Part 13

F _Fearnot_, privateer, 159 First Continental Congress, 119, 120 Fisher, Daniel, 68 Forbes, Brigadier General, 71 Fort Duquesne, 65, 66, 70-71 Fothergill, Dr. John, 58, 77, 89 Fox, Charles James, 150 France and the French, 47, 61, 64, 65, 67, 82, 93, 103, 126, 133-35, 143-54, 157-64, 165-76, 184-85, 187 Franklin, Abiah (Benjamin’s mother), 9, 40 Franklin, Benjamin, agricultural interests, 57; ambassador to France, 158-63, 166-76; birth, 9; book publisher, 42; boyhood, 9-17; Braddock and, 65-67; children, 38, 44; civic improvements suggested by, 46-47, 56-57; clerk to Pennsylvania Assembly, 41; commissioner to France, 141, 143-54; continental trips, 81, 101, 103-04; courtship, 20, 34, 169; death, 186; Declaration of Independence and, 137-38; delegate to Constitutional Convention, 179-81; delegate to Second Continental Congress, 124-31, 132-41; education, 10, 40; educational proposals, 45-46; electrical experiments, 51-56, 58-60, 100; England visited by, 24-26, 74-83, 91-121; founder of American Philosophical Society, 44-45; France visited by, 103; friendships in England, 100-10; funeral of, 186; honors, 60, 79, 81, 166-67, 177, 186-87; Hutchinson letters and, 112-13, 115-18; illnesses, 77-78, 93, 107, 137, 163, 164, 171, 183, 184, 185; inventions, 11, 43-44, 45, 80-81, 178; journey to Philadelphia, 18-19; library for public established by, 34-35; marriage, 34; Masonic leader, 35, 56; meeting with Richard Howe, 140-41; military career, 68-71; musical interests, 10, 81; old age, 166-76, 177-86; peace negotiations with England, 163; Penn family and, 76-77, 80, 89-90, 91-92; Pennsylvania Hospital established by, 57; personal appearance, 11, 20, 42-43, 75, 111, 143-44, 153, 181-82; postmaster-general of the colonies, 63, 118, 125; postmaster of Philadelphia, 41; printer in Philadelphia, 19-24, 29-30, 31-37, 40, 42, 47; printer’s apprentice, 12-17; publisher of the Courant in Boston, 16; religious beliefs, 35, 180; retirement, 47-48; scientific interests, 26-27, 33, 49, 51-56, 57-60, 78, 100, 108-10, 121-22, 171-74, 182; Stamp Act and, 92-99; summoned before King’s Privy Council, 116-17; vegetarian diet, 14, 18; verse-making, 13-14, 43; virtues, thirteen, 38-40, 41; Voltaire and, 157; will of, 183 Franklin, Benjamin (Benjamin’s uncle), 10 Franklin, Deborah Read (Benjamin’s wife), 20, 24, 25, 28, 34, 37, 43-44, 68, 69-70, 71, 74-75, 78, 84, 90, 95, 99, 101, 105, 107, 121 Franklin, Elizabeth (William’s wife), 85 Franklin, Francis Folger (Benjamin’s son), 38, 41, 44 Franklin, James (Benjamin’s brother), 12-13, 14, 15, 16-17, 23, 28, 40-41 Franklin, Jane, _see_ Mecom, Jane Franklin Franklin, John (Benjamin’s brother), 42, 63 Franklin, Josiah (Benjamin’s father), 9, 10, 11-12, 14, 23, 40, 42, 105 Franklin, Lydia (Benjamin’s sister), 9 Franklin, Peter (Benjamin’s brother), 42, 63 Franklin, Sally (Benjamin’s cousin), 107 Franklin, Sarah (Sally), _see_ Bache, Sarah Franklin Franklin, William (Benjamin’s son), 38, 44, 47, 59, 63, 65, 68, 71, 77-78, 81-83, 85, 95, 108, 119, 128, 139, 176 Franklin, William Temple (Benjamin’s grandson), 107, 111, 121, 123, 128, 139, 141, 148, 150, 152, 157, 158, 160, 171, 175, 176, 178, 186 Franklin Stove, 44, 45, 90 Frederick the Great, 114 Freedom of the press, 17, 35 Freemasonry, 35 French, Colonel, 21-22, 24 French and Indian Wars, 65, 86 French Academy of Sciences, 157, 171, 172 French Revolution, 184-85 French Royal Academy, 107

G Gage, General Thomas, 115 Galloway, Joseph, 89, 141 Gates, General Horatio, 161 Gebelin, Count de, 171-72 George III, King, 81, 92, 93, 101, 104, 118, 120, 124, 132, 150, 151, 162 Gérard, Conrad-Alexandre, 152, 153 German Royal Academy of Sciences, 101 Germantown, Pennsylvania, 88 Gerry, Elbridge, 181 Gibbon, Edward, 148 Glover, John, 139 Gnadenhuetten, Pennsylvania, 68, 69 Göttingen, Germany, 101 Greene, Catherine Ray, 67, 85-86, 162, 168 Greene, General Nathanael, 162 Greene, William, 67, 86 Grenville, Lord George, 75-76, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97 Gruet, M., 144 Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace, 174 Gulf Stream, 121-22

H Hadley, John, 78 Hall, David, 47 Hamilton, Andrew, 32 Hamilton, James, 62, 69 Hancock, John, 138 Harrison, Benjamin, 130, 133 Hartley, David, 158 Havre, France, 175, 176 Harvard College, 10, 15, 45, 60 Hell Fire Club, 12 Helvétius, Madame, 168-69, 176 Henry, Patrick, 94 Hessians, 139, 148 Hewitt, James, 97 Hewson, Polly Stevenson, 75, 85, 91, 103, 107, 118, 174 Hewson, William, 107, 118 Hillsborough, Earl of, 104, 106, 117 Holland, 81, 161 Holmes, Robert, 21, 22 Hortalez and Company, 144-45, 146, 184 Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 157 Howe, Admiral Lord Richard, 120, 139-40, 167 Howe, General Sir William, 123, 124, 126, 139, 151 Hughes, John, 93, 94 Hume, David, 79 Hunter, William, 63 Hutchinson, Thomas, 112, 113, 116 Hutchinson Letters, 112-13, 115-18 Hypnotism, 174

I Indians, American, 61-62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 86-88, 125, 170, 171-72, 178 “Information to Those who would Remove to America,” 169-70 Ingenhousz, Jan, 171 Ingersoll, Jared, 93, 95 Insurance company, 57 Ireland, 105

J Jay, John, 133, 163 Jay, Maria 163 Jefferson, Thomas, 124, 138, 141, 174, 175, 185-86 Johnson, Samuel, 101 Johnson, Thomas, 133 Jones, John Paul, 160-61 Junto, the, 30-31, 34, 43, 46, 52, 88, 123

K Kames, Lord Henry Home, 79, 89, 95, 102 Keimer, Samuel, 19-20, 21, 22, 24, 29, 33 Keith, Sir William, 21-22, 23, 24, 31, 71 _King of Prussia_, ship, 91 Kinnersley, Ebenezer, 52-53 Kleist, E. C. von, 50 Knox, Henry, 126

L _Lady Catherine_, ship, 127, 128 Lafayette, Marquis de, 150, 162 Laurens, Henry, 162 Laurens, Colonel John, 162 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 171, 174 Le Despencer, Lord, 108, 114, 117 Lee, Arthur, 141, 145, 153, 155, 183 Lee, “Light-Horse Harry,” 162 Lee, Richard Henry, 137 _Letters on Philosophical Subjects_, 110 Lexington, Battle of, 123 Leyden jar, 50-51, 81, 171 _Lighthouse Tragedy, The_, 13 Lightning rods, 55-56, 58, 60, 90, 150-51 Linnaeus, 182 Livingston, Robert, 138 London, England, 24-26, 74 London _Journal_, 16 London _Spectator_, 14 Lorraine, Prince of, 81 Loudon, Lord, 71 Louis XV, King, 51, 59, 103-04, 105 Louis XVI, King, 146, 153, 154, 173, 175, 185 Lynch, Thomas, 130

M Marchant, Captain Stephen, 159 Marie Antoinette, Queen, 81, 154 Marion, Francis, 162 Massachusetts Assembly, 104, 112, 113, 117, 118 Massachusetts Committee of Safety, 123 Mather, Cotton, 12 Mecom, Edward, 40 Mecom, Jane Franklin (Benjamin’s daughter), 9, 10, 40, 130-31, 183, 187 Meredith, Hugh, 29-30, 31-32 Mesmer, Dr., 174 Mifflin, Thomas, 183 Militia, Pennsylvania, 47, 68-71, 88, 125 Minutemen, 123-24 Mirabeau, Count de, 187 Montgomery, General Richard, 136 Montreal, Canada, 136, 137 Moravians, 68, 69, 86 Morgan, Daniel, 162 Morris, Robert, 128-29 Morris, Robert Hunter, 68, 70-71 Mozart, Wolfgang, 81 Musschenbroek, Pieter van, 50, 81

N Nairne, Edward, 171 Nantes, France, 143-44 “Narrative of the Late Massacres in Lancaster County,” 87 “Nature and Necessity of Paper Money, The,” 32 New Castle, Pennsylvania, 47 _New England Courant_, 13, 15, 16 Newport, Rhode Island, 40, 53 Newton, Sir Isaac, 25 New York City, 17, 71, 137, 186-87 Nollet, Abbé Jean-Antoine, 51 North, Lord, 104, 125 Northwest Passage, search for, 57

O Oliver, Andrew, 112, 113, 116 “On the Slave Trade,” 185 Oxford University, 81

P Paine, Thomas, 119, 135-36, 138, 147, 162, 164, 178 Palmer (London printer), 25 Paper currency, 32 Paris, Ferdinand John, 77 Paris, France, 144, 161, 165 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 86 Paris, Treaty of (1783), 163 Passy, France, 151, 152, 155, 162, 163, 165, 167-69, 172, 175-76 Paxton Boys, 86-87, 88-89 Peabody, Mrs., 14 Penal code revision, 178 Penn, John, 76, 87, 88, 89, 90 Penn, Richard, 76 Penn, Thomas, 61, 62, 68, 70, 76-77, 89 Penn, William, 20, 21, 61, 62, 76, 87, 110 Pennsylvania Academy, 46, 79, 139 Pennsylvania Assembly, 32, 41, 47, 56, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 76, 79, 80, 85, 87, 89, 99, 125, 177, 178 _Pennsylvania Gazette_, 33, 35-36, 41, 42, 60, 64 Pennsylvania Hospital, 57 _Pennsylvania Magazine_, 135 _Pennsylvania Packet_, ship, 121 Perth Amboy, New Jersey, 19 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 18, 19, 20-21, 26, 27, 32, 46-47, 87, 110, 123, 125, 177, 179, 186 Philadelphia City Council, 56 _Philadelphia Gazette_, 56 _Pilgrim’s Progress_, 10 Pinel, Philippe, 168 Pitt, William (Lord Chatham), 80, 101-02, 104, 120 “Plain Truth,” 47 _Plutarch’s Lives_, 10 Police force, Philadelphia, 46 _Poor Richard’ s Almanack_, 36-37, 42, 56, 60, 73-74 Portsmouth, England, 109 Pratt, Charles, 77, 80 Priestley, Joseph, 100, 117, 118, 121, 131, 171, 173 Pringle, Sir John, 78, 100-01, 103-04, 150, 151 Privateers, 159-61 “Proposal for Promoting Useful Knowledge Among British Plantations in North America,” 44-45 “Proposal Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania,” 45-46 _Public Advertiser_, London, 113, 116 Puysegur, Marquis de, 174 Pyrmont, Germany, 101

Q Quebec, Canada, 136 Queensberry, Duke of, 117 Quincy, Josiah, 136, 163-64

R Ralph, James, 21, 24, 25 Rancocas, New Jersey, 178 _Ranger_, privateer, 160 Raspe, Rudolf Erich, 101 Ray, Catherine, _see_ Greene, Catherine Ray Read, Deborah, _see_ Franklin, Deborah Read “Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America,” 170 _Reprisal_, sloop, 142, 143 Revere, Paul, 123 Revolutionary War, 123-31, 132-42, 147, 148, 149-50, 151-52, 157, 158-63 Rochambeau, General, 162 Rockingham, Marquis of, 94, 96, 101, 150 Rozier, Pilâtre de, 165 “Rules by Which a Great Empire may be Reduced to a Small One,” 113-14, 115 Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 57 Rutledge, Edward, 140 Ryan, Luke, 159

S St. Andrews University, 79 St. Eustatius, West Indies, 129, 161 St. George, Bermuda, 127 Sandwich, Earl of, 117 Saratoga, Battle of, 152 _Savannah Pacquet_, ship, 127, 128 Scotland, 79 Scotosh, Chief, 178 Second Continental Congress, 124-30, 132-41, 151, 157-58, 161, 163, 166, 174, 175, 178, 179, 183, 185 _Serapis_, H.M.S., 161 Shelburne, Earl of, 103, 104, 108, 175 Sherman, Roger, 138 Shipley, Jonathan, 107-08 Shipley, Kitty, 111 Shirley, Governor, 67 Six Nations, 62, 64, 87 Slaves and slavery, 9, 16, 36, 75, 138, 185 Sloane, Sir Hans, 25 Smallpox epidemics, 13, 41, 86 Smith, Adam, 79 Smith, William, 79, 84, 187 Socrates, 14-15, 20 Sons of Liberty, 94 Soulavie, Abbé, 172 Southampton, England, 176 Spain, 47, 126, 152 Spencer, Dr. Adam, 49 Stamp Act, 92-99, 102 Steele, Richard, 14 Steuben, Baron von, 150 Stevenson, Margaret, 75, 77, 91, 99, 107, 174 Stevenson, Polly, _see_ Hewson, Polly Stevenson Storage battery, 52-53 Stormont, Lord, 147, 148, 158 Strahan, William, 74, 132-33 Sullivan, General John, 140 Swaine, Captain Charles, 57 Swift, Jonathan, 26 Synge, Philip, 52

T Temple, John, 115-16, 117 Townshend, Charles, 102, 104 Townshend Acts, 102, 104 Trenton, Battle of, 148 Tryon, Mr., 14, 18 Tucker, Colonel Henry, 127 Turgot, Baron, 157, 168

U Union Fire Company of Philadelphia, 47 _Universal Instructor in All Arts and Science, and Pennsylvania Gazette_, 33

V Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 150 Vergennes, Count Charles Gravier de, 134, 135, 145, 146, 151, 152, 153, 154 Versailles, France, 104, 145, 154 Virginia Resolves, 94 Voltaire, 157, 168

W Walking Purchase, the, 61-62 Warwick, Rhode Island, 130 Washington, General George, 64, 65, 66, 71, 124, 126, 130, 135, 137, 139, 148, 150, 162, 178, 179, 183, 185 Watt (London printer), 25 “Way to Wealth, The,” 74, 110, 147 Wedderburn, Alexander, 117-18 Wentworth, Paul, 152-53 Whately, William, 115, 116, 117 Whig Club, 80 “Whistle, The,” 171 Whitehead, Paul, 114-15 William and Mary College, 45, 60 Williamsburg, Virginia, 45, 94 Wilson, Benjamin, 150, 162 Wilson, James, 180 Wygate (Benjamin’s London friend), 25-26 Wyndham, Sir William, 26

X Xenophon’s _Memorabilia_, 14

Y Yale College, 45, 60 Yorke, Charles, 77, 80 Yorktown, Battle of, 162

Z Zenger, Peter, 17

THE _Lives to Remember_ SERIES

Lives To Remember is a series of concise biographies introducing the world’s great men and women.

HELEN KELLER by J. W. and Anne Tibble

NOBODY STOPS CUSHING by Frank Cetin

ISAAC NEWTON by Patrick Moore

FRIDTJOF NANSEN Arctic Explorer by Francis Noel-Baker

DOUGLAS MacARTHUR by Alfred Steinberg

ELEANOR ROOSEVELT by Alfred Steinberg

WOODROW WILSON by Alfred Steinberg

DOROTHEA LYNDE DIX by Gertrude Norman

MADAME CURIE by Robin McKown

ALBERT EINSTEIN by Arthur Beckhard

ABRAHAM LINCOLN by Manuel Komroff

CHARLES STEINMETZ by Henry Thomas

DANIEL WEBSTER by Alfred Steinberg

ADMIRAL RICHARD E. BYRD by Alfred Steinberg

THE WRIGHT BROTHERS by Henry Thomas

GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE by Henry Thomas

ULYSSES S. GRANT by Henry Thomas

FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT by Henry Thomas

BILLY MITCHELL by Arch Whitehouse

GEORGE GERSHWIN by Edward Jablonski

THOMAS PAINE by Robin McKown

JOHN MARSHALL by Alfred Steinberg

ALEXANDER HAMILTON by William Wise

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN by Robin McKown

HARRY S. TRUMAN by Alfred Steinberg

JOHN J. PERSHING by Arch Whitehouse

THADDEUS LOWE by Lydel Sims

SOCRATES by Robert Silverberg

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE by Winifred E. Wise

PUTNAM GUARANTEED BINDING Washable Colorfast GUARANTEED FOR THE LIFE OF THE SHEETS

Recent titles in the LIVES TO REMEMBER series include:

ALEXANDER HAMILTON _by William Wise_ JOHN MARSHALL _by Alfred Steinberg_ THOMAS PAINE _by Robin McKown_ GEORGE GERSHWIN _by Edward Jablonski_ BILLY MITCHELL _by Arch Whitehouse_ FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT _by Henry Thomas_ ULYSSES S. GRANT _by Henry Thomas_ WOODROW WILSON _by Alfred Steinberg_ DOUGLAS MacARTHUR _by Alfred Steinberg_

THE AUTHOR

Robin McKown was born in Denver and attended the University of Colorado, Northwestern University, and the University of Illinois. She sold her first one-act play to a literary magazine while she was still in college, and later won a drama prize at the University of Colorado. She has worked in public relations, with a literary agency, and prepared radio scripts. Mrs. McKown is the author of _Thomas Paine_ and _Marie Curie_, both in the Lives to Remember series, as well as _Publicity Girl_ and _Foreign Service Girl_. She makes her home in New York City.

_Other Books by Robin McKown_

THOMAS PAINE MARIE CURIE FOREIGN SERVICE GIRL PUBLICITY GIRL ROOSEVELT’S AMERICA WASHINGTON’S AMERICA THE FABULOUS ISOTOPES GIANT OF THE ATOM: _Ernest Rutherford_ SHE LIVED FOR SCIENCE: _Irène Joliot-Curie_ JANINE THE ORDEAL OF ANNE DEVLIN AUTHOR’S AGENT PAINTER OF THE WILD WEST: _Frederick Remington_ PIONEERS IN MENTAL HEALTH

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

Few men have more claims to greatness than Benjamin Franklin. He was in his long lifetime, writer, editor and publisher, scientist and inventor, propagandist for the cause of the American colonies, statesman, diplomat. He was a wit and a humorist, a loyal friend and a good family man. From his birth in Boston as the son of a poor candlemaker to his election by Congress as America’s first ambassador to France and his subsequent return to the United States, the author traces the fascinating development of an impetuous and saucy youth who became a beloved man both on his native soil and throughout the world.

Transcriber’s Notes

--Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and dialect unchanged.

--Collected series, volume, and author information at the end of the e-text.

--Copyright notice provided as in the original—this e-text is public domain in the country of publication.

--In the text versions, delimited italics text in _underscores_ (the HTML version reproduces the font form of the printed book.)