_, _Irriguata_, _Indigata_, _Nanata_, _Vulgata_, _Assimilata_, _Exiguata_, _Coronata_) Yellow-barred Brindle (_Viretata_) Ruddy High-flier (_Ruberata_) May High-flier (_Trifasciata_) Common Carpet (_Sociata_) Silver-ground Carpet (_Montanata_) Streamer (_Nigrofasciaria_) Barberry Carpet (_Berberata_) Flame Carpet (_Designata_) Twin-spot Carpets (_Ferrugata_ and _Unidentaria_) Scarce Tissue (_Certata_) Water Carpet (_Suffumata_) Small Ph[oe]nix (_Silaceata_) Oblique-striped (_Virgata_) Broom Tip (_Rufata_)
A number of the Micros are also out this month. About twenty species of the _Pyralides_, one or two of the _Pterophori_, a few _Crambi_, about fifty of the _Tortrices_, and no less than two hundred of the _Tineae_. The collector will do well to search fences and tree trunks for these moths, whenever he has the opportunity; and also to use the net freely in wooded country, waste places, and along hedgerows, _before_ and at dusk.
JUNE
There is a marked increase in winged insect life during this month. The early butterflies are disappearing, or perhaps have quite left us; but new species are taking their place. The _Sphinges_ now reach their maximum, as do also the _Bombyces_; and the other groups are almost if not quite up to their highest total. The _Noctuae_ and _Geometrae_ each amount to over a hundred species. No less than a hundred and fifty British _Tortrices_ are on the wing; the _Tineae_ make a near approach to three hundred, and the _Pyralides_ of the month are not far short of numbering a hundred species. It will thus be seen that the net and pill boxes, as well as the setting boards, are in constant demand.
Dull days may be well occupied in beating for moths, and in the examination of fences and the bark of trees; and on bright days, as soon as the butterflies have settled down to rest, the same work may be carried on till dusk.
Micros and _Geometrae_ are out early in the evening, when they should be taken with the net. Later on the _Noctuae_ may be seen playing round their favourite flowers.
Sugar and light traps are likely to do good service during June, and decoy females of the _Bombyces_ group may be called to your aid.
Larvae are also abundant during June, and those of most of the butterflies may be taken by carefully searching their food plants.
The following is the list of imagines for the month:
=Butterflies.= Swallow Tail (_Machaon_) Black-veined White (_Crataegi_) Large White (_Brassicae_) Small White (_Rapae_) Green-veined White (_Napi_) Small Pearl-bordered (_Selene_) Pearl-bordered (_Euphrosyne_) Silver-washed Fritillary (_Paphia_) Greasy Fritillary (_Aurinia_) Glanville Fritillary (_Cinxia_) Heath Fritillary (_Athalia_) Small Tortoiseshell (_Urticae_) White Admiral (_Sibylla_) Small Ringlet (_Epiphron_) Meadow Brown (_Ianira_) Ringlet (_Hyperanthus_) Marsh Ringlet (_Typhon_) Small Heath (_Pamphilus_) Green Hairstreak (_Rubi_) Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_) Common Blue (_Icarus_) Small Blue (_Minima_) Duke of Burgundy (_Lucina_) Grizzled Skipper (_Malvae_) Dingy Skipper (_Tages_) Large Skipper (_Sylvanus_) Chequered Skipper (_Palaemon_)
=Sphinges.= Privet Hawk (_Ligustri_) Spurge Hawk (_Euphorbiae_) Small Elephant (_Porcellus_) Large Elephant (_Elpenor_) Eyed Hawk (_Ocellatus_) Poplar Hawk (_Populi_) Lime Hawk (_Tiliae_) Humming Bird Hawk (_Stellatarum_) All the Clearwings (Sesiidae) The Burnets (Fam. _Zygaenidae_)
=Bombyces.= Family _Nolidae_ Dew Moth (_Irrorella_) Cinnabar (_Jacobaeae_) Scarlet Tiger (_Dominula_) Family _Cheloniidae_ Family _Hepialidae_ Family _Cossidae_ Family _Cochliopodidae_ Dark Tussock (_Fascelina_) Pale Tussock (_Pudibunda_) Scarce Vapourer (_Gonostigma_) Fox (_Rubi_) Lappet (_Quercifolia_) Family _Drepanulidae_ Family _Dicranuridae_ Pale Prominent (_Palpina_) Coxcomb Prominent (_Camelina_) Swallow Prominent (_Dictaea_) Lesser Swallow Prominent (_Dictaeoides_) Iron Prominent (_Dromedarius_) Pebble Prominent (_Ziczac_) Great Prominent (_Trepida_) Marbled Brown (_Trimacula_) Buff Tip (_Bucephala_) Peach Blossom (_Batis_) Genus _Cymatophora_
=Noctuae.= Scarce Marvel-du-jour (_Orion_) Genus _Acronycta_ Powdered Wainscot (_Albovenosa_) Most of the species of genus _Leucania_ Flame Wainscot (_Flammea_) Silky Wainscot (_Maritima_) Small Rufous (_Rufa_) Mere Wainscot (_Hellmanni_) Concolorous (_Extrema_) Flame (_Putris_) Genus _Xylophasia_ Bird's Wing (_Scabriuscula_) Small Mottled Willow (_Exigua_) Bordered Gothic (_Reticulata_) Feathered Ear (_Leucophaea_) Large Nutmeg (_Sordida_) White Colon (_Albicolon_) Cabbage (_Brassicae_) Dot (_Persicariae_) Rustic Shoulder Knot (_Basilinea_) Union Rustic (_Connexa_) Dusky Brocade (_Gemina_) Double Lobed (_Ophiogramma_) Genus _Miana_ Treble Lines (_Trigrammica_) Mottled Rustic (_Morpheus_) Rustic (_Taraxaci_) Pale Mottled Willow (_Quadripunctata_) Reddish Buff (_Caliginosa_) Marsh Moth (_Palustris_) Brown Rustic (_Tenebrosa_) Turnip (_Segetum_) Heart and Dart (_Exclamationis_) Light-feathered Rustic (_Cinerea_) Sand Dart (_Ripae_) Garden Dart (_Nigricans_) Lover's Knot (_Strigula_) Double Dot (_Augur_) Flame Shoulder (_Plecta_) Double-spotted Square-spot (_Triangulum_) Ingrailed Clay (_Festiva_) Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing (_Fimbria_) Large Yellow Underwing (_Pronuba_) Gothic (_Typica_) Heart Moth (_Oo_) Genus _Dianth[oe]cia_ Broad-barred White (_Serena_) Small Angle Shades (_Lucipara_) Angle Shades (_Meticulosa_) Green Arches (_Prasina_) Grey Arches (_Nebulosa_) Silvery Arches (_Tincta_) Pale Shining Brown (_Advena_) Northern Arches (_Exulis_) Genus Hadena (nearly all) Lychnis Shark (_Lychnitis_) Starwort Shark (_Asteris_) Cudweed Shark (_Gnaphalii_) Camomile Shark (_Chamomillae_) Shark (_Umbratica_) Genus _Habrostola_ Burnished Brass (_Chrysitis_) Plain Golden Y (_Iota_) Beautiful Golden Y (_Pulchrina_) Silver Y (_Gamma_) Scarce Silver Y (_Interrogationis_) Genus _Anarta_ Small Yellow Underwing (_Tenebrata_) Bordered Straw (_Peltigera_) Bordered Sallow (_Umbra_) Spotted Sulphur (_Trabealis_) Four-spotted (_Luctuosa_) Family _Erastriidae_ Purple Marbled (_Ostrina_) Small Marbled (_Parva_) Small Purple-barred (_Viridaria_) Mother Shipton (_Mi_) Burnet Noctua (_Glyphica_) Black Neck (_Pastinum_) Family _Herminiidae_ Family _Hypenidae_
=Geometrae.= Little Thorn (_Advenaria_) Brimstone (_Luteolata_) Speckled Yellow (_Macularia_) Orange (_Prunaria_) Barred Red (_Prosapiaria_) Scorched Wing (_Dolobraria_) Lunar Thorn (_Lunaria_) Peppered (_Betularia_) Speckled Beauty (_Angularia_) Genus _Boarmia_ Square Spot (_Consonaria_) Brindled White-spot (_Luridata_) Grey Birch (_Punctularia_) Blotched Emerald (_Pustulata_) Small Grass Emerald (_Viridata_) Common Emerald (_Strigata_) Nearly all the family _Acidaliidae_ Genus _Bapta_ Peacock (_Notata_) Rannoch Geometer (_Brunneata_) Brown Silver-line (_Petraria_) Barred Umber (_Pulveraria_) Grey Scalloped Bar (_Belgiaria_) Frosted Yellow (_Limbaria_) Bordered White (_Piniaria_) Drab Geometer (_Murinata_) Black-veined (_Lineata_) Grass Wave (_Strigillaria_) Clouded Magpie (_Sylvata_) Scorched Carpet (_Adustata_) Clouded Border (_Marginata_) Twin-spot Carpet (_Didymata_) Grey Mountain Carpet (_Caesiata_) Striped Twin-spot Carpet (_Salicata_) Green Carpet (_Viridaria_) Genus _Emmelesia_ Most of the Pugs (_Eupithecia_) Small Seraphim (_Sexalisata_) Seraphim (_Halterata_) Yellow-barred Brindle (_Viretata_) Shaded Broad-bar (_Variata_) Ruddy High-flier (_Ruberata_) Purple Bar (_Ocellata_) Beautiful Carpet (_Albicillata_) Genus _Melanippe_ Royal Mantle (_Cucullata_) Flame (_Rubidata_) Genus _Coremia_ Yellow Shell (_Bilineata_) Fern (_Tersata_) Oblique Carpet (_Vittata_) Small Waved Umber (_Vitalbata_) Scalloped Shell (_Undulata_) Brown Scallop (_Vetulata_) Short-cloak Carpet (_Picata_) Broken-barred Carpet (_Corylata_) Common Marbled Carpet (_Truncata_) Small Ph[oe]nix (_Silaceata_) Small Mallow (_Limitata_) Belle (_Plumbaria_) Oblique-striped (_Virgata_) Treble Bar (_Plagiata_) Pale Grey Carpet (_Griseata_) Chimney Sweep (_Atrata_)
JULY
The number of species on the wing in July is even greater than in June. Butterflies are very numerous, some being second broods of double-brooded species, and others late single-brooded insects.
_Sphinges_ are beginning to fall off, and so are the _Bombyces_, but the _Noctuae_ and _Geometrae_ are slightly on the increase.
As regards the Micros, a good number of fresh species may be expected, all the groups exhibiting a marked increase in the total number on the wing with the exception of the _Tineae_.
Sugaring is likely to pay well this month, and many moths may be attracted by light. Tree trunks and fences should be well examined.
Pupae may certainly be taken, but unless the collector is particularly desirous of obtaining the pupae of insects known to be now passing through that stage, he will probably do better by looking after imagines.
Larvae, however, may well receive a little attention, providing the setting of butterflies and moths leave a little leisure for other employments. Beating by day, and searching by both day and night, even if carried on only occasionally, will probably supply you with as many species as you can accommodate in your glasses and cages.
The butterflies of the month are:
Swallow Tail (_Machaon_) Black-veined White (_Crataegi_) Large White (_Brassicae_) Small White (_Rapae_) Green-veined White (_Napi_) Wood White (_Sinapis_) Brimstone (_Rhamni_) Dark Green Fritillary (_Aglaia_) High Brown Fritillary (_Adippe_) Silver-washed Fritillary (_Paphia_) Heath Fritillary (_Athalia_) Comma (_C-Album_) Large Tortoiseshell (_Polychloros_) Small Tortoiseshell (_Urticae_) Peacock (_Io_) Painted Lady (_Cardui_) White Admiral (_Sibylla_) Purple Emperor (_Iris_) Marbled White (_Galatea_) Northern Brown (_AEthiops_) Speckled Wood (_Egeria_) Grayling (_Semele_) Meadow Brown (_Ianira_) Large Heath (_Tithonus_) Ringlet (_Hyperanthes_) Marsh Ringlet (_Typhon_) Small Heath (_Pamphilus_) Brown Hairstreak (_Betulae_) White-letter Hairstreak (_W-Album_) Dark Hairstreak (_Pruni_) Purple Hairstreak (_Quercus_) Green Hairstreak (_Rubi_) Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_) Silver-studded Blue (_AEgon_) Common Blue (_Icarus_) Chalk-hill Blue (_Corydon_) Holly Blue (_Argiolus_) Mazarine Blue (_Semiargus_) Small Blue (_Minima_) Large Blue (_Arion_) Small Skipper (_Thaumas_) New Small Skipper (_Lineola_)
The moths of July include the following species:
=Sphinges.= Privet Hawk (_Ligustri_) Bedstraw Hawk (_Galii_) Eyed Hawk (_Ocellatus_) Poplar Hawk (_Populi_) Humming Bird Hawk (_Stellatarum_) Hornet Clearwing of Poplar (_Apiformis_) Hornet Clearwing of Osier (_Crabroniformis_) Welsh Clearwing (_Scoliiformis_) Red-belted Clearwing (_Myopiformis_) Red-tipped Clearwing (_Formiciformis_) Six-belted Clearwing (_Ichneumoniformis_) Genus _Ino_ Burnets (_Trifolii_, _Lonicerae_ and _Filipendulae_)
=Bombyces.= Tortrix (_Undulanus_) Large Green Silver-lined (_Bicolorana_) Short-cloaked (_Cucullatella_) Most of the family _Lithosiidae_ Tiger (_Caia_) Ruby Tiger (_Fuliginosa_) Buff Ermine (_Lubricipeda_) White Ermine (_Menthastri_) Wood Swift (_Sylvanus_) Northern Swift (_Velleda_) Goat Moth (_Ligniperda_) Leopard (_Pyrina_) Brown Tail (_Chrysorrh[oe]a_) Yellow Tail (_Similis_) Satin (_Salicis_) Reed Tussock (_C[oe]nosa_) Black Arches (_Monacha_) Vapourer (_Antiqua_) Lackey (_Neustria_) Ground Lackey (_Castrensis_) Oak Eggar (_Quercus_) Drinker (_Potatoria_) Sallow Kitten (_Furcula_) Poplar Kitten (_Bifida_) Lobster (_Fagi_) Pale Prominent (_Palpina_) Coxcomb Prominent (_Camelina_) Buff Tip (_Bucephala_) Buff Arches (_Derasa_) Peach Blossom (_Batis_) Figure of Eighty (_Octogesima_) Poplar Lutestring (_Or_) Lesser Satin (_Duplaris_)
=Noctuae.= Marbled Green (_Muralis_) Marbled Beauty (_Perla_) Grey Dagger (_Psi_) Miller (_Leporina_) Poplar Grey (_Megacephala_) Grisette (_Strigosa_) Coronet (_Ligustri_) Knot Grass (_Rumicis_) Scarce Dagger (_Auricoma_) Light Knot Grass (_Menyanthidis_) Brown Line Bright Eye (_Conigera_) Double Line (_Turca_) Clay (_Lithargyria_) Wainscots (_Littoralis_, _Impudens_, _Comma_, _Impura_, _Pallens_, _Phragmitidis_, _Maritima_, _Rufa_, _Bondii_, _Neurica_) Ear Moth (_Nictitans_) Flame (_Putris_) Genus _Xylophasia_ Antler (_Graminis_) Straw Underwing (_Matura_) Most of Genus _Mamestra_ Genus _Miana_ Haworth's Minor (_Haworthii_) Treble Lines (_Trigrammica_) Genus _Caradrina_ Brown Rustic (_Tenebrosa_) Archer's Dart (_Vestigialis_) Pearly Underwing (_Saucia_) Heart and Dart (_Exclamationis_) Heart and Club (_Corticea_) Sand Dart (_Ripae_) Coast Dart (_Cursoria_) Garden Dart (_Nigricans_) Streaked Dart (_Aquilina_) True Lover's Knot (_Strigula_) Stout Dart (_Obscura_) Dotted Rustic (_Simulans_) Northern Rustic (_Lucernea_) Ashworth's Rustic (_Ashworthii_) Most of Genus _Noctua_ Genus _Triphaena_ Copper Underwing (_Pyramidea_) Mouse (_Tragopogonis_) Old Lady (_Maura_) Suspected (_Suspecta_) Dismal (_Upsilon_) Olive (_Subtusa_) Genus _Calymnia_ Dusky Sallow (_Ochroleuca_) Marbled Coronet (_Nana_) Genus _Hecatera_ Minor Shoulder Knot (_Viminalis_) Small Angle Shades (_Lucipara_) Genus _Aplecta_ Dark Brocade (_Adusta_) Shears (_Dentina_) Nutmeg (_Trifolii_) Pale-shouldered Brocade (_Thalassina_) Silver Cloud (_Conspicillaris_) Lychnis Shark (_Lychnitis_) Wormwood Shark (_Absinthii_) Family _Plusiidae_ Beautiful Yellow Underwing (_Myrtilli_) Marbled Clover (_Dipsacea_) Four-spotted (_Luctuosa_) Rosy Marbled (_Venustula_) Marbled White-spot (_Fasciana_) Small Purple-barred (_Viridaria_) Red Underwing (_Nupta_) Light Crimson Underwing (_Promissa_) Dark Crimson Underwing(_Sponsa_) New Black-neck (_Craccae_) Family _Herminiidae_ Family _Hypenidae_
=Geometrae.= Swallow-tail (_Sambucaria_) Dark-bordered Beauty (_Parallelaria_) Bordered Beauty (_Apiciaria_) Orange (_Prunaria_) Light Emerald (_Margaritaria_) Barred Red (_Prosapiaria_) Lilac Beauty (_Syringaria_) Early Thorn (_Bilunaria_) Scalloped Oak (_Elinguaria_) Genus _Cleora_ Genus _Boarmia_ Annulet (_Obscuraria_) Scotch Annulet (_Obfuscaria_) Black Mountain Moth (_Coracina_) Family _Geometridae_ Golden-bordered Purple (_Muricata_) Waved Carpet (_Sylvata_) Dingy Shell (_Obliterata_) Welsh Wave (_Cambrica_) Most of the _Acidaliae_ Blood Vein (_Amataria_) Family _Macariidae_ Latticed Heath (_Clathrata_) Bordered Grey (_Ericetaria_) Common Heath (_Atomaria_) Rest Harrow (_Ononaria_) Vestal (_Sacraria_) Grass Wave (_Strigillaria_) Family _Zerenidae_ Twin-spot Carpet (_Didymata_) Grey Mountain Carpet (_Caesiata_) Yellow-ringed Carpet (_Flavicinctata_) Beech-green Carpet (_Olivata_) Green Carpet (_Viridaria_) Genus _Emmelesia_ Pugs (_Linariata_, _Oblongata_, _Succenturiata_, _Pernotata_, _Isogrammaria_, _Virgaureata_, _Innotata_, _Subnotata_, _Absinthiata_, _Tenuiata_, _Subciliata_, _Rectangulata_) Chestnut-coloured Carpet (_Simulata_) Shaded Broad Bar (_Variata_) Pine Carpet (_Firmata_) July High-flier (_Sordidata_) Genus _Melanthia_ Genus _Melanippe_ Flame (_Rubidata_) Red Carpet (_Munitata_) Large Twin-spot Carpet (_Quadrifasciaria_) Yellow Shell (_Bilineata_) Fern (_Tersata_) Oblique Carpet (_Vittata_) Many-lined (_Polygrammata_) Dark Umber (_Rhamnata_) Short-cloak Carpet (_Picata_) Marsh Carpet (_Sagittata_) Common Marbled Carpet (_Truncata_) Dark Marbled Carpet (_Immanata_) Netted Carpet (_Reticulata_) Ph[oe]nix (_Prunata_) Chevron (_Testata_) Northern Spinach (_Populata_) Barred Yellow (_Fulvata_) Barred Straw (_Dotata_) Spinach (_Associata_) Dark Spinach (_Comitata_) Small Mallow (_Limitata_) Belle (_Plumbaria_) Chalk Carpet (_Bipunctaria_) Oblique-striped (_Virgata_) Manchester Treble Bar (_Paludata_) Treble Bar (_Plagiata_) Pale Grey Carpet (_Griseata_) Chimney Sweep (Atrata)
AUGUST
Although there is a very appreciable falling off in the number of species on the wing during August, yet there remains plenty of work for the lepidopterist.
Many of the butterflies of July continue to fly during the whole or part of this month, and several fresh species commence their flight. August, too, may be looked upon as _the_ month for second broods, and an opportunity now arises for searching for some of the species that were missed at the time of their early appearance in May. Clover and lucerne fields should be well worked.
A few _Sphinges_ and a number of the _Bombyces_ are still on the wing. The _Noctuae_ are on the decrease, but there are yet nearly a hundred species (including the rarer ones) at large.
These last may be taken at sugar in considerable numbers, and it is interesting to note that two of the Vanessas (_Atalanta_ and _Cardui_) may be caught sipping on your baited trees during the daytime.
_Geometrae_ and Micros fall off very considerably this month, but these, as well as moths of the other groups, may be taken from tree trunks and palings. Light traps may also be used with much success during August.
Fallen fruits should be examined for the larvae that feed within them; and late in the month ripe fruit will supply food to the lovers of sweets.
Ivy blossom should be well worked at night; and clover and lucerne fields form admirable hunting grounds for moths at night, especially just after rain.
Larvae are to be obtained in abundance by beating and searching, the latter process being conducted by night as well as by day.
The following is the list of imagines for August:
=Butterflies.= Swallow Tail (_Machaon_) Large White (_Brassicae_) Small White (_Rapae_) Green-veined White (_Napi_) Bath White (_Daplidice_) Wood White (_Sinapis_) Pale Clouded Yellow (_Hyale_) Clouded Yellow (_Edusa_) Brimstone (_Rhamni_) Queen of Spain (_Latona_) Dark Green Fritillary (_Aglaia_) High Brown Fritillary (_Adippe_) Silver-washed Fritillary (_Paphia_) Genus _Vanessa_ White Admiral (_Sibylla_) Purple Emperor (_Iris_) Marbled White (_Galatea_) Northern Brown (_AEthiops_) Speckled Wood (_Egeria_) Wall (_Megaera_) Grayling (_Semele_) Meadow Brown (_Ianira_) Large Heath (_Tithonus_) Small Heath (_Pamphilus_) Brown Hairstreak (_Betulae_) Purple Hairstreak (_Quercus_) Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_) Tailed Blue (_Baetica_) Silver-studded Blue (_AEgon_) Brown Argus (_Astrarche_) Common Blue (_Icarus_) Clifden Blue (_Bellargus_) Chalk-hill Blue (_Corydon_) Holly Blue (_Argiolus_) Mazarine Blue (_Semiargus_) Dingy Skipper (_Tages_) New Small Skipper (_Lineola_) Lulworth Skipper (_Actaeon_) Large Skipper (_Sylvanus_) Silver-spotted Skipper (_Comma_)
=Sphinges.= Death's-head Hawk (_Atropos_) Convolvulus Hawk (_Convolvuli_) Bedstraw Hawk (_Galii_) Striped Hawk (_Livornica_) Humming Bird Hawk (_Stellatarum_) Red-tipped Clearwing (_Formiciformis_) Six-belted Clearwing (_Ichneumoniformis_)
=Bombyces.= Round-winged Muslin (_Senex_) Muslin (_Mundana_) Footmen (_Muscerda_, _Lutarella_, _Griseola_) Wood Swift (_Sylvanus_) Brown Tail (_Chrysorrh[oe]a_) Yellow Tail (_Similis_) Satin (_Salicis_) Gipsy (_Dispar_) Black Arches (_Monacha_) Vapourer (_Antiqua_) Lackey (_Neustria_) Ground Lackey (_Castrensis_) Oak Eggar (_Quercus_) Grass Eggar (_Trifolii_) Drinker (_Potatoria_) Hook Tips (_Lacertinaria_, _Falcataria_, _Binaria_, _Cultraria_) Chinese Character (_Glaucata_) Sallow Kitten (_Furcula_) Poplar Kitten (_Bifida_) Prominents (_Camelina_, _Trilophus_, _Ziczac_) Lesser Lutestring (_Diluta_)
=Noctuae.= Marbled Green (_Muralis_) Marbled Beauty (_Perla_) Grey Dagger (_Psi_) Scarce Dagger (_Auricoma_) Wainscots (_Musculosa_, _Albipuncta_, _Impura_, _Pallens_, _Fulva_, _Cannae_, _Arundinis_, _Geminipuncta_, _Neurica_, _Lutosa_) Frosted Orange (_Ochracea_) Genus _Hydr[oe]cia_ Slender Clouded Brindle (_Scolopacina_) Feathered Brindle (_Australis_) Feathered Gothic (_Popularis_) Antler (_Graminis_) Straw Underwing (_Matura_) Genus _Luperina_ Confused (_Furva_) Small Clouded Brindle (_Unanimis_) Crescent (_Leucostigma_) Common Rustic (_Didyma_) Anomalous (_Anomala_) Mottled Rustic (_Morpheus_) Pale Mottled Willow (_Quadripunctata_) Archer's Dart (_Vestigialis_) Shuttle-shaped Dart (_Puta_) Pearly Underwing (_Saucia_) Crescent Dart (_Lunigera_) Heart and Dart (_Exclamationis_) Coast Dart (_Cursoria_) Garden Dart (_Nigricans_) White-line Dart (_Tritici_) Streaked Dart (_Aquilina_) Square-spot Dart (_Obelisca_) Heath Rustic (_Agathina_) Portland (_Praecox_) Stout Dart (_Obscura_) Dotted Rustic (_Simulans_) Plain Clay (_Depuncta_) Setaceous Hebrew Character (_C-Nigrum_) Barred Chestnut (_Dahlii_) Small Square-spot (_Rubi_) Six-striped Rustic (_Umbrosa_) Grey Rustic (_Castanea_) Square-spot Rustic (_Xanthographa_) Genus _Triphaena_ Mouse (_Tragopogonis_) Old Lady (_Maura_) Mountain Rustic (_Hyperborea_) Suspected (_Suspecta_) Olive (_Subtusa_) Double Kidney (_Retusa_) Angle-striped Sallow (_Paleacea_) Genus _Calymnia_ Dusky Sallow (_Ochroleuca_) Grey Chi (_Chi_) Large Ranunculus (_Flavicincta_) Feathered Ranunculus (_Lichenea_) Crescent (_Bimaculosa_) Great Brocade (_Occulta_) Beautiful Brocade (_Porphyrea_) Golden-rod Brindled (_Solidaginis_) Herald (_Libatrix_) Scarce Burnished Brass (_Chryson_) Burnished Brass (_Chrysitis_) Gold Spot (_Festucae_) Scarce Bordered Straw (_Armigera_) Four-spotted (_Luctuosa_) Clifden Nonpareil (_Fraxini_) Red Underwing (_Nupta_) Dark Crimson Underwing (_Sponsa_)
=Geometrae.= Dark-bordered Beauty (_Parallelaria_) Bordered Beauty (_Apiciaria_) Purple Thorn (_Tetralunaria_) Scalloped Oak (_Elinguaria_) Canary-shouldered Thorn (_Alniaria_) Dusky Thorn (_Fuscantaria_) September Thorn (_Erosaria_) August Thorn (_Quercinaria_) Dotted Carpet (_Glabraria_) Annulet (_Obscuraria_) Scotch Annulet (_Obfuscaria_) Family _Ephyridae_ Small Dusty Wave (_Virgularia_) Mullein Wave (_Marginepunctata_) Small Blood Vein (_Imitaria_) Common White Wave (_Pusaria_) Vestal (_Sacraria_) Yellow Belle (_Ochrearia_) Straw Belle (_Gilvaria_) Currant (_Grossulariata_) _Autumnaria_ Haworth's Carpet (_Unifasciata_) Bordered Lime Speck (_Succenturiata_) Pugs (_Virgaureata_, _Campanulata_, _Indigata_, _Constrictata_, _Expallidata_, _Sobrinata_, _Variata_) July High Flier (_Sordidata_) Carpets (_Bicolorata_, _Montanata_, _Fluctuata_, _Berberata_) Yellow Shell (_Bilineata_) Gem (_Fluviata_) Oblique Carpet (_Vittata_) Many-lined (_Polygrammata_) Tissue (_Dubitata_) Common Marbled Carpet (_Truncata_) Ph[oe]nix (_Prunata_) Chevron (_Testata_) Northern Spinach (_Populata_) Barred Yellow (_Fulvata_) Barred Straw (_Dotata_) Small Mallow (_Limitata_) Chalk Carpet (_Bipunctaria_) Treble Bar (_Plagiata_) Broom Tip (_Rufata_)
SEPTEMBER
The number of species on the wing is now considerably lower, yet there is a good deal to be done both with butterflies and moths.
Many of the former are worn and ragged, but good fresh specimens of some species may be taken. Clover and lucerne fields and the flowery borders of corn fields remain very attractive.
Tree trunks and palings should be searched as before. Sugar still attracts numbers of the _Noctuae_; and ivy blossom should be examined at night whenever an opportunity offers itself.
September is a good month for larva hunting. Most of the species that pupate in the autumn are now full fed, and will undergo the change to the chrysalis state shortly after they have been housed, thus giving but little trouble to the entomologist. The day feeders may be beaten or swept from their food plants, but, of course, the nocturnal species are best discovered by searching at night.
Some have already 'gone down' for the winter, and, consequently, pupa hunting may be started. However, as there is yet much to be done with imagines and larvae, it may, perhaps, be better to leave the pupae alone till about the end of the month, especially as many of the larvae have not yet had time to complete their transformation.
The list of imagines for September includes:
=Butterflies.= Clouded Yellow (_Edusa_) Brimstone (_Rhamni_) Queen of Spain (_Latona_) Comma (_C-Album_) Large Tortoiseshell (_Polychloros_) Small Tortoiseshell (_Urticae_) Peacock (_Io_) Camberwell Beauty (_Antiopa_) Red Admiral (_Atalanta_) Painted Lady (_Cardui_) Speckled Wood (_Egeria_) Wall (_Megaera_) Grayling (_Semele_) Large Heath (_Tithonus_) Small Heath (_Pamphilus_) Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_) Common Blue (_Icarus_) Clifden Blue (_Bellargus_) Chalk-hill Blue (_Corydon_) Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)
=Sphinges.= Death's-head Hawk (_Atropos_) Convolvulus Hawk (_Convolvuli_) Humming Bird Hawk (_Stellatarum_)
=Bombyces.= Tortrix (_Undulanus_) Crimson Speckled (_Pulchella_) Vapourer (_Antiqua_) Pale Oak Eggar (_Crataegi_) Lesser Lutestring (_Diluta_)
=Noctuae.= Figure of Eight (_Caeruleocephala_) Small Wainscot (_Fulva_) Bullrush (_Arundinis_) Large Wainscot (_Lutosa_) Frosted Orange (_Ochracea_) Rosy Rustic (_Micacea_) Feathered Brindle (_Australis_) Beautiful Gothic (_Hispidus_) Antler (_Graminis_) Flounced Rustic (_Testacea_) Hedge Rustic (_Cespitis_) Haworth's Minor (_Haworthii_) Anomalous (_Anomala_) Shuttle-shaped Dart (_Puta_) Dark Sword Grass (_Suffusa_) Pearly Underwing (_Saucia_) Turnip (_Segetum_) Heart and Dart (_Exclamationis_) Autumn Rustic (_Glareosa_) Mouse (_Tragopogonis_) Red-lined Quaker (_Lota_) Yellow-lined Quaker (_Macilenta_) Genus _Anchocelis_ Genus _Xanthia_ Centre-barred Sallow (_Xerampelina_) Double Kidney (_Retusa_) Genus _Polia_ Black Rustic (_Nigra_) Green-brindled Crescent (_Oxyacanthae_) Marvel-du-jour (_Aprilina_) Angle Shades (_Meticulosa_) Flame Brocade (_Flammea_) Brindled Green (_Protea_) Genus _Calocampa_ Genus _Xylina_ Herald (_Libatrix_) Gold Spot (_Festucae_) Silver Y (_Gamma_) Scarce Bordered Straw (_Armigera_) Clifden Nonpareil (_Fraxini_) Buttoned Snout (_Rostralis_)
=Geometrae.= Bordered Beauty (_Apiciaria_) Brimstone (_Luteolata_) Genus _Eugonia_ November (_Dilutata_) Autumnal (_Filigrammaria_) Juniper Pug (_Sobrinata_) Shaded Broad Bar (_Variata_) Slender-striped Rufous (_Lapidata_) Tissue (_Dubitata_) Carpets (_Siderata_, _Miata_, _Immanata_) Chevron (_Testata_) Mallow (_Cervinata_) Streak (_Spartiata_)
OCTOBER
As there is very little winged life this month, and the larvae have nearly all sought out their winter quarters, special attention may be given to pupae. The earlier this work is started after the insects have completed their change the better. If left late, many pupae will have been destroyed by floods, moles, &c., and a prolonged series of frosty days may render digging unproductive if not impossible. Again, it must be remembered that some larvae are not yet down, and by digging at the roots of the trees on which they are feeding, you are preparing an acceptable bed for the late species, for the pupae of which you may call again in about a month.
Larvae may be obtained by beating and searching as before, but this work should be done as early in the month as possible, since but few are feeding after the first week or so.
Butterfly catching is now practically over, only a few of the late species and the hybernators being on the wing, and these only on mild days.
_Noctuae_ are still attracted by sugar and ivy blossom, and a few may be found at rest. _Geometrae_ and Micros may be taken from palings and tree trunks by day, or caught flying at dusk.
The imagines of October may include the following butterflies:
Brimstone (_Rhamni_) Pale Clouded Yellow (_Hyale_) Clouded Yellow (_Edusa_) Comma (_C-Album_) Large Tortoiseshell (_Polychloros_) Small Tortoiseshell (_Urticae_) Peacock (_Io_) Camberwell Beauty (_Antiopa_) Red Admiral (_Atalanta_) Painted Lady (_Cardui_) Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_)
And a few late 'Blues.'
The principal moths of the month are:
=Sphinges.= Death's-head Hawk (_Atropos_)
=Bombyces.= Plumed Prominent (_Plumigera_)
=Noctuae.= Large Wainscot (_Lutosa_) Red-lined Quaker (_Lota_) Yellow-lined Quaker (_Macilenta_) Beaded Chestnut (_Pistacina_) Brown-spot Pinion (_Litura_) Chestnut (_Vaccinii_) Dark Chestnut (_Spadicea_) Red-headed Chestnut (_Erythrocephala_) Satellite (_Satellitia_) Dotted Chestnut (_Rubiginea_) Orange Upperwing (_Croceago_) Brick (_Circellaris_) Brindled Ochre (_Templi_) Green Brindled Crescent (_Oxyacanthae_) Marvel-du-jour (_Aprilina_) Angle Shades (_Meticulosa_) Flame Brocade (_Flammea_) Red Sword-grass (_Vetusta_) Sword-grass (_Exolita_) Genus _Xylina_ Sprawler (_Sphinx_) Silver Y (_Gamma_)
=Geometrae.= Feathered Thorn (_Pennaria_) Vestal (_Sacraria_) Scarce Umber (_Aurantiaria_) Mottled Umber (_Defoliaria_) Winter (_Brumata_) Northern Winter (_Boreata_) November (_Dilutata_) Juniper Carpet (_Juniperata_) Gem (_Fluviata_) Carpets (_Siderata_, _Miata_) Mallow (_Cervinata_) Streak (_Spartiata_)
NOVEMBER
No butterflies are to be seen this month with the exception of the hybernating species, and even these will not venture on the wing unless the weather is mild and bright for the season.
Most of the moths met with are also hybernators, but a few species are to be found only at this season, and these should be looked for on fences and tree trunks. A few _Noctuae_ may be taken at sugar, and the _Geometrae_ attracted by lights.
The only larvae now existing are hybernators, and many of these may be met with during your pupa-digging operations; but they are best left alone till the spring, as a rule.
The chief work of the entomologist in November is certainly pupa hunting, and this may be carried on in real earnest whenever the weather is favourable, following the instructions given in Chapter VII.
It will be remembered, also, that many of the _Lepidoptera_ pass the winter in the egg state, and search may be made for ova when time permits.
The November list, besides some of the hybernating species previously mentioned, include:
=Bombyces.= December (_Populi_)
=Noctuae.= Genus _Cerastis_ Satellite (_Satellitia_) Dotted Chestnut (_Rubiginea_) Orange Upperwing (_Croceago_) Brindled Ochre (_Exempli_)
=Geometrae.= Feathered Thorn (_Pennaria_) Scarce Umber (_Aurantiaria_) Mottled Umber (_Defoliaria_) Winter (_Brumata_) Northern Winter (_Boreata_)
DECEMBER
Outdoor work is now at a minimum. The weather is too severe, as a rule, to allow pupa digging to be carried on with either success or comfort, but favourable opportunities should be seized for this employment as well as for ova collecting.
Now and again we may meet with _P. Populi_ at rest by day, or fluttering round a light at night. _Brumata_ and _Defoliaria_ may also be seen, and the Early Moth (_Rupicapraria_) may appear on the wing before the new year; but nothing is likely to be met with beyond these save the hybernators, already named in other lists, and some of the _Tineae_.
It is a good plan to utilise your spare time during the dreary months of winter by attending to your cabinet. Rearrange your specimens where necessary, and see that all are properly labelled; remove all greasy specimens, and deal with them as recommended on page 127; also renew the supply of camphor or naphthaline in your drawers and store boxes. Time may also be found for the construction of apparatus that is likely to be required next season, and for repairing any that has been damaged during the work of the last.
COLOURED PLATES
PLATE I (_Frontispiece_)
1. SWALLOW-TAIL (_Papilio Machaon_). 2. BLACK-VEINED WHITE (_Aporia Crataegi_). 3. LARGE WHITE (_Pieris Brassicae_). Female. 4. SMALL WHITE (_Pieris Rapae_). Male. 5. GREEN-VEINED WHITE (_Pieris Napi_). Under side. 6. BATH WHITE (_Pieris Daplidice_). Female. 7. ORANGE TIP (_Euchlo[:e] Cardamines_). Male. 8. ORANGE TIP (_Euchlo[:e] Cardamines_). Male. Under side.
PLATE II
1. WOOD WHITE (_Leucophasia Sinapis_). 2. PALE CLOUDED YELLOW (_Colias Hyale_). 3. CLOUDED YELLOW (_Colias Edusa_). Male. 4. BRIMSTONE (_Gonopteryx Rhamni_). Male. 5. SMALL PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Selene_). 6. PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Euphrosyne_). 7. QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Latona_). 8. DARK-GREEN FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Aglaia_).
PLATE III
1. HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Adippe_). Under side. 2. SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Paphia_). 3. GREASY FRITILLARY (_Melitaea Aurinia_). 4. GLANVILLE FRITILLARY (_Melitaea Cinxia_). 5. HEATH FRITILLARY (_Melitaea Athalia_). 6. HEATH FRITILLARY (_Melitaea Athalia_). Under side. 7. COMMA (_Vanessa C-Album_). 8. LARGE TORTOISESHELL (_Vanessa Polychloros_). 9. SMALL TORTOISESHELL (_Vanessa Urticae_).
PLATE IV
1. PEACOCK (_Vanessa Io_). 2. CAMBERWELL BEAUTY (_Vanessa Antiopa_). 3. RED ADMIRAL (_Vanessa Atalanta_). 4. PAINTED LADY (_Vanessa Cardui_). 5. WHITE ADMIRAL (_Limenitis Sibylla_).
PLATE V
1. PURPLE EMPEROR (_Apatura Iris_). Male. 2. MARBLED WHITE (_Melanargia Galatea_). 3. SMALL RINGLET (_Erebia Epiphron_). 4. NORTHERN BROWN (_Erebia AEthiops_). 5. WOOD ARGUS (_Pararge Egeria_). 6. WALL BUTTERFLY (_Pararge Megaera_). 7. GRAYLING (_Satyrus Semele_). Female. 8. MEADOW BROWN (_Epinephele Ianira_). Female. 9. LARGE HEATH (_Epinephele Tithonus_). Male. 10. RINGLET (_Epinephele Hyperanthus_).
PLATE VI
1. MARSH RINGLET (_Caenonympha Typhon_). 2. SMALL HEATH (_Caenonympha Pamphilus_). 3. BROWN HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla Betulae_). Under side. 4. WHITE-LETTER HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla W-album_). Under side. 5. DARK HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla Pruni_). Under side. 6. PURPLE HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla Quercus_). Under side. 7. GREEN HAIRSTREAK(_Thecla Rubi_). Under side. 8. LARGE COPPER (_Polyommatus Dispar_). Male. 9. SMALL COPPER (_Polyommatus Phlaeas_). 10. TAILED BLUE (_Lycaena Baetica_). 11. SILVER-STUDDED BLUE (_Lycaena AEgon_). Male. 12. SILVER-STUDDED BLUE (_Lycaena AEgon_). Female. 13. BROWN ARGUS (_Lycaena Astrarche_). 14. BROWN ARGUS (_Lycaena Astrarche_). Under side. 15. COMMON BLUE (_Lycaena Icarus_). Male. 16. COMMON BLUE (_Lycaena Icarus_). Female. 17. CLIFDEN BLUE (_Lycaena Bellargus_). Male. 18. CLIFDEN BLUE (_Lycaena Bellargus_). Female.
PLATE VII
1. CHALK-HILL BLUE (_Lycaena Corydon_). Male. 2. CHALK-HILL BLUE (_Lycaena Corydon_). Female. 3. HOLLY BLUE (_Lycaena Argiolus_). Male. 4. HOLLY BLUE (_Lycaena Argiolus_). Female. 5. MAZARINE BLUE (_Lycaena Semiargus_). Male. 6. MAZARINE BLUE (_Lycaena Semiargus_). Female. 7. SMALL BLUE (_Lycaena Minima_). 8. LARGE BLUE (_Lycaena Arion_). 9. DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (_Nemeobius Lucina_). 10. DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (_Nemeobius Lucina_). Under side. 11. GRIZZLED SKIPPER (_Syrichthus Malvae_). 12. DINGY SKIPPER (_Nisoniades Tages_). 13. SMALL SKIPPER (_Hesperia Thaumas_). 14. LULWORTH SKIPPER (_Hesperia Actaeon_). Male. 15. LARGE SKIPPER (_Hesperia Sylvanus_). Male. 16. SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER (_Hesperia Comma_). 17. CHEQUERED SKIPPER (_Carterocephalus Palaemon_). 18. NEW SMALL SKIPPER (_Hesperia Lineola_).
PLATE VIII
1. LARVA OF SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY (_Papilio Machaon_). 2. LARVA OF ORANGE TIP (_Euchlo[:e] Cardamines_). 3. LARVA OF SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Paphia_). 4. LARVA OF PEACOCK BUTTERFLY (_Vanessa Io_). 5. LARVA OF PURPLE EMPEROR (_Apatura Iris_). 6. LARVA OF DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (_Nemeobius Lucina_). 7. PUPA OF SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY (_Papilio Machaon_). 8. PUPA OF ORANGE TIP (_Euchlo[:e] Cardamines_). 9. PUPA OF SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Paphia_). 10. PUPA OF PURPLE EMPEROR (_Apatura Iris_). 11. PUPA OF DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (_Nemeobius Lucina_). 12. PUPA OF DINGY SKIPPER (_Nisoniades Tages_).
PLATE IX
1. PRIVET HAWK MOTH (_Sphinx Ligustri_). 2. SPURGE HAWK (_Deilephila Euphorbiae_). 3. LARGE ELEPHANT HAWK (_Ch[oe]rocampa Elpenor_). 4. EYED HAWK (_Smerinthus Ocellatus_). 5. LIME HAWK (_Smerinthus Tiliae_). 6. HUMMING-BIRD HAWK (_Macroglossa Stellatarum_). 7. BROAD-BORDERED FIVE-SPOTTED BURNET (_Zygaena Trifolii_).
PLATE X
1. CINNABAR MOTH (_Euchelia Jacobaeae_). 2. WOOD TIGER (_Nemeophila Plantaginis_). 3. TIGER (_Arctia Caia_). 4. CREAM-SPOT TIGER (_Arctia Villica_). 5. OAK EGGAR (_Bombyx Quercus_). Male. 6. LAPPET (_Lasiocampa Quercifolia_). 7. KENTISH GLORY (_Endromis Versicolor_). Male. 8. EMPEROR MOTH (_Saturnia Pavonia_). Male. 9. BUFF TIP (_Phalera Bucephala_).
PLATE XI
1. LARGE YELLOW UNDERWING (_Triphaena Pronuba_). 2. MARVEL-DU-JOUR (_Agriopis Aprilina_). 3. SMALL ANGLE SHADES (_Euplexia Lucipara_). 4. MOTHER SHIPTON (_Euclidia Mi_). 5. CLIFDEN NONPAREIL (_Catocala Fraxini_). 6. DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING (_Catocala Sponsa_).
PLATE XII
1. HERALD (_Gonoptera Libatrix_). 2. SWALLOW-TAIL MOTH (_Uropteryx Sambucaria_). 3. BRIMSTONE MOTH (_Rumia Luteolata_). 4. SCALLOPED OAK (_Crocallis Elinguaria_). 5. BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Biston Hirtaria_). 6. WAVED UMBER (_Hemerophila Abruptaria_). 7. MAIDEN'S BLUSH (_Zonosoma Punctaria_). 8. MOTTLED UMBER (_Hybernia Defoliaria_). 9. TREBLE BAR (_Anaitis Plagiata_).
INDEX
Abbreviata, 284
Abraxas, 279
Abruptaria, 273
Acherontia, 204
Acidalia, 275
Acidaliidae, 275
Aciptilia, 295
Acronycta, 240
Actaeon, 199
Adela, 304
Adippe, 159
Admiral, Red, 168
Admiral, White, 170
AEgon, 189
AEscularia, 281
AEthiops, 175
Aglaia, 158
Aglossa, 291
Agriopis, 258
Agrotis, 250
Albulata, 283
Alucita, 295
Amataria, 276
Amphidasydae, 271
Amphidasys, 272
Amphipyridae, 254
Anaitis, 289
Angle Shades, 258
Anisopteryx, 281
Antennae, 5
Antiopa, 167
Antiqua, 228
Antithesia, 301
Apamea, 247
Apameidae, 244
Apatura, 171
Apiformis, 213
Aplecta, 259
Aporia, 141
Aprilina, 258
Arctia, 221
Areola, 261
Argiolus, 193
Argus, Brown, 189
Argus, Wood, 175
Argynnis, 154
Arion, 194
Arrangement of specimens, 136
Arundinis, 243
Asphalia, 238
Astrarche, 189
Atalanta, 168
Athalia, 163
Atomaria, 278
Atropos, 204
August Thorn, 271
Aurella, 306
Aurinia, 161
Aversata, 276
Axylia, 245
Baetica, 188
Bapta, 277
Basilinea, 247
Bath White, 146
Batis, 237
Beating for moths, 83
Beautiful Carpet, 286
Beautiful China Mark, 293
Bellargus, 191
Betulae, 183
Betularia, 272
Bicolorata, 285
Bifida, 234
Bilineata, 287
Binaria, 232
Biston, 271
Black Arches, 227
Black Hairstreak, 184
Black-veined White, 141
Blood Vein, 276
Blue-bordered Carpet, 285
Blue Chalk Hill, 192
---- Clifden, 191
---- Common, 190
---- Holly, 193
---- Large, 194
---- Mazarine, 193
---- Silver-studded, 189
---- Small, 194
---- Tailed, 188
Boarmia, 273
Boarmiidae, 272
Bombyces, 217
Bombycidae, 229
Bombycoidae, 240
Bombyx, 229
Bordered White, 279
Botys, 293
Brassicae (_Pieris_), 142
Brassicae (_Mamestra_), 246
Bright-line Brown-eye, 260
Brimstone Butterfly, 152
Brimstone Moth, 269
Brindled Beauty, 271
Brindled Pug, 284
Broad-barred White, 257
---- bordered Bee Hawk, 211
---- ---- Five spotted Burnet, 215
Brown Argus, 189
---- Hairstreak, 183
---- line Bright-eye, 242
---- Meadow, 178
---- Northern, 175
---- Tail, 226
Bryophila, 239
Bryophilidae, 239
Bucephala, 236
Buff Ermine, 222
---- Tip, 236
Bullrush, 243
Bupalus, 279
Burnets, 215
Burnished Brass, 263
Butterflies--British, 139
---- antennae of, 5
---- body, 3
---- catching, 64
---- eye, 3
---- legs, 8, 10
---- proboscis, 6
---- wings, 2, 8
Cabbage Moth, 246
Cabera, 277
Caberidae, 276
Cabinets, 134
Caia, 221
Callimorpha, 220
C-Album, 164
Calymnia, 256
Camberwell Beauty, 167
Camelina, 235
Camptogramma, 287
Caradrina, 249
Caradrinidae, 248
Cardamines, 148
Cardui, 169
Carpocapsa, 302
Carterocephalus, 201
Catching Butterflies, 64
---- moths, 82, 85
Caterpillar state, 22
Catocala, 265
Catocalidae, 265
Cerastis, 256
Chalk-hill Blue, 192
Cheloniidae, 220
Chequered Skipper, 201
Chestnut, 256
Chilo, 296
Chinese Character, 233
Chloroform bottle, 72
Chocolate Tip, 237
Ch[oe]rocampa, 207
Chrysalis state, 44
Chrysitis, 263
Chrysorrh[oe]a, 226
Cidaria, 288
Cilix, 233
Cinnabar, 219
Cinxia, 162
Cirsiana, 301
Classification of Lepidoptera, 55
Clearwings, 212
Clifden Blue, 191
Clifden Nonpareil, 265
Clouded Silver, 277
Clouded Yellow, 151
C[oe]nonympha, 181
Coleophora, 305
Colias, 149
Collecting box, 73
Collecting larvae, 101
---- ova, 99
---- pupae, 108
Comes, 253
Comma, 164, 200
Common Blue, 190
---- Carpet, 286
Common Emerald, 274
---- Footman, 219
---- Heath, 278
---- Quaker, 255
---- Swift, 223
---- Wainscot, 243
---- Wave, 277
Complanella, 306
Conigera, 242
Copper--Large, 187
---- Small, 188
Corydon, 192
Cosmiidae, 256
Cossidae, 224
Cossus, 224
Coxcomb Prominent, 235
Crambi, 296
Crambus, 297
Crataegi, 141
Cream-spot Tiger, 221
Cristana, 300
Crocallis, 270
Cucullatella, 218
Cucullia, 261
Cuprella, 304
Currant Clearwing, 213
Currant Moth, 279
Curtula, 237
Cyanide bottle, 68
Cymatophoridae, 237
Daplidice, 146
Dark Crimson Underwing, 266
Dark Dagger, 241
Dark Green Fritillary, 158
Dark Hairstreak, 185
Death's-head Hawk, 204
Decoys, 96
Defoliaria, 281
Deilephila, 207
Dentina, 259
Depressaria, 304
Dicranura, 234
Dicranuridae, 233
Didymata, 283
Diloba, 241
Dilutata, 282
Dingy Skipper, 198
Dispar, 187, 227
Diurnea, 303
Dominula, 220
Dot, 247
Drepana, 232
Drepanulidae, 232
Drinker, 230
Duke of Burgundy, 196
Dun-bar, 256
Early Grey, 261
Edusa, 151
Egeria, 175
Eggs, 16
Elephant Hawk, 207
Elinguaria, 270
Elpenor, 208
Ematurga, 278
Emmelesia, 283
Emperor Moth, 231
Emperor, Purple, 171
Endromidae, 231
Endromis, 231
Ennomidae, 269
Entomological pins, 76
Ephippiphora, 301
Ephyridae, 275
Epinephele, 178
Epiphron, 174
Erebia, 174
Erycinidae, 196
Eubolia, 289
Euboliidae, 288
Euchelia, 219
Eucheliidae, 219
Euchlo[:e], 148
Euclidia, 264
Euclidiidae, 264
Eugonia, 271
Euphorbiae, 207
Euphrosyne, 156
Eupithecia, 283
Euplexia, 258
Eurrhypara, 292
Exanthemata, 277
Exclamationis, 250
Eyed Hawk, 208
Fagella, 303
Farinalis, 292
Fidoniidae, 278
Figure of Eight, 241
Filipendulae, 215
Flame, 245
Flame Shoulder, 252
Flavago, 256
Flavicornis, 238
Flounced Rustic, 246
Fluctuata, 287
Forester, 214
Forficalis, 293
Fraxini, 265
Fritillaries, 154
Fritillary, Dark Green, 158
---- Glanville, 162
---- Greasy, 161
---- Heath, 163
---- High Brown, 159
---- Pearl-bordered, 156
---- Queen of Spain, 156
---- Silver-washed, 159
---- Small Pearl-bordered, 154
Galatea, 173
Galleria, 298
Gamma, 264
Garden Carpet, 287
Garden Dart, 251
Garden Pebble, 293
Gemmaria, 273
Geoffrella, 305
Geometra, 274
Geometrae, 268
Geometridae, 274
Ghost Swift, 223
Gipsy, 227
Glaucata, 233
Goat Moth, 224
Gonodactyla, 294
Gonoptera, 264
Gonopteridae, 262
Gonopteryx, 152
Gortyna, 244
Gothic, 254
Grass Rivulet, 283
Grayling, 177
Grease, 127
Greasy Fritillary, 161
Green Hairstreak, 186
Green-chequered White, 146
Green Silver-lined, 217
Grizzled Skipper, 197
Grey Arches, 259
Grey Dagger, 240
Grossulariata, 279
Hadena, 259
Hadenidae, 257
Hairstreak, Black, 184
---- Brown, 183
---- Dark, 185
---- Green, 186
---- Purple, 185
---- White-letter, 184
Halia, 278
Hamellus, 297
Harpella, 305
Hawk Moths, 204
Heart and Dart, 250
Heath, Large, 179
---- Moth, 278
Heath, Small, 181
---- Fritillary, 163
Hecatera, 257
Helice, 151
Hemerophila, 273
Hemithea, 274
Hepialidae, 223
Hepialus, 223
Herald Moth, 262
Hesperia, 198
Hesperiidae, 197
Hexadactyla, 295
High Brown Fritillary, 159
Hirtaria, 271
Holly Blue, 193
Hornet Clearwing of Osier, 213
Hornet Clearwing of Poplar, 213
Hortuellus, 297
Humming-bird Hawk, 210
Humuli, 223
Hyale, 149
Hybernia, 280
Hyberniidae, 280
Hydrocampa, 293
Hylophila, 217
Hyperanthus, 180
Hyponomeuta, 304
Ianira, 178
Ianthina, 252
Ibipennella, 305
Icarus, 190
Ichneumon flies, 25
Impura, 243
Ino, 214
Io, 167
Iris, 171
Jacobaeae, 219
Kentish Glory, 231
Killing bottle, 68
Killing box, 70
Labial palpi, 6
Lace Border, 275
Lappet, 230
Larentia, 283
Larentiidae, 282
Large Blue, 194
Large Copper, 187
Large Elephant, 208
Large Emerald, 274
Large Heath, 179
Large Skipper, 200
Large Tortoiseshell, 165
Large White, 142
Large Yellow Underwing, 253
Larvae, 22
Larvae Beating, 107
Larvae, blowpipe for, 131
Larva boxes, 101
Larva cage, 115
Larvae collecting, 101
Larvae, glass for, 114
Larvae rearing, 113
Lasiocampa, 230
Latona, 156
Laurel box, 70
Leaf Miners, 33, 303
Leaf Rollers, 33, 303
Lecheana, 300
Legs of Lepidoptera, 8, 10
Leioptilus, 295
Leopard Moth, 225
Lepidoptera--antennae, 5
---- body, 3
---- classification of, 55
---- eggs of, 16
---- general characteristics, 1
---- legs of, 8, 10
---- metamorphoses, 14
---- proboscis, 6
---- wings, 2, 8
Lesser Broad Border, 252
Lesser Yellow Underwing, 253
Leucania, 242
Leucaniidae, 242
Leucophasia, 149
Leucophaearia, 280
Libatrix, 262
Light Arches, 245
Light Emerald, 270
Light Traps, 87
Ligniperda, 224
Ligustri, 206
Lime Hawk, 210
Limenitis, 170
Limitata, 289
Lineola, 199
Liparidae, 226
Lithosia, 218
Lithosiidae, 219
Lithoxylea, 245
Lobophora, 285
Lobster Moth, 28
Lophopteryx, 235
Lubricipeda, 222
Lucina, 196
Lucipara, 258
Lulworth Skipper, 199
Luperina, 246
Lupulinus, 223
Luteolata, 269
Lycaena, 183, 188
Lycaenidae, 183
Macariidae, 278
Machaon, 139
Macroglossa, 210
Maiden's Blush, 275
Malvae, 197
Mamestra, 246
Mania, 254
Marbled Beauty, 239
Marbled Minor, 248
Margaritaria, 270
Marsh Moth, 281
Marsh Ringlet, 181
Marvel-du-jour, 258
Maura, 254
Mazarine Blue, 193
Meadow Brown, 178
Meal Moth, 292
Megacephala, 241
Megaera, 177
Melanargia, 173
Melanthia, 285
Melitaea, 161
Mellonella, 298
Menthastri, 222
Meticulosa, 258
Metrocampa, 270
Mi, 264
Miana, 248
Micro-lepidoptera, 290
Minima, 194
Monacha, 227
Montanata, 286
Morpheus, 249
Mother-of-pearl, 293
Mother Shipton, 264
Moths, 203
---- antennae of, 5
---- catching, 82
---- traps, 87
Mottled Rustic, 249
Mottled Umber, 281
Mundana, 218
Muslin Moth, 218
Nanata, 284
Napi, 145
Narrow-winged Pug, 284
Nebulosa, 259
Nemeobius, 196
Nemeophila, 220
Nepticula, 306
Nervosa, 304
Nets, 65, 87, 91
Netted Pug, 283
New Small Skipper, 199
Nigricans, 251
Nisoniades, 198
Noctua, 252
Noctuae, 239
Noctuidae, 249
Nola, 218
Nolidae, 218
Nonagria, 243
Northern Brown, 175
Notodontidae, 235
November Moth, 282
Nudaria, 218
Nupta, 266
Nycteolidae, 217
Nymphalidae, 154
Oak Eggar, 229
Oak Hook Tip, 232
Ocellatus, 208
Ochracea, 244
Ocneria, 227
Octomaculana, 301
Odonestis, 230
Old Lady, 254
Oleracea, 260
Oporabia, 282
Orange Tip, 148
Orgyia, 228
Ornata, 275
Orthosiidae, 255
Osteodactylus, 295
Ova collecting, 99
Ova preserving, 130
Padellus, 304
Painted Lady, 169
Palaemon, 201
Pale Clouded Yellow, 149
Pallens, 243
Palpi, 6
Pamphilus, 181
Paphia, 159
Papilio, 139
Papilionaria, 274
Papilionidae, 139
Pararge, 175
Pavonia, 231
Peach Blossom, 237
Peacock, 167
Pearl-bordered Fritillary, 156
Pentadactyla, 295
Penthina, 300
Peppered Moth, 272
Perla, 239
Peronea, 300
Persicariae, 247
Phalera, 236
Phlaeas, 188
Phlogophora, 258
Phragmitellus, 296
Pieridae, 141
Pinguinalis, 291
Piniaria, 279
Pink-barred Sallow, 256
Pins, 76
Pionea, 293
Plagiata, 289
Plantaginis, 220
Platyptilia, 294
Plecta, 252
Plusia, 263
Plusiidae, 263
Polychloros, 165
Polyommatus, 187
Poplar Grey, 241
Poplar Hawk, 209
Poplar Kitten, 234
Populi, 209
Porcellus, 207
Porthesia, 226
Potatoria, 230
Prasinana, 217
Preserving larvae, 131
---- ova, 130
---- pupae, 133
Privet Hawk, 206
Proboscis, 6
Pronuba, 253
Pruni, 185
Pruniana, 300
Psi, 240
Psilura, 227
Pterophori, 294
Ptycholoma, 300
Punctaria, 275
Pupa state, 44
Pupae collecting, 108
---- digging, 111
---- management of, 118
---- preserving, 133
Purple Emperor, 171
Purple Hairstreak, 185
Puss Moth, 235
Putris, 245
Pygaera, 237
Pygaeridae, 236
Pyralides, 291
Pyralis, 292
Pyrina, 225
Queen of Spain, 156
Quercifolia, 230
Quercinaria, 271
Quercus (_Bombyx_), 229
Quercus (_Thecla_), 185
Rapae, 144
Rearing larvae, 113
Red Admiral, 168
Red Underwing, 266
Relaxing, 125
Rhamni, 152
Riband Wave, 276
Ringlet, 180
---- Marsh, 181
---- Small, 174
Rubi, 186
Rumia, 269
Ruralis, 293
Rustic Shoulder-knot, 247
Salicella, 301
Sambucaria, 268
Saturnia, 231
Saturniidae, 231
Satyridae, 173
Satyrus, 177
Scalloped Oak, 270
Scarlet Tiger, 220
Sciaphila, 301
Segetum, 250
Selene, 154
Semele, 177
Semiargus, 193
Serena, 257
Sesia, 213
Sesiidae, 212
Setting boards, 122
Shark, 261
Shears, 259
Short-cloaked, 218
Sibylla, 170
Silaceata, 288
Silver-ground Carpet, 286
Silver-spotted Skipper, 200
Silver-studded Blue, 189
Silver-washed Fritillary, 159
Silver Y, 264
Sinapis, 149
Six-spot Burnet, 215
Skippers, 196
Skipper, Chequered, 201
---- Dingy, 198
---- Grizzled, 197
---- Lulworth, 199
---- New Small, 199
---- Silver-spotted, 200
---- Small, 198
Sleeving, 116
Small Angle Shades, 258
---- Blue, 194
---- Copper, 188
---- Elephant, 207
---- Heath, 181
---- Magpie, 292
---- Mallow, 289
---- Pearl-bordered Fritillary, 154
---- Ph[oe]nix, 288
---- Ringlet, 174
---- Seraphim, 285
---- Skipper, 198
---- Tortoiseshell, 166
---- White, 144
Smerinthus, 208
Smoky Wainscot, 243
Sociata, 286
Speckled Wood, 175
Sphinges, 203
Sphingidae, 204
Sphinx, 206
Spilosoma, 222
Sponsa, 266
Spring Usher, 280
Spurge Hawk, 207
Stabilis, 255
Stagnata, 293
Statices, 214
Stellatarum, 210
Store boxes, 135
Strigata, 274
Strigilis, 248
Stuffing insects, 126
Sugaring, 92
Sugaring net, 94
Sugar traps, 96
Swallow-tail Butterfly, 139
Swallow-tail Moth, 268
Swifts, 223
Sylvanus, 200
Syrichthus, 197
Tabby, 291
Taeniocampa, 255
Tages, 198
Tailed Blue, 188
Temerata, 277
Testacea, 246
Thaumas, 198
Thecla, 183
Thyatira, 237
Tiger, Common, 221
---- Cream-spot, 221
---- Scarlet, 220
---- Wood, 220
Tiliae, 210
Timandra, 276
Tineae, 303
Tipuliformis, 213
Tithonus, 179
Tortoiseshell, Large, 165
Tortoiseshell, Small, 166
Tortrices, 298
Treble Bar, 289
Trifolii, 215
Triphaena, 252
Tristellus, 297
Trochilium, 213
Turnip Moth, 250
Twin-spot Carpet, 283
Typhon, 181
Typica, 254
Umbratica, 261
Uropterygidae, 268
Uropteryx, 268
Urticae, 166
Urticata, 292
Vaccinii, 256
Vanessa, 164
Vapourer Moth, 228
Vauaria, 278
Venosata, 283
Versicolor, 231
Villica, 221
Vinula, 235
Viridana, 299
V moth, 278
W album, 184
Wainscots, 243
Wall Butterfly, 177
Waved Umber, 273
White Admiral, 170
---- Bath, 146
---- Black-veined, 141
---- Ermine, 222
---- Green-chequered, 146
---- Green-veined, 145
---- Large, 142
White-letter Hairstreak, 184
---- Marbled, 173
---- Small, 144
---- Wood, 149
Willow Beauty, 273
Wings, 2, 8
Wood Argus, 175
Wood Tiger, 220
Wood White, 149
Xanthia, 256
Xanthosetia, 302
Xylinidae, 261
Xylocampa, 261
Xylophasia, 245
Xylosteana, 299
Yellow-horned, 238
Yellow Shell, 287
Zerenidae, 279
Zeuzera, 225
Zoegana, 302
Zonosoma, 275
Zygaena, 215
Zygaenidae, 214
PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE LONDON
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Transcriber's Notes
Some minor changes have been made to obvious format and punctuation inconsistencies. Other inconsistent usages have been retained except where obvious typographical errors have been corrected as follows:
Page 97 'dicover' changed to 'discover' (... not being able to discover the 'entrance out,' ...)
Page 188 'Polyommatas' changed to 'Polyommatus' (_The Small Copper_ (_Polyommatas Phlaeas_))
Page 219 'Jacobaea' changed to 'Jacobaeae' (FIG. 112.--THE LARVA OF JACOBAEAE.)
Page 263 'rested' changed to 'crested' (The abdomen also is crested)
Page 334 'Rannock' changed to 'Rannoch' (Rannoch Geometer (_Brunneata_))
Page 354 'Ibipenella' change to 'Ibipennella' (Ibipennella, 305)
Page 354 missing page reference added (Ichneumon flies, 25)
Page 355 'Leucophearia' changed to 'Leucophaearia' (Leucophaearia, 280)
Page 356 'Octomacularia' changed to 'Octomaculana' (Octomaculana, 301)
Page 358 'Tryphaena' changed to 'Triphaena' and moved to its alphabetical position in the index (Triphaena, 252)
Page 358 'Umbricata' changed to 'Umbratica' (Umbratica, 261)