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Emphasis is indicated by _Italic and Underscore_ and =Bold=. Whole number and fractional part is indicated as 7-3/4.

=Bird-Lore=

_AN ILLUSTRATED BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS_

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

Official Organ of the Audubon Societies

Audubon Department Edited by MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT

_VOLUME I--1899_

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY ENGLEWOOD, N. J., AND NEW YORK CITY

INDEX TO ARTICLES IN VOLUME I BY AUTHORS

Allen, J. A., The American Ornithologists' Union, 143.

Babcock, C. A., 'Suggestions for Bird-Day Programs in the Schools,' 49. Baily, William L., 'Three Cobb's Island Pictures,' 81. Batchelder, Annie V., Sec'y, report of, 102. Beal, F. E. L., Reviews by, 98, 133. Beebe, C. Will, 'Two Nova Scotia Photographs,' 113. Board, Nellie S., Sec'y, report of, 62. Brown, Elizabeth V., 'A Bird-Day Program,' 52. Burnett, Dr. D. L., 'A Musical Woodpecker,' 60. Burroughs, John, 'In Warbler Time,' 3. Butler, Amos W., Sec'y, report of, 66.

Chapman, Frank M., 'Birds Through a Telescope,' 132; 'Gannets on Bonaventure,' 71; 'The Legend of the Salt,' 55; 'The Passing of the Tern,' 205; 'The Surprising Contents of a Birch Stub,' 187; editorials by, 2, 28, 63, 135, 169, 201; photographs by, 119, 149; reviews by, 26, 27, 61, 97, 98, 133, 167. Collins, H. M., 'The Peculiarities of a Caged Skylark,' 157. Cram, William Everett, 'Winter Bird Notes from Southern New Hampshire,' 180. Crolius, A. A., 'How the Central Park Chickadees Were Tamed,' 185.

Day, Mary F., 'Home-Life in a Chimney,' 78. Deane, Ruthven, President, report of, 66. Dutcher, William, 'Loons at Home,' 40.

Eaton, Isabel, 'Bird Studies for Children,' 17.

Fisher, Dr. A. K., 'Average Dates of Arrival of the Commoner Birds at Sing Sing, N. Y., during April and May,' 54.

Geery, D. R., 'Sparrow Proof Houses,' 60. Glover, Harriet D. C., Sec'y, report of, 31. Glover, Helen W., Sec'y, report of, 139. Grant, Annie M., Sec'y, reports of, 30, 204.

Hegner, Robert W., 'Photographing a Bluebird,' 43; 'The Prairie Horned Lark,' 152. Hodge, C. F., 'A Pleasant Acquaintance With a Hummingbird,' 155; 'On the Ethics of Caging Birds,' 158. Horack, Frank E., 'The Songs of Birds,' 96; 'A Singing Bluejay,' 197.

Ives, Ella Gilbert, 'The Cardinal at the Hub,' 83; 'The Cardinal in Maine,' 132.

Judd, Sylvester D., Ph. D., 'Collecting a Brown Thrush's Song,' 25.

Kearton, R., 'Photographing Shy Wild Birds and Beasts at Home,' 107. Kendall, Blanche, photographs by, 84, 85, 86. Kennard, Fred. H., 'A May Morning,' 91.

Lehmann, Lilli, A Message from, 103. Lemmon, Isabella McC., 'Oliver Twist, Catbird,' 163. Lockwood, Emma H., Sec'y, report of, 32. Loring, J. Alden, 'Inquisitive Magpies,' 96.

Mellick, Mary A., Sec'y, report of, 32. Menke, H. W., 'From a Cabin Window,' 14; photograph by, 106. Merriam, Florence A., 'Clark's Crows and Oregon Jays on Mount Hood,' 46, 72; 'Our Doorstep Sparrow,' 20. Miller, Oliver Thorne, 'On the Ethics of Caging Birds,' 19, 89. Mumma, Rosa Meyers, 'Matins,' 77.

Nash, H. W., photograph by, 176. Newkirk, Garrett, 'Mr. Flicker Writes a Letter,' 129; 'Robin Rejoice,' 95; 'The Little Brown Creeper,' 197. Noble, Floyd C., 'A February Walk in Central Park,' 57.

Osgood, Fletcher, report of, 137.

Patten, Mrs. John Dewhurst, Sec'y, reports of, 32, 173. Peabody, P. B., 'Richardson's Owl,' 190. Peckham, Mrs. Elizabeth W., Sec'y, reports of, 101, 205. Princehorn, A. L., photograph by, 154.

Richards, Harriet E., Sec'y, report by, 30. Roberts, Dr. Thos. S., 'The Camera as an aid in the Study of Birds,' 6, 35; 'A Catbird Study,' 87. Robins, Julia Stockton, Sec'y, report of, 66, 204. Robinson, Mildred A., 'A February Walk,' 94. Roosevelt, Theodore, Letter from, 65. Royael, John L., 'An Accomplished House Sparrow,' 24. Russell, Miss Cora, Sec'y, report of, 32.

Sage, John H., 'Fall Migration at Portland, Conn.,' 128. Schwab, L. H., 'An Odd Nesting Site,' 166. Slosson, Annie Trumbull, 'A Tragic St. Valentine's Day,' 45. Smith, Anna Harris, 'On the Ethics of Caging Birds,' 160. Smith, W. Gordon, photograph by, 177. Soule, Caroline G., 'Birds and Caterpillars,' 166; 'Humanizing the Birds,' 193. Southwick, E. B., 'A Nut-hatching Nuthatch,' 24. Stone, Witmer, 'A Search for the Reedy Island Crow Roost,' 177. Stone, Witmer, and others, 'Hints to Young Bird Students,' 125.

Tabor, E. G., 'A Least Bittern Portrait,' 39; photographs by, 149, 156. Taylor, John W., President, report of, 67. Thomas, Edith M., 'The Masquerading Chickadee,' 77. Thompson, Ernest Seton, 'The Myth of the Song Sparrow,' 59. Torrey, Bradford, 'Watching the Bittern Pump,' 123. Tyler, D. T. A., Audubon's Seal, 172.

Van Altena, Edward, photograph by, 116. Van Dyke, Henry, 'The Angler's Reveille,' 150. Van Sant, Florence A., 'Zip and Phoebe, A Catbird Story,' 130.

Widmann, Otto, 'In the Spartina with the Swallows,' 115. Webster, Ellen E., 'An Interesting Phoebe's Nest, 197. Wood, George, photograph by, 21. W[right], M. O., Editorials by, 29, 64, 100, 136, 170, 202.

INDEX TO VOLUME I

A Dictionary of Birds, reviewed, 199. Adney, Tappan, 202. Advisory Council, 192. Allen, J. A., 127, 142, 144, 169. Aldrich, Chas., 142. American Ornithologists' Union, 142, 143, 169. Audubon Bird Chart, 27. Audubon Calendar, 200. Audubon Societies, reports of. See under names of Secretaries. Auk, The, 146, 147.

Babcock, C. A., 62. Bailey, H. B., 142. Baird, S. F., 142. Baldpate, 128. Ball, Helen A., 167. Barlow, Chester, 62, 168. Bartsch, Paul, 200. Batchelder, C. F., 142. Beal, F. E. L., 134. Belding, Lyman, 146. Bendire, C. E., 142. Bicknell, E. P., 142. Bickmore, Professor, 32. Bird Collecting, 135, 168. Bird-Day, 36, 49, 51, 53, 98. Bird Games, 18. 'Bird Gods,' reviewed, 26. Bird Houses, figured, 60. 'Bird-Life; A Guide to the Study of our Common Birds,' Teachers' edition, reviewed, 27. Bird-Lore, 28, 63, 201. 'Bird Migration in Mississippi Valley,' 146. 'Birds,' reviewed, 97. Birds and Farmers, 103. 'Birds as Weed Destroyers,' reviewed, 134. Birds' Christmas Tree, 195. 'Birds of Washington and Vicinity,' reviewed, 26. Birds, Food for, 19. Birds, Songs of, 96. 'Birds Through an Opera-glass,' 168. Bittern, American, 54, 123, 128; figured, 149; Least, 39, 40, 123, 128; figured, 34; Blackbird, Red-winged, 92, 96, 128; Rusty, 128; Yellow-headed, 16; figured, 16; Bluebird, 43, 150; figured, 43, 44. Bobolink, 55, 92, 117, 128. Boynton, Helen M., 98. Brewster, William, 27, 127, 142, 144, 202. British Columbia, 98. Brooks, William R., 132. Brown, Elizabeth V., 173. Brown, Nathan C., 142. Brownell, L. W., 63. Bunting, Indigo, 55, 128. Burroughs, John, 2, 5, 202.

California, 62. Campbell, A. J., 202. Camera, 6, 35, 107, 202. Canada, 40, 133, 171. Canary, 17, 89, 96. Cardinal, 57, 83, 132; figured, 84, 85, 86. Catbird, 54, 91, 128, 163, 166; figured, 87, 88. Cedarbird, 92, 166; figured, 161. Chamberlain, M., 142. Chapman, Frank M., 26, 31, 32, 127, 202. Chat, Yellow-breasted, 55. Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, 168. 'Check-list of British Columbia Birds,' reviewed, 98/ Check-list of North American Birds, 147. Chickadee, Black-capped, 9, 10, 11, 19, 24, 56, 58, 77, 94, 97, 181, 182, 185, 187; figured, 7, 10, 12, 13, 56, 189. Clark, Josephine A., 62. Code of Nomenclature, 145. Cohen, Donald, 62. Connecticut, 27, 128, 166. Cooke, W. W., 146. Cooper Ornithological Club, 62. Coot, American, 128. Cormorants, Double-crested, 71. Cory, C. B., 142. Coues, Elliott, 135, 142, 144. Coues' 'Key,' 98. Cowbird, 54, 93, 128. Creeper, Brown, 57, 128, 181, 195; figured, 195. Crow, 92, 164, 177, 181, 184; figured, 177, 184. Crow, Fish, 54. Crow, Clark's, 46, 72; figured, 47, 72, 74, 76. Cuckoo, Black-billed, 55, 93, 128, 166; Yellow-billed, 55, 128, 166.

Dart, Leslie O., 10. Davis, W. T., 200. Dearborn, Ned, 98. De Kay, Charles, 26. Delaware, 179. Dickey Downy, reviewed, 200. Diver, Great Northern, 40. Dove, Mourning, 128. Duck, American Scaup, 128; Black, 128; Buffle-head, 128; Lesser Scaup, 128; Ring-necked, 128; Ruddy, 128. Dutcher, William, 103, 127.

Eagle, 26. Eagle, Bald, 170, 171, 181; Golden, figured, 176. Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy, 98. 'Economic Relations of Birds and Their Food,' noticed, 134. Edwards, George Wharton, 26. Egg Collecting, 61. Elliot, D. G., 142. Evans, A. H., 97.

Fannin, John, 98. February Walk Contest, 57. 'Field Key to the Land Birds,' reviewed, 167. Finch, Purple, 54. Fisher, A. K., 127, 142. Flicker, 18, 128, 181. Florida, 45, 63. Flycatcher, Alder, 55; Crested, 55; Green-crested, 55; Least, 54, 128; Olive-sided, 55; Yellow-bellied, 55.

Gadow, Hans, 199. Gannets, 70; figured, 70. Gill, Theodore, 135. Gleeson, Joseph M., 199. Goldfinch, 17, 183; European, 58. Goose, Canada, 128, 181. Goshawk, American, 128, 180. Grackle, Bronzed, 128. Grant, Annie M., 133. Grebe, Pied-billed, 54, 128. Grinnell, George Bird, 146. Grosbeak, Pine, 183; Rose-breasted, 55, 92, 128, 166. Grouse, Blue, 46. Gull, Herring, 71.

Harvey, L. D., 98. Hawk, Cooper's, 128; Marsh, 128; Pigeon, 54, 128; Rough-legged, 181; Sharp-shinned, 128; Sparrow, 54. Henshaw, H. W., 142, 202. Heron, Black-crowned Night, 54, 128; Green, 54, 92, 128; Great Blue, 128. Hodge, C. F., 161, 162, 167. Hoffmann, Ralph, 27, 30. Holder, J. B., 142. Hornaday, W. T., 31. Hornbrooke, Orinda, 102. Howe, Reginald Heber, Jr., 134. Hubbard, Marion C., 202. Hummingbird, 55, 128, 155; nest of, figured, 156.

Iowa, 43, 152.

Jay, Blue, 96, 181; Oregon, 46, 72; figured, 48, 72, 73, 75; Stellers', 46. Jones, Lynds, 27, 168, 202. Judd, Sylvester D., 134. Junco, 19, 113, 128, 183; nest of, figured, 113; Oregon, 46.

Kearton, C., 26, 133. Kearton, Richard, 26, 133. Killdeer, 35; figured, 36, 38. Kingbird, 39, 55, 92, 128. Kingfisher, 54, 128. Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 128, 181; Ruby-crowned, 3, 46, 54, 128. Knight, O. W., 62. Knobel, E., 30, 167.

Lacey-Hoar Bird Bill, 63. Land Birds of Pacific District, 146. Lark, Horned, 15, 180; figured, 14, 15; Prairie Horned, 152; figured, 152, 153. Lawrence, Geo. M., 142. 'List of Birds of Belknap and Merrimack Counties,' reviewed, 98. Lodge, G. E., 97. Loon, 40, 41, 128; nest and eggs of, figured, 42; Red-throated, 128. Lucas, F. A., 200, 202.

Magpie, 96. Maine Ornithological Society, 62. Mallard, 128. Martin, European, nest and young of, figured, 122; Purple, 54, 120, 128. Maryland Yellow Throat, 55, 151. Massachusetts, 27, 83, 91, 134. Maynard, C. J., 62. Maynard, Mrs. L. W., 25. McCormick, A. I., 62. McCormick, L. M., 202. Meadowlark, 92, 128, 183. Mearns, E. A., 142, 202. Merganser, Hooded, 128; Red-breasted, 128; Merriam, C. Hart, 127, 142, 145, 146, 169, 202. Merriam, Florence A., 26, 31, 173, 202. Migration, 54, 128, 145, 169. Miller, Olive Thorne, 32, 62, 158, 159, 160, 167, 202. Minnesota, 10, 67, 190. Missouri, 27, 115. Morrill, C. H., 62.

Nash, Charles W., 133. Nature Study, 51, 62, 193. Nehrling, H., 27. Nests, 19. Nest-building, 50. Nest-holder, 197. New Hampshire, 98, 180. New Jersey, 78, 116, 119, 126, 132, 177, 187. Newton, Alfred, 199. Newton, Dr. Heber, 31. New York, 5, 39, 54, 55, 57, 132, 134, 149, 156. Night-hawk, 55, 128; figured, 114. Nova Scotia, 113. Nutcracker, 46, 72. Nuthatch, Red-breasted, 128, 182; White-breasted, 24, 58, 94. Nuttall 'Bulletin,' 143, 144. Nuttall Ornithological Club, 143.

Oberholser, H. C., 173, 200. Ohio, 27. Olds, Henry, 173. Old-squaw, 128. 'On the Birds' Highway,' reviewed, 134. Oregon, 46, 72. Oriole, Baltimore, 55, 91, 128; Orchard, 55. Osprey, 54, 128. 'Our Animal Friends,' 168. 'Our Common Birds,' reviewed, 167. Ovenbird, 55, 128. Owl, Barred, 117; Richardson's, 190; figured, 190, 191; Saw-whet, 182; Screech, figured, 154; Short-eared, 128; Snowy, 128, 180; figured, 181.

Palmer, Alice Freeman, 102. Palmer, T. S., 32, 127, 134, 173. Parkhurst, H. E., 200. Patterson, Virginia Sharpe, 200. Pelican, Brown, 169, 171. Pewee, Wood, 55, 92, 128. Phoebe, 128, 130. Phonograph, 25. Pinchot, Professor, 202. Pintail, 128. Pipit, American, 128. Plover, American Golden, 128. Prentiss, D. W., 142. Purdie, H. A., 142.

Quail, 91, 93. Quills to Avoid, figured, 169, 171. Quincy, Josiah, Mayor, 137.

Rail, Yellow, 128; Virginia, 128. Razor-bill, 81. Redstart, 55, 93, 128. Reynaud, Capt., 202. Rhode Island, 134. Richards, Harriet E., 102. Richmond, C. W., 27, 127, 200. Ridgway, Robert, 32, 127, 142, 200, 202. Roberts, T. S., 202. Robertson, Howard, 62. Robin, 17, 32, 50, 128, 150, 166; figured on nest, 95. Robinson, Lieut. Wirt, 21. Robinson, Mildred A., 57. Rowley, John, 202. Rubbish Heap, Artificial, 109.

Sage, J. H., 27. Sandpiper, Least, 55, 128; Pectoral, 128; Semi-palmated, 128; Solitary, 55, 128. Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 54, 128. Scoter, American, 128; Surf, 128; White-winged, 128. Sennett, George B., 198. Sharpe, R. Bowdler, 61. Shrike, Northern, 6, 128, 181. Shufeldt, R. W., 142. Sketch Book of British Birds, reviewed, 61. Skimmer, Black, figured, 81; nest and eggs of, figured, 82; Skylark, 157. Siskin, Pine, 128. Slab-Sides, 5. Snipe, Wilson's, 54, 128. Snow Buntings, 180, 181. Snowflake, 141, 128; figured, 14, 15. Solitaire, Townsends, 47. Sparrow, Chipping, 20, 54, 97, 166; figured, 21; English, 17, 49; Field, 54, 93, 128; Fox, 128; Henslow's, 117, 118; House, 24; Lincoln's, 128; Nelson's, 128; Savanna, 54; Song, 58, 92, 128; figured, 59; Swamp, 54, 92, 128; Tree, 19, 128, 181; Vesper, 54; White-crowned, 47, 55, 128; White-throated, 54, 57, 128; Yellow-winged, 55; Sparrow War, 137. Stake-driver, 124. Starling, 57. Stejneger, Leonhard, 195. Stone, Witmer, 27, 28, 29, 61, 125, 127, 200. Swallow, Bank, 54, 120, 128; Barn, 54, 92, 128; Cliff, 55, 128; nests of, figured, 106; Eave, 115, 118, 119, 120; Rough Wing, 55, 115, 119, 120; Tree, 45, 54, 115; figured, 116, 119, 121; White Breast, 115, 118, 119, 120. Swan, 26. Swift, Chimney, 54, 78, 92, 128.

Tanager, Scarlet, 55, 128. Tatlock, John, Jr., 132. Taylor, Henry Reed, 62. Teal, Blue-winged, 128; Green-winged, 128. Tern, Gull-billed, 82; figured, 82; Wilson's, 205; figured, 206. Thayer, Abbott, 200. 'The Birds of Eastern North America,' reviewed, 200. 'The Birds of Ontario in Relation to Agriculture,' reviewed, 133. 'The Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds,' noticed, 134. 'The Feeding Habit of the Chipping Sparrow, and the Winter Food of the Chickadee,' reviewed, 97. 'The First Book of Birds,' reviewed, 167. 'The Osprey,' 135; Thompson, Ernest Seton, 27, 62, 134, 202. Thrasher, Brown, 25, 54, 91, 128, 151. Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 55, 128; Hermit, 54, 128; Olive-backed, 55, 128; Wilson's, 55, 128; Wood, 54, 92, 128. Torrey, Bradford, 202. Towhee, 54. Tree Trunk, Artificial, 108. Tryon, Kate, 31.

Van Dyke, Dr. Henry, 31. Van Name, Willard G., 31. Veery, 55, 128. Vermont, 166; Vireo, Blue-headed, 54, 128; Philadelphia, 128; Red-eyed, 55, 91, 128, 166; Yellow-throated, 55, 93, 128; Warbling, 55, 128, 166; White-eyed, 55, 91, 95, 166. Virginia, 81, 206.

'Wabeno, the Magician,' reviewed, 199. Warbler, Bay-breasted, 55, 128; Black and White, 5, 54, 93, 128; Blackburnian, 55, 128; Black-poll, 5, 55, 93, 128; Black-throated Blue, 55, 128; Black-throated Green, 4, 55, 128; Blue-winged, 3, 55; Canadian, 55, 128; Chestnut-sided, 4, 55, 92; Connecticut, 128; Golden Swamp, 11; Golden-winged, 4, 55, 92; Kentucky, 55; Magnolia, 55, 128; Mourning, 55; Myrtle, 54, 128; Nashville, 55, 128; Parula, 55, 128; Pine, 128; Prairie, 128; Prothonotary, 10; Tennessee, 55; Wilson's, 55, 128; Worm-eating, 55; Yellow, 55, 92, 128; Yellow Palm, 41, 54, 128. Water-Thrush, Large-billed, 54; Small-billed, 55, 128. Wheaton, J. M., 142. Whip-poor-will, 55, 128. Widmann, Otto, 27, 202. 'Wild Animals I Have Known,' 62, 134. 'Wild Life at Home: How to Study and Photograph It,' reviewed, 133. Willcox, M. A., 200. Wilson Bulletin, 168. Wisconsin, 27. Wisconsin Arbor and Bird Day Annual, 98. 'With Nature and a Camera,' reviewed, 26. Woodcock, 128, 166. Woodpecker, 19, 26; Downy, 11, 58, 60, 166, 181; Lewis, 47, 72. Wren, House, 54, 128, 166; Long-billed Marsh, 39, 55; Short-billed Marsh, 117, 128; Winter, 128, 181. Wright, Mabel Osgood, 30, 31, 195, 202. Wyoming, 14, 106.

Yellow-bird, Summer, 17. Yellow Hammer, 18. Yellow-legs, Greater, 128.

* * * * *

VOL. 1 20c. a Copy No. 1 FEBRUARY, 1899 $1 a Year

=Bird-Lore=

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN

The Macmillan Company HARRISBURG, PA. New York City

=Bird-Lore=

February, 1899

CONTENTS

Frontispiece--John Burroughs at 'Slab Sides.' From a Flashlight Photograph. In Warbler Time _John Burroughs_ 3 John Burroughs at 'Slab Sides.' Illustrated 5 The Camera as an Aid in the Study of Birds. Illustrated. _Dr. Thomas S. Roberts_ 6 From a Cabin Window. Illustrated _H. W. Menke_ 14

FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS Bird-Studies for Children _Isabel Eaton_ 17 Winter Bird Studies 19

FOR YOUNG OBSERVERS Our Doorstep Sparrow. Illustrated _Florence. A. Merriam_ 20 A Prize Offered 23

NOTES FROM FIELD AND STUDY An Accomplished House Sparrow _J. L. Royael_ 24 A Nut-hatching Nuthatch. Illustrated _E. B. Southwick_ 24 Collecting a Brown Thrasher's Song. (With the gramophone) _S. D. Judd, Ph.D._ 25 A Cover Design. Illustrated 25

BOOK NEWS AND REVIEWS 26 Kearton's 'With Nature and a Camera;' De Kay's 'Bird Gods;' Mrs. Maynard's Birds of Washington; Bird-Life: Teachers' Edition; The Massachusetts Audubon Society's Bird Chart.

EDITORIALS 28

AUDUBON DEPARTMENT 29 Editorial; Reports from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, and District of Columbia Societies.

×*× _The Publication Office is in the Mount Pleasant Building, 208 Crescent Street, Harrisburg, Pa._

×*× _All communications in regard to contributions, etc., and all regular exchanges, should be addressed to the Editor, Frank M. Chapman, Englewood, New Jersey._

×*× _The subscription price is One Dollar per annum. Subscriptions and advertisements may be sent to the Publishers, The Macmillan Company, Harrisburg, Pa., or 66 Fifth Avenue, New York; or to the Editor, as above._

PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT

The April number of Bird-Lore will contain the conclusion of Dr. Roberts' interesting paper on 'The Camera as an Aid in the Study of Birds,' with photographs which surpass in merit even those presented in this issue; An article by Miss Merriam, entitled 'Oregon Jays and Clark's Crows on Mt. Shasta,' accompanied by photographs of the birds from life; A sketch of the home-life of Loons, by William Dutcher, illustrated by the author, and an illustrated account, by R. W. Hegner, of the manner in which he secured a unique picture of a Bluebird.

For 'Teachers and Students' Prof. Lynds Jones, of Oberlin College, will write on methods of bird-study, and a program suggesting appropriate exercises for Bird-day in the schools will be given.

Ernest Seton Thompson has written and illustrated some verses 'For Young Observers,' and there will be the usual departments.

=Bird-Lore=

A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE STUDY AND PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Official Organ of the Audubon Societies

======================================= Vol. 1 February, 1899 No. 1 =======================================

In Warbler Time

BY JOHN BURROUGHS

This morning, May 5, as I walked through the fields the west wind brought to me a sweet, fresh odor, like that of fragrant violets, precisely like that of our little white sweet violet (_Viola blanda_). I do not know what it came from,--probably from sugar maples, just shaking out their fringe-like blossoms,--but it was the first breath of May, and very welcome. April has her odors, too, very delicate and suggestive, but seldom is the wind perfumed with the breath of actual bloom before May. I said it is Warbler time; the first arrivals of the pretty little migrants should be noted now. Hardly had my thought defined itself when before me, in a little hemlock, I caught the flash of a blue, white-barred wing; then glimpses of a yellow breast and a yellow crown. I approached cautiously, and in a moment more had a full view of one of our rarer Warblers, the Blue-winged Yellow Warbler. Very pretty he was, too, the yellow cap, the yellow breast, and the black streak through the eye being conspicuous features. He would not stand to be looked at long, but soon disappeared in a near-by tree.

The Ruby-crowned Kinglet was piping in an evergreen tree near by, but him I had been hearing for several days. The Kinglets come before the first Warblers, and may be known to the attentive eye by their quick, nervous movements, and small greenish forms, and to the discerning ear by their hurried, musical, piping strains. How soft, how rapid, how joyous and lyrical their songs are! Very few country people, I imagine, either see them or hear them. The powers of observation of country people are not fine enough and trained enough. They see and hear coarsely. An object must be big and a sound loud, to attract their attention. Have you seen and heard the Kinglet? If not, the finer inner world of nature is a sealed book to you. When your senses take in the Kinglet they will take in a thousand other objects that now escape you.