Biology and Its Makers With Portraits and Other Illustrations
CHAPTER XX
It is deemed best to omit the references to Technical papers upon which the summaries of recent tendencies are based. Morgan's Experimental Zoology, 1907. Jennings, Behavior of the Lower Organisms, 1906. Mosquitoes and other insects in connection with the transmission of disease, see Folsom, Entomology, 1906, chapter IX, p. 299. Biological Laboratories: Dean, The Marine Biological Stations of Europe, _Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst._, 1894; Marine Biolog. Station at Naples, _Harper's Mag._, 1901; The _Century_, vol. 10 (Emily Nunn Whitman); Williams, A History of Science, vol. V, chapter V, 1904; _Am. Nat._, vol. 31, 1897; _Pop. Sci. Mo._, vol. 54, 1899; _ibid._, vol. 59, 1901. Woods Hole Station--A Marine University, _Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst._, 1902.
INDEX
A
Abiogenesis, 277
Acquired characters, inheritance of, 314; Weismann on, 398
Agassiz, essay on classification, 137; agreement of embryological stages and the fossil record, 334; fossil fishes, 334; portrait, 334
Aldrovandi, 115
Alternative inheritance, 316
Amphimixis, the source of variations, 396
Anatomical sketches, the earliest, 32; from Vesalius, 31, 33
Anatomical studies, recent tendencies of, 442
Anatomy, of Aristotle, 23; beginnings of, 23; earliest known illustrations, 32; of Galen, 24; of the Middle Ages, 24; comparative, rise of, 141-165; of insects, Dufour, 109; Lyonet, 91; Malpighi, 63; Newport, 100; Réaumur, 96; Roesel, 96; Straus-Dürckheim, 96; Swammerdam, 70, 73-77; minute, progress of, 89-104; of plants, Grew, 56; Malpighi, 66
Ancients, return to the science of, 112
Animal behavior, studies of, 441
Animal kingdom of Cuvier, 133
Aquinas, St. Thomas, on creation, 409
Arcana Naturæ, of Leeuwenhoek, 78
Aristotle, 9-15; books of, 13; errors of, 13; estimate of, 10; extensive knowledge of animals, 12; the founder of natural history, 9; influence of, 15; personal appearance, 13, 14; portrait, 14; position in the development of science, 11
Arrest of inquiry, effect of, 17
Augustine, St., on creation, 409
Authority declared the source of knowledge, 18
B
Bacteria, discovery of, 276; disease-producing, 300; and antiseptic surgery, 302; nitrifying, of the soil, 303
Bacteriology, development of, 276
Baer, Von, and the rise of embryology, 195-236; his great classic on development of animals, 214; and germ-layers, 218; makes embryology comparative, 220; and Pander 218; period in embryology, 214-226; portraits, 216, 217; his rank in embryology, 220; his especial service, 217; sketches from his embryological treatise, 221
Balfour, masterly work of, 226; his period in embryology, 226-232; personality, 228; portrait, 227; tragic fate, 228; university career, 227
Bary, H.A. de, 271; portrait, 272
Bassi, and the germ-theory of disease, 294
Bell, Charles, discoveries on the nervous system, 183; portrait, 184
Berengarius, 26
Bernard, Claude, in physiology, 190; personality, 191; portrait, 191
Biblia Naturæ of Swammerdam, 73
Bichat, and the birth of histology, 166-178; Buckle's estimate of, 166, 167; education, 167; in Paris, 167; personality, 168; phenomenal industry, 168; portrait, 169; results of his work, 170; writings, 170; successes of, 170
Binomial nomenclature of Linnæus, 126
Biological facts, application of, 443
Biological laboratories, establishment and maintenance of, 445; the station at Naples, 444; picture of, 445; the Woods Hole station, 444
Biological periodicals, 446
Biological progress, continuity of, 434; atmosphere engendered by, 448; from Linnæus to Darwin, 138-140
Biology, defined, 4; domain of, 4, 5; epochs of, 20; progress of, 3, 5; applied, 443
Boerhaave, quoted, 71, 72; and Linnæus, 122
Bois-Reymond, Du, 189; portrait, 189
Bones, fossil, 322, 324
Bonnet, and emboîtement, 208; opposition to Wolff, 211; portrait, 212
Books, the notable, of biology, 435
Brown, Robert, discovers the nucleus in plant-cells, 243
Buckland, 324
Buckle, on Bichat, 166, 167
Buffon, 129, 411; portrait, 412; position in evolution, 412
C
Cæsalpinus, on the circulation, 50
Cajal, Ramon y, 176; portrait, 176
Camper, anatomical work of, 143; portrait, 144
Carpenter, quoted, 170
Carpi, the anatomist, 26
Castle, experiments on inheritance, 316
Catastrophism, theory of, Cuvier, 326; Lyell on, 331
Caulkins, on protozoa, 109
Cell, definition of, 258; diagram of, 257; earliest known pictures of, 238, 239; in heredity, 257
Cell-lineage, 234, 442
Cell-theory, announcement of, 242; effect on embryology, 222, 224; founded by Schleiden and Schwann, 242; Schleiden's contribution, 247; Schwann's treatise, 248; modifications of, 250; vague foreshadowings of, 237
Child, studies on regulation, 440
Chromosomes, 254, 312
Circulation of the blood, Harvey, 46, 47; Servetus, 50; Columbus, 50; Cæsalpinus, 50; in the capillaries, 84; Leeuwenhoek's sketch of, 83; Vesalius on, with illustration, 49
Classification of animals, tabular view of, 137-138
Cohn, portrait, 271
Color, in evolution, 386
Columbus, on the circulation, 50
Comparative anatomy, rise of, 141-165; becomes experimental, 165
Cope, in comparative anatomy, 165; portrait, 336; important work in palæontology, 337, 437
Creation, Aquinas on, 409; St. Augustine on, 408; special, 410; evolution the method of, 348
Cuvier, birth and early education, 149; and catastrophism, 326; comprehensiveness of mind, 154; correlation of parts, 133; debate with St. Hilaire, 416; domestic life, 155; forerunners of, 143; founds comparative anatomy, 154; founder of vertebrate palæontology, 325; his four branches of the animal kingdom, 132; goes to Paris, 151; life at the seashore, 150; opposition to Lamarck, 414; portraits, 152, 153; physiognomy, 152; and the rise of comparative anatomy, 141-156; shortcomings of, 156; successors of, 156; type-theory of, 133
D
Darwin, Charles, his account of the way his theory arose, 427; factors of evolution, 380; habits of work, 426; home life, 423; at Downs, 426; ill health, 426; naturalist on the Beagle, 425; natural selection, 383; opens note-book on the origin of species, 426; personality, 422; portraits, 381, 423; parallelism in thought with Wallace, 427; publication of the Origin of Species, 429; his other works, 391, 429; theory of pangenesis, 306; variation in nature, 382; the original drafts of his theory sent by Hooker and Lyell to the Linnæan Society, 420-422; working hours, 426; summary of his theory, 405
Darwin, Erasmus, 413; portrait, 413
Darwinism and Lamarckism confused, 391; not the same as organic evolution, 347
Davenport, experiments, 319
Deluge, and the deposit of fossils, 323
De Vries, mutation theory of, 402; portrait, 403; summary, 406
Dufour, Léon, on insect anatomy, 100
Dujardin, 250, 262; discovers sarcode, 250, 266; portrait, 265; writings, 264
E
Edwards, H. Milne-, 157; portrait, 157
Ehrenberg, 106, 107; portrait, 108
Embryological record, interpretation of, 229
Embryology, Von Baer and the rise of, 194-236; experimental, 232; gill-clefts and other rudimentary organs in embryos, 361; theoretical, 235
Epochs in biological history, 20
Evolution, doctrine of, generalities regarding, 345; controversies regarding the factors, 346, 369; factors of, 368; effect on embryology, 225; on palæontology, 332; nature of the question regarding, 348; a historical question, 348; the historical method in, 348; sweep of, 366; one of the greatest acquisitions of human knowledge, 366; predictions verified, 367; theories of, 369; Lamarck, 369; Darwin, 386; Weismann, 392; De Vries, 402; summary of evolution theories, 404; vagueness regarding, 346
Evolutionary series, 351; shells, 351; horses, 354
Evolutionary thought, rise of, 407-433; views of certain fathers of the church, 408
Experimental observation, introduced by Harvey, 39-53
Experimental work in biology, 439
F
Fabrica, of Vesalius, 30
Fabricius, Harvey's teacher, 41; portrait, 43
Factors of evolution, 369
Fallopius, 36; portrait, 37
Flood, fossils ascribed to, 323
Fossil life, the science of, 320-341; bones, 322, 325; horses in America, 355; collections in New Haven, 355; in New York, 355; man, 340, 364; Neanderthal skull, 365; ape-like man, 364
Fossil remains an index to past history, 329
Fossils, arrangement in strata, 328; ascribed to the flood, 323; their comparison with living animals, 324; from the Fayûm district, 341; method of collecting, 340; nature of, 322; determination of, by Cuvier, 325; Da Vinci, 322; Steno, 322; strange views regarding, 320
G
Galen, 23, 180; portrait, 25
Galton, law of ancestral inheritance, 318; portrait, 317
Geer, De, on insects, 95
Gegenbaur, 163; portrait, 164
Generation, Wolff's theory of, 210
Germ-cells, organization of, 210
Germ-layers, 218
Germ-plasm, continuity of, 393; complexity of, 395; the hereditary substance, 311; union of germ-plasms the source of variations, 396
Germ-theory of disease, 293
Germinal continuity, 224, 308; doctrine of, 224, 311, 393
Germinal elements, 305
Germinal selection, 397
Germinal substance, 310
Gesner, 112; personality, 113; portrait, 114; natural history of, 113
Gill-clefts in embryos, 361
Goodsir, 174
Grew, work of, 56
H
Haeckel, 431; portrait, 432
Haller, fiber-theory, 242; opposition to Wolff, 211; in physiology, 181; portrait, 182
Harvey, and experimental observation, 39-53; his argument for the circulation, 51; discovery of the circulation, 47; his great classic, 46; education, 40; in embryology, 198; embryological treatise, 199, 200; frontispiece from his generation of animals (1651), 201; influence of, 52; introduces experimental method, 47; at Padua, 41; period in physiology, 180; personal appearance and qualities, 42, 44, 45; portrait, 44; predecessors of, 48; question as to his originality, 46; his teacher, 43; writings, 45
Heredity, 305; a cellular study, 257; according to Darwin, 307; Weismann, 309; application of statistics to, 314; inheritance of acquired characters, 314; steps in advance of knowledge of, 308
Hertwig, Oskar, portrait, 231; service in embryology, 232; Richard, quoted, 125
Hilaire, St., portrait, 416; see St. Hilaire
His, Wilhelm, 232; portrait, 233
Histology, birth of, 166-178; Bichat its founder, 170; normal and pathological, 172; text-books of, 177
Hooke, Robert, 55; his microscope illustrated, 55
Hooker, letter on the work of Darwin and Wallace, 420-422
Horse, evolution of, 354
Human ancestry, links in, 364, 365
Human body, evolution of, 363
Human fossils, 340, 364
Hunter, John, 144; portrait, 145
Huxley, in comparative anatomy, 161; influence on biology, 430; in palæontology, 335; portrait, 430
I
Inheritance, alternative, Mendel, 316; ancestral, 318; Darwin's theory of, 306; material basis of, 311-313; nature of, 305
Inheritance of acquired characters, 314; Lamarck on, 377; Weismann on, 398
Inquiry, the arrest of, 17
Insects, anatomy of, Dufour, 106; Malpighi, 63; illustration, 65; Newport, 100; Leydig, 102; Straus-Dürckheim, 96; Swammerdam, 70, 75; illustration, 76; theology of, 91
J
Jardin du Roi changed to Jardin des Plantes, 372
Jennings, on animal behavior, 109, 441
Jonston, 114
K
Klein, 118
Koch, Robert, discoveries of, 300; portrait, 301
Koelliker, in embryology, 224; in histology, 171; portrait, 173
Kowalevsky, in embryology, 224; portrait, 225
L
Lacaze-Duthiers, 158; portrait, 159
Lamarck, changes from botany to zoölogy, 372; compared with Cuvier, 327; education, 371; first announcement of his evolutionary views, 375; forerunners of, 411; first use of a genealogical tree, 131; founds invertebrate palæontology, 326; on heredity, 377; laws of evolution, 376; military experience, 370; opposition to, 414; Philosophie Zoologique, 375; portrait, 373; position in science, 132; salient points in his theory, 378; his theory of evolution, 374; compared with that of Darwin, 390, 391; time and favorable conditions, 378; use and disuse, 374
Leeuwenhoek, 77-87; new biographical facts, 78; capillary circulation, 84, 85; sketch of, 83; comparison with Malpighi and Swammerdam, 87; discovery of the protozoa, 105; other discoveries, 85; and histology, 178; his microscopes, 81; pictures of, 82, 83; occupation of, 78; portrait, 79; scientific letters, 83; theoretical views, 86
Leibnitz, 208
Leidy in palæontology, 337
Lesser's theology of insects, 91
Leuckart, 136; portrait, 136
Leydig, 102; anatomy of insects, 102; in histology, 175; portrait, 175
Linnæan system, reform of, 130-138
Linnæus, 118-130; binomial nomenclature, 127; his especial service, 126; features of his work, 127, 128; his idea of species, 128, 129; influence on natural history, 125; personal appearance, 125; personal history, 119; portrait, 124; helped by his fiancée, 120; return to Sweden, 123; and the rise of natural history, 100-130; the Systema Naturæ, 121, 125, 127; professor in Upsala, 123; celebration of two hundredth anniversary of his birth, 124; as university lecturer, 123; wide recognition, 122; summary on, 129-130
Lister, Sir Joseph, and antiseptic surgery, 302; portrait, 302
Loeb, 234; on artificial fertilization, 441; on regulation, 440
Ludwig, in physiology, 160; portrait, 160
Lyell, epoch-making work in geology, 330; letter on Darwin and Wallace, 420-422; portrait, 331
Lyonet, 89; portrait and personality, 90; great monograph on insect anatomy, 91; illustrations from, 92, 93, 94, 95; extraordinary quality of his sketches, 92
M
Malpighi, 58-67; activity in research, 62; anatomy of plants, 66; anatomy of the silkworm, 63; compared with Leeuwenhoek and Swammerdam, 87; work in embryology, 66, 202; rank as embryologist, 205; honors at home and abroad, 61; personal appearance, 58; portraits, 59, 204; sketches from his embryological treatises, 203; and the theory of pre-delineation, 203
Man, antiquity of, 364; evolution of, 363; fossil, 340, 364
Marsh, O.C., portrait, 337
Meckel, J. Fr., 162; portrait, 162
Men, of biology, 7, 8; the foremost, 437; of science, 7
Mendel, 315; alternative inheritance, 316; law of, 315; purity of the germ-cells, 316; portrait, 315; rank of Mendel's discovery, 316, 317
Microscope, Hooke's, Fig. of, 55; Leeuwenhoek's, 81, Figs. of, 82, 83
Microscopic observation, introduction of, 54; of Hooke, 55; Grew, 55; Ehrenberg, 106; Malpighi, 66, 67; Leeuwenhoek, 81, 84, 85, 105
Microscopists, the pioneer, 54
Middle Ages, a remolding period, 19; anatomy in, 24
Milne-Edwards, portrait, 157
Mimicry, 387
Mohl, Von, 268; portrait, 269
Müller, Fritz, 230; O. Fr., 106
Müller, Johannes, as anatomist, 163; general influence, 185; influence on physiology, 185; as a teacher, 185; his period in physiology, 184; personality, 185; portrait, 187; physiology after Müller, 188
N
Nägeli, portrait, 268
Naples, biological station at, 446; picture of, 445
Natural history, of Gesner, 112, 113, 114; of Ray, 115-118; of Linnæus, 118-130; sacred, 110; rise of scientific, 110-130
Natural selection, 383; discovery of, 427; Darwin and Wallace on, 429; extension of, by Weismann, 397; illustrations of, 384; inadequacy of, 389
Nature, continuity of, 367; return to, 19; renewal of observation, 19
Naturphilosophie, school of, 160
Neanderthal skull, 365
Needham, experiments on spontaneous generation, 281
Neo-Lamarckism, 380
Newport, on insect anatomy, 100
Nineteenth century, summary of discoveries in, 3
Nomenclature of biology, 126, 127
Nucleus, discovery of, by Brown, 243; division of, 256, 313
O
Observation, arrest of, 17; renewal of, 19; in anatomy, 26; and experiment the method of science, 22, 39
Oken, on cells, 241; portrait, 160
Omne vivum ex ovo, 200
Omnis cellula e cellula, 309
Organic evolution, doctrine of, 345-367; influence of, on embryology, 225; theories of, 368-406; rise of evolutionary thought, 407-433; sweep of the doctrine of, 366
Osborn, quoted, 10, 364, 410; in palæontology, 339
P
Palæontology, Cuvier founds vertebrate, 325; of the Fayûm district, 341; Lamarck founder of invertebrate, 326; Agassiz, 332; Cope, 337; Huxley, 335; Lyell, 330; Marsh, 337; Osborn, 339; Owen, 332; William Smith, 328; steps in the rise of, 329
Pander, and the germ-layer theory, 218
Pangenesis, Darwin's theory of, 306
Pasteur, on fermentation, 294; spontaneous generation, 288; inoculation for hydrophobia, 299; investigation of microbes, 298; personality, 296; portrait, 295; his supreme service, 299; veneration of, 294
Pasteur Institute, foundation of, 299; work of, 300
Pearson, Carl, and ancestral inheritance, 318
Philosophie Anatomique of St. Hilaire, 416
Philosophie Zoologique of Lamarck, 375
Physiologus, the sacred natural history, 110-112
Physiology, of the ancients, 179; rise of, 179-194; period of Harvey, 180; of Haller, 181; of J. Müller, 184; great influence of Müller, 185; after Müller, 188
Pithecanthropus erectus, 341, 360
Pliny, portrait, 16
Pouchet, on spontaneous generation, 286
Pre-delineation, theory of, 206; rise of, Malpighi, 207; Swammerdam, 208; Wolff, 210
Pre-formation. See Pre-delineation
Primitive race of men, 366
Protoplasm, 259; discovery of, 250, 262; doctrine and sarcode, 270, 273; its movements, 261; naming of, 269; its powers, 260
Protozoa, discovery of, 104; growth of knowledge concerning, 104-109
Purkinje, portrait, 267
R
Rathke, in comparative anatomy, 163; in embryology, 223
Ray, John, 115; portrait, 116; and species, 117
Réaumur, 96; portrait, 98
Recapitulation theory, 230
Recent tendencies, in biology, 437; in embryology, 232
Redi, earliest experiments on the generation of life, 279; portrait, 280
Remak, in embryology, 223
Roesel, on insects, 95; portrait, 97
S
Sarcode and protoplasm, 273, 275
Scala Naturæ, 131
Scale of being, 131
Schleiden, 243; contribution to the cell-theory, 248; personality, 247; portrait, 246
Schultze, Max, establishes the protoplasm doctrine, 272; in histology, 172; portrait, 273
Schulze, Franz, on spontaneous generation, 284
Schwann, and the cell-theory, 242, 244, 248, 249; in histology, 171; and spontaneous generation, 284
Science, of the ancients, return to, 112; conditions under which it developed, 8; biological, 4
Servetus, on circulation of the blood, 50
Severinus, in comparative anatomy, 143; portrait, 143
Sexual selection, 388
Shells, evolution of, 352, 353
Siebold, Von, 134, 135; portrait, 135
Silkworm, Malpighi on, 63; Pasteur on, 299
Smith, Wm., in geology, 328
Spallanzani, experiments on generation, 282; portrait, 283
Special creation, theory of, 410
Species, Ray, 117; Linnæus, 129; are they fixed in nature, 350; origin of, 350-364
Spencer, 418; his views on evolution in 1852, 419
Spontaneous generation, belief in, 278; disproved, 292; first experiments on, 278; new form of the question, 281; Redi, 279; Pasteur, 288; Pouchet, 286; Spallanzani, 282; Tyndall, 290
Steno, on fossils, 322
Straus-Dürckheim, his monograph, 96; illustrations from, 101
Suarez, and the theory of special creation, 410
Swammerdam, his Biblia Naturæ, 73; illustrations from, 74, 76; early interest in natural history, 68; life and works, 67-77; love of minute anatomy, 70; method of work, 71; personality, 67; portrait, 69; compared with Malpighi and Leeuwenhoek, 87
System, Linnæan, reform of, 130-138
Systema Naturæ, of Linnæus, 121, 127
T
Theory, the cell-, 242; the protoplasm, 272; of organic evolution, 345-368; of special creation, 410
Tyndall, on spontaneous generation, 289; his apparatus for getting optically pure air, 290
Type-theory, of Cuvier, 132
U
Uniformatism, and catastrophism, 331
V
Variation, of animals, in a state of nature, 382; origin of, according to Weismann, 396
Vesalius, and the overthrow of authority, in science, 22-38; great book of, 30; as court physician, 35; death, 36; force and independence, 27; method of teaching anatomy, 28, 29; opposition to, 34; personality, 22, 27, 30; physiognomy, 30; portrait, 29; predecessors of, 26; especial service of, 37; sketches from his works, 31, 33, 34, 49
Vicq d'Azyr, 146; portrait, 147
Vinci, Leonardo da, and fossils, 322
Virchow, and germinal continuity, 225; in histology, 174; portrait, 174
Vries, Hugo de, his mutation theory, 403; portrait, 403; summary of theory, 406
W
Wallace, and Darwin, 420; his account of the conditions under which his theory originated, 427; portrait, 428; writings, 427
Weismann, the man, 399; quotation from autobiography, 401; personal qualities, 399; portrait, 400; his theory of the germ-plasm, 392-399; summary of his theory, 405
Whitney collection of fossil horses, 355
Willoughby, his connection with Ray, 115
Wolff, on cells, 240; his best work, 211; and epigenesis, 205; and Haller, 211, 214; opposed by Bonnet and Haller, 211; his period in embryology, 205-214; personality, 214; plate from his Theory of Generation, 209; the Theoria Generationis, 210
Wyman, Jeffries, on spontaneous generation, 289
Z
Zittel, in palæontology, 338; portrait, 339
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BIRDS OF THE WORLD. A popular account by Frank H. Knowlton, M.S., Ph.D., Member American Ornithologists Union, President Biological Society of Washington, etc., etc., with Chapter on Anatomy of Birds by Frederic A. Lucas, Chief Curator Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences, and edited by Robert Ridgway, Curator of Birds, U.S. National Museum.
REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS, by Leonhard Steineger, Curator of Reptiles, U.S. National Museum.
Section B. A Shorter Natural History, mainly by the Authors of Section A, preserving its popular character, its proportional treatment, and its authority so far as that can be preserved without its fullness. Size not yet determined.
II. CLASSIFICATION OF NATURE
Section A. Realms of Nature. Detailed treatment of various departments in a literary and popular way. 8vo. 7-1/2 × 10-1/4 in.
Already publisht:
FERNS, by Campbell E. Waters, of Johns Hopkins University. 8vo, pp. xi + 362. $3.00 net; by mail, $3.30.
Section B. Identification Books--
1. Library Series, very full descriptions. 8vo. 7-1/2 × 10-1/4 in.
Already publisht:
NORTH AMERICAN TREES, by N.L. Britton, Director of the New York Botanical Garden. $7.00 net; carriage extra.
2. Pocket Series, "How to Know," brief and in portable shape.
III. FUNCTIONS OF NATURE
These books will treat of the relation of facts to causes and effects--of heredity in organic Nature, and of the environment in all Nature. 8vo. 6-5/8 × 9-7/8 in.
Already publisht:
THE BIRD: ITS FORM AND FUNCTION, by C.W. Beebe, Curator of Birds in the New York Zoological Park. 8vo, 496 pp. $3.50 net; by mail, $3.80.
Arranged for:
THE INSECT: ITS FORM AND FUNCTION, by Vernon L. Kellogg, Professor in the Leland Stanford Junior University.
THE FISH: ITS FORM AND FUNCTION, by H.M. Smith, of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.
IV. WORKING WITH NATURE
How to propagate, develop and care for the plants and animals. The volumes in this group cover such a range of subjects that it is impracticable to make them of uniform size.
Already publisht:
NATURE AND HEALTH, by Edward Curtis, Professor Emeritus in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. 12mo. $1.25 net; by mail, $1.37.
Arranged for:
PHOTOGRAPHING NATURE, by E.R. Sanborn, Photographer of the New York Zoological Park.
THE SHELLFISH INDUSTRIES, by James L. Kellogg, Professor in Williams College.
CHEMISTRY OF DAILY LIFE, by Henry P. Talbot, Professor of Chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
DOMESTIC ANIMALS, by William H. Brewer, Professor Emeritus in Yale University.
THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK, by B.E. Fernow, Professor of Forestry in the University of Toronto.
V. DIVERSIONS FROM NATURE
This division will include a wide range of writings not rigidly systematic or formal, but written only by authorities of standing. Large 12mo. 5-1/4 × 8-1/8 in.
FISH STORIES, by David Starr Jordan and Charles F. Holder. HORSE TALK, by William H. Brewer. BIRD NOTES, by C.W. Beebe. INSECT STORIES, by Vernon L. Kellogg.
VI. THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE
A Series of volumes by President Jordan, of Stanford University, and Professors Brooks of Johns Hopkins, Lull of Yale, Thomson of Aberdeen, Przibram of Austria, zur Strassen of Germany, and others. Edited by Professor Kellogg of Leland Stanford. 12mo. 5-1/8 × 7-1/2 in.
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY, New York June, '08.
End of Project Gutenberg's Biology and its Makers, by William A. Locy