Part 45

MANUFACTURES-- census of, 207-211. why misleading in U. S., 207, 211, 268. concentration of, 33, 34. exported from U. S., 269-272. growth of, 30, 205-214. growth of investment in, 218-222. statistics of, 229-321.

MANUFACTURING-- application of electricity to, 190-192. application of steam to, 187-189. areas of the world, 181. (article), 179-320. capital in, 214-222. cotton, 247-262. establishments, 219-222, 233. growth of, 205-214. growth of investment in, 218-222. industries of the U. S., 263-288. machinery in, 193-203. statistics of, 229-321. systems of the world, 185-192.

MARINE-- merchant, 152-154.

MONEY-- government paper, 140, 141. kinds of, in U. S., 141, 217. value of, how determined, 137, 138.

MOVEMENT-- trust, 42.

OPERATIONS-- change in, opposition to, 372. shop, efficiency in, (article), 370-379.

ORGANIZATIONS-- forms of, 223-225. labor, 68-77. growth of, 69. objects and methods of, 71-77.

PARTNERSHIP, 41.

PENSIONS-- old-age, danger in, 387.

PILES-- bearing, 327. sheet, 327.

POLICY-- land, of U. S., 9, 10.

POOLS, 40, 223.

POPULATION-- agricultural, decline in, 12, 13.

POWER-- water, of U. S., 27, 28.

POWER PLANT-- producer-gas, 352-369. conditions favorable to, in U. S., 368, 369. location of European, 366-368. number and class of, 363. relation of, to conservation of fuel resources, 352-369. relative results of steam plant and, 356-363.

PRODUCTION-- capitalistic, 6, 29-39. concentration of, 34. large-scale, 35-37. economics of, 35, 36. peculiar to trusts, 44. industrial effects of, 37. in manufacturing, 36. in retail trade, 37. social effects of, 38. of cotton, 291. of cotton in U. S., 17, 304. pig-iron, 230, 231.

PROFITS-- of promoters, 45.

PROFIT SHARING-- defined, 110. economic theory of, 111. methods of, 110, 111. objections against, 111, 113. origin of, 113. purpose of, 110.

PROPERTY-- private, 3, 4.

PROTECTION-- arguments in support of, 160-162.

RAILROADS-- public nature of, 148. public ownership of, 149. rates, 147.

RATES-- railroad, 147.

REGULATION-- legislative, of trust evils, 50, 51.

RESOURCES-- agricultural, of U. S., 9-19. forest, destruction of, 18. mineral, of U. S., 19-29. alarming condition of, 20-22.

REVENUE-- sources of, 157-159.

REVOLUTION-- industrial, 5, 6.

ROTATION-- three-year, 2.

SAVING-- relation of, to spending, 129, 130. why necessary, 131.

SERVICE-- Forest, work of, 18.

SOCIALISM-- as a scheme of distribution, 170. defined, 167, 168. difficulties of establishing, 169. state, 167.

SOCIETY-- industrial, 1-8. Rochdale, 115.

SPECULATION, 51-55.

SPECULATOR-- social value of, 53.

SPENDING-- relation of, to saving, 129, 130.

SPINNING JENNY, 196, 255.

STANDARDIZATION-- system of, 38.

STANDARD OIL TRUST-- when formed, 42.

STATE-- as a regulator of industry, 7, 8. culture, theory, 167. ownership, 171, 172.

STATISTICS-- accidents in German industries traceable to different causes, 97. cause of idleness, members of trade unions (1900), 93. cause of poverty, 92. course of wages during 19th century, 173. expenditures for different purposes in different places, 128. growth of manufactures in 19th century, 30. hand and machine methods compared, 103. industrial and commercial gas trusts in U. S., (1860-1900), 42, 43. of commerce in U. S., 308, 309. of manufactures, 229-321. annual value of, 289. capital invested, 313, 314. exportation of, 291. importation of, 289. summary of, in U. S., 299. value of products of, 318-321. wage-earners employed (1900), 315. of population engaged in manufacturing in U. S., 310.

STEEL-- and concrete (article), 322-340. as material of construction, 322. re-inforcement, styles of, 324-326.

STRIKE-- defined, 78. losses from, in U. S., 78.

SYSTEM-- canal, 151, 152. domestic, 7. factory, beneficial results of, 60, 61. development of, 203-214. in England, 214. in U. S., 205, 206. evils of early, 80, 101-106. origin of, 185. independent treasury, 144. industrial, modern, 1-8. characteristics of, 3. of interchangeable parts, 38, 39. of standardization, 38. three-field, 2. wage, modern, 60-68.

TAX-- defined, 154. general property, 158. inheritance, 159.

TAXATION-- powers of, 154. problems of, 155, 156. rules of, 154, 155.

TEXTILES-- described, 251, 252. manufacturing of, 247-262.

TRADE UNIONS-- local, 69. national, 69. object and methods of, 71-77.

TRANSPORTATION, 145-154. inland water, 151. ocean water, 151.

TRUSTS-- advantages of, 225. and combinations, 222-230. defined, 216. economics of production peculiar to, 44. effects of, upon competitors, 46. upon consumers, 48, 226. upon labor, 47. upon opportunity, 49. upon wages, 226. evils of, remedied by legislative regulation, 50, 51. industrial and gas, organized in U. S. (1860-1900), 42, 43. reasons for growth of, 43, 45, 46.

UNEMPLOYED-- classified, 91. the (article), 384-402.

UNEMPLOYMENT-- a permanent problem, 95. cause of, 91-95, 384-386. extent of, 90. remedies for, 95, 387-390, 393-401.

WAGES-- iron law of, 124.

WATER FRAME, 256.

WEALTH-- functional distribution of, 119-121. personal distribution of, 120, 125-127.

WOMEN-- at work, 80-86. economic position of, 84.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Obvious printing errors, such as backwards, upside down, or partially printed letters, were corrected. The last two lines of the Table of Contents, printed in reverse order, were corrected. Final stops unprinted at the end of sentences were added.

Dialect, obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged. Pittsburgh (PA) is spelled without the final “h” throughout the book. Omitted words were not added to the text.

Footnotes in the text were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the article in which the anchor occurs. Footnotes within tables were changed to letters and were moved to follow the table in which the anchor occurs. In some tables, a footnote may have more than one anchor.

Wide tables were split for easier viewing on small screens.

The following items were changed:

‘Bimettalism’ to ‘Bimetallism’ in the Table of Contents, XV added space between ‘Ph. D.’ for Ernest Ludlow Bogard byline, page 1 ‘whch’ to ‘which’ …by which iron and steel…, page 201 ‘1880’ to ‘1800’ …ten times as much as in 1800…, page 231 ‘hamp’ to ‘hemp’ …flax, hemp and jute…, page 251 ‘million’ to ‘millions’ …and 1908, 99 millions…, page 276 ‘manfactures’ to ‘manufactures’ …was manufactures ready…, page 281 ‘guns’ to ‘gums’ …the oils, gums and resins,… page 341 ‘ultilitarianism’ to ‘utilitarianism’ …The utilitarianism of…, pg 342 ‘guns’ to ‘gums’ …of gums; of sugar and…, pg 343 ‘grinding’ to ‘guiding’ …also the guiding spirit…, page 346 ‘lead’ to ‘led’ …has led the way…, page 349 ‘notions’ to ‘notion’ …democratic notion of…, page 399 ‘lead’ to ‘led’ …science has led the way…, page 419 added comma to index entry: STRIKES losses from, in U. S., 78.