Part 20

For seven years Victor Emmanuel reigned in Rome, and they were years of great strides in progress and in national unity. He visited foreign sovereigns, and they in turn visited him; in 1873 he went to Vienna as the guest of the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph, and in 1876 the latter visited him at Venice. The King of Italy, always open-hearted and simple by nature, was glad to forget the days when Austria had ruled in Italy, and to form ties of friendship between the Houses of Savoy and of Hapsburg, ties which Francis Joseph was equally glad to make.

The Pope continued publicly to resent the presence of the King in Rome, but privately he stated his admiration for him. Pius IX. was two men in one, delightful as a private character, but narrow and bigoted in his public views. He still held to his claim to temporal power over the States of the Church, but gradually the claim ceased to be other than an echo of history.

In those seven years between 1871 and 1878 the King knit his people together, met Garibaldi, now the arch republican, and brought him to terms of reason, concerned himself with scores of plans for bettering the material welfare of his people, draining the Campagna, tunneling Mont Cenis and the St. Gothard, and building up commerce with the East. He was always the idol of his people, the Rè Galantuomo, in whatever part of the country he visited. On January 9, 1878, he died, being fifty-eight years of age, and having reigned twenty-nine years.

Thousands of stories are told of Victor Emmanuel's frankness and independence, of his love of mixing with his people, and doing little acts of kindness and charity. He was a great hunter, never happier than when in the Alps, free as the meanest goatherd, and forgetful of all his cares. He had a most magnetic personality, a certain ruggedness of character that led men to trust him implicitly and follow him without debate. He was the very man for his time, a leader who could accomplish what Charles Albert could never have done, because he was first and foremost a fighter and never the scholastic theorist. Grouped about him were men of the greatest ability and devotion, such patriots as D'Azeglio, Cavour, La Marmora, who could do for him what they could never have done for his father, because Victor Emmanuel knew when to give others a free rein, and having once given them that rein, did not immediately jerk them back. He understood the delicate position of a constitutional sovereign almost by instinct, time and again he might have forced his wish upon his country, but he understood that it was Parliament and not he that should be supreme. Yet, on the other hand, he did not shirk responsibility, he was ready to assume any burden which would aid in delivering Italy from foreign domination.

Events in the lives of nations, such as the union of the disordered states of Italy, are greater than any man, but often such events seem to await the coming of a certain man who shall collect within himself the spirit of his time, and personify its impulse in his nature. Reading this history, one feels as though the men of the Peninsula had waited the coming of a King of Piedmont who should throw everything he had into the common cause, and, without counting any cost or pain, fight to the goal. When such a man came, then and then only, could the forces that were preparing reach their full growth and opportunity, then and then only could Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour put into operation the energies for which they severally stood.

In Italy to-day the memory of Victor Emmanuel meets one on every hand, it was his fortunate fate to rise to every opportunity, and to grow in his people's affection with each step he took.

INDEX

"Adelchi," appearance of, 51; stanzas from, 60, 61

Albany, Count and Countess of, 22

Alfieri, Vittorio, 1-39; birth and parentage, 1, 2; education, 2, 3; early travels, 5-7; opinion of Paris, 8; travels in England, 9, 14; travels in Holland, 10; in Vienna and Berlin, 12, 13; travels in Russia, 13; in Spain, 14, 15; first plays, 17, 18; moves to Florence, 20-22; meeting with the Countess of Albany, 23, 24; "Virginia," "Agemennone," "Don Garzia," "Maria Stuarda," "Oreste," "Filippo," "Timoleone," "Ottavia," "Rosmunda," 25; in Rome, 27, 28; "Saul," "Antigone," 27; later travels, 28; "Agide," "Sofonisba," "Mirra," 29; life in Paris, 30, 31; memoirs, 31; French Revolution, 31-33; French occupation of Florence, 34; comedies, 35; death, 35; influence on Italy, 36-39

Amadeus, King of Spain, 340

America, Garibaldi in, 225, 241

Arnaud, Giuseppe, quoted (of Alfieri), 38

Aspromonte, 264, 329

Balbo, Count, 177

Bandiera-Moro, The, 116

Bassi, Ugo, in Venice, 110, 111; tribute to Manin, 111; at siege of Rome, 237; death of, 240

Beccaria, treatise on "Crimes and Punishments," 45

Benso, family of, 166

Bonghi, quoted (of Manzoni), 59

Caprera, Island of, 240, 242

Carbonari, The, 127, 129, 133

Carlyle, Thomas, and Mazzini, 143, 144

Castellani, The Nicoletti and, 97

Cavour, Camille di, 165-222; birth, youth, and education, 167-169; life as a farmer at Leri, 169; travels in England and France, 171, 172; founds "Il Risorgimento," 174; speech to the editors, 174, 175; election to Parliament, 177; campaign of 1848-49, 177-179; personal appearance, 180; member of D'Azeglio's cabinet, 182; the "Connubio" with Rattazzi, 184, 185; the "Gran Ministero," 188; policies, 189; alliance with England and France, 190, 191; resignation as Premier and recall, 193, 194; Congress of Paris of 1856, 195-198; Pact of Plombières, 201; crisis of 1859, 204-208; war of 1859, 208; treaty of Villafranca, 208, 209; cession of Savoy and Nice, 212-214; views on Garibaldi's expedition, 214; sends Royal army south, 216; "A Free Church in a Free State," 219; death, 220; his statesmanship, 220-222; reliance of the people, 222; relations with Mazzini, 154, 155, 215

Cavour, Marquise Philippine di, 166-168

Charles Albert, character of, 136-139, 173-174, 285; as regent, 286; reign of, 67, 286-288; abdication of, 293, 294; and Gioberti, 67, 68; Mazzini's letter to, 137, 138

Charles Felix, King of Sardinia, 284, 286

Ciceruacchio, 236, 239, 240

Clarendon, Lord, at Congress of Paris, 197

Classicists and Romanticists, 41-44, 126

Cobden, visit to Venice, 91

Congregations, Central and Provincial, 94

"Connubio," The, 184, 185

Crimean War, 190-192

Dandolo, Giulio, quoted (of Garibaldi's troops), 228, 229

D'Azeglio, Massimo, 179; and Charles Albert, 287, 288; ministry of, 182, 185, 187, 296; character of, 332; death of, 332; quoted (of Alfieri), 39

De Lesseps, Ferdinand, at Rome, 150, 235

De Sanctis, quoted (of Alfieri), 26; (of the reaction from the French Revolution), 40; (of the Romantic movement), 41, 43, 44

Emmanuel Philibert, of Savoy, 283

Farini, 183, 318, 320, 329

"Father of Venice, The," 87-124

"Five Days of Milan, The," 147

French Revolution, failure of, 40, 127; Alfieri and the, 31-33

Gaeta, Mazzini at, 160

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 223-282; birth and boyhood, 223, 224; life in South America, 225, 226; offer to serve Pius IX., 226, 227; campaign of 1848, 227-230; defense of Rome, 231-237; retreat of the Legion, 237-239; death of Anita, 240; leaves Italy, 241; purchase of Caprera, 242; commands the "Hunters of the Alps," 244; campaign of 1859, 244-247; attacks Cavour, 249; expedition to Sicily, 214-216, 250-255; victories in Calabria, 256; capture of Naples, 257, 258; returns to Caprera, 262; march on Rome, and Aspromonte, 264; triumphal visit to England, 266, 267; campaign of 1866, 267-271; plans to take Rome, Mentana, 273-275; serves France against Prussia, 276; old age and death, 277-279; estimate of character and achievements, 279-282

Garibaldi, Anita, 226, 239, 240

Garibaldi, Francesca, 278

Garibaldi, Menotti, 253, 264, 273

Garibaldian army, description of, 228, 229, 270

Gioberti, Vincenzo, 63-86; birth and education, 65, 66; priesthood, 66; chaplain to Charles Albert, 67; arrest and exile, 68, 69; life in Brussels, 69, 70; "La Teorica del Sovran-naturale," 70; "Introduzione della Filosofia," 70; other writings, 70; "Il Gesuita Moderno," 70; "Il Primato d'Italia," 70-73, 83, 84; returns to Piedmont, 75; revolutions of 1848, 76, 77; letter to Pius IX., 78; "Rinnovamento Civile d'Italia," 80, 81; death, 82; comparison of, with Mazzini, 82

"Gran Ministero," The, 188

Guerrazzi, attack on Cavour, 213

Howells, William Dean, quoted (of Manzoni's dramas), 52, 53

Hugo, Victor, and the Romantic movement, 54

Humbert, Prince, marriage of, 337

"Hunters of the Alps," The, 202, 244

"I Promessi Sposi," appearance of, 53; opinions of, 54; compared with "Les Miserables," 54

"Il Risorgimento," the newspaper, 174, 182

Kossuth, Mazzini compared with, 161

La Marmora, Alfonso, 292, 304, 332

Lincoln, Mazzini compared with, 162

Magenta, battle of, 313

Manin, Daniel, 87-124; birth and education, 88; professional work, 90, 91; views on national resignation, 92-94; arrest and imprisonment, 95-99; triumphal release, 98, 99; forms a Venetian government, 105; member of the Triumvirate, 108; president of the Republic, 113; Dictator, 116; departure from Venice, 120; life in Paris, 121, 122; death, 123; results of his work, 124

Manin, Emilia, 103, 121, 122

Manzoni, Alessandro, 40-62; birth and parentage, 45; youth and education, 45-47; stay in France, 47; religious views, 48, 49; marriage, 48; "Sacred Hymns," 49; view of Pope's temporal power, 49; "Il Conte di Carmagnola," 50; "Il Cinque Maggio," 51; "Adelchi," 51; "I Promessi Sposi," 53-55; personality, 56; old age and death, 57; position, 44, 59; miscellaneous writings, 58, 59

Manzoni, Henriette, 48

Mazzini, Giuseppe, 125-164; youth, 127; early writings, 128, 129; arrest and imprisonment, 129, 130; "Young Italy," 131-133; life in Switzerland and London, 139-145; returns to Italy, 147; Triumvir of Rome, 148-151; in London, 152, 153; personal appearance, 152; in Italy, 155; disagreement with the monarchy, 155-157; appearance in Genoa, 159; plans to take Sicily, 160; confinement at Gaeta, 160, 161; death, 161; position in his century, 161; spirit of self-sacrifice, 163

Mentana, 275, 336

"Mille," expedition of the, 250-256

Minghetti, 329; quoted (of Gioberti), 63-65

Monti, Vincenzo, 46

Naples, welcome to Garibaldi, 258

Napoleon, Manzoni's Ode on Death of, 51

Napoleon III, 150, 200, 312, 315

Nazari, 94

Neo-Guelph party, 84

Nice, cession of, 212-214, 249, 309, 320

Nicoletti and Castellani, The, 97

Novara, battle of, 292, 293

Orsini, Felice, 200

Palermo, capture of, 253, 254

Palffy, Count, 92, 99, 100

Palmerston, Lord, views on Italy, 186, 210, 211

Paravia, quoted (of Alfieri), 18, 19

Paris, Congress of, in 1856, 195-198

Piedmont, its mediævalism, 166

Pius IX., accession of, 73, 145; Garibaldi's letter to, 226, 227; flight from Rome of, 77

Plombières, Pact of, 201

"Primato d'Italia, II," 70-73, 83, 84; quoted from, 71-73, 83, 84

"Promessi Sposi, I," 53, 54

Rattazzi, 184, 185, 210, 263,317, 328

Raymondi, Giuseppina, 250

Ricasoli, 318, 320, 328

"Risorgimento, Il," the newspaper, 174, 182

Roman Republic, The, 148-151, 233-237; Garibaldi's part in, 231-237; manifesto of, 232

Romanticists and Classicists, 41-44, 126

Rome, taken by Victor Emmanuel, 338, 339; capital moved to, 340

Salasco, armistice of, 107

San Martino, battle of, 314, 315

Santa Rosa, 299

Sardinia, Kingdom of, 284

Savoy, history of house of, 283, 284; cession of, 212-214, 309, 320

Sicily, Garibaldi's campaign in, 252-255

Solferino, battle of, 314, 315

Statute, the Sardinian, 176

Tommaseo, 95

Turin, removal of capital from, 331, 332

Unities, law of the three, 50

Valerio, attacks on Cavour, 175

Venice, the "Father of Venice," 87-124; under Austrian rule, 87; siege of, 109-120; capitulation of, 120; union with Italian kingdom, 334, 335

Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, 284

Victor Emmanuel I., of Italy, 283-343; ancestry, 283, 284; birth, youth, and education, 289; marriage, 290; first battles, 291; becomes king, 293, 294; difficulties with the Church, 298, 299; marriage of his daughter, 309; speech from the throne in 1859, 203; war with Austria in 1859, 311-315; treaty of Villafranca, 315-317; union of northern and central states, 318-321; marches to meet Garibaldi, 323-325; Naples and Sicily united to his crown, 324, 325; proclaimed King of Italy, 325; moves his capital to Florence, 331; campaign of 1866, 333, 334; Venetia united to the kingdom, 334, 335; entry into Rome, 338-340; King of United Italy, 341; death, 342; fitness for his work, 342-343; Gioberti's opinion of, 81; Manzoni's opinion of, 61, 62

Villafranca, treaty of, 208, 317

"Young Italy," 126, 128, 131-133, 135, 136, 145, 146

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Transcriber's Note

Obvious printer errors, inconsistent hyphenation, spelling and punctuation have been fixed. Content has been left as found. Some examples of incosistencies are noted below.

Radetsky versus Radetzky tricolor versus tri-color D'Acunha versus d'Acunha D'Azeglio versus d'Azeglio preeminence versus pre-eminence

End of Project Gutenberg's Builders of United Italy, by Rupert Sargent Holland