CHAPTER XVI.

PUBLIC DEBT.

Origin of the Funded Debt of Buenos Ayres. Receipts and Expenditure from 1822 to 1825, during peace. Loan raised in England. War with Brazil, and stoppage of all revenue from the Customhouse for three years. Pecuniary difficulties in consequence. The Provincial Bank of Buenos Ayres converted into a National one. The Government interferes with it, and, by forcing it to increase its issues, destroys its credit. Debt at the close of the war at the end of 1828. Hopes founded on the peace destroyed by the mutiny of the Army;--deplorable consequences of that event. Depreciation of the Currency. Deficit in the revenue, and increase of the Funded Debt:--its amount in 1834, and further increase in 1837. General account of the liabilities of the Government up to that year; increased by subsequent war with Bolivia, and French Blockade.

In any attempt to convey an idea of the finance accounts of Buenos Ayres it should, in the first instance, be observed that, although those accounts are, _primá facie, national_, they exhibit in reality the receipts and expenditure of the government of the _province_ of Buenos Ayres alone:--the other provinces, containing three-fourths of the population of the whole republic, contribute nothing towards the general expenses, though most of them manage to support their petty provincial administrations. Buenos Ayres alone found all the pecuniary means both for the war with Spain for the establishment of the independence of the republic, and, subsequently, for liberating the Banda Oriental from the domination of the Emperor of Brazil, which latter state, though gaining everything by the result, has never repaid her a single dollar. Chile owes her as much for the armies sent across the Andes, which freed that country also from the yoke of the King of Spain, and has been equally ungrateful.

It is only astonishing how this little State contrived, as she did, to raise the ways and means for these efforts, and that she did not altogether succumb to the difficulties and embarrassments they gave rise to:--that they have left her finances in a wretched state can hardly be wondered at. Nevertheless, if it had not been for the struggle with Brazil, which succeeded the establishment of her own independence of the mother-country, Buenos Ayres would long ago have been quit with all her creditors, presenting a very different appearance, quoad her finances, to the world.

When the struggle with Spain was over, and her military establishments reduced, the arrangement of her pecuniary affairs became one of the first objects of her provincial administration.

In 1821 commissioners were appointed to call in and liquidate all outstanding claims against the government, of whatever description, not excepting even those left unsettled by the authorities of the mother-country previous to the declaration of independence. The greater part of these debts were due for actual services, or for loans to the government in times of necessity; others were of a more doubtful character, and had been sold or made over to other parties by the original creditors, and into these classes they were separated by the legislature:--the one receiving obligations bearing an interest of six per cent; the other, receiving the same, bearing an interest of four per cent per annum; and these obligations were simultaneously provided for by the creation of public stocks, bearing quarterly interest:--the first instance of the establishment of anything like a public funded debt in any of the new states of South America. Commissioners were appointed to manage it, and to pay the dividends quarterly to the stock-holders; transfer-books were opened, and a sinking-fund was established for its gradual redemption. The first quarter's interest became due on the 1st of January, 1822, and, for the credit of Buenos Ayres, it should be stated that, notwithstanding the great subsequent increase of the debt, under the circumstances to which I shall presently refer, the quarterly dividends have, from that time to this, been as regularly paid as those at the Bank of England.

The amount of stock created up to the close of 1825 was--

Dollars.

of 6 per cents. 5,360,000 " 4 " " 2,000,000

which was sufficient to provide for every outstanding claim against the government up to that period, whilst the charge for the annual interest was hardly felt in the general expenditure, which, after the reductions consequent upon a state of peace, the revenue was more than sufficient to meet,--as will be seen by the following returns of the yearly receipts and payments from 1822 to 1825, inclusive.

The receipts were--

Dollars.

in 1822 2,519,094 " 1823 2,869,266 " 1824 2,648,845 " 1825 3,196,430 6-1/2

The total of the four years was, Spanish dollars, 11,233,635, which, at the exchange of 45_d._ per dollar, was equal, in sterling money, to about £2,106,306, or, on an average, £526,576 per annum.

Three-fourths of this revenue was derived from the custom-house duties, the yearly account of which was, in the year--

Dollars.

1822 1,987,199 1823 1,629,149 1824 2,032,945 1825 2,267,709 --------- In the 4 years 7,917,002, or about £1,488,604.

The remainder was made up by duties on stamps, the contribucion directa, a sort of property-tax; the post-office revenue, the port-dues, rents of government buildings and lands, and other items of little consequence.

The account of the expenditure for the same period stood thus:--

+----------------------------+-----------------+---------------+ | Expenditure | 1822 | 1823 | +----------------------------+-----------------+---------------+ | | Dollars. | Dollars. | |On account of the Public } | | | | Debt and Dividends } | 643,791 3 | 452,038 3-1/4| | | | | |Of the Home, or Government }| | | | Department }| 446,140 2-1/2 | 513,993 7-1/4| | | | | |Of the Finance Department | 264,187 2-1/2 | 323,663 3-1/2| | | | | |Of the War Department | 843,935 6 |1,249,258 2-1/2| +----------------------------+-----------------+---------------+ | Total | 2,198,054 6 | 2,538,954 1/2| +----------------------------+-----------------+---------------+

+----------------------------+----------------+-----------------+ | Expenditure | 1824 | 1825 | +----------------------------+----------------+-----------------+ | | Dollars. | Dollars. | |On account of the Public } | | | | Debt and Dividends } | 547,107 | | | | | | |Of the Home, or Government }| | | | Department }| 679,585 2-1/2| | | | | | |Of the Finance Department | 290,696 4-1/2| | | | | | |Of the War Department | 1,111,976 3-1/2| | +----------------------------+----------------+-----------------+ | Total | 2,629,365 2-1/2| 2,698,231 5-1/2| +----------------------------+----------------+-----------------+

Never had the financial concerns of the republic borne so creditable and promising an appearance. In this prosperity nothing was thought of but schemes for improvement of every kind; and projects were submitted to the government for a variety of public works, piers, docks, custom-houses, &c., some of which were of manifest utility.

It was under these circumstances, and with a view to carry into effect some of the projected improvements, that the government of Buenos Ayres determined to endeavour to raise a loan in England, which there was no difficulty in obtaining upon the terms they stipulated for, viz., seventy per cent. At that price parties in London contracted with them for a loan, nominally, of a million sterling, to be raised upon bonds bearing interest at six per cent per annum, payable half-yearly. A sinking-fund of £5000 per annum was to be applied to their redemption, and the contractors were further allowed to keep back the amount of the dividends for the first two years. This, with charges, &c., reduced the sum to be paid over to the government of Buenos Ayres to about £600,000. The first half-yearly dividend became due on the third or fourth quarter of 1824.

Whilst the government were deliberating, amongst the many projects before them, how to lay out this money to the best advantage, the quarrel broke out with the Emperor of Brazil for the possession of the Banda Oriental, which soon settled all difficulty on that point, and absorbed every dollar of the loan in preparations for the ruinous war which followed. From the commencement of that struggle not only were the expenses of the state enormously increased, but, when resources were most wanted, nearly the whole of its ordinary revenues (depending upon the duties on foreign trade) were suddenly cut off by the blockade of the river Plate instituted by the Brazilians, which lasted during the whole continuance of the war, viz., from December, 1825, to September, 1828,--nearly three years.

In their emergencies the government determined to avail themselves of the bank, an establishment which had been set up by the leading capitalists of Buenos Ayres in 1822, upon the grant of an exclusive privilege of issuing notes _in that province_ for twenty years. It was entirely independent of the government, and was managed by directors annually chosen by the shareholders. To the mercantile body it was of great utility, and its notes, payable in specie on demand, in default of any national coinage, had become the ordinary currency of Buenos Ayres, and were as readily taken as gold or silver:--its capital was a million of dollars. But, as this could not be done compatibly with its independence and existing constitution, it was further, in an evil hour, resolved to alter entirely its original character.

Under pretence of extending the circulation of its notes throughout the republic, application was made to the General Congress[81] to sanction its conversion into a _national_ bank, with a nominal capital of _ten millions_ of dollars, towards which the government subscribed for shares to the amount of _three millions_, and very soon assumed the right to exact from it almost any accommodation they required. The consequences were soon apparent. The wants of the government increasing, the bank was obliged, in order to provide for them, to increase its issues, which, ere long, reached an amount obviously out of all proportion to its real capital[82]. The aid of the legislature was again called in:--the notes were declared a legal tender for their nominal value, and the bank was relieved by law from the obligation of paying them in specie on demand:--its credit fell to the lowest ebb, and its notes became proportionably depreciated.

The government, however, had then no alternative but to go on with the system it had commenced:--the precious metals having wholly disappeared as a medium of circulation, it was in this depreciated currency that it found itself obliged to continue borrowing such sums as it required, until, as may easily be imagined, the nominal amount of the public debt became fearfully increased. Before the close of the war with Brazil, the value of the paper dollar of the bank had fallen from 45_d._ to below 12_d._ sterling; and at the end of 1828, besides 6,000,000 dollars which had been added to the amount of the funded debt, the deficit on the general account of receipts and expenditure was 13,412,075 dollars, the whole of which was due to the bank; and this was independently of the English loan.

Nevertheless, when peace was signed, upon terms highly honourable to the republic, the public confidence immediately rallied. The value of the current dollar rose at once to 24_d._, and amidst the general rejoicings even the pecuniary prospects of the country put on a flattering appearance. Nor were the hopes entertained by the Buenos Ayreans of a speedy improvement in their finances without foundation. It was evident, as has been observed in the preceding chapter, that, although the foreign war had led to enormous expenses, the sudden suspension of the trade had locked up a large amount of foreign, as well as native, capital within the country, the investment of which, in a variety of ways, had greatly tended to increase its means of production, and consequently its national resources.

The mutiny of the army, however, under General Lavalle, and his barbarous murder of General Dorrego, the Governor, blasted all these flattering prospects, and involved the whole republic in confusion and ruin. The consequences of the civil warfare which followed to the finances of the country were deplorable, and infinitely worse than those occasioned by the war with Brazil. The currency suffered apparently beyond all hope of recovery, and the paper dollar, after great fluctuations, fell to about 7_d._, at which rate it has, with little variation, been stationary for the last seven years.

In the five years from 1828 to 1832, inclusive, the receipts and expenses were as follow:--

Dollars.

1 The expenditure of the Government, or Home Department, was .... 8,254,515

2 Of the Department of Foreign Affairs .... 778,935

3 Of the Finance Department and Public Debt .... 29,884,831

4 Of the War Department .... 31,947,435 ---------- Dollars, currency .... 70,865,716

The revenue in the same period only produced .... 40,889,263 ---------- Leaving a deficiency of .... 29,976,453 to be provided for by loans and other extraordinary ways and means.

The _War Department_, it will be seen, absorbed more than three-fourths of the whole revenue:--nor was this the final account of the extraordinary expenses which may be traced to the revolt of the troops above alluded to. Whilst they were cutting the throats of their countrymen in the interior, the Indians broke in upon the frontiers, left without defence, and made it necessary to organise a new army to put them down, which occasioned a great expenditure, though it was, perhaps, compensated for by the extension of the frontiers, and the new security it gave to the lands in the south of the province.

To provide for these expenses the Funded Debt was again very largely increased, and at the close of 1835 stood as follows:--

4 per cents. 6 per cents. Dollars. Dollars.

Created before the war with Brazil 2,000,000 5,360,000

In September, 1827 6,000,000

" February, 1831 6,000,000

" March, 1834 3,000,000

" November, 1834 5,000,000 --------- ---------- 2,000,000 and 25,360,000

Of which the Sinking Fund had redeemed up to that time 574,246 and 6,389,713 -------- --------- Leaving unredeemed at the close of 1835 1,425,754 and 18,970,286

Besides this there was a floating debt in treasury-bills and other outstanding claims of nearly 8,000,000 more to be provided for out of the ways and means for 1836, which, after every possible reduction of the establishments, were hardly equal to meet the ordinary expenditure. In the hope of being enabled to pay off this part of the debt, the Legislature authorised the Government, in the first instance, to offer for sale, at a fixed price, a portion of the lands in the south, acquired in the recent campaigns against the Indians:--but their expectations were not realised,--there were no bidders for the lands; and when the junta met the next year to receive the accounts for 1837, instead of any decrease in the floating debt, it had risen to above 9,000,000 of dollars. They then adopted the alternative of creating Public Funds, and passed a law for adding no less than 17,000,000 to the Public Debt. The funds in question were placed at the disposal of the government for sale, at a price not lower than sixty per cent, at which it was calculated that they would produce 10,200,000, and be, therefore, sufficient to cover the floating debt, and leave the ordinary revenue free to meet the ordinary expenditure of the states. To provide for the increased interest of the Public Debt, new stamp duties and a more strict enforcement of the direct taxation (Contribucion Directa) were enacted.

This was at the commencement of 1837, when, including this new creation of stock, the responsibilities of the government appeared to be as follow:--

First.--The Funded Debt.

Dollars. Dollars.

Created up to Nov., 1834 2,000,000 and 25,360,000

Created in 1837 to provide for the Floating Debt 17,000,000 --------- ---------- Total created 2,000,000 and 42,360,000

Of which there were redeemed at the beginning of 1837 585,967 and 7,385,422 --------- ---------- 1,414,033 34,974,578

The 4 per cents, reduced to the same denomination, equal to 942,688 ---------- Amount of Funded Debt unredeemed (6 per cents) 35,917,166

The annual charge for the interest and sinking fund of this part of the debt amounted to 3,055,199 current dollars.

Secondly.--The English loan for 1,000,000 sterling, the interest of which (at the rate of £60,000 per annum) has been unpaid since January, 1828.

And Thirdly,--The amount of the bank issues in circulation, understood to be about 20,000,000 of dollars currency, for the whole amount of which the government had declared itself responsible to the public as the easiest mode of settling its own account with that establishment upon the expiration of its charter in 1836.

On the other hand, the whole of the ordinary revenues were only estimated at 12,000,000 of currency, of which about a fourth part, as above stated, was required to be set apart in the first instance to meet the charges for the funded debt.

The remaining 9,000,000 was insufficient by half to meet the ordinary expenditure of the state, much less to enable the government to make any provision for a settlement with the English bondholders, or for the redemption of the currency.

This was the state of things at the commencement of 1837, as far as I can collect from the accounts which have been published; deplorable as it appeared, it perhaps would not have been altogether irremediable, had the peace of the country been preserved, and the war establishments been reduced.

The estimated revenue of 12,000,000 was based upon the average of the years immediately preceding, which had been far from favourable to the development of the resources of the republic. It was notorious that many branches of it were very loosely collected; the contribucion directa, or property-tax, especially, which produced little or nothing, instead of being made, as it ought to have been, one of the most important items in the revenue of the state. In this, as in other branches of it, there was no doubt that, with care and good management, the public income might have been greatly increased. Besides, there were still the greater part of the public lands undisposed of, which the legislature, in 1836, had given authority to the government to sell, for the purpose of liquidating the debt previously contracted; and with regard to the funded debt, the operation of the sinking fund with its accumulating interest was becoming so efficient that, notwithstanding its large amount, a very few years indeed would suffice to redeem the whole of it, if not further increased. In 1837 the sinking fund already amounted to more than a million of dollars, which, in twelve months, redeemed little short of two millions and a half of stock.

But, as I have before had occasion to observe, touching their social condition, so it is most especially with regard to their financial prospects, there can be no well-founded expectation of any improvement which is not based upon a continuation of the peace and quiet of the country. That, unfortunately, has been again interrupted in the past year, and the Republic has not only become involved in the war declared by Chile against Bolivia, but in a much more serious and disastrous dispute with the French, the calamitous consequences of which it is difficult to estimate.

Pending the settlement of their alleged grievances, the French have instituted a strict blockade of Buenos Ayres, which falls heavily upon those neutral parties who have established an extensive commercial intercourse with the country.

FOOTNOTES:

[81] The Congress in question had been convoked principally for the purpose of drawing up a constitution for the republic, and was properly only a _constituent_ one:--after a time, however, it proceeded to appoint a president, and to pass a variety of laws founded on the like scheme of _nationalising_ the republic, which, though acquiesced in, _per force_, by the people of Buenos Ayres, were resisted _vi et armis_ by most of the provinces at a distance, and led to much ill-will and disunion amongst them, at the moment when all their joint efforts were required against their common enemy. The president, Rivadavia, after a vain struggle to establish his authority, found himself forced to resign amidst a complication of difficulties.

[82] It never exceeded five millions of dollars, viz., one the amount of the capital of the Provincial Bank, incorporated with it; three subscribed by the Government; and about one more by individuals.

APPENDIX.

No. 1.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED PROVINCES OF SOUTH AMERICA IN 1816.

We, the Representatives of the United Provinces of South America, in General Congress assembled, invoking that Supreme Being who presides over the universe, in the name and by the authority of the people we represent, and protesting before Heaven and all nations and inhabitants of the earth, the justice of this our resolution, do hereby solemnly declare that it is the unanimous and undoubted determination of these provinces to break the bonds which have bound them to the kings of Spain, to recover the rights of which they have been deprived, and to take upon themselves the high character of a free nation independent of king Ferdinand VII. and his successors, and of Spain; with full and ample power in consequence _de facto_ and _de jure_ to establish for themselves such form of government as the pressure of existing circumstances may render imperative.

All and every one of them do publish and declare the same, and pledge themselves, through us, to carry into effect and to maintain this their fixed resolve with their lives, their fortunes, and their fame.

Wherefore be this duly published for the knowledge of all whom it may concern; and considering what may be due to other nations in this matter, a separate manifesto shall set forth in detail the grave and weighty reasons which have led to this our solemn declaration.

Given in the hall of our meetings, signed by our hands, sealed with the seal of the Congress, and countersigned by the secretaries thereof, in the city of San Miguel de Tucuman, the 9th day of July, 1816.

[Follow the Signatures.]

No. 2.

ESTIMATED POPULATION OF THE PROVINCES OF THE RIO DE LA PLATA, 1836-7.

Province of Buenos Ayres, from 180,000 to 200,000 Santa Fé 15,000 to 20,000 Entre Rios 30,000 to 30,000 Corrientes 35,000 to 40,000 Cordova 80,000 to 85,000 Santiago 45,000 to 50,000 Tucuman 40,000 to 45,000 Salta 50,000 to 60,000 Catamarca 30,000 to 35,000 La Rioja 18,000 to 20,000 San Luis 20,000 to 25,000 Mendoza 35,000 to 40,000 San Juan 22,000 to 25,000 ------- ------- 600,000 to 675,000

This is exclusive of independent Indians within the territory laid claim to by the Republic.

The population of the Banda Oriental is estimated to be from 100,000 to 120,000 souls, rapidly increasing.

That of Paraguay I should assume, from accounts in my possession, to be about 250,000, though I know it has been estimated at double that amount by persons who have been in the country.

No. 3.

STATISTICS OF BRITISH RESIDENTS AT BUENOS AYRES, IN 1831.

A.

Registered in the British consulate, from 1825 to 1831.

Merchants and traders and clerks 466 Shopkeepers 193 Physicians, surgeons, chemists, and apothecaries 27 Schoolmasters 9 Hotel and tavern keepers 13 Master Mechanics 93 Carpenters 362 Bricklayers 123 Labourers 667 Farming men 125 Tailors 66 Shoemakers 63 Painters 7 Sailors 329 Registered without denomination 107 Women 595 Children 827 ---- 4,072

The individuals not registered were supposed to amount to at least a thousand more, exclusive of the sailors on board the British shipping trading with the port.

B.

STATISTICS OF BRITISH RESIDENTS AT BUENOS AYRES.

Return of marriages, baptisms, and burials of the Protestant population in Buenos Ayres, from August 1825 to August 1831, showing the proportion of British subjects--and in 1836.

From August 1825 to August 1831, six years.

Other foreign British. Protestants. Total.

Marriages 238 42 280 Baptisms 77 13 90 Burials 278 85 363

For 1836.

The Returns published of the foreign Protestant population in Buenos Ayres, give--

Total marriages in the year 19 Baptisms 63 Burials 55

The proportion of the British is not given, but may be estimated from that quoted in the first period.

No. 4.

TREATY BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED PROVINCES OF RIO DE LA PLATA.

_Signed at Buenos Ayes, February 2, 1825._

Extensive commercial intercourse having been established for a series of years between the dominions of His Britannic Majesty, and the territories of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, it seems good for the security as well as encouragement of such commercial intercourse, and for the maintenance of good understanding between His said Britannic Majesty and the said United Provinces, that the relations now subsisting between them should be regularly acknowledged and confirmed by the signature of a treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation.

For this purpose they have named their respective plenipotentiaries, that is to say;--

His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Woodbine Parish, Esquire, His said Majesty's Consul-General in the Province of Buenos Ayres and its Dependencies;--and the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, Señor Don Manuel José Garcia, Minister Secretary for the Departments of Government, Finance, and Foreign Affairs, of the National Executive Power of the said Provinces;

Who, after having communicated to each other their respective Full Powers, found to be in due and proper form, have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles:--

ARTICLE I.

There shall be perpetual amity between the dominions and subjects of His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, and their inhabitants.

ARTICLE II.

There shall be, between all the territories of His Britannic Majesty in Europe, and the territories of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, a reciprocal freedom of Commerce: the inhabitants of the two countries, respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to come, with their ships and cargoes, to all such places, ports, and rivers, in the territories aforesaid, to which other foreigners are or may be permitted to come, to enter into the same, and to remain and reside in any part of the said territories respectively; also to hire and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of their commerce; and, generally, the merchants and traders of each nation, respectively, shall enjoy the most complete protection and security for their commerce; subject always to the laws and statutes of the two countries respectively.

ARTICLE III.

His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland engages further, that in all his dominions situated out of Europe, the inhabitants of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata shall have the like liberty of commerce and navigation stipulated for in the preceding article, to the full extent in which the same is permitted at present, or shall be permitted hereafter, to any other nation.

ARTICLE IV.

No higher or other duties shall be imposed on the importation into the territories of His Britannic Majesty, of any articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, and no higher or other duties shall be imposed on the importation into the said United Provinces, of any articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of His Britannic Majesty's dominions, than are or shall be payable on the like articles, being the growth, produce, or manufacture of any other foreign country; nor shall any other or higher duties or charges be imposed, in the territories or dominions of either of the contracting parties, on the exportation of any articles to the territories or dominions of the other, than such as are or may be payable on the exportation of the like articles to any other foreign country: nor shall any prohibition be imposed upon the exportation or importation of any articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of His Britannic Majesty's dominions, or of the said United Provinces, which shall not equally extend to all other nations.

ARTICLE V.

No higher or other duties or charges on account of tonnage, light, or harbour dues, pilotage, salvage in case of damage or shipwreck, or any other local charges, shall be imposed, in any of the ports of the said United Provinces, on British vessels of the burthen of above one hundred and twenty tons, than those payable, in the same ports, by vessels of the said United Provinces of the same burthen; nor in the ports of any of His Britannic Majesty's territories, on the vessels of the United Provinces of above one hundred and twenty tons, than shall be payable, in the same ports, on British vessels of the same burthen.

ARTICLE VI.

The same duties shall be paid on the importation into the said United Provinces of any article the growth, produce, or manufacture of His Britannic Majesty's dominions, whether such importation shall be in vessels of the said United Provinces, or in British vessels; and the same duties shall be paid on the importation into the dominions of His Britannic Majesty of any article the growth, produce, or manufacture of the said United Provinces, whether such importation shall be in British vessels, or in vessels of the said United Provinces;--The same duties shall be paid, and the same drawbacks and bounties allowed, on the exportation of any articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of His Britannic Majesty's dominions to the said United Provinces, whether such exportation shall be in vessels of the said United Provinces, or in British vessels; and the same duties shall be paid, and the same bounties and drawbacks allowed, on the exportation of any articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of the said United Provinces to His Britannic Majesty's dominions, whether such exportation shall be in British vessels, or in vessels of the said United Provinces.

ARTICLE VII.

In order to avoid any misunderstanding with respect to the regulations which may respectively constitute a British vessel, or a vessel of the said United Provinces, it is hereby agreed, that all vessels built in the dominions of His Britannic Majesty, and owned, navigated, and registered according to the laws of Great Britain, shall be considered as British vessels; and that all vessels built in the territories of the said United Provinces, properly registered, and owned by the citizens thereof, or any of them, and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners, at least, are citizens of the said United Provinces, shall be considered as vessels of the said United Provinces.

ARTICLE VIII.

All merchants, commanders of ships, and others, the subjects of His Britannic Majesty, shall have the same liberty, in all the territories of the said United Provinces, as the natives thereof, to manage their own affairs themselves, or to commit them to the management of whomsoever they please, as broker, factor, agent, or interpreter; nor shall they be obliged to employ any other persons for those purposes, nor to pay them any salary or remuneration, unless they shall choose to employ them; and absolute freedom shall be allowed, in all cases, to the buyer and seller to bargain and fix the price of any goods, wares, or merchandise imported into, or exported from, the said United Provinces, as they shall see good.

ARTICLE IX.

In whatever relates to the lading and unlading of ships, the safety of merchandise, goods, and effects, the disposal of property of every sort and denomination, by sale, donation or exchange, or in any other manner whatsoever, as also the administration of justice, the subjects and citizens of the two contracting parties shall enjoy, in their respective dominions, the same privileges, liberties, and rights, as the most favoured nation, and shall not be charged, in any of these respects, with any higher duties or imposts than those which are paid, or may be paid, by the native subjects or citizens of the power in whose dominions they may be resident. They shall be exempted from all compulsory military service whatsoever, whether by sea or land, and from all forced loans, or military exactions or requisitions; neither shall they be compelled to pay any ordinary taxes, under any pretext whatsoever, greater than those that are paid by native subjects or citizens.

ARTICLE X.

It shall be free for each of the two contracting parties to appoint consuls for the protection of trade, to reside in the dominions and territories of the other party; but before any consul shall act as such, he shall, in the usual form, be approved and admitted by the government to which he is sent, and either of the contracting parties may except from the residence of consuls such particular places as either of them may judge fit to be so excepted.

ARTICLE XI.

For the better security of commerce between the subjects of His Britannic Majesty, and the inhabitants of the United Provinces of Rio de La Plata, it is agreed, that if at any time any interruption of friendly commercial intercourse, or any rupture should unfortunately take place between the two contracting parties, the subjects or citizens of either of the two contracting parties residing in the dominions of the other, shall have the privilege of remaining and continuing their trade therein, without any manner of interruption, so long as they behave peaceably, and commit no offence against the laws; and their effects and property, whether entrusted to individuals or to the state, shall not be liable to seizure or sequestration, or to any other demands than those which may be made upon the like effects or property, belonging to the native inhabitants of the state in which such subjects or citizens may reside.

ARTICLE XII.

The subjects of His Britannic Majesty residing in the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, shall not be disturbed, persecuted, or annoyed on account of their religion, but they shall have perfect liberty of conscience therein, and to celebrate divine service either within their own private houses, or in their own particular churches or chapels, which they shall be at liberty to build and maintain in convenient places, approved of by the government of the said United Provinces:--Liberty shall also be granted to bury the subjects of His Britannic Majesty who may die in the territories of the said United Provinces, in their own burial places, which, in the same manner, they may freely establish and maintain. In the like manner, the citizens of the said United Provinces shall enjoy, within all the dominions of His Britannic Majesty, a perfect and unrestrained liberty of conscience, and of exercising their religion publicly or privately, within their own dwelling-houses, or in the chapels and places of worship appointed for that purpose, agreeably to the system of toleration established in the dominions of his said Majesty.

ARTICLE XIII.

It shall be free for the subjects of His Britannic Majesty, residing in the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, to dispose of their property, of every description, by will or testament, as they may judge fit; and, in the event of any British subject dying without such will or testament in the territories of the said United Provinces, the British consul-general, or, in his absence, his representative, shall have the right to nominate curators to take charge of the property of the deceased, for the benefit of his lawful heirs and creditors, without interference, giving convenient notice thereof to the authorities of the country; and reciprocally.

ARTICLE XIV.

His Britannic Majesty being extremely desirous of totally abolishing the slave trade, the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata engage to co-operate with His Britannic Majesty for the completion of so beneficent a work, and to prohibit all persons inhabiting within the said United Provinces, or subject to their jurisdiction, in the most effectual manner, and by the most solemn laws, from taking any share in such trade.

ARTICLE XV.

The present treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in London within four months, or sooner if possible.

In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed their seals thereunto.

Done at Buenos Ayres, the second day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five.

(Signed) WOODBINE PARISH. MANUEL JOSÉ GARCIA.

_Note._--This was the first treaty entered into by any European power with the new Republics of America;--whilst it provided a necessary safeguard to British subjects resorting to that part of the world, it was of great importance to the Buenos Ayreans, not only in a political but in a moral sense, struggling as they were, in the infancy of their institutions, under the difficult task which they had undertaken of attempting to constitute a Government diametrically opposed in form and principles to the whole system of legislation whereby the country had been ruled for three centuries, and which, notwithstanding all their declarations of independence, still hung like a drag-chain about their necks:--under such circumstances every true patriot and advocate for civilization hailed it as the best possible guarantee of sound and liberal principles, whilst, on the other hand, the supporters of the old Spanish laws were proportionately discouraged, as they saw in it the death-blow to the old colonial policy of the mother-country.

No. 5.

COPY, IN THE GUARANI LANGUAGE, OF THE MEMORIAL ADDRESSED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE MISSION OF SAN LUIS, PRAYING THAT THE JESUITS MIGHT BE ALLOWED TO REMAIN WITH THEM. DATED 28TH FEBRUARY, 1768.

I. H. S.

Señor Governador,

Tupa tanderaârô anga oroè ndebe ore Cabildo Caziqs reta, Aba, haè Cuna, haè mitâ rehebe San Lui y gua orerubeteramo ndereco ramo Corregidor Santiago Pindo, haè Don Pantaleon Cayuari Oiquatia orebe orerayhupareteramo ndereco aipo bae rehe ore yerobia hape oroiquatia àngà ndebe hupigua ete rupi, co nande Rey poroquaita Guira tetirô oromondo haguâ Nande Rey upeguâra, oromboaci mirî ey ngatu ndoroguerecoi ramo oromondo haguâ rehe oico note Tupa omona hague rupi Caàgui rupi, haè oneguâ hè orehegui haè ramo iyabai ete oromboaye haguâ; aiporamo yepe oroico Tupa haè nande Rey boyaramo hecobia tetirô oreyoquai reco rupi, Colonia mbohapi yebi ipiei bo, haè ombae àpo hece tributo hepibeêmo, haè angà catu oronemboe Tupa upene acoi Guira catupiribe Tupa Espiritu Sto. omeê haguâ ndebe, haè nande Rey upe heçape bo, haè Angel Marangatu penaâromo rano. Aiporire nderehe yerobiahape; Ah Sñor. Govdor. ore rubeteramo ndereco ramo nemomirîngatu hape oroyerure àngà orereçay pipe San Ignacio ray reta Pay abere dela Compã. de Jesus ipicopi haguâ ma rehe ore paûme yepi, cobaè rehe catu eyerure àngà nande Rey Marângatu upe Tupa rerapipe, haè hayhupape; Cobaè rehe oyerure gueçai pipe opia guibe taba guetebo, Aba, haè Cuna, Cunumi, Cunatai reta rano; bite tenàngà y poriahu baè meme. Pay Frayle, coterâ Pay Clerigo ndoroipotai. Apostle Sto. Thome Tupa boya martu niâ omombeù corupi ore ramoî upe, haè cobaè Pay Frayle, haè Clerigo nomaey orerehe, San Ignacio ray reta catu ou y piramo i àngata oreramoi reta re cabo rehe, haè omboè oreramoî ymongaraibo. Tupa upe, haè Rey Espana ùpe, ymonemeêbo, Pay Frayle cotéra Clerigo, ndoroipotai ete; Pay dela Compa de Jesus. Orereco poriahu oguero hôsâ quaabaè, haè orobià porâ hece, Tupa upe, nande Rey upe guara, haè oremeêne Tributo Guaçube Caà mirî ereipotaramo, Eney àngàque Sñor. Governr. marângatu terehendu àngà oreneê poriahu imbo àyeucabo àngà? Aiporire orereco ndoicoi Esclavo rehegua, oreremimoâruâ catu, noromoârúay Caray reco nabo nabô oyeupe ano inangatabae o amo reta rehe maê ymo y piti bo ey mo, y mongaru ey mo rano; cohupigua ete oromombeu àngà ndebe, nde ereipota reco rupi ore y mombeù haguâma? Ani ramo cotaba; haè taba tetirô rui ocanimba ne coite nndebe nande Rey upe haè Tupa upe Ana retâme oroyeoita coitene haè acoi ramo oremano ramo mabaè àngà pihi pàngà y arecone! a ni etei oreray reta nia obia yoya Caàguipe. Tabape rapicha, haè ndo hechairamo Pay San Ignacio ray reta, acoi ramo oairine nu rupi coterâ Caàguipe teco marâ à pobo, San Joachin retâ, San Stanislao retâ, San Fernando reta Timbo pegua ocanimba yma rapicha, oroiquaa porâ reco rupi, oremombeù àngà ndebe, haè rire ore Cabildo Tupa upe, haè nande Rey upe ndoromboyebi beichene Taba reco Señor Governador Marângatu. Eney Fiyaye àngà oreyerurehague ndebe, haè Tupa nde pitibone, haè tanderaârô yebi yebi àngà aipohaè note àngà.

San Luis hegui, à 28 de Febro. 1768, rehegua nderayre ta poriahu Taba guetebo. Cabildo.

No. 6.

Meteorological Observations in Buenos Ayres during 1822 and 1823 (from the Registro Estadistico).

+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------------+ | | Thermometer. | Barometer. | | +-----+-------+-----+-------+-------+-------+ | | | | | | | | | 1822. | Max.| Mean. | Min.| Max. | Mean. | Min. | | | | | | | | | +--------------------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-------+-------+ | { January | 91 | 71·82 | 60 | No |observa|tions. | |Summer { February | 89 | 73·00 | 58 | 30·04 | 29·58 | 29·21 | | { March | 82 | 70·83 | 53 | 29·88 | 29·61 | 29·33 | |Autumn { April | 78 | 62·04 | 43 | 29·82 | 29·73 | 29·46 | | { Ma | 68 | 58·31 | 44 | 30·18 | 29·76 | 29·21 | | { June | 66 | 54·32 | 40 | 30·05 | 29·77 | 29·23 | |Winter { July | 68 | 52·55 | 38 | 30·17 | 29·65 | 29·21 | | { August | 66 | 51·83 | 36 | 30·21 | 29·84 | 29·51 | | { September | 72 | 54·64 | 42 | 30·41 | 29·74 | 29·32 | |Spring { October | 81 | 58·91 | 46 | 30·13 | 29·67 | 29·24 | | { November | 88 | 68·43 | 56 | 29·91 | 29·61 | 29·17 | | { December | 86 | 70·91 | 62 | 30·00 | 29·45 | 29·15 | | { | | | | | | + | { | | | | | | | |Summer { 1823. | | | | | | | | { January | 94 | 75·31 | 60 | 29·92 | 29·54 | 29·25 | | { February | 93 | 78·42 | 66 | 29·95 | 29·60 | 29·21 | | { March | 93 | 75·79 | 52 | 30·02 | 29·88 | 29·18 | |Autumn { April | 72 | 67·50 | 57 | 30·08 | 29·30 | 29·27 | | { May | 63 | 52·50 | 41 | 30·14 | 29·79 | 29·53 | |Winter June | 65 | 52·50 | 40 | 30·15 | 29·68 | 29·15 | +--------------------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-------+-------+

+--------------------+-------------+---------------------------+ | | Hygrometer. | Winds. | | +-------+-----+------+------+------+------+ | | Days | Days| North| North| South| South| | 1822. | Humid.| Dry.| to | to | to | to | | | | | East.| West.| East.| West.| +--------------------+-------+-----+------+------+------+------+ | { January | | | 12 | 3 | 9 | 6 | |Summer { February | 19 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 5 | | { March | 20 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 6 | 7 | |Autumn { April | 22 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 11 | | { Ma | 30 | 1 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 9 | | { June | 30 | 0 | 14 | 5 | 2 | 9 | |Winter { July | 31 | 0 | 13 | 4 | 7 | 7 | | { August | 31 | 0 | 18 | 3 | 6 | 4 | | { September | 30 | 0 | 13 | 3 | 11 | 3 | |Spring { October | 30 | 1 | 17 | 5 | 5 | 4 | | { November | 28 | 2 | 23 | 1 | 5 | 2 | | { December | 23 | 8 | 16 | 3 | 6 | 6 | | { +-------+-----+------+------+------+------+ | { | 294 | 39 | 170 | 56 | 66 | 73 | |Summer { 1823. | | | | | | | | { January | 5 | 26 | 17 | 4 | 5 | 5 | | { February | 3 | 25 | 14 | 3 | 5 | 6 | | { March | 19 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 9 | 6 | |Autumn { April | 29 | 1 | 14 | 9 | 5 | 2 | | { May | 31 | .. | 11 | 12 | 6 | 2 | |Winter June | 30 | .. | 16 | 5 | 9 | .. | +--------------------+-------+-----+------+------+------+------+

In the eighteen months the highest of the thermometer was 94, in the month of January; the lowest 36, in August. It sometimes rises to 96, as in January, 1824, when it was at that point some days. On the other hand, it has been known to fall as low at 28 and 29; but these extremes are very rare.

No. 7.--Some Fixed Points in the Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.

_Province of Buenos Ayres._

+------------------------+-----------------+------------+------------------+ | Place. | S. | Longi- | Where | Observations. | | | Lati- | tude. | from. | | | | tude. | | | | +------------------------+--------+--------+------------+------------------+ | |° ´ "| ° ´ "| | | |Centre of the City of} | | | | | |Buenos Ayres } |34 36 29|58 23 34| Greenwich | | |Anchorage of H. M. S } | | | | | |Nereus in the Outer } |34 34 30|58 2 0| " |{Variation 12-1/2°| |Roads in 1813 } | | | |{E.--1813 | |Luxan |34 38 36| 1 1 10{W. of Buenos| | | | | {Ayres | | |Guardia del Salto |34 18 57| 2 14 49| " |{Variation 14° | | | | | |{39´ E.--1796 | |Fort Roxas |34 11 48| 2 41 39| " | | |Fort Mercedes |33 55 18| 3 4 14| " | | |Fort Melinqué |33 42 24| 3 30 38| " | | |Corzo, near the Lake }| | | | | |(source of the Salado) }|34 4 55| 3 36 32| " | | |Lake Roxas |34 19 7| 3 2 56| " | | |Lake Carpincho |34 35 31| 2 52 44| " | | |Lake Toro-Moro |34 49 1| 2 38 30| " | | |Lake Palentalen |35 10 15| 2 6 34| " | | |Lake de los Huesos |35 14 30| 1 34 44| " | | |Lake del Trigo |35 14 3| 1 14 54| " | | |Cisne |35 46 0| 0 20 5|E. of ditto | | |Manantiales de Porongos |35 54 50| 0 1 55| " | | |Lake Camerones Grandes |36 0 59| 0 9 19| " | | |Altos de Troncoso |36 5 30| 0 10 55| " | | |Fort Chascomus |35 33 5| 0 22 20| " | | |Fort Ranchos |35 30 46| 0 3 20| " | | |Lake Ceajo |35 29 49| 0 16 40|W. of ditto | | |Guardia del Monte |35 26 7| 0 31 10| " | | |Guardia de Lobos |35 16 7| 0 52 10| " | | |Fort Navarro |35 0 13| 1 3 25| " | | | | | | | | |N.B. The above positions from Luxan to Navarro were determined | |in the course of a survey of the frontiers, made in 1796 by | |Don Felix Azara, aided by Cerviño and Inciarte, all officers | |attached to the Commission for laying down the boundaries under | |the treaty, between Spain and Portugal, of 1777. The Statistical | |Register of Buenos Ayres, for 1822, has added to them the | |following:-- | | | |San Pedro |33 40 51| 1 32 0| " | | |Barradero |33 43 50| 1 25 4| " | | |Conchas |34 25 15| 0 10 31| " | | |Pergamino |33 53 16| 2 24 25| " | | |Areco |34 11 57| 1 26 47| " | | |Arecife (Fort) |34 3 8| 2 6 13| " | | |Pilar |34 26 4| 0 52 54| " | | |Cañada de Moron |34 40 45| 0 23 49| " | | |Magdalena |35 5 29| 0 44 0|E. of ditto | | +------------------------+--------+--------+------------+------------------+

No. 7--_continued_.

_Observations taken on the Journey of Don Pedro Garcia, in 1810, to the Salinas._

+------------------------+-----------------+------------+------------------+ | Place. | S. | Longi- | Where | Observations. | | | Lati- | tude. | from. | | | | tude. | | | | +------------------------+--------+--------+------------+------------------+ | |° ´ "| ° ´ "| | | |Pass of the Salado |35 2 0| 1 56 0|Buenos Ayres| | |Palantalen |35 12 0| 2 7 0| " | | |Lakes Tres Hermanas |35 23 0| 2 16 0| " | | |Cruz de Guerra |35 41 0| 2 24 0| " | | |Cabeza del Buey |36 10 0| 2 52 0| " | | |First Lake of the } |36 38 0| 3 24 0| " | | |Cañada Larga } | | | | | |Lake del Monte |36 53 0| 3 57 0| " | | |Lake da los Paraguayos |36 58 0| 4 12 0| " | | |Lake of the Salinas } |37 13 0| 4 51 0| " | | |(centre) | | | |_Positions fixed on the Expedition in 1823, to extend the Frontiers._ | | | |Fort on the Tandil |37 21 43| 0 39 4| " |{Var. 14° 59´ | | | | | |{E.--1823. | |Lake beyond the Tinta } |37 40 3| 1 27 0| " | | |hills } | | | | | |Another further on |37 44 7| 2 0 7| " |Var. 15° 18´ E. | |Ruins of the Jesuit |37 59 48| | " | | |Mission | | | |_By the Officers of His Majesty's Ship Beagle, in 1832._ | | | |Cape Corrientes |38 5 30|57 29 15| Greenwich | | |Sierra Ventana, } |38 11 45|61 56 18| " | | |highest summit } | | | | | |Fort Argentine, near } |38 43 50|62 14 41| " | | |Bahia Blanca } | | | | | | | |_On the River Negro._ | | | |Pilot's house at } |41 0 42|62 46 15| " |}Var. 17° 42´ | |the entrance } | | | |}E.--1832. | |of the River Negro } | | | | | |Town of Carmen on ditto |40 48 18|62 58 0| " |} | |East end of the } |39 0 0| | " |} | |Islands of Choleechel } | | | |} | |Junction of the River } |38 44 0| | " |}by Villariño, | |Neuquen } | | | |} in 1782. | |Junction of the River } |40 6 0| | " |} | |Encarnacion } | | | |} | |Villariños, furthest } |39 33 0| | " |} | |up the Catapuliché } | | | |} | +------------------------+--------+--------+------------+------------------+

No. 7--_continued._

_Positions on the road from Buenos Ayres to Chile, fixed in 1794 by Bauza and Espinosa, Officers attached to Malaspina's Surveying Expedition._

+------------------------+------------------+------------+------------------+ | Place. | S. | Longi- | Where | Observations. | | | Lati- | tude. | from. | | | | tude. | | | | +------------------------+--------+---------+------------+------------------+ | |° ´ "| ° ´ "| | | |Post of Portezuelas |33 53 0| . .| Greenwich | | |Do. of Desmochados |33 10 0| . .| " | | |Do. of Sanjon, on the } |32 40 0| 61 45 0| " | | |River Tercero } | | | | | |Pass on the Tercero |32 23 30| . .| " | | |San Luis de la Punta |33 18 0| 65 47 0| " | | |Pass of the Desaguadero |33 26 0| . .| " | | |Mendoza |32 52 0| 69 6 0| " | | |Uspallata |32 33 20| . .| " | | |St. Jago de Chile |33 26 0| 70 46 0| " | | | | |_Provincial Towns._ | | | |Cordova |31 26 14|314 36 45| Ferro |{M. de Souillae, | | | | | |{ 1784. | |Santiago del Estero |27 47 0| . .| " | Azara. | |Tucuman | . .| . .| " | | |Salta | . .| . .| " | | |Corrientes |27 27 0|319 55 0| " | ditto. | |Assumption |25 16 40|320 12 0| " | ditto. | | | |_Affluents of the River Paraguay._ | | | |Mouth of the Vermejo |26 54 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. of the Tebicuari |26 35 0 | . .| . . |} by Azara, | |Fort Angostura |25 32 0 | . .| . . |} in 1785. | |Mouth of the Pilcomayo |25 21 9 | . .| . . |} | |Mouth of the Piray |25 2 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. of the Salado |25 1 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Peribibuy |24 58 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Mboicay |24 56 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Ibobi |24 29 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Quarepoti |24 23 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Xexui |24 7 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Ipané-mini |24 2 0 | . .| . . |} Quiroga, | |Do. Fogones |23 51 0 | . .| . . |} in 1750. | |Do. Ipané-guazu |23 28 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Guarambaré |23 8 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Corrientes |22 2 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Tepeti |21 45 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Inboteti |19 20 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Tacuari |19 0 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Porrudos |17 52 0 | . .| . . |} | |Do. Jaurú |16 25 0 | 320 10 0| Ferro |} | +------------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------------+

No. 7--_continued._

_Towns in Paraguay._

+------------------------+------------------+------------+------------------+ | Place. | S. | Longi- | Where | Observations. | | | Lati- | tude. | from. | | | | tude. | | | | +------------------------+--------+---------+------------+------------------+ | |° ´ "| ° ´ "| | | |Yaguaron |25 41 15|} | | | |Itapé |25 51 14|} | | | |Cazapa |26 9 53|} . . | . . | Azara, in 1785. | |Yuti |26 36 4|} | | | |Point of embarkation on}|26 35 21|} | | | | the Tebicuari }| | | | | | | |_The Jesuit Missions of the Uruguay and Paranã, as fixed by the | |Boundary Commissioners, under the Treaty of 1777._ | | | |San Ignacio-guazu |26 55 12|321 5 9| Ferro | | |Santa Maria de Fé |26 48 10|321 11 9| " | | |Santa Rosa |26 53 12|321 14 28| " | | |Santiago |27 8 40|321 20 14| " | | |San Cosmo |27 18 55|321 47 53| " | | |Itapua |27 20 16|322 14 2| " | | |Candelaria |27 27 14|322 19 30| " | | |Santa Ana |27 23 40|322 31 23| " | | |Loreto |27 19 44|322 35 19| " | | |San Ignacio-mini |27 14 55|322 43 11| " | | |Corpus |27 7 36|322 36 27| " | | |Trinidad |27 7 35|322 19 20| " | | |Jesus |27 2 36|322 17 2| " | | |San José |27 45 47|322 19 30| " | | |San Carlos |27 44 36|322 11 1| " | | |Apostoles |27 54 27|322 19 45| " | | |Conception |27 58 51|322 33 22| " | | |Santa Maria Mayor |27 53 34|322 38 59| " | | |San Xavier |27 51 8|322 49 26| " | | |Martires |27 50 24|322 36 49| " | | |San Nicolas |28 11 23|322 44 21| " | | |San Luis |28 25 41|323 1 23| " | | |San Lorenzo |28 27 51|323 14 29| " | | |San Miguel |28 33 13|323 22 24| " | | |San Juan |28 27 51|323 37 22| " | | |San Angel |28 18 13|323 47 15| " | | |San Tomas |28 32 49|322 1 39| " | | |San Borja |28 39 51|322 4 49| " | | |La Cruz |29 11 0|321 30 0| " | | |Yapeyú |29 28 0|321 17 2| " | | | | | | | | |The Gran Salto, or Great} | | |{by the Boundary | | Fall on the Paranã }24 4 58| . . | " |{Commissioners, | | | | | |{1788. | | | |N.B. The difference adopted between the meridian | |of Ferro and Paris by the Commissioners, was | |20° 30´. | | | |N.B. Malaspina's Observations on the Shores of the River Plate, | |alluded to at page 97, are not inserted, owing to some | |apparent inaccuracies in the Copy received, which cannot be | |corrected without further reference to Buenos Ayres. | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+

No. 8.--Return of Foreign Shipping arrived at Buenos Ayres, from 1821 to 1837, inclusive.

+===========+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+ | |1821.|1822.|1823.|1824.|1825.|1829.|1830.| +-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |British | 128 | 133 | 113 | 110 | 99 | 78 | 73 | |N. American| 42 | 75 | 80 | 143 | 102 | 97 | 83 | |Brazilian | . | . | . | . | . | 15 | 38 | |Sardinian | 3 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 15 | 23 | |French | 19 | 21 | 24 | 21 | 29 | 28 | 16 | |Hamburgh | . | . | . | . | 5 | 3 | 3 | |Dutch | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 8 | |Bremen | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | 2 | |Danish | 1 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 14 | 3 | 6 | |Swedish | 7 | 11 | 6 | 14 | 11 | 3 | 1 | |Tuscan | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | |Roman | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | |Russian | . | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | . | |Neapolitan | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |Austrian | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |Hanoverian | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | |Portuguese | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | |Chilian | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | |Prussian | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | |Belgian | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |Haytian | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | |Spanish | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |Totals | 202 | 252 | 240 | 312 | 275 | 250 | 257 | +===========+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+ +===========+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+ | |1831.|1832.|1833.|1834.|1835.|1836.|1837.| +-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|-----| |British | 44 | 48 | 74 | 61 | 54 | 49 | 61 | |N. American| 77 | 55 | 91 | 67 | 51 | 37 | 40 | |Brazilian | 42 | 44 | 47 | 43 | 42 | 39 | 42 | |Sardinian | 20 | 26 | 30 | 43 | 23 | 21 | 20 | |French | 10 | 22 | 17 | 10 | 14 | 19 | 24 | |Hamburgh | 2 | 4 | 9 | 14 | 8 | 5 | 7 | |Dutch | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |Bremen | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 4 | |Danish | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 9 | |Swedish | . | . | 1 | . | 3 | 6 | 4 | |Tuscan | 1 | 2 | 2 | . | . | 1 | 1 | |Roman | . | 1 | 2 | 1 | . | . | . | |Russian | 1 | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | 1 | |Neapolitan | 1 | . | 3 | 2 | . | . | . | |Austrian | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . | |Hanoverian | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | . | |Portuguese | . | . | 1 | 4 | 1 | . | 2 | |Chilian | . | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | |Prussian | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | |Belgian | 2 | . | . | 2 | . | 2 | . | |Haytian | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |Spanish | . | . | . | . | . | 6 | 12 | | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |Totals | 210 | 210 | 294 | 261 | 213 | 200 | 228 | +===========+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+

N.B. The years 1825, 26, and 27 are omitted; Buenos Ayres having been under blockade the greater part of that period. The vessels under the flag of Monte Video are omitted also, being chiefly the carriers of a transit-trade.

No. 9

A Statement of the Quantities and Declared Value of British and Irish Manufactures Exported from the United Kingdom to the States of the Rio Produce and In each year from 1830 to 1837.--de la Plata, (From Returns laid before Parliament.)

+-----------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+ | | 1830. | 1831. | | Articles. +----------+-------+---------+-------+ | |Quantities. Value.|Quantities. Value. +-----------------------------------+------------------+---------+-------+ | | | £ | | £ | |Apparel, Slops, and } value | . | 6,305| . | 4,341| | Haberdashery, } | | | | | |Arms and Ammunition " | . | 158| . | 443| |Bacon and Hams cwts. | 146| 338| . | . | |Beer and Ale tuns | 112| 2,097| 54| 1,003| |Books Printed cwts. | 12| 319| 6| 128| |Brass and Copper } " | 265| 1,219| 50| 279| | Manufactures } | | | | | |Butter and Cheese " | 98| 308| 215| 728| |Coals, Culm, and Cinders tons | 941| 585| 109| 94| |Cordage cwts. | 80| 200| . | . | |Cotton Manufactures, entered} | | | | | | by the yard } yards|10,805,990|324,305|6,242,134|176,874| | " " Hosiery, } | | | | | | Lace and Small Wares } value| | 20,005| . | 9,943| | " Twist and Yarn lbs. | 5,831| 587| 800| 30| |Earthenware of all sorts pieces | 671,945| 9,617| 292,529| 4,274| |Fish, Herrings barrels| 60| 72| . | . | |Glass, entered by weight cwts. | 2,265| 3,330| 1,669| 2,969| | " " at value value | | 254| . | 58| |Hardwares and Cutlery cwts. | 5,793| 24,356| 4,237| 20,000| |Hats, Beaver and Felt dozens | 3,165| 10,262| 1,314| 4,340| |Iron and Steel, wrought and } | | | | | | unwrought } tons | 545| 7,836| 391| 5,058| |Lead and Shot " | 40| 662| 20| 351| |Leather, wrought and unwrought lbs.| 34,500| 9,791| 19,752| 5,253| |Saddlery and Harness value| | 1,254| . | 279| |Linen Manufactures, entered } | | | | | | by the yard } yards| 973,640| 31,893| 406,583| 16,663| | " " Thread, } | | | | | | Tapes, and Small Wares } value| | 1,078| . | 1,514| |Machinery and Mill Work " | | 38| . | 222| |Printers' Colours " | | 758| . | 293| |Plate, Plated Ware, Jewellery } | | | | | | and Watches } " | | 941| . | 1,041| |Salt bushels | 15,610| 412| 5,770| 86| |Silk Manufactures value | | 10,365| . | 13,319| |Soap and Candles lbs. | 51,730| 1,147| 2,710| 35| |Stationery of all sorts value | | 1,325| . | 1,089| |Sugar, Refined cwts. | 149| 409| 84| 186| |Tin, unwrought " | | | 37| 125| |Tin and Pewter Wares and } | | | | | | Tin Plates } value | | 780| . | 701| |Woollen and Worsted Yarn lbs. | . | . | . | . | |Woollen Manufactures, entered } | | | | | | by the piece }pieces| 30,328|141,700| 14,901| 58,137| | " " " } | | | | | | " yard }yards | 84,830| 8,184| 49,119| 5,077| | " " Hosiery} | | | | | | and Small Wares }value | . | 4,574| . | 1,705| |All other Articles " | . | 4,663| . | 3,382| | +----------+-------+---------+-------+ | Total | For 1830 £632,172| 1831 £339,870| +-----------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+

+-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+ | | 1832. | 1833. | | Articles. +----------+-------+----------+-------+ | |Quantities. Value.|Quantities. Value.| +-----------------------------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+ | | | £ | | £ | |Apparel, Slops, and } value | . | 5,067| | 3,082| | Haberdashery, } | | | | | |Arms and Ammunition " | . | 345| | 419| |Bacon and Hams cwts. | 60| 157| 155| 490| |Beer and Ale tuns | 78| 1,465| 108| 1,712| |Books Printed cwts. | 2| 51| 1| 10| |Brass and Copper } " | 105| 485| 96| 555| | Manufactures } | | | | | |Butter and Cheese " | 547| 2,160| 829| 3,169| |Coals, Culm, and Cinders tons | 707| 430| 868| 438| |Cordage cwts. | 55| 53| 144| 234| |Cotton Manufactures, entered} | | | | | | by the yard } yards|17,256,838|391,591|12,731,734|280,292| | " " Hosiery, } | | | | | | Lace and Small Wares } value| . | 33,344| | 23,311| | " Twist and Yarn lbs. | . | . | 300| 26| |Earthenware of all sorts pieces | 354,684| 5,309| 770,172| 9,377| |Fish, Herrings barrels| 35| 29| | | |Glass, entered by weight cwts. | 2,579| 6,620| 3,198| 9,737| | " " at value value | . | . | | 100| |Hardwares and Cutlery cwts. | 5,397| 22,718| 5,571| 20,281| |Hats, Beaver and Felt dozens | 1,711| 4,039| 1,173| 3,085| |Iron and Steel, wrought and } | | | | | | unwrought } tons | 792| 6,128| 734| 11,023| |Lead and Shot " | 14| 219| 38| 555| |Leather, wrought and unwrought lbs.| 23,473| 6,809| 33,792| 9,219| |Saddlery and Harness value| . | 309| | 1,330| |Linen Manufactures, entered } | | | | | | by the yard } yards| 344,013| 30,680| 509,528| 21,690| | " " Thread, } | | | | | | Tapes, and Small Wares } value| . | 1,619| | 327| |Machinery and Mill Work " | . | . | | 18| |Printers' Colours " | . | 690| | 1,973| |Plate, Plated Ware, Jewellery } | | | | | | and Watches } " | . | 445| | 1,081| |Salt bushels | 163| 8| 2,000| 34| |Silk Manufactures value | . | 24,786| | 11,735| |Soap and Candles lbs. | 125,520| 2,661| 277,102| 5,416| |Stationery of all sorts value | . | 1,912| | 1,441| |Sugar, Refined cwts. | . | . | 131| 287| |Tin, unwrought " | 35| 117| 8| 30| |Tin and Pewter Wares and } | | | | | | Tin Plates } value | . | 2,754| | 1,060| |Woollen and Worsted Yarn lbs. | 1,672| 80| | | |Woollen Manufactures, entered } | | | | | | by the piece }pieces| 28,392| 39,445| 23,387| 79,231| | " " " } | | | | | | " yard }yards | 39,219| 9,099| 65,269| 5,640| | " " Hosiery} | | | | | | and Small Wares }value | . | 4,462| | 3,052| |All other Articles " | . | 4,066| | 3,902| | +----------+-------+----------+-------+ | Total | 1832 £660,152 | 1833 £515,362| +-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+

+-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+ | | 1834. | 1835. | | Articles. +----------+-------+----------+-------+ | |Quantities. Value.|Quantities. Value.| +-----------------------------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+ | | | £ | | £ | |Apparel, Slops, and } value | | 2,096| | 3,986| | Haberdashery, } | | | | | |Arms and Ammunition " | | 3,035| | 6,388| |Bacon and Hams cwts. | 104| 225| 59| 115| |Beer and Ale tuns | 74| 1,083| 87| 1,394| |Books Printed cwts. | 5| 126| 7| 166| |Brass and Copper } " | 139| 807| 37| 265| | Manufactures } | | | | | |Butter and Cheese " | 86| 277| 2| 5| |Coals, Culm, and Cinders tons | 966| 508| 1,544| 751| |Cordage cwts. | 100| 150| 430| 646| |Cotton Manufactures, entered} | | | | | | by the yard } yards|20,942,118|449,831|12,853,287|312,400| | " " Hosiery, } | | | | | | Lace and Small Wares } value| | 33,313| | 26,488| | " Twist and Yarn lbs. | 9,258| 446| 34,560| 2,824| |Earthenware of all sorts pieces | 523,161| 5,762| 598,001| 6,212| |Fish, Herrings barrels| | | | | |Glass, entered by weight cwts. | 2,156| 4,929| 3,029| 9,844| | " " at value value | | 60| | 196| |Hardwares and Cutlery cwts. | 10,454| 33,040| 8,347| 30,117| |Hats, Beaver and Felt dozens | 2,900| 4,891| 2,924| 5,780| |Iron and Steel, wrought and } | | | | | | unwrought } tons | 1,143| 12,433| 1,033| 9,414| |Lead and Shot " | 15| 283| 13| 295| |Leather, wrought and unwrought lbs.| 38,457| 8,341| 30,669| 7,151| |Saddlery and Harness value| | 943| | 1,284| |Linen Manufactures, entered } | | | | | | by the yard } yards| 1,487,576| 43,919| 948,026| 34,789| | " " Thread, } | | | | | | Tapes, and Small Wares } value| | 1,073| | 842| |Machinery and Mill Work " | | 72| | 4,022| |Printers' Colours " | | 2,907| | 2,634| |Plate, Plated Ware, Jewellery } | | | | | | and Watches } " | | 1,232| | 1,095| |Salt bushels | 1,144| 32| 2,200| 50| |Silk Manufactures value | | 19,274| | 18,307| |Soap and Candles lbs. | 13,100| 290| 18,369| 380| |Stationery of all sorts value | | 2,064| | 3,202| |Sugar, Refined cwts. | 504| 1,368| 32| 91| |Tin, unwrought " | 78| 185| | | |Tin and Pewter Wares and } | | | | | | Tin Plates } value | | 2,006| | 2,286| |Woollen and Worsted Yarn lbs. | 6| 1| | 816| |Woollen Manufactures, entered } | | | | | | by the piece }pieces| 36,673|172,393| 35,970|140,915| | " " " } | | | | | | " yard }yards | 112,124| 10,781| 113,750| 9,251| | " " Hosiery} | | | | | | and Small Wares }value | | 4,801| | 3,593| |All other Articles " | | 6,587| | 11,347| | +----------+-------+----------+-------+ | Total | 1834 £831,564| 1835 £658,525 | +-----------------------------------+------------------+-------------------+

+-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+ | | 1836. | 1837. | | Articles. +----------+-------+----------+-------+ | |Quantities. Value.|Quantities. Value.| +-----------------------------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+ | | | £ | | £ | |Apparel, Slops, and } value | | 5,028| | 2,111| | Haberdashery, } | | | | | |Arms and Ammunition " | | 867| | 1,391| |Bacon and Hams cwts. | 28| 70| 105| 220| |Beer and Ale tuns | 107| 2,065| 68| 1,149| |Books Printed cwts. | 12| 275| 9| 180| |Brass and Copper } " | 1| 5| 72| 675| | Manufactures } | | | | | |Butter and Cheese " | | | 35| 49| |Coals, Culm, and Cinders tons | 975| 514| 713| 400| |Cordage cwts. | 30| 100| 153| 288| |Cotton Manufactures, entered} | | | | | | by the yard } yards|18,628,197|435,932|20,183,454|445,291| | " " Hosiery, } | | | | | | Lace and Small Wares } value| | 20,588| | 18,818| | " Twist and Yarn lbs. | 4,600| 350| 5,734| 364| |Earthenware of all sorts pieces | 966,687| 9,748| 1,093,905| 7,724| |Fish, Herrings barrels| 2| 2| 2| 2| |Glass, entered by weight cwts. | 2,596| 2,654| 1,314| 3,856| | " " at value value | | | | | |Hardwares and Cutlery cwts. | 7,211| 27,629| 6,929| 20,531| |Hats, Beaver and Felt dozens | 1,099| 1,925| 2,146| 3,239| |Iron and Steel, wrought and } | | | | | | unwrought } tons | 963| 13,614| 994| 12,859| |Lead and Shot " | 24| 775| 34| 703| |Leather, wrought and unwrought lbs.| 16,708| 3,760| 23,987| 5,763| |Saddlery and Harness value| | 888| | 341| |Linen Manufactures, entered } | | | | | | by the yard } yards| 794,772| 27,844| 1,477,392| 42,591| | " " Thread, } | | | | | | Tapes, and Small Wares } value| | 460| | 656| |Machinery and Mill Work " | | 40| | 390| |Printers' Colours " | | 2,066| | 1,769| |Plate, Plated Ware, Jewellery } | | | | | | and Watches } " | | 420| | 1,192| |Salt bushels | 1,121| 32| 3,480| 60| |Silk Manufactures value | | 9,514| | 13,098| |Soap and Candles lbs. | | | 224| 12| |Stationery of all sorts value | | 1,708| | 1,545| |Sugar, Refined cwts. | | | | | |Tin, unwrought " | | | 15| 61| |Tin and Pewter Wares and } | | | | | | Tin Plates } value | | 3,390| | 4,052| |Woollen and Worsted Yarn lbs. | | 90| 672| 130| |Woollen Manufactures, entered } | | | | | | by the piece }pieces| 26,514|105,223| 22,555| 93,355| | " " " } | | | | | | " yard }yards | 114,023| 10,121| 60,857| 5,578| | " " Hosiery} | | | | | | and Small Wares }value | | 4,607| | 2,301| |All other Articles " | | 5,030| | 3,365| | +----------+-------+----------+-------+ | Total |1836 £697,334 |1837 £696,104 | +-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+

No. 10.

TRADE OF MONTE VIDEO.

I.--Return of Foreign Shipping entered and sailed from the Port of Monte Video in 1836, with the _Estimated Value_ of their Cargoes.

+-----------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+ | | | | | | Entered. | Sailed. | | Countries. | | | | +------+------------------+------+------------------+ | |Ships.| Value of Cargoes.|Ships.| Value of Cargoes.| +-----------------+------+------------------+------+------------------+ | | | Spanish Dollars. | | Spanish Dollars. | | British | 58 | 1,172,658 | 57 | 951,423 | | Brazilian | 62 | 713,793 | 62 | 825,440 | | American | 50 | 217,402 | 48 | 295,829 | | French | 40 | 578,178 | 40 | 464,430 | | Spanish | 15 | 311,285 | 15 | 236,672 | | Sardinian | 57 | 102,039 | 41 | 30,252 | | Portuguese | 13 | 15,200 | 13 | 62,700 | | Other Countries.| .. | 502,082 | .. | 639,909 | | +------+------------------+------+------------------+ | | | 3,597,437 | | 3,443,957 | +-----------------+------+------------------+------+------------------+

II.--Return, showing the _quantities_ of each Article Exported, and the Foreign Countries for which they were shipped from Monte Video in the year 1836.

+----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | |England.|France.|U. States. Spain. | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+ |Hides, dry No. | 61,718| 108,428| 38,848| 67,026| | Do. salt " | 124,666| 13,288| 297| 230| |Horns " | 329,836| 32,110| 142,766| 20,328| |Jerked Beef cwts.| ... | ... | ... | ... | |Horsehair { arrobes }| | | | | | {of 25 lbs.}| 9,578| 4,622| 3,984| ... | |Cuttings of Hides | 4,468| 764| 1,584| ... | |Horse Hides No. | 15,820| 46| 20,144| 1,121| |Grease arrobes.| 14,857| ... | 2,710| ... | |Wool " | 14,930| 2,300| 14,140| 30| |Sheep Skins doz. | 1,937| 2,636| 4,070| 353| |Tallow arrobes.| 6,158| 4,112| 452| 3,787| |Nutria Skins doz. | 3,990| 320| 1,640| ... | |Mares' Grease arrobes.| 2,944| ... | 59| ... | |Seal Skins No. | 3,831| ... | 16,000| ... | |Tongues doz. | ... | ... | ... | ... | |Mules | ... | ... | ... | ... | |Horses | ... | ... | ... | ... | |Bones tons. | 259| 53| 10| ... | +----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

+----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+ | |Sardinia.Antwerp.|Brazil. |Havanna.| Total | | | | | | Quantities. | +--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+ |Hides, dry No. | 4,668| 87,942| 3,270| 119| 372,019| | Do. salt " | ... | 2,901| ... | ... | 141,382| |Horns " | 27,291| 20,242| 12,552| 850| 593,625| |Jerked Beef cwts.| ... | ... | 218,318| 88,036| 306,354| |Horsehair { arrobes }| | | | | | | {of 25 lbs.}| 436| 72| ... | ... | 18,692| |Cuttings of Hides | 960| ... | ... | ... | 7,776| |Horse Hides No. | ... | 170| ... | ... | 37,401| |Grease arrobes.| ... | 192| 1,419| 4,390| 23,568| |Wool " | 2,500| ... | ... | ... | 33,900| |Sheep Skins doz. | 837| ... | 22| ... | 9,855| |Tallow arrobes.| 2,123| 450| 2,425| 1,847| 43,182| |Nutria Skins doz. | 220| 400| ... | ... | 6,570| |Mares' Grease arrobes.| ... | ... | ... | ... | 3,003| |Seal Skins No. | 53| ... | ... | 161| 20,045| |Tongues doz. | ... | ... | 440| ... | 440| |Mules | ... | ... | ... | ... | 410| |Horses | ... | ... | 164| ... | 164| |Bones tons. | ... | 3| 1| ... | 326| +----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+

No. 11.--Comparative Value (declared) of British and Irish Produce and Manufactures Exported from Great Britain to the River Plate, Mexico, Columbia, Chile, and Peru, from 1829 to 1837, and to Spain in the same years.

+----------+---------------+------------+-------------+-----------+ | | | | | | | Year. | River Plate. | Mexico. | Colombia. | Chile. | | | | | | | +----------+---------------+------------+-------------+-----------+ | | £ | £ | £ | £ | | 1829 | 758,540 | 303,562 | 232,703 | 818,950 | | 1830 | 632,172 | 978,441 | 216,751 | 540,626 | | 1831 | 339,870 | 728,858 | 248,250 | 651,617 | | 1832 | 660,152 | 199,821 | 283,568 | 708,193 | | 1833 | 515,362 | 421,487 | 121,826 | 816,817 | | 1834 | 831,564 | 459,610 | 199,996 | 896,221 | | 1835 | 658,525 | 402,820 | 132,242 | 606,176 | | 1836 | 697,334 | 254,822 | 185,172 | 861,903 | | 1837 | 696,104 | 520,200 | 170,451 | 625,545 | | +---------------+------------+-------------+-----------+ | Totals | 5,789,623 | 4,269,621 | 1,790,959 | 6,526,048 | | +---------------+------------+-------------+-----------+ | | | | | | | Yearly }| 643,291 | 474,402 | 198,995 |[83]725,116| | Averages}| | | | | +----------+---------------+------------+-------------+-----------+

+----------+------------+----------------+--------------+ | | | | | | Year. | Peru. | Total | To Spain. | | | | to New States. | | +----------+------------+----------------+--------------+ | | £ | £ | £ | | 1829 | 300,171 | 2,413,926 | 861,675 | | 1830 | 368,469 | 2,736,459 | 607,068 | | 1831 | 409,003 | 2,377,598 | 597,848 | | 1832 | 275,610 | 2,127,344 | 442,926 | | 1833 | 287,524 | 2,163,016 | 442,837 | | 1834 | 299,235 | 2,686,626 | 325,907 | | 1835 | 441,324 | 2,241,087 | 405,065 | | 1836 | 606,332 | 2,605,563 | 437,076 | | 1837 | 476,374 | 2,488,674 | 286,636 | | +------------+----------------+--------------+ | Totals | 3,464,042 | 21,840,293 | 4,407,038 | | +------------+----------------+--------------+ | | | | | | Yearly }| 384,893 | 2,426,697 | 489,670 | | Averages}| | | | +----------+------------+----------------+--------------+

FOOTNOTES:

[83] A considerable portion of the articles sent to Chile are intended for the supply of the West Coast of Mexico.

LONDON: Printed by W. Clowes and Sons, Duke Street, Stamford Street.

Transcriber's Notes:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were corrected.

Punctuation normalized.

Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.

Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.