CHAPTER VI

THE NOUN AND THE PRONOUN

FOR the plural of nouns see Chapter III.

The classes to which nouns belong are distinguished as follows:

A _common_ noun is the name given to an object to denote the class to which it belongs; as, _book_, _man_.

A _proper_ noun is the name given to a particular object to distinguish it from others of the same class; as, _Mary_, _Republicans_, _England_. Proper nouns should always be capitalized.

A _collective_ noun is a name which in the singular denotes a collection. It is usually plural in idea but singular in use; as, _congregation_, _crowd_.

An _abstract_ noun is the name denoting a quality of an object; as, _power_, _purity_, _strength_.

A _verbal_ noun is the name of an action. As its name suggests, it is made from a verb; as, _Sweeping_ is good exercise.

=Exercise 75=

In the following sentences supply necessary capital letters. Explain why the same word in one expression needs a capital and in another does not.

1. I have just taken out an endowment policy in the northwestern mutual life insurance company.

2. There are many mutual life insurance companies in the country.

3. His refusing the terms was practically a declaration of independence.

4. On the fourth of July we celebrate the signing of the declaration of independence, the first step in the revolutionary war.

5. Mexico has had many revolutionary wars.

6. And king Arthur said, "The king who fights his people fights himself."

7. When does the bank close?

8. I have an account with the first national bank.

9. This is the first national bank that was ever established in this country.

Explain to which class each noun in the foregoing sentences belongs. Be particularly careful to distinguish between common and proper nouns.

=Exercise 76--Pronouns=

The different classes of pronouns are distinguished as follows:

The _personal_ pronoun is used in place of the name of a person or thing. The pronoun of the _first_ person indicates the speaker, the pronoun of the _second_ person indicates the person spoken to, and the pronoun of the _third_ person indicates the person spoken of. They are declined as follows:

_First person_ _Singular_ _Plural_ _Nom._ I we _Poss._ my, mine our, ours _Obj._ me us

_Second person_ _Nom._ you (thou) you (ye) _Poss._ your, yours (thy, thine) your, yours _Obj._ you (thee) you

In modern usage _you_ is used for both the singular and the plural, but the verb that goes with _you_ is always plural.

_Third person_ _Singular_ _Plural_ _Masc._ _Fem._ _Neut._ _Nom._ he she it they _Poss._ his her, hers its their, theirs _Obj._ him her it them

NOTE.--The forms _mine_, _thine_, _yours_, _hers_, _ours_, _theirs_, and sometimes _his_ are possessive case in form, but nominative or objective case in use. That pencil is _mine_ really means, That pencil is _my_ pencil. _Mine_ is used as a substitute for a possessive pronoun and the noun it modifies.

The personal pronouns compounded with _self_ are of two kinds:

1. _Emphatic_ pronouns; as,

The buyer _himself_ told me.

2. _Reflexive_ pronouns, referring back to the subject and at the same time being in the objective case; as,

John slipped and hurt _himself_.

The _relative_ pronoun is so called because it relates or refers to another word, called its antecedent, to which it joins the clause that it introduces. The relative pronouns are _who_, _which_, _what_, _that_; and the compound relatives are _whoever_, _whosoever_, _whichever_, _whichsoever_, _whatever_, _whatsoever_.

They are declined as follows:

_Singular and Plural_

_Nom._ who which whoever whosoever _Poss._ whose of which whosever whosesoever _Obj._ whom which whomever whomsoever

_That_, _what_, _whichever_, _whichsoever_, _whatever_, and _whatsoever_ are not declined. They have the same form in the nominative and objective cases, and are not used in the possessive case.

_What_ is peculiar in that it never has an antecedent expressed, but itself stands for both antecedent and relative. It is called the _double relative_. Compare the following:

I did not hear _the words that_ he said.

I did not hear _that which_ he said.

I did not hear _what_ he said.

_That_ is called the restrictive relative, because it limits or restricts its antecedent to the meaning expressed in the clause introduced by _that_. A restrictive clause is one, therefore, that is needed to make the meaning of the sentence clear. Compare the following:

_Non-restrictive_: John Brown, _who_ has no disease, needs no physician.

_Restrictive_: He _that_ hath no disease needs no physician.

Notice that a restrictive, or necessary, clause is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.

_Who_ and _which_ are sometimes used with restrictive force; as,

1. Those _who_ have finished their work may leave. (Not everybody.)

2. Have you read the book _which_ he recommended? (He recommended but one.)

_Interrogative_ pronouns are used in asking questions. They are _who_, _which_, _what_. _Who_ refers to persons; _which_ refers to persons or things, and is used to distinguish one object from another; _what_ refers to things. They are declined as follows:

_Singular and Plural_

_Nom._ who which what _Poss._ whose (of which) (of what) _Obj._ whom which what

The interrogative pronouns _which_ and _what_ are frequently used as adjectives. In this case they are called _pronominal adjectives_. Compare:

Pronoun: _Which_ of these hats do you prefer?

Adjective: _Which_ hat do you prefer?

The _demonstrative_ pronouns are _this_ and _that_ with their plurals _these_ and _those_. They are always used to point out, or demonstrate, the noun to which they refer. _This_ and _these_ are used for objects near at hand, or recently named; _that_ and _those_ are used for objects far away, or not recently named.

The demonstrative pronouns are frequently used as adjectives; as,

Pronoun: _That_ is my book. Adjective: _That_ book is mine.

_Indefinite_ pronouns refer to objects or persons, but do not define or limit them. The indefinite pronouns are _each_, _every_, _either_, _neither_, _one_, _none_, _other_, _another_, _few_, _all_, _many_, _several_, _some_, _each other_, _one another_, and the compounds _any one_, _some one_, _every one_, _something_, _nothing_. Indefinite pronouns are frequently used as adjectives. _Each_, _every_, _either_, _one_, _another_, _any one_, _some one_, _every one_, whether they are used as pronouns or as adjectives, are singular in number. If another pronoun is used to refer to one of them, it must be in the singular number.

=Exercise 77--Classes of Pronouns=

In the following sentences, explain which pronouns represent the person speaking, which represent the person spoken to, and which represent the person spoken of. Tell which pronouns ask questions; which are used as adjectives; which are used to connect subordinate clauses to the word for which they stand. If the antecedent is expressed, point it out.

1. Who is talking?

2. The man who is speaking is the head of the credit department.

3. If you are going, get ready.

4. Which is the better piece of cloth?

5. This is the better piece of cloth.

6. The one who wishes to succeed must exercise great care in his work.

7. He that would succeed must work.

8. Many men fail because of laziness.

9. What did you say?

10. Can you guess whom I saw?

11. He himself told us.

12. A cousin of ours is coming to town.

13. The man whose life is above criticism need fear no one.

14. Whoever lives the truth need fear no criticism.

15. I wish you would remove those files.

16. Ink that is thick makes illegible writing.

17. What paper should I destroy?

18. I cannot understand what any one is saying.

19. This is not my umbrella. It is yours.

20. No friend of his would talk in that way.

21. This is no book of theirs; it belongs to us.

22. Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it.

23. I shall ask whomever I see.

24. Each of us has his work assigned.

25. Every boy has his work assigned.

=Exercise 78=

In the following sentences _he_, _his_, _they_, _their_, _them_, _it_, or _its_ should be inserted. Give the reason for your choice.

1. No man is allowed to leave ---- desk untidy.

2. Every one must put ---- tools away before leaving the shop.

3. Every office worker is required to be in ---- place at eight-thirty every morning.

4. In my business a person must learn to make up ---- mind quickly.

5. It was cold this morning. Every one wore ---- wraps.

6. Every clerk must do ---- own work.

7. If an employee has ideas for the improvement of the business, ---- is requested to report ---- suggestions to the superintendent.

8. The superintendent is anxious to have every workman feel that ---- (has, have) a definite place in the organization, and that if ---- (does not, don't) do ---- work, the business will suffer.

9. No goods will be accepted unless ---- (are, is) in good condition.

10. Every newspaper is anxious to increase ---- classified advertising.

11. No one cares to see ---- friends frown.

12. Every one must agree that ---- (has, have) ---- faults.

13. Not one of the banks had ---- deposits decreased.

14. Will any one let me take ---- umbrella?

15. Every one says that ---- had a delightful evening.

16. Who was it said I had ---- book?

17. Does each state pay over a part of ---- taxes to the federal government?

18. Every one will find in the current publications a wealth of information applicable to ---- specific needs, much of which ---- will wish to file for easy reference, no matter in what department of the world's work ---- interest centers.

19. If any one could tell beforehand when ---- opportunities would arrive, ---- might be ready to grasp each as ---- came.

20. If every one here would follow the directions that ----(has, have) received, ---- would make fewer mistakes in shipments.

21. Any one who wishes may give ---- opinion.

22. No one need expect to leave before ---- work is finished.

23. Every one in the office took ---- vacation early this year except me.

24. Each of the twenty banks sent ---- representative to the meeting.

25. On applying for a position, each man is given a blank that ---- must fill out carefully, making ---- answers as definite as possible.

Some of the following are right, and some are wrong. Correct those that are wrong, explaining why they are wrong.

1. Neither one of them know what they are expected to do.

2. Applicant after applicant handed in their names.

3. If any one has a complaint to make, he should report it in writing to the superintendent.

4. Have either of the stenographers finished their letters?

5. I wish everybody would do their own work and let me do mine.

6. Each man did his work faithfully.

7. Has neither the carpenter nor the plumber yet brought his tools?

8. Every one of the clerks must hand their report to the head bookkeeper before five o'clock.

9. One of them must have neglected to hand in his report.

10. Man after man yesterday promised me that they'd be on hand to work this morning, and not one of them showed themselves.

=Exercise 79=

In the following exercise, tell which of the italicized pronouns introduce restrictive, and which introduce non-restrictive clauses:

1. This is the best bargain _that_ we have ever offered.

2. This is Mr. Burton, _whose_ work I recommended to you.

3. The city _that_ I enjoyed most was Quebec.

4. I enjoyed walking on the old wall _that_ still surrounds the town.

5. The club to _which_ I belong will hold a meeting next week.

6. The club _that_ I belong to will hold a meeting next Monday.

7. All those _whose_ daily work showed an improvement were given an increase in salary.

8. The horse _that_ ran away belonged to my partner.

9. The greatest man is he _who_ feels himself the least.

10. An old story tells us that when Caesar, _who_ was a great Roman emperor, returned from a conquest _which_ has ever since been famous, he brought back to Rome a formula _that_ has revolutionized the world. It was a formula for making soap, and was considered one of the greatest treasures _that_ was captured during the campaign. Caesar immediately saw the value _that_ it would have in the eyes of the world, and he forced the soap-makers to reveal their secret.

11. The garrison is a handful of invalid soldiers, _whose_ principal duty is to guard some of the outer towers.

12. This is the gentleman _whom_ we met in Boston.

13. Mr. Carter, _who_ was a member of our Boston firm, will take charge of our city sales.

14. We honestly believe that our latest Style Book, _which_ goes with this letter, offers you more for every dollar _that_ you spend than you can get elsewhere.

=Exercise 80--Case=

Case is that modification of a noun or a pronoun which denotes its relation to other words in the sentence. There are three cases: the _nominative_, the _objective_, and the _possessive_. Although nouns are used in all three cases, no change of form occurs except in the possessive case.

The _nominative_ case is used in the following ways:

1. The principal use of the nominative case is as _subject_ of the sentence; as,

_Noun_: The _business_ is prosperous. _Pronoun_: _It_ has been established for five years.

2. Sometimes a noun or pronoun is used to complete the meaning of such verbs as _be_, _become_, _seem_, _appear_, _taste_, _feel_. Such a noun is in the nominative case, and is called a _predicate nominative_, or a _subjective complement_; as,

_Noun_: Mr. Brown is the _manager_. He seems a _gentleman_. _Pronoun_: I think it is _she_.

3. A noun in _apposition_ with another noun in the nominative case is also in the nominative case; as,

Mr. Brown, _the manager_, is very capable. The man to whom you should apply is Mr. Brown, _the manager_.

4. Sometimes a noun or a pronoun is used in direct address or in an exclamation, without having any grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. It is then said to be _nominative independent_; as,

_Mr. Brown_, a gentleman wishes to speak to you. A _strike_! Why are they declaring a strike? _You!_ I thought you were in South America.

5. Sometimes a noun or pronoun is used with a participle to express an adverbial relation. Such a noun is in the nominative case, and is called _nominative absolute_, because it has no grammatical relation to any other part of the sentence; as,

_Mr. Brown_ having gone, we told the gentleman to see Mr. Jones.

_He_ being the guide, we asked no questions.

It is much better to use a clause to express such an idea; as,

As Mr. Brown had gone, we told the gentleman to see Mr. Jones.

Write a sentence containing a noun and one containing a pronoun in each of the following uses of the nominative case:

1. Subject. 2. Predicate Nominative.

Write a sentence containing a noun used

1. In direct address. 2. In exclamation. 3. In apposition with another noun in the nominative case.

=Exercise 81--The Objective Case=

A noun or a pronoun may be used in the objective case in the following ways:

1. Direct object of a transitive verb; as,

I have a good _position_. Do you know _him_?

2. Object of a preposition; as,

I have just returned from the _library._ Bring the book to _me_.

3. Indirect object of such verbs as _ask_, _give_, _teach_, showing the person for whom or to whom the action is done; as,

She brought _her mother_ some flowers. I gave _her_ singing lessons.

4. A noun as _second object_ after verbs of _making_, _choosing_, _calling_, _electing_; as,

They chose John _secretary_.

5. A noun in _apposition_ with another objective; as,

Send your report to the secretary, _John Wilson_.

6. Adverbial modifier; as,

We are going _home_.

Write a sentence containing a noun and one containing a pronoun in each of the following uses of the objective case:

1. Direct object of a transitive verb. 2. Indirect object. 3. Object of a preposition.

Write a sentence containing a noun used as

1. Adverbial objective. 2. Second object. 3. Appositive of another noun in the objective case.

=Exercise 82--The Possessive Case=

To form the possessive case of nouns add an _apostrophe_ and _s_ to all singular nouns, and to all plural nouns that do not end in _s_; if a plural _noun_ ends in _s_ add only an apostrophe; as, _child's_, _children's_, _boys'_.

_Exception._--When, in long words, the additional _s_ in the singular would cause a disagreeable sound, some writers use only the apostrophe; as,

We awaited the _princess's_ decision. We awaited the _princess'_ decision.

It is often better in such cases to use a phrase; as,

We awaited the decision _of the princess_.

Thus, an _of_ phrase may be used instead of the possessive case. In speaking of an inanimate object one should use it instead of the apostrophe and _s_; as, _the top of the mountain_. However, we use such expressions as _last year's prices_.

When, as in the name of a firm, two or more nouns are taken together with the idea of common possession, the sign of the possessive is added to the last noun only. If separate possession is implied, the sign of the possessive is added to each noun; as,

Have you seen _Wilson & King's_ new building? This is _Mary and Helen's_ room. Is this _Mary's or Helen's_ coat?

A noun or pronoun is in the possessive case before a verbal noun; as,

I prefer to have _John's_ studying done before dinner. I prefer to have _his_ studying done before dinner.

Write sentences expressing relation between the words in the following pairs. Use one of them in the possessive case or use an _of_ phrase, whichever seems better.

the manager, desk city, harbor desk, top drawer proprietor, private office book, cover typewriter, keys city, mayor ledger, first page

Bring to class five incorrect possessive phrases taken from advertisements. Explain and correct the mistakes.

=Exercise 83=

Which of the italicized words would you use? Why?

1. Have you heard of _Mr. Bennett_, _Mr. Bennett's_ being appointed chairman of the meeting?

2. It will probably delay _him_, _his_ coming here.

3. I don't understand _him_, _his_ refusing to accept the position.

4. We have heard a great deal of _him_, _his_ making a success of photography.

5. The man's industry has resulted in _him_, _his_ gaining fame.

6. Will you sign this permit for _us_, _our_ visiting the factory?

7. What do you say to _us_, _our_ making some candy?

8. I am very sorry that _me_, _my_ interrupting you yesterday delayed your work.

9. The machine is in excellent condition. There is no reason for _it_, _its_ needing any repair.

10. _Everybody_, _everybody's_ being on time is absolutely necessary.

=Exercise 84=

Each of the following sentences is incorrect because the sign of the possessive case has been omitted. Insert the apostrophe or the apostrophe and _s_, wherever either is needed.

1. There is a new boys school in our town.

2. James brother John is our new bookkeeper.

3. For entrance to this course three years work in mathematics and one years work in German are required.

4. This new building will be occupied by J. M. Hopkins mail order department.

5. The superintendents inspection was thorough.

6. The trouble will be in John agreeing to the proposition.

7. All applications for help should be made to the Womens Committees.

8. The employees rest rooms are on the sunny side of the building.

9. Our fifteen years experience in selling bonds has convinced us that investments paying a low rate of interest are the safest.

10. In to-days mail I received a very large order from Graham & Moore's successors.

11. Jones Brothers new store is on the corner of Madison Street.

12. Last month sales show an increase of two thousand dollars.

13. Everybodys business is nobodys business.

14. It is when to-morrows burden is added to the burden of to-day that the weight is more than a man can bear.

15. The present governor was the peoples choice.

16. I prefer Tennysons poems to Longfellows.

17. I have read both Longfellow and Tennysons poems.

18. I bought the book at Barlow and Companys new store.

19. We are going to insist on Mary taking a long vacation this year.

20. I have had the pleasure of staying at both your friends houses.

=Exercise 85--The Apostrophe=

Some of the following sentences are right, and some are wrong. Correct those that are wrong, explaining why they are wrong.

1. The man who's coming this way is Mr. Burton.

2. Whose coat is that?

3. The man who's place you are taking has been with this firm for twenty years.

4. The next one whose to give a report is the treasurer.

5. The next one whose report we must hear is the treasurer.

6. Don't you think it's too early to start?

7. He is a ladies tailor.

8. Remember your to let us know at once who's elected.

9. Its too late now to change its wording.

10. Mr. Jones' house is being repaired.

11. The Joneses' house is being repaired.

12. There coming as fast as their horse will bring them.

13. I think you're typewriter needs cleaning.

14. Your coming too, are'nt you?

15. Every business has it's problems.

16. The Bon Ton has a big sale in mens' and womens' coat's.

17. Why, it's March! No wonder their having a sale.

18. We shall give you a special discount if you will send your dealer's name.

19. Most of the dealer's advertise very little.

20. It's just a year ago since we received your last order.

21. Its not willingness we lack; it's time.

22. If you use our safety device, you may leave you're window open with security, and you will arise refreshed, ready for a big days work.

23. Lets take our vacation when they take their's.

24. I think we shall have to take our's in August. Two of us must stay during July, for the work will not do it's self, you know.

25. In any explanation it should be the writers purpose to so describe his good's that the reader will desire them. A good salesman never shows a necktie in a box. He takes it out and with a deft twist forms it's length into a four-in-hand over his finger. The customer then sees not only the scarf, it's color and its weave, but he sees it in it's relation to himself, as it will look when it's tied.

=Exercise 86=

Supply _who_ or _whom_:

1. ---- did you take me for?

2. The shipping clerk, ---- I consider responsible for the mistake, must go.

3. The shipping clerk, ---- I feel certain is responsible for the mistake, must go.

4. ---- is it?

5. ---- shall I say called?

6. ---- do you wish to see?

7. ---- did you say was elected?

8. He is the one ---- every one thought should be elected.

9. Choose the one ---- you think will give the best service.

10. Choose the one ---- you think you can trust.

11. She asked me ---- did it.

12. ---- do you think is the best salesman in the firm?

13. ---- do you regard as the best salesman in the firm?

14. ---- was that ---- you were talking to?

15. He is the one ---- I was speaking about.

16. ---- do we play next week?

17. He is a workman ---- can be trusted.

18. He is a workman upon ---- you can depend.

19. This letter comes from Robert, ---- we all know very well.

20. This letter comes from Robert, ---- we all know writes good letters.

21. ---- do you consider to be most capable? [The subject of the infinitive _to be_ must be in the objective case.]

22. This booklet was written by the man ---- Mr. Bardon considers [to be] the best correspondent in our office.

23. He is the one ---- every one believes to be worthy of the highest honors.

24. The critic ---- every one thought gave the most truthful account of the performance is a man of great culture.

Supply _whoever_ or _whomever_:

1. Give the book to ---- needs it.

2. Give it to ---- you think best.

3. ---- I send can be trusted.

4. Send me ---- is there.

5. Send me ---- you find there.

6. ---- reaches the line first will receive the cup.

7. The cup will be given to ---- reaches the lines first.

8. In the country lane he spoke to ---- he met.

9. ---- you choose may compete for the prize.

10. ---- you bring is welcome.

=Exercise 87=

Read the following sentences, using one of the forms in italic. Be able to give a reason for your choice.

1. _He_--_him_ and _I_--_me_ are going camping next summer.

2. It is a question that refers to you and _I_--_me_.

3. It is a question between you and _I_--_me_.

4. I am sure that it was _she_--_her_.

5. I am sure that we saw you and _he_--_him_.

6. _We_--_us_ boys are going camping.

7. Will you go camping with _we_--_us_ boys?

8. _They_--_them_ and their cousins are going camping.

9. We bought a large piece of ground so that my brother and _I_--_me_ could have a garden.

10. It was bought for _he_--_him_ and _I_--_me_.

11. Is that _he_--_him_ entering the gate? Yes, that is _he_--_him_.

12. _Who_--_whom_ should I meet at the station but old Mr. McGregor, _who_--_whom_ I had not seen for several years.

13. If I were _he_--_him_, I should start at once.

14. There is no need of _him_--_his_ staying any longer.

15. He does not work so rapidly as _I_--_me_.

16. Mary and _she_--_her_ work in the same office.

17. There is no danger of _me_--_my_ failing.

18. Please let _she_--_her_ and _I_--_me_ do the work together.

19. There is no use of _us_--_our_ trying any more.

20. _Us_--_our_ giving up now will spoil everything.

21. My mother objected to _me_--_my_ going.

22. Why did you insist upon _us_--_our_ coming to-day?

23. I hardly think it is _he_--_him_ _who_--_whom_ is to blame.

24. I should like to be _she_--_her_.

25. _They_--_them_ that do wrong shall be punished.

26. _They_--_them_ that do wrong I shall punish.

27. _He_--_him_ that is your friend you can call upon in your hour of need.

28. _He_--_him_ that is your friend will respond to your call.

29. The manager praised both the bookkeepers and _we_--_us_ girls.

30. Was it you who called? Yes, it was _I_--_me_.

31. It surely was not _I_--_me_ whom you saw.

32. He reproved us both but _I_--_me_ more than _she_--_her_.

33. Are you sure it's _I_--_me_ whom he appointed?

34. If it's really _I_--_me_ who was appointed, I'm sure I should have been notified.

35. I'm sure it can't be _I_--_me_.

=Exercise 88--_Same_ as a Pronoun=

One of the worst constructions found in business letters of today is the use of _same_ as a pronoun. The word may be an adjective or a noun but never a pronoun.

_Wrong_: Will you please fill out the enclosed blank and return _same_ as soon as possible?

_Right_: Will you please fill out the enclosed blank and return _it_ as soon as possible?

In each of the following sentences substitute a noun or a pronoun for _same_:

1. Will you not send us a check by Friday so that we may use same for our pay roll on Saturday?

2. Do you wish to bid for our cinder output this year? We have a sample car that we shall be glad to have you inspect if you think you will have any use for same.

3. We have no use for the material this year, but we thank you for giving us an opportunity to bid for same.

4. If you are dissatisfied with the machine, return same at our expense.

5. You state that you sent us an order on June 10, but we cannot find any trace of same.

6. We are in the market for two dozen Standard clothes wringers, and we should be glad to receive your lowest price on same.

7. We have given you credit for this amount and desire to thank you for your promptness in sending same.

8. We have your letter of November 6 and thank you for same.

9. If you think you can use this type of machine, we shall be glad to send you same on ten days' trial.

10. We have decided to use your machine if you will give us a satisfactory guarantee as to strength, efficiency, and freedom from leaks. As soon as possible let us hear from you in regard to same.

=Exercise 89--Nouns and Pronouns Incorrectly Used=

_Wrong_ _Right_

1. We saw _lots_ of curious things. We saw _a number_ of curious things.

2. Do you know that _party_? Do you know that _man_?

3. I stayed at home the _balance_ I stayed at home the _rest_ of of the day. the day.

4. What _business_ have you to go? What _right_ have you to go?

5. The dress will be done in a The dress will be done in a _couple_ of days. _few_ days.

6. I'll walk a _piece_ with you. I'll walk a _short distance_ with you. 7. Did you get a _raise_ in pay? Did you get an _increase_ in pay? 8. I'll send you a _postal_. I'll send you a _postal card_.

9. Christmas is still a long _ways_ Christmas is still a long _way_ off. off.

10. What _line_ of business are you What _kind_ of business are you in now? in now?

11. If you expect to open a grocery, If you expect to open a grocery, let me give you a little let me give you a little advice _along that line_. advice _on the subject_.

12. Have you anything new in the Have you any new neckwear? neckwear _line_? 13. I have a _date_ with the dentist. I have an _appointment_ with the dentist.

14. Have you a _date_ for this evening? Have you an _engagement_ for this evening?

15. He always does his work in good He always does his work _well_. _shape_.

16. That is a good _write-up_ on the That is a good _article_ on the tariff. tariff.

17. _Yourself_ and friends are invited. _You_ and your friends are invited.

18. Don't _they_ have street cars in Are there no street cars in your town? your town?

19. _It_ said in this morning's paper This morning's paper said that that the traffic men would the traffic men would strike. strike.

20. The book _what_ he advised is not The book _that_ he advised is fiction. not fiction.