CHAPTER IV.
CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.
These plants are generally described as being without spiral vessels, and consisting only of cellular tissue; but spiral vessels are known to exist in the Ferns, and are said to have been found in the Mosses. Whether this be the case or not, it is evident that the plants included in this division are very different from all that have preceded them, and occupy a lower grade in the scale of vegetable creation. They are divided into two sub-classes: viz. the _Foliaceæ_, or those with leaves, and the _Aphyllæ_, or those without leaves; both of which are without visible flowers, though some have what are called anthers, and the Mosses have something resembling a style and stigma. They may also be said to have no seeds, for the spores, or sporules as they are called, are very different from the seeds of vascular plants, and they have neither cotyledon nor embryo.
SUB-CLASS I. FOLIACEÆ.
ORDER CCXI.—FILICES.—THE FERN TRIBE.
Though some of the Ferns are so common that almost every one must have seen them, very few persons are aware how very curiously they are constructed. In the first place, they may be said to have neither stems nor leaves, and neither flowers nor seeds. The different parts of the plant spring from a rhizoma, and the leaves, which are called fronds, have their veins neither branched nor in parallel lines, but forked. On the back of the leaves are some curious brown spots of various shapes called sori; and these, which generally form under the outer skin or cuticle of the leaf, and which always spring from one of the veins, contain a number of small grains, called the thecæ, which are in reality cases containing the sporules or seeds. When the sorus forms under the cuticle of the leaf, the membranous part raised, which resembles a blister, is called the indusium; but sometimes the sori are naked, that is, they are formed on the outside of the cuticle; and sometimes they are found on the margin of the leaf, which folds over them, and supplies the place of the indusium. The order is generally divided into two sections, called Polypodiaceæ and Osmundaceæ. The first contains those plants which unroll their leaves, when they rise from the stem, and which have their sori either on the back or on the margin of the frond. The thecæ are on stalks, and they are furnished with a ribbed, elastic, articulated but incomplete ring, which seems to serve as a sort of hinge when they burst. This elastic ring is a continuation of the stalk of the theca, which always bursts on the opposite side. The following are the principal genera in this division: Polypody (_Polypodium_), sori without any indusium; Shield Fern (_Aspidium_), Bladder Fern (_Cistopteris_), and Spleenwort (_Asplenium_), all of which have their fronds pinnate or pinnatifid; Maiden Hair (_Adiantum_), Hart’s-tongue (_Scolopendrium_), the frond of which is simple and shaped like a tongue, and the sori oblong; and Brake (_Pteris_), the leaves of which are pinnatifid, with the sori placed round the margin so as to form a continuous line, and the edge of the leaf turned over them. The rhizoma of the Brake is eaten in many countries, and the fronds, when burnt, yield alkali, which is used in making both soap and glass.
The second division Osmundaceæ comprises those Ferns which apparently have flowers; the flowers, however, being merely sori, with the leaves on which they grew shrivelled up round them. The most remarkable of these is the flowering Fern (_Osmunda regalis_); but others are—the Grape Fern or Moonwort (_Botrychium_), a species of which, a native of North America, is called there the Rattle-snake Fern; and the Adder’s Tongue (_Ophiglossum_). The Tree Ferns of New Zealand are magnificent plants. The trunk or stipe rises to the height of forty or fifty feet without a branch, and then terminates in a head of noble fronds, which hang down on every side like a plume of feathers. The wood of these trees when cut across, instead of being in circles like the wood of Dicotyledonous trees, or full of pores like that of the Endogens, is marked with a number of zigzag lines, the traces of the stalks of old fronds which have grown together and formed the stipe.
ORDER CCXII.—LYCOPODINEÆ.—THE CLUB-MOSS TRIBE.
These plants appear to occupy the intermediate space between the Ferns and the Mosses. They have creeping stems, and grow two or three feet high; the erect stems being clothed with imbricated leaves, in the axils of which these are produced. Some of them open into three or four valves, and contain sporules; while others are only two-valved, and contain a kind of powder, which some suppose to be pollen, and others abortive sporules. In some of the species, the thecæ are produced in bracteated spikes, which resemble the young strobiles on a Spruce Fir. The seeds of the common Club-moss (_Lycopodium clavatum_) are used at the theatres to imitate lightning.
ORDER CCXIII.—MARSILEACEÆ.
These are aquatic herbs, the thecæ or receptacles of which are always found in the axils of the leaves near the root. In the genus _Isoetes_ (Quillwort) these are of two kinds, like those of the Club-mosses, the one containing powder, and the other granules; but in Pepper-grass or Pillwort (_Pillularia_), the receptacles are four-celled, and each cell contains both powder and granules. _Marsilea_, from which the order takes its name, is a native of Italy and other parts of the south of Europe, where it grows in the same manner as Duckweed does with us.
ORDER CCXIV.—EQUISETACEÆ.—THE HORSE-TAIL TRIBE.
The thecæ of these well-known plants are contained in terminal cone-like spikes or catkins, from four to eight lying in each scale. The stems are tubular, and articulated with whorls of membranaceous sheaths, and of slender branches, jointed, and sheathed like the stem at every joint. All the species of Equisetum abound in silicious matter, and particularly the Dutch Rush (_E. hyemale_), which is used for polishing both wood and metal. The handsomest species is _E. sylvaticum_.
ORDER CCXV.—CHARACEÆ.
Aquatic herbs, contained in the genera Nitella and Chara, always growing under water, with slender jointed stems, surrounded at the joints by whorls of tubular leaves or branches, which are either membranaceous and transparent, as in _Nitella_; or brittle, and more or less encrusted with carbonate of lime, as in _Chara_, Stonewort. The organs of reproduction are formed in the axils of the branches, and consist of transparent globules, and hard, spiral nuculas, which appear to be formed of twisted leaves, the points of which often form a kind of crest. Young plants are only produced by the nuculas.
ORDER CCXVI.—MUSCI.—THE MOSS TRIBE.
The Mosses have fibrous roots, and slender wiry stems, densely covered with leaves, which are very small, and laid over each other like scales (see _a_ in _fig._ 149). The theca (_g_) is urn-shaped, and it is produced singly; in most cases, on a long, slender, wiry stem, called a seta, which signifies a bristle, but sometimes without any stalk. It always springs from a tuft of leaves, differing both in size and shape from ordinary leaves, which form what is sometimes called the perichætium. Among these may occasionally be seen a few stalks, resembling the Lichen called Cup-moss, which terminates in a kind of cup, and thickened at the base. The cups and upper parts soon die away, and the thicker part left among the leaves swells, and in time rises on a stalk of its own, carrying away one of the leaves with it on its head. This is the theca, and the leaf it carried away, and which resembles an extinguisher, is called the calyptra, and it remains on till the sporules are nearly ripe. When the calyptra falls, the theca is found to be covered with a little lid called the operculum; which also falls off in time, and shows the mouth or stoma of the theca. This mouth is sometimes naked, and sometimes covered with a kind of film; but generally it is surrounded by a row of long, slender, hair-like teeth called the peristome or fringe. When there are two rows of these hair-like teeth, the inner ones, which are finer than the others, are called the cilia; and the number of both the cilia and the teeth is always some number that can be divided by four. In the cavity of the theca is a central axis called the columella, and around that are found the sporules, kept together by the lining of the theca, which forms a kind of open bag. This is the usual construction of all the numerous genera of mosses; but in some kinds, as for example in the Hair-moss (_Polytrichium_), in addition to the theca, a number of granules are found among the leaves, which are said to be capable of producing young plants.
ORDER CCXVII.—HEPATICÆ.
These plants greatly resemble Mosses in their appearance, but they differ in their construction. The theca has no lid, but bursts into valves; and it generally contains not only sporules, but tubes formed of curiously twisted threads, called elaters. Jungermannia and Marchantia have a calyptra, which the other genera are without; and in Jungermannia the theca has a sort of sheath, which is sometimes called the calyx. There are also stalked granules called anthers, and warts which form on the leaves, and break up into a kind of sporules.
SUB-CLASS II.—APHYLLEÆ.
ORDER CCXVIII.—LICHENES.
Though these plants are said to have no leaves, they consist almost entirely of a kind of leafy stem, called a frond or thallus, the branches of which are called podetia (see _a_ in _figs._ 150, 151, and 152). The spores or sporules are produced in what are called shields (_b_ in _figs._ 149, 150, and 151), which are generally embedded in the thallus, and which, when they are cup-shaped (as in _fig._ 150), are called scyphæ, and when flat (as in _fig._ 151), apothecia. The sporules, which are very numerous, are inclosed in receptacles of various forms, which are embedded in the shields. Some of the commonest lichens are _Usnea florida_ (_fig._ 150), and _Ramalina fastigiata_ (_fig._ 151), both of which are found on old oaks, and are generally called grey moss; and _Cornicularia heteromalla_ (_fig._ 152) is a brown mossy-looking lichen, often found on the bark. Other more interesting lichens are—the Iceland-moss (_Cetraria islandica_), the Reindeer-moss (_Cenomyce_, or _Cladonia rangiferina_), the Cup-moss (_Cenomyce pyxidata_), and the Orchil (_Rocella tinctoria_).
ORDER CCXIX.—FUNGI.
The Fungi are divided into several distinct sections; the most important of which may be called the Mushroom tribe. The largest genus in this division is Agaricus, and the plants belonging to it consist of a stipe, or stalk (_c_ in _fig._ 149), surmounted by the pileus or cap (_d_). When the mushroom first appears, the stalk is covered by a thin membrane, called the veil (_e_), which unites the cap to the lower part; but as the mushroom grows, this veil is rent asunder, and it either entirely disappears, or only a small part of it remains round the stalk, which is called the annulus or ring. Under the cap are the gills or lamellæ, which are of a dark reddish brown; and attached to these are the thecæ, containing the sporules or seed. In the common Mushroom (_Agaricus campestre_), and all the eatable kinds, the gills are pink when the veil breaks, which it does very soon, and they become afterwards nearly black; but in all the poisonous kinds, the veil is longer before it breaks, and when it does so, the gills are pale, and frequently nearly white, without becoming darker; the smell is also quite different. The Mushroom tribe, which includes all the Fungi that carry their sporules in the part above the stem, is divided into two sections, viz., those with caps, like the Mushroom, and those which are slender and entire, but club-shaped in the upper part, like _Clavaria helvola_, a fungus often found in meadows, which resembles the stamen of an orange-lily.
The Morel tribe includes those Fungi which have their sporules in the stipe, and it is in two divisions; the first of which includes those which, like the Morel (_Morchella esculenta_), have a pileus, or cap, like a mitre; and the second, those which have the pileus curving upwards, like a cup, as in Peziza. A third tribe includes those which, like Tremella, are of a jelly-like substance; and in a similar manner all the numerous genera are arranged. Among these the most remarkable are the Truffle (_Tuber cibarium_), which is found buried in the earth, and the curious Fungi called Blight and Mildew, which belong to several different genera, and which appear on the leaves and fruit of other plants.
ORDER CCXX.—ALGÆ.
The Sea-weeds are placed on the extreme verge of the vegetable kingdom; and indeed some of them seem almost to partake of the nature of zoophytes. They can live only where there is abundance of moisture, and many of them, such as the different kinds of Fucus, inhabit the sea; by the waves of which they are torn up from their native beds, and washed on shore by the tides. Others are found in the form of Confervæ, or green slime, on the surface of stagnant ponds, or on damp stone or gravel-walks; and others appear to form one of the connecting links between vegetable and animal life, as the joints in which they are produced possess the power of separating from each other, and in their divided state so closely resemble animals, as to puzzle naturalists to know where to place them. The Algæ are divided by botanists into three classes; viz., the jointless, the jointed, and the disjointed. The jointless Algæ are by far the most numerous; and they comprehend all those broad flat jelly-like substances which are called by the popular names of tangle and dulse on the coast, and which are frequently eaten. To this division belong the kinds of sea-weed that are used for making kelp; those from which iodine is procured; those forming the celebrated Chinese birds’ nests; those sold in the oil-shops under the name of laver; and those used by farmers as manure. The jointed Algæ are very inferior in the scale of creation to the first division; but the Confervæ (see _f_ in _fig._ 149) are well known, from the rapidity with which they form a thick green slime, by adhering together on the surface of ditches and cisterns, and in short, wherever there is stagnant water exposed to the open air. The disjointed Algæ are generally found among the Confervæ; but they are so small, and insignificant in appearance, as, in most cases, entirely to escape notice.
INDEX.
A.
Abele Tree, 185
Abies, 212
Acacia, 35, 41
Acanthaceæ, 415
Acer, 315
Achenium, 98
Achimenes, 412
Achras Sapota, 399
Acorus Calamus, 455
Acotyledonous Plants, 234, 236, 238
Actinocarpus, 437
Adansonia, 300
Adenophora, 394
Adiantum, 462
Adnate anther (_fig._ 4), 12
Æschynanthus, 412
Æsculus (_figs._ 127-132), 323
African Lily, 447
Agapanthus, ib.
Agaricus, 470
Agave, 451
Agrostemma, 293
Ailantus, 341
Ajuga, 414
Alangium, 357
Alaternus, 345
Albuca, 449
Albumen, 233
Alburnum, 235
Alchemilla, 74
Alder, 189
Alexandrian Laurel, 448
Algæ (Sea-weed), 37, 471
Alisma, 436
Allamanda, 402
Alligator Pear, 424
Allium, 449
Almond, 60
Aloe, 447
Alonsoa, 412
Aloysia, 415
Alstrœmeria, 446
Althæa, 299
Althæa frutex, 296
Amarantus, 420
Amaryllidaceæ, 446
Amaryllis, ib.
Amelanchier, 73
American Allspice, 351
American Cotton Tree, 203
American Cowslip, 417
American Honeysuckle, 127
Ampelopsis, 331
Amphicoma, 412
Anacardium, 348
Anagallis, 417
Anchusa, 409
Andromeda, 115
Androsæmum, 312
Anemone, 19
Anigozanthos, 445
Aniseed Tree, 241
Anona, 245
Anther, 6
Anthocercis, 156
Antiaris (_fig._ 75), 167
Antidesmeæ, 431
Apocyneæ, 402
Aponogeton, 455
Apothecia, 469
Apple (_fig._ 27), 65
Apple Berry of Australia, 287
Apricot, 62
Aquilarinaæ, 347
Aralia, 380
Araucaria, 219
Arbor Vitæ (_fig._ 99), 220
Arbre à perruques, 349
Arbutus (_fig._ 55), 118
Ardisia, 399
Argania, ib.
Argemone, 265
Aristolochia, 428
Aristotelia Macqui, 346
Armeria, 418
Arnotta, 275
Aronia, 68
Arrow-grass, 438
Arrowhead, 437
Artichoke, 103
Articulated, 44, 53
Artocarpus, 163
Arum Tribe, 454
Asarum, 428
Asclepiadeæ, 403
Asclepias, ib.
Ash, 138
Ash-leaved Berberry, 251
Asimina, 246
Asparagus, 449
Aspen, 186
Asphodeleæ, 449
Asphodelus, ib.
Aspidium, 462
Asplenium, ib.
Aster, 107
Astrapæa Wallichii, 301
Atragenè, 24
Atropa Belladonna (_fig._ 69), 146
Aubergine, 143
Aucuba, 381, 386
Aurantiaceæ, 307
Avena, 459
Avicennia, 415
Ayrshire Rose, 52
Azalea, 125
B.
Babiana, 443
Balm of Gilead, 347
Balsam, 338
Balsam Apple, 361
Balsam Poplar, 187
Bamboo, 459
Bambusa, ib.
Banana, 442
Banisteria, 315
Banksia, 425
Banyan Tree, 173
Baobab, 299
Barbadoes Cherry, 314
Barbadoes Flower Fence (_fig._ 18), 35, 45
Barbadoes Gooseberry, 371
Barley, 458
Bartonia, 362
Batatas, 408
Batchelor’s Buttons, 16
Bead Tree, 328
Bean, 39
Bean Caper, 340
Bearberry, 119
Bear’s-ear Sanicle, 418
Bedstraw, 94
Beech (_fig._ 87), 195
Bee Larkspur, 31
Beet, 422
Begonia, ib.
Benthamia, 382
Berberideæ, 247
Berberry (_figs._ 107 and 108), ib.
Berberry-leaved Rose, 53
Berry-bearing Alder, 346
Berry-bearing Campion, 292
Bertholletia (Brazil Nut), 360
Besom Heath (_fig._ 47), 110
Betel, 432
Bignonia, 404
Bilabiate, 413
Bilabiate florets, 99, 390
Billbergia, 451
Bilberry (_fig._ 61), 130
Billardiera, 287
Bi-pinnate leaf (_fig._ 17), 43
Birch-tree (_figs._ 83 and 84), 188
Bird Cherry, 65
Bird’s-nest, 132
Birthwort, 428
Bi-ternate leaf, 32
Bitter-sweet (_fig._ 68), 143
Bixa, 275
Blackberry, 57
Black Bryony, 448
Black Italian Poplar, 186
Black Walnut (_fig._ 78), 178
Bladder Campion, 293
Bladder Ketmia, 297
Blight, 471
Blue Anemone, 21
Blumenbachia, 362
Boisduvalia, 81
Bombaceæ, 299
Bonapartea, 451
Bonnet de prêtre (Euonymus), 343
Boragineæ, 409
Bossiæa, 40
Bottle Gourd, 361
Bouvardia, 88
Box-thorn, 146
Box-tree, 430
Brachysema, 40
Bracts, 301, 319
Brake, 462
Brambles, 57
Brandy Bottle, 257
Brazil Nut, 360
Bread-fruit Tree, 163
Brexieæ, 400
Bridewort, 59
Bromelia, 451
Brompton Stock, 270
Broom, 40
Broussonetia, 169
Browallia, 156
Brugmansia, 153
Bruniaceæ, 346
Brunsvigia, 446
Bryonia (White), 361
Buckbean, 404
Buckeye (_fig._ 132), 327
Bucku, 341
Buckwheat, 423
Bugle, 414
Bulbocodium, 451
Bullrushes, 453
Bumelia, 399
Bur (_fig._ 45), 103
Burchellia, 89
Burdock (_fig._ 45), 103
Burgundy Pitch, 214
Bur-marigold, 106
Burnet, 73
Burtonia, 40
Butcher’s Broom, 448
Butomus, 437
Butter-cup, 11
Butter-nut, 327
Butter-nut Walnut (_fig._ 79), 179
Butter-tree, 400
Buxus, 430
Byttneria, 300
C.
Cabomba, 254
Cactus, 368
Caiophora, 362
Calabash Tree, 405
Calandrinia, 364
Calceolaria, 411
Calempelis, 404
Calla ethiopica, 454
Callista, 113
Callistachys, 40
Callistemon, 359
Callitriche, 355
Callitris, 222
Calluna, 114
Calochortus, 450
Calycanthus, 351
Calyceraceæ, 390
Calycifloræ, 237
Calycine scales, 291
Calyptrate calyx, 265
Calystigia, 408
Calyx (_fig._ 3), 7
Camellia, 304
Campanula, 394
Camphor of Sumatra, 303
Camphor Tree, 424
Candy Tuft, 270
Canna, 442
Cannabis, 162
Cannon ball Tree, 360
Cape Gooseberry, 145
Cape Heaths, 112
Cape Jasmine, 89
Cape Marigold, 107
Caper Spurge, 429
Caper Tribe, 274
Capparis, ib.
Caprifolium, 383
Capsicum, 144
Carex, 457
Carica, 361
Carina, 37
Carnation (_fig._ 118), 289
Carob Tree, 46
Carpels (_figs._ 5 & 7), 13, 24
Carpinus, 201
Caryocar, 327
Caryophyllaceæ, 289
Caryopsides, 33
Cashew Nut, 348
Cassandra, 116
Cassava, 430
Cassine, 343
Castor Oil, 431
Casuarina, 204
Catalpa, 405
Catchfly, 292
Cat’s Tail, 453
Ceanothus, 346
Cedar of Goa, 224
Cedar of Lebanon, 207, 217
Cedrela, 329
Cedrus, 217
Celandine, Lesser, 16
Celastrus, 343
Cellulares, 231
Cellular Tissue, ib.
Celosia, 420
Celsia, 155, 410
Celtis, 432
Cephalanthus, 94
Ceratophylleæ, 355
Cerbera, 402
Cereus, 369
Cerinthe, 409
Ceropegia, 403
Cestrum Parqui, 147
Chailletiaceæ, 347
Chamomile, 106
Chara, 465
Charity, 406
Chaste Tree, 415
Cheiranthus, 268
Chenopodeæ, 421
Cherry (_fig._ 26), 64
Chestnut (_figs._ 88 and 89), 198
Chian Turpentine, 348
Chickweed, 289
Chicot, 48
Chilian Pine, 219
Chilies, 145
Chimonanthus, 352
China Pink, 292
Chionanthus virginica, 137
Chlorantheæ, 386
Chocolate, 300
Chorozema, 40
Christmas Rose, 25
Christ’s Thorn, 345
Chrysanthemum, 104
Cinchona (_fig._ 36), 86
Cineraria, 107
Cinnamon Tree, 424
Circæa, 84
Cissus, 331
Cistineæ, 275
Cistus, ib.
Citron, 307
Citron Wood, 224
Clarkia, 83
Clawed petals, 83, 289
Claytonia, 364
Cleavers, 96
Clematis, 23
Cleome, 274
Clerodendron, 415
Clethra (_fig._ 56), 120
Clintonia, 392
Cloves, 359
Club Moss, 463
Club Rust, 457
Cobæa scandens, 405
Cocoa, 300
Cocoa Nut, 453
Codlings and Cream, 82
Cocculus, 247
Cochineal Insect, 371
Cockscomb, 420
Coffee Tree (_fig._ 39), 91
Colchicum, 451
Collar of a plant, 30
Collinsia, 412
Collomia, 407
Colocynth, 361
Coltsfoot, 107
Columbine (_fig._ 12), 31
Combretum, 353
Commelina cælestis, 452
Compositæ, 98, 390
Comptonia, 204
Compound flowers, 98
Compound leaf, 252
Concentric rings, 235
Cone of a Scotch Pine (_fig._ 94), 210
Confervæ, 472
Constantinople Nut, 201
Convallaria, 448
Convolvulus, 407
Corchorus japonica, 59
Cordiaceæ, 410
Cork Tree, 194
Corms, 443
Corn Blue-bottle, 104
Corn Cockle, 293
Corn Poppy (_fig._ 111), 260
Corn Salad, 388
Cornelian Cherry, 381
Cornus, 381
Corræa, 341
Coriaria, 342
Corrigiola, 365
Corolla (_fig._ 2), 7
Corollifloræ, 237
Corymbs, 69
Corydalis, 266
Cotton Grass, 457
Cotton Thistle (_fig. 42_), 99
Cotton Tree, 299
Cotoneaster, 73
Cotyledons (_fig._ 102), 39, 233, 317, 325
Cowper’s Lines on the Oak, 193
Cow Tree, 166
Crack Willow, 183
Cranberry (_fig._ 63), 131
Crassula, 366
Cratægus, 70
Creeping Cereus, 370
Crinum, 446
Crocus, 443, 451
Croton Oil, 430
Crowea, 341
Crowfoot, 14
Cruciferous Plants, 266
Crucinella stylosa, 97
Cryptogamic Plants, 236
Cucubalus, 292
Cucumber, 360
Cunonia, 378
Cuphea, 356
Cup Moss, 469
Cupressus, 223
Curcuma, 441
Currants, 374
Cuscuta, 408
Custard Apple, 245
Cycas, 229
Cyclamen, 417
Cyclobothra, 450
Cydonia, 70
Cymes of flowers, 301
Cynoglossum, 409
Cyperaceæ, 457
Cypress, 223
Cypress knees, 225
Cyprus Turpentine, 348
Cyrtandraceæ, 412
D.
Daisy, 104
Dandelion (_fig._ 44), 102
Date Palm, 453
Date Plum, 400
Datisceæ, 273
Datura, 152
Daviesia, 40
Day Lily, 447
Deadly Nightshade, 146
Dead Nettle, 414
Deal, 208
Deciduous Cypress, 224
Decumaria, 358
Deodar, 217
Deutziæ, 358
Devil-in-a-Bush, 26
Dewberry, 57
Dianthus, 289
Dichlamydeæ, 237
Diclytra, 266
Dicotyledonous Plants, 234
Dictamnus, 341
Didymocarpus, 412
Digitalis, 411
Dillenia, 240
Dillwynia, 40
Dionæa muscipula, 284
Dioscorea, 447
Diosma, 341
Diphylleia, 253
Dipsacus, 389
Dirca palustris, 427
Dock, 423
Dodecatheon, 418
Dog Rose, 52
Dog Violet, 450
Dogwood, 381
Dorsal Suture, 37
Dortmannia, 392
Doryanthes, 446
Double Flowers, 16
Dracæna, 449
Dragon Wood, ib.
Drimys Winteri, 241
Drosera, 284
Dryandra, 425
Duckweed, 455
Duke of Argyle’s Tea-tree, 146
Dumb Cane, 454
Dutch Rush, 465
Duvaua, 347
Dyer’s Weed, 273
E.
Ebony, 400
Eccremocarpus, 404
Echinocactus, 369
Echium, 409
Edwardsia, 40
Egg Plant, 143
Ehretia, 410
Elæagnus, 428
Elæocarpus, 302
Elder, 382
Elephant’s Foot, 447
Elm, 432
Empetrum, 433
Enchanter’s Nightshade, 84
Endive, 101
Endocarp, 66
Endogens, 236
Epacris, 397
Epilobium (_figs._ 34 & 35), 82
Epimedium, 253
Epiphyllum, 371
Equisetum, 465
Eryobotrya, 72
Eriophorum, 457
Erodium, 35
Erythronium, 450
Erythroxylon, 314
Escallonia, 376
Eschscholtzia, 265
Eucalyptus, 359
Eugenia, ib.
Euonymus, 343
Euphorbia, 429
Euryale, 256
Eutaxia, 40
Euthales, 393
Eutoca, 410
Evening Primrose (_fig._ 33), 80
Exogens, 235
F.
Fagus, 195
Fair Maid of France, 16
Fat-hen, 422
Fedia, 388
Fennel Flower, 26
Ferns, 461
Ferraria, 443
Feverfew, 105
Ficaria, 17
Ficus Carica, 171
Field Madder, 96
Fig, 171
Fig Marigold, 367
Filament, 6
Filbert, 201
Five-leaved Ivy, 331
Flacourtianeæ, 275
Flannel Flower, 154
Flax, 293
Flowering Ash, 139
Flowering Fern, 463
Flowering Rush, 437
Fluviales, 455
Fly Honeysuckles, 383
Follicles, 28
Foramen, 192
Forbidden Fruit, 307
Forget-me-not, 409
Fothergilla, 380
Foxglove, 411
Fragrant Rush, 455
Franciscea, 156
Francoa, 377
Frankenia, 288
Fraxinella, 341
French Willow Herb, 82
Fresh-water Soldier, 436
Fringe Tree, 137
Fritillaria, 450
Frog’s Bit, 435
Fronds, 461
Fuchsia (_figs._ 31 and 32), 75
Fumaria, 266
Fumitory, ib.
Fungi, 470
Funicle, 38
Funkia, 447
Furze, 35-40
Fusiform root, 30
G.
Gagea, 449
Galanthus, 446
Galax, 377
Galea, 413
Galium, 94
Gamboge, 313
Garcina, ib.
Garden Anemones, 21
Garden Orache, 422
Gardenia, 89
Garrya elliptica, 204
Gaultheria, 119
Gaura, 84
Gentiana, 403
Geranium, 335
Germen, 5
Gesneria, 395
Geum, 58
Ghent Azaleas, 127
Gilia, 407
Gillesieæ, 456
Ginger, 441
Githago, 293
Gladiolus, 443
Glasswort, 422
Glaucium, 264
Gleditschia, 46
Glechoma, 414
Globe Amaranth, 420
Globe Flower, 26
Globularia, 418
Gloriosa, 450
Gloxinia, 395
Glumaceæ, 457
Glumaceous Plants, 238
Gnidia, 427
Godetia, 81
Golden Rod, 107
Goldilocks, 14
Gomphrena, 420
Gonolobus, 403
Goodenoviæ, 393
Gooseberry, 372
Goosefoot, 422
Goose-grass, 96
Gopher Wood, 224
Gordonia, 303
Gossypium, 299
Gourd, 360
Grabowskia, 156
Gramineæ, 458
Grape, 329
Grape Hyacinth, 449
Grass Tribe, 458
Greek Valerian, 406
Grevillea, 425
Ground Ivy, 414
Groundsel, 106
Guava, 359
Guelder Rose, 383
Guernsey Lily, 446
Guiacum, 340
Gum Arabic, 35, 43
Gum-Cistus, 277
Gum-Sandarach Tree, 222
Guttiferæ, 313
H.
Hæmanthus, 446
Hæmadoraceæ, 445
Hair Moss, 467
Halesia, 398
Hamamelis, 380
Hand Plant, 300
Hart’s Tongue, 462
Hawthorn (_fig._ 30), 71
Hazel (_figs._ 90 and 91), 200
Heartsease, 279
Heath Family, 109
Heather, 114
Hedera, 379
Hedgehog Thistles, 369
Hedychium, 441
Heimia, 356
Helianthemum, 278
Heliconia, 443
Heliotrope, 409
Hellebore, 25
Hellebore of the Ancients, 451
Hemerocallis, 447
Hemlock Spruce, 214
Hemp, 162
Henbane (_fig._ 71), 151
Hepatica, 22
Hepaticæ, 468
Herb Bennet, 58
Herb Robert, 336
Hibbertia, 240
Hibiscus, 297
Hickory (_fig._ 80), 180
Hilum, 39, 192, 324, 327
Hippocrataceæ, 313
Hippomane, 431
Hippophae, 428
Hippuris, 355
Hog Plum, 347
Holly, 344
Hollyhock, 299
Homalineæ, 346
Homeria, 443
Honey Locusts, 46
Honeysuckles, 381
Hop, 160
Hop Hornbeam, 202
Hordeum, 459
Hornbeam (_fig._ 92), 201
Hornwort, 355
Horned Poppy, 264
Horn of Plenty, 388
Horse Chestnut, 322
Horse-tail, 464
Hound’s-tongue, 409
House-leek, 365
Hovea, 40
Hoya carnosa, 403
Hudsonia, 275
Hugonia, 303
Humulus, 160
Hyacinth, 449
Hydrangea, 377
Hydroleaceæ, 407
Hydropeltis, 254
Hydrophylleæ, 410
Hyoscyamus, 151
Hypericum, 312
Hypoxis, 446
I.
Iberis, 270
Iceland Moss, 469
Ice Plant, 367
Ilex aquifolium, 344
Ilex (_Quercus Ilex_, the Evergreen Oak), 194
Illecebrum, 365
Illicium, 241
Impari-pinnate leaf, 69
Impatiens, 338
Indian Arrowroot, 442
Indian Corn, 459
Indian Cress, 337
Indian Fig, 371
Indian Hawthorn, 71
Indian Lilac, 328
Indian Lotos, 257
Indian-rubber Tree, 173
Indian Shot, 442
Indusium, 393
Involucre (_fig._ 43), 98, 101
Ipecacuanha, 93
Ipomœa, 407
Ipomopsis, ib.
Iris (_fig._ 148), 443
Iron Tree, 400
Isotoma, 392
Itea, 377
Ivy, 379
Ixia, 443
Ixora, 92
J.
Jacaranda, 404
Jack Tree, 165
Jacobæa, 106
Jacob’s Ladder, 406
Jacquinia, 399
Jalap, 408
Jamaica Allspice, 359
Jambosa, ib.
Jasmine (_fig._ 64), 134
Jatropha Manihot, 430
Jeffersonia, 253
Jointed, 44
Judas Tree, 47
Jujube lozenges, 345
Juncus, 456
Jungermannia, 468
Juniper (_fig._ 100), 225
Justicia, 415
K.
Kadsura, 247
Kageneckia, 351
Kalmia, 128
Kalosanthes, 366
Keel, 37
Kentucky Coffee Tree, 48
Kenwood, 194
Kermes, 195
Kernelled fruit, 65
Kerria, 59
Keys, 310
King’s Spear, 449
Knautia, 389
Knawel, 365
Knot-grass, 365, 423
Kölreuteria, 327
L.
Labiatæ, 412
Labrador Tea, 129
Laburnum, 35, 40
Lace Bark Tree, 427
Lachnæa, ib.
Ladanum, 277
Ladies’ Mantle, 74
Lagenaria, 361
Lagerstrœmeria, 356
Lamb’s Lettuce, 388
Lamellæ, 470
Lamium, 414
Lamp-black, 209
Lantana, 415
Larch, 207, 216
Larix, 216
Larkspurs (_fig._ 10), 29
Lasiopetalum, 300
Lathræa, 416
Laudanum, 277
Laurel, 65
Laurestinus, 383
Laurus, 424
Lavatera, 299
Lawsonia, 356
Leadwort, 418
Leatherwood, 427
Lechea, 275
Lechenaultia, 393
Lecythis, 360
Ledum, 129
Leguminous Plants, 35, 349
Leiophyllum, 130
Lemna, 455
Lemon, 307
Lemon-scented Verbena, 415
Leontice, 253
Leptosiphon, 406
Leptospermum, 359
Lesser Celandine, 17
Lettuce (_fig._ 41), 99
Leucojum, 446
Leucothoe, 117
Leycesteria, 384
Lichens, 468
Lignum Vitæ, 340
Ligulate florets (_fig._ 41), 99, 101
Ligustrum, 136
Lilac, 137
Lilium, 450
Lily of the Valley, 448
Lime, Sweet, 307
Lime Tree, 301
Limnanthes, 337
Limnocharis, 438
Linaria, 412
Linden tree, 301
Linnæa, 385
Ling, 114
Linum, 293
Linseed, 295
Liquidambar, 203
Liquorice, 35
Liriodendron (Tulip Tree), 245
Lisianthus, 403
Litchi, 328
Live Oak, 194
Loasa, 362
Lobelia, 391
Loblolly-boy, 303
Logwood, 35, 47
Loiseleuria, 129
London Pride, 377
Lonicera, 383
Loosestrife, 418
Lopezia, 84
Lophirseæ, 354
Loquat Tree, 72
Loranthus, 385
Lotos, 258
Lotus Tree, 400
Loudonia aurea, 355
Love Apple, 144
Love-lies-bleeding, 420
Luculia gratissima, 87
Lupuline, 161
Lychnis, 293
Lycium, 146
Lycopodium, 463
Lyonia, 116
Lysimachia, 418
Lythrum, 356
Lyttæa, 451
M.
Manchineel Tree, 431
Maclura, 170
Madia, 107
Magnolia (_figs._ 104 to 106), 241
Mahaleb, 66
Mahogany, 329
Mahonia, 251
Maiden Hair, 462
Maize, 458
Malachodendron, 303
Malcomia, 270
Malesherbia, 362
Mallow, 298
Malope, ib.
Malpighia, 314
Malva, 298
Mammillaria, 368
Mandrake, 360
Manettia cordifolia, 88
Mango, 348
Mangold Wurtzel, 422
Mangosteen, 313
Mangrove, 353
Mangrove of Brazil, 415
Manna Ash, 139
Manne de Briançon, 217
Maple, 315
Maranta, 442
Marcgraaviaceæ, 313
Marchantia, 468
Mare’s-tail, 355
Marica, 443
Marsh Mallow, 299
Marsilea, 464
Mastic Tree, 348
Martagon Lily, 450
Mathiola, 270
Martynia, 405
Marvel of Peru, 420
Maurandya, 412
May Apple, 253
Meadow Crane’s-bill, 336
Medlar, 72
Medullary rays, 235
Melaleuca, 359
Melastoma, 357
Melia, 328
Melianthus, 340
Melocactus, 369
Melon, 360
Melon Thistle, 369
Memecyleæ, 353
Menispermum, 247
Menyanthes, 403
Menziesia (_fig._ 60), 128
Mesembryanthemum, 367
Mespilus, 72
Metrosideros, 359
Mezereon, 426
Michaelmas Daisy, 107
Michelia, 241
Mignonette, 271
Mildew, 471
Milkwort, 285
Mimosa, 44
Mimulus, 412
Mint, 412
Mirabilis Jalapa, 420
Mirbelia, 40
Mistletoe, 385
Mock Orange, 358
Momordica, 361
Monkshood, 27
Monochlamydeæ, 237
Monocotyledonous Plants, 234, 236
Monotropa, 132
Moon Seed, 247
Moor Heaths, 113
Moræa, 443
Morchella, 471
Morels, ib.
Moreton Bay Pine, 220
Moss, 466
Mountain Ash (_fig._ 29), 68
Mulberry (_fig._ 76), 167
Mullein, 134
Musa, 442
Muscari, 449
Musci, 466
Mushrooms, 470
Mussæuda, 90
Mutisia latifolia, 108
Myrica, 204
Myriophyllum, 355
Myristica (Nutmeg), 425
Myoporum, 415
Myrsine, 399
Myrtle, 359
Myrtle Tree of Van Diemen’s Land, 197
Myrtus, 359
N.
Naiades, 455
Nandina, 253
Narcissus, 446
Nasturtium, 337
Nectarine, 62
Nectary, 12
Negundo, 321
Nelumbium, 257
Nemophila, 410
Nepenthes, 429
Nerine, 446
Nerium, 402
Nettle, 158
Nettle Tree, 432
New Jersey Tea, 346
New Zealand Flax, 449
Nicotiana, 148
Nierembergia, 150
Night-flowering Cereus, 370
Nightshade, 143
Nitella, 465
Nitraria, 367
Nitrogen, 267
Nolana, 155
Noli-me-tangere, 338
Nopal tree, 371
Norfolk Island Pine, 220
Norway Maple, 319
Nuphar, 256
Nutmeg, 425
Nux vomica, 401
Nuytsia, 385
Nyctagineæ, 420
Nymphæa (_fig._ 110), 254
Nyssa, 427
O.
Oak (_figs._ 85, 86), 190
Oak Apples, 195
Oak Wood, mode of testing, 194
Oats, 458
Ochnaceæ, 342
Œnothera (_fig._ 33), 80
Ogechee Lime, 428
Olax Tribe, 307
Old man, 107
Oleander, 402
Oleaster, 428
Olive, 137
Onagraceæ, 354
Onions, 449
Opercularieæ, 387
Opium, 263
Opium Poppy (_fig._ 112), 262
Opuntia, 371
Orange (_figs._ 121 and 122), 307
Orange Lily, 450
Orchidaceæ, 438
Orchil, 469
Orchis, 439
Ornithogalum, 449
Orobanche, 416
Oryza (Rice), 459
Osage Orange, 170
Osier, 184
Osmunda, 463
Ostrya, 202
Osyris, 427
Ovary, 5
Ovules, ib.
Oxalis, 339
Ox-eye Daisy, 105
Oxycoccus, 131
P.
Palea (_fig._ 45), 103
Paliurus, 345
Palma Christi, 431
Palm Trees, 452
Palo de Vacca, 166
Pancratium, 446
Pandamus, 453
Papaw Tree, 361
Paper Mulberry, 169
Papilionaceous Flowers (_fig._ 13), 36
Pappus, 98
Papyrus, 457
Parnassia, 284
Parsley Tribe, 378
Partridge Wood, 307
Passerina, 427
Passion Flower, 361
Pasque Flower, 19
Patersonia, 443
Paulownia, 412
Pavia, 326
Peach, 61
Pear (_fig._ 28), 67
Pedalineæ, 405
Pedicel, 47
Pelargonium (_fig._ 134), 332
Pellitory of Spain, 105
Pellitory of the wall, 163
Pendaceæ, 396
Pentstemon, 412
Peony (_fig._ 6), 18
Pepper, 432
Pepper-grass, 464
Perennial Flax, 295
Pereskia, 371
Pergularia, 403
Perianth, 7
Periploca græca, 403
Peristome, 467
Persicaria, 423
Persimon, 400
Personate corolla, 411
Peruvian Bark, 86
Petaloid, 237
Petals, 7
Petty Whin, 40
Petunia, 149
Peziza, 471
Phacelia, 410
Phœnix dactylifera, 453
Phanerogamic Plants, 236
Pharbitis, 408
Philadelphus, 358
Phillyrea, 137
Phlox, 406
Phormium, 449
Photinia, 72
Phyllodia (_fig._ 15), 42
Physalis, 145
Physianthus, 403
Phyteuma, 394
Phytolacca, 421
Picea, 214
Pileus, 470
Pilewort, 17
Pillwort, 464
Pimelea, 427
Pimpernel, 417
Pinaster, 211
Pinckneya, 88
Pine and Fir Tribe, 208
Pine Apple, 451
Pinguicula, 416
Pink, 292
Pinnæ, 43
Pinnate leaf, 252
Pinnatifid leaf, 69
Pinus, 209
Pipewort, 456
Pistacia, 348
Pistil (_fig._ 1), 5
Pitch, 209
Pitcher Plant, 429
Pittosporum, 287
Placenta, 37
Plane Tree, 202
Planera, 432
Plantain, 419, 442
Platylobium, 40
Plum, 63
Plumbago, 418
Plumule, 192
Podetia, 468
Podolobium, 40
Podophyllum, 253
Poet’s Cassia, 427
Polemonium, 406
Polianthes, 446
Pollen, 6
Polygala, 285
Polygonum, 423
Polyphore, 55
Polypodium, 462
Polypody, ib.
Polytrichum, 467
Pomegranate, 352
Pomes, 67
Pontederia, 452
Pond Weed, 455
Poplar (_fig._ 82), 185
Poppy Tribe, 259
Porte-chapeau, 345
Port Famine Fuchsia, 78
Portugal Laurel, 65
Portulaca, 364
Port wine, 421
Potentilla, 54
Prickles, 53
Prickly Ash, 341
Prickly Pear, 371
Prickly Poppy, 265
Pride of India, 328
Primrose, 417
Primula, ib.
Prinos, 345
Privet (_fig._ 65), 136
Protea, 425
Psidium, 359
Ptelea, 341
Pteris, 462
Pulmonaria, 409
Pultenæa, 40
Punica Granatum, 352
Purging Buckthorn, 345
Purslane, 364
Pyrola, 132
Pyroligneous acid, 209
Pyrus japonica, 70
Q.
Quamoclit, 407
Quassia, 342
Queen’s Needlework, 59
Quercus, 190
Quillaja, 351
Quillwort, 464
Quince, 70
Quisqualis indica, 353
R.
Rafflesia, 429
Ragged Robin, 293
Ranunculaceæ, 239
Ranunculus, 10
Raphiolepis, 71
Raspberry (_fig._ 23), 56
Reaumuria, 367
Receptacle, 5
Red Cedar, 227
Red Clover, 40
Red German Catchfly, 293
Red Root, 346
Red-wood Tree, 314
Reed-mare, 453
Reindeer Moss, 469
Reseda, 271
Restiaceæ, 456
Retziaceæ, 407
Rheum, 423
Richardia, 454
Rhinanthus, 412
Rhipsalis, 371
Rhizoboleæ, 327
Rhizophora, 353
Rhododendron (_figs._ 57 and 58), 121
Rhodora canadensis, 127
Rhubarb, 423
Rhamnus, 345
Rhus, 349
Ribes, 372
Rib-grass, 419
Rice, 458
Ricinus, 431
Ringent corolla, 413
Rivinia, 421
Robinia, 35
Rock Rose, 275
Rock Lychnis, 293
Rocket Larkspur, 31
Roman Nettle, 160
Rondeletia (_figs._ 37 and 38), 90
Rosaceæ, 350
Rose (_figs._ 20-22), 51
Rose Apple, 359
Rose Campion, 293
Rubiaceæ, 85, 386
Rue, 340
Ruellia, 415
Rumex, 423
Ruscus, 448
Rush, 456
Ruta, 340
Rye, 458
S.
Saccharum, 459
Sacred Bean of India, 258
Saffron, 445
Sage, 412
Sagittaria, 437
Sago Palm, 453
Sagus Rumphii, ib.
Salicornia, 422
Sallow, 184
Salpiglossis, 150
Salsola Kali, 422
Samara, 317
Sambucus, 382
Samydeæ, 346
Sandal-wood, 427
Sapindaceæ, 327
Saponaria, 292
Sapoteæ, 399
Sarracenia, 259
Sarsaparilla, 448
Sassafras, 424
Savin, 227
Saxifrage, 377
Scabious, 389
Scaly bracts, 108
Schinus, 347
Schizandra, 247
Schizanthus, 151
Schubertia, 225
Scilla, 449
Scirpus, 457
Scitamineæ, 441
Scleranthus, 365
Scolopendrium, 462
Scotch Pine (_figs._ 93 & 94), 209
Screw Pine, 453
Screw Tree, 300
Scrophularinæ, 411
Scyphæ, 469
Sea Buckthorn, 428
Sea Lavender, 418
Sea Weeds, 471
Secale, 459
Sedges, 457
Seed-leaves, 233
Segments of the perianth, 8
Sempervivum, 365
Senna, 35, 46
Sensitive Plant, 35, 40, 44
Sepals, 7
Seville Orange, 308
Shaddock, 307
Shepherd’s Club, 154
Shield Fern, 462
Shrubby Trefoil, 341
Sideroxylon, 399
Side-saddle Plant, 259
Sieversia, 58
Silene, 292
Silk Cotton Tree, 299
Sillicle (_fig._ 114), 267
Sillique (_fig._ 115), 267
Silver Fir, 206, 214
Simarubaceæ, 342
Sinningia, 395
Siphocampylos, 392
Siphonia, 430
Sisyrinchium, 443
Sloe (_fig._ 25), 62
Smilax, 448
Snake Gourd, 361
Snapdragon, 411
Snowberry, 384
Snowdrop, 446
Snowdrop Tree, 398
Soap Tree, 327
Soapwort, 292
Soda, 422
Solandra, 153
Solanum, 142
Soldanella, 418
Sollya, 288
Sophora, 40
Sorbus, 68
Sorrel, 423
Sorus, 461
Sour Sop, 246
Southern-wood, or Old-man, 107
Sow-bread, 417
Sowthistle (_fig._ 43), 101
Spanish Broom, 40
Sparaxis, 443
Spearwort, 14
Spiderwort, 452
Spleenwort, 462
Spinach, 422
Spindle Tree, 343
Spiræa (_fig._ 24), 59
Spiral vessels, 232, 336
Sporules, 461
Spruce Fir, 206, 212
Spurge Laurel, 426
Squills, 449
Squirting Cucumber, 361
Stackhousia, 431
Staff Tree, 343
St. Dabeoc’s Heath, 117
St. John’s Bread, 46
St. John’s Wort, 312
Stamens (_fig._ 1), 5
Standard, 37
Stapelia, 403
Stapylæa, 343
Star of Bethlehem, 449
Statice, 418
Sterculia, 300
Stigma, 5
Sting of the Nettle, 159
Stipes, 470
Stipules (_fig._ 20), 53
Stocks, 270
Stone Pine, 211
Stonewort, 465
Storax, 398
Stratiotes, 436
Strawberry, 55
Strawberry Blite, 422
Strawberry Tree, 118
Strelitzia, 443
Streptocarpus, 412
Strobile, 210
Strychnos, 401
Stuartia, 303
Stump of the Silver Fir, 215
Stump Tree, 48
Style, 5
Stylideæ, 393
Styrax, 398
Succory, 101
Sugar Cane, 458
Sugar Maple, 320
Sun-dew Tribe, 284
Sun Flower, 107
Sun Rose, 279
Suwarrow Nut, 327
Sweet Bay Tree, 424
Sweet Briar, 53
Sweet Gale, 203
Sweet Pea (_fig._ 13), 36
Sweet William, 292
Swietenia, 329
Sycamore (_figs._ 123 & 124), 315
Sycamore Tree of Holy Writ, 172
Symplocos, 397
Symphoria, 384
Syringa, 358
T.
Tacamahac Tree, 187
Talauma, 245
Talinum, 364
Tamarind, 35, 46
Tamarisk, 357
Tamus, 448
Tanghina, 402
Tapioca, 431
Tap-root (_fig._ 11), 30
Tar, 209
Taxodium, 224
Taxus, 228
Teak, 415
Teasel, 389
Tea Tree, 306
Tecoma, 404
Tectona, 415
Tendrils, 24
Terebinthaceæ, 347
Ternate leaves, 55
Ternstrœmiaceæ, 303
Testudinaria, 447
Thalia, 442
Thallus, 468
Thalamifloræ, 237
Thalamus, 5
Theca, 461
Thea Bohea, 307
Theobroma, 300
Theophrasta, 399
Thistle Down, 104
Thomasia, 300
Thorn Apple, 153
Thorny Acacia, 47
Thread, 495
Thrift, 418
Thunbergia, 416
Thyme, 412
Thymelææ, 426
Thysanotus, 449
Tigridia, 443
Tilia (_fig._ 120), 301
Tillandria, 451
Toadflax, 412
Tobacco (_fig._ 70), 148
Tomato, 144
Toothache Tree, 341
Torch Thistle, 369
Tormentilla, 58
Torus, 5
Touch-me-not, 338
Trachelium, 394
Tradescantia, 452
Trapa, 355
Traveller’s Joy, 24
Tree Ferns, 237, 463
Tree Peony, 19
Tree Primrose (_fig._ 33), 75, 80
Tremandreæ, 286
Tremella, 471
Trevirana, 412
Triptilion spinosum, 108
Triticum, 459
Tritonia, 443
Tropæolum, 337
True Service, 69
Truffle, 471
Trumpet Honeysuckle, 384
Tuber cibarium, 471
Tuberose, 447
Tubular florets (_fig._ 42), 99
Tulipa, 456
Tulipaceæ, 450
Tulip Tree (Liriodendron), 245
Tupa, 392
Tupelo Tree, 427
Turk’s Cap, 369
Turmeric, 441
Turnera, 363
Turpentine Trees, 348
Tutsan, 312
Typha, 453
U.
Ulmus, 432
Umbelliferous Plants, 378
Umbilicate, 67
Unguiculate, 83
Upas Tree (_fig._ 75), 167
Upright (Fly) Honeysuckle, 383
Urtica, 158
Utricularia, 416
V.
Vaccinium, 130
Valerian, 387
Vallisneria, 435
Valves, 37
Vasculares, 231
Vascular Tissue, ib.
Vegetable Marrow, 361
Venetian Sumach, 349
Venice Turpentine, 217
Ventral suture, 37
Venus’ Fly-trap, 284
Venus’ Looking-glass, 394
Venus Navelwort, 409
Verbascum, 154, 410
Verbena, 411
Veronica, 412
Vervain, 414
Vestia, 147
Vexillum, 37
Viburnum, 383
Victoria Regina, 256
Vieusseuxia, 443
Vinca, 402
Vine (_fig._ 133), 329
Violet, 279
Virgilia, 40
Virginian Creeper, 331
Virginian Poke, 421
Virginian Stock, 270
Virgin’s Bower (Clematis), 24
Viscaria, 293
Viscum, 385
Vitex, 415
Vitis, 329
Vochysieæ, 353
Volkameria, 415
W.
Wachendorfia, 445
Wallflower (_fig._ 116), 268
Walnut (_fig._ 77), 176
Water Caltrops, 355
Water Crowfoot, 16
Water Lily (_fig._ 110), 254
Water Melon, 361
Water Milfoil, 355
Water Pepper, 423
Water Plantain, 436
Water Starwort, 355
Water Violet, 418
Watsonia, 443
Wayfaring Tree, 383
Weld, 273
Weymouth Pine (_fig._ 95), 212
Wheat, 458
White Beam Tree, 69
White Cedar, 224
White Poppy, 263
Whorl of leaves, 95
Wild Chamomile, 105
Wild Ginger, 428
Wild Service, 69
Wild Saffron, 104
Willow (_fig._ 81), 182
Willow Herb, 356
Wings, 37
Winter Aconite, 26
Winter Bark, 241
Winter Berry, 345
Winter Cherry, 145
Winter Green, 132
Witch Hazel, 380
Witsenia, 443
Wolfsbane, 27
Woodruff, 96
Wood-sorrel, 339
Wordsworth’s lines on the lesser Celandine, 16
Wormwood, 107
X.
Xanthoxylum, 341
Xygophyllum, 340
Xylosteum (Fly Honeysuckle), 383
Y.
Yam, 447
Yarrow, 106
Yellow Anemone, 20
Yellow Azalea 126
Yellow Ragwort, or Benweed 106
Yellow Rattle 412
Yew 228
Yucca 450
Z.
Zamia 230
Zanthoxylum 341
Zea 459
Zelkoua Tree 432
Zenobia 116
Zingiber 441
Zizyphus 345
Zygophyllum 340
THE END.
LONDON: BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.
WORKS BY MRS. LOUDON.
PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS IN GARDENING, FOR LADIES.
With directions for every Month in the Year.
Second Edition, with Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo, 6_s._
CONTENTS:
Digging.—Forking.—Hoeing, and Raking.—Manuring, and making Hotbeds.—Sowing Seeds, Planting Bulbs and Tubers, Transplanting and Watering,—Grafting, Budding, Inarching, Making Layers and Cuttings.—Training, Pruning, and destroying Insects.—Kitchen garden, and Culinary Vegetables.—Kitchen-garden, and Fruit-trees.—Flower-garden, and Flowers.—The Lawn, Shrubbery, and Pleasure-ground.—Rock-work, Moss-houses, and Fountains.—Window Gardening, and Greenhouse Plants.—Calendar of operations for the Year.
THE YEAR-BOOK OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR YOUNG PERSONS.
CONTENTS:
Snails and Slugs.—Moths and Butterflies.—Bees and Wasps.—British Singing Birds.—Luminous Insects.—Wild Flowers and Clouds.—Water Beetles: Rose Chaffer, Cock Chaffer, Cock Roach, Dragon Fly, May Flies, and the Stickle Back.—The Limestone Caverns; Fossil Remains; Coal Mines; Iron Furnaces; Thunder Storm.—Moles, Mushrooms, Truffles, and Morels, Shrews, Mice, Frogs, and Polecats.—River Crawfish; and Flies.—Snipes and Woodcocks, Fieldfares and Thrushes; American Mocking Bird; Larks; Courses of the Wind.—Frost and Snow; The Holly; Mistletoe, and Robin Redbreast.
With 45 Woodcuts, 16mo, 4_s._