Chapter 58

CONCLUSION

The part played by Belgium during the war is well known. Those who knew the country and its history were not astonished at the attitude observed by King Albert and his people on August 3, 1914. Quite apart from any foreign sympathies, no other answer could be given to an ultimatum which directly challenged Belgium's rights. A modern nation might have been intimidated, but an old nation like Belgium, which had struggled towards independence through long and weary periods of warfare and foreign domination, was bound to resist. In challenging King Albert and his ministers, the German Government challenged at the same time all the leaders of the Belgian people, from De Coninck to Vonck and De Merode, and the reply of the Belgian Government was stiffened by an age-long tradition of stubborn resistance and by the ingrained instinct of the people that this had to be done because there was nothing else to do.

[_GERMAN INVASION_]

History also accounts for the desperate fight waged by the small and ill-equipped army against the first military Power in Europe. Liege, Haelen, the three sorties from Antwerp, the ten terrible days on the Yser, are not due merely to the personal valour of the leaders and of their troops, but to the fact that they were Belgian leaders and Belgian troops, that they belonged to a nation conscious of her destiny and who had never despaired in the past, in spite of the ordeals to which she was subjected and of the scorn of those who questioned her very existence. The same thing might be said of all Allied nations. Even so fought the British, even so fought the French; the only difference lies in the fact that their heroism was expected as a matter of course, while that of the Belgians came to many as a surprise. For British traditions and French traditions were well known, while the past of Belgium was blurred amidst the confusion of Feudalism and foreign rule.

On the Yser, in October 1914, the Belgian forces had been reduced from 95,000 to 38,000 bayonets. These last defences, preserving about twenty square miles of independent territory, were maintained during four years while the army was refilling its ranks and reorganizing its supplies. It took its share in all the concerted actions of the Allies in Flanders, and when, at last, the final offensive was launched, on September 28, 1918, King Albert was placed at the head of the Anglo-Franco-Belgian forces.

Meanwhile the civil population, under German occupation, was undergoing one of the severest trials that the nation had ever experienced, not excepting revolutionary oppression and the Spanish Fury. The Germans used every means in their power to disintegrate the people's unity, break its resistance and enlist its services. Terrorism was used, from the first, at Aerschot, Louvain, Tamines, Andenne and Dinant, whilst the invasion progressed towards the heart of the country. Then, under the governorship of Von Bissing, the method was altered, and attempts were made to induce the chiefs of industry and their workmen to resume work for the greater benefit of the enemy. This policy culminated in the sinister deportations, pursued during the winter of 1916-17, which enslaved about 150,000 men and compelled them to work either behind the German front or in German kommandos. Enormous fines and contributions were levied on towns and provinces, the country was emptied of all raw material, private property and the produce of the soil were systematically requisitioned, and the population would have been decimated by famine but for the help of the Commission for Relief in Belgium. When it became evident, in 1917, that the passive resistance of the workers could not be broken, all the industries which had not been commandeered were entirely or partially destroyed and the machinery transported to Germany.

[_VON BISSING'S INTRIGUES_]

The most insidious attack of Governor von Bissing's policy on the Belgian nation was his attempt to use the Flemish Movement as a means to divide the Belgians against themselves. The governor, who explained his intentions in a remarkable document known as his "Political Testament," undertook this campaign under the assumption that Belgium was an artificial creation of the Vienna Congress and that such a thing as Belgian nationality did not really exist. German university professors had been at great pains to explain to the German and neutral public that nationality could only be created by unity of race or language, and that Belgium, possessing neither of these attributes, could consequently claim no right to independence. Following this trend of thought, the governor and his advisers considered the Flemish Movement as the outcome of internal dissensions between Walloons and Flemings, and hoped that, by encouraging the Flemings, they would succeed in dividing the country and in securing the protectorate of Flanders.

First the creation of a Flemish University in Ghent, replacing the French University, absorbed the attention of the German administration. Having secured the support of a few extreme "flamingants" known as "activists" and completed the professorial board with foreigners, they hastily inaugurated the new institution (1916). To their great surprise, all Flemish organizations protested indignantly against this action, contending that the occupying Power had no right to interfere in internal policy. The next step was a series of decrees establishing Administrative Separation, with two capitals at Namur and Brussels and a complete division of Government offices between the Flemish and Walloon districts of the country. This measure failed like the first, owing to the patriotic resistance of the Belgian officials and the inability of the Germans to replace them, and long before they were obliged to evacuate the country the Germans had given up the hope of mastering the absurd and unscientific decision of Walloons and Flemings alike to remain one people, as history had made them.

Professor Van der Linden has given to his valuable work on Belgian history the sub-title of _The Making of a Nation_, and shown conclusively how the present institutions of Belgium are the result of various contributions from the Middle Ages to the present time. But a book on Belgian history might just as aptly be called _The Resistance of a Nation_, since history tells us not only how the monument was built, but also how it was not destroyed in spite of the most adverse circumstances. From that point of view, Belgium may indeed be considered as the embodiment of steadfastness, rather than that of sheer heroism. She has succeeded in preserving, far more than in acquiring. From her fifteenth century frontiers she has been reduced to her present limited boundaries, which, nevertheless, contain all the elements of her past and present genius. She sacrificed territory, centuries of independence, long periods of prosperity, but she remained essentially one people and one land, a small people on a small land, combining the genius of two races and two languages and acting as a natural intermediary between the great nations of Europe. Her history, up to her last fight, is nothing but the struggle of a nation to assert her right to live, in spite of her weakness, in the midst of great military Powers. Unity, first constituted in the fifteenth century, is at once endangered by the rule of a foreign dynasty. During the first part of the sixteenth century the two influences, national and foreign, contend in the counsels of the nation. The latter tendency prevails, and, though remaining nominally independent in regional matters, the country passes under foreign rule. When, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, after the failure of several insurrections under the Austrian and French regimes, independence is finally granted, and when a new dynasty is at last inaugurated as a symbol of national unity, Belgium remains nevertheless under foreign tutelage. Her independence is bought at the price of neutrality; and it is only after the violation of this guaranteed neutrality by two of the foremost Powers which established it that the cycle of Belgium's trials comes to an end and that she is allowed to exert her sovereign rights in external as well as internal affairs.

[_TREATY OF VERSAILLES_]

Some may consider that Belgium has not reaped important advantages from the treaty of Versailles, and may be inclined to compare the small territories of the Walloon districts of Eupen and Malmedy with the efforts made during the last few years. But, quite apart from economic indemnities, which may prove a great asset if they materialize, Belgium has conquered a far more valuable possession than any territory could give. For the first time in modern history she has received full recognition. She is at last allowed to make friends with her friends and to beware of her enemies, if she has any reason to fear them. Through the bitter struggle of the last few years Belgium has conquered what other nations might consider as their birthright--the right to be herself, the master of her fate, the captain of her soul.

It becomes more and more apparent to foreign consciousness that her future is bound up with that of Europe. Her welfare will be Europe's welfare, her ruin, the ruin of Western civilization and Christianity. Unless through the League of Nations, or through any other means, justice prevails in international relations, the history of her tribulations is not yet closed, for only under a regime of justice may the weak hope to live in freedom and in peace.

Among the pantheon of monuments erected by modern Belgium to the heroes of her past history, the stranger will find, with some surprise, in the midst of the Place Royale in Brussels, an equestrian statue of Godfrey of Bouillon, who, nine centuries ago, sold his land to join the first crusade, and who refused to wear a crown of gold where his Saviour had worn a crown of thorns. Quite close stands the Palace where another Belgian prince returned lately, after four years' incessant labour at the side of his soldiers amid the sodden fields of Flanders. There is a great contrast between the civilization of the eleventh and that of the twentieth century, between the Great Adventure sought by the old crusaders and the Great War forced on Western Europe, between the mystic idealism of the Middle Ages and the practical idealism of modern times. On both occasions, however, Belgium was placed in the van, and found in Godfrey IV and Albert I two leaders whose courage and dignity will stand as the purest symbol of chivalry and national honour.

INDEX

Administration, 106, 107, 119, 125, 126, 145, 152, 155, 188, 209, 211, 261, 265, 269, 277, 278, 286, 315, 317, 340, 345

Aerschot, Duke of, 193

Agadir, 312, 313

Agriculture, 74, 75, 122, 167, 214, 215, 216, 247, 276, 320, 323

Aix-la-Chapelle, 43, 44, 248 Treaty of, 238, 239

Alba, Duke of, 183, 184, 189, 208

Albert, Archduke, 139, 152, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 217, 218, 220, 228

Albert I, 310, 342, 343, 348

Algeciras, 313

Alost, 90, 165, 169, 188

Alsace-- House of, 80 Philip of, 80, 81, 89, 97 Thierry of, 73, 80, 89

Amiens, Peace of, 276

Anabaptism, 168, 171, 172

Anjou, Duke of, 193, 194, 195, 200, 201, 202

Anneessens, Francois, 252

Antoine of Burgundy, 104, 105

Antwerp, 70, 115, 117, 121, 146, 155, 163, 164, 183, 186, 188, 192, 201, 202, 207, 209, 214, 216, 217, 230, 246, 248, 251, 259, 263, 276, 279, 282, 287, 296, 322, 323 Camp of, 307, 308, 311, 312, 342 Cathedral, 93, 221, 223 Fall of, 203 Lutheranism, 168 Monuments, 332, 333, 334 School of, 221, 222, 229 Treaty of, _see_ Barriers

Architecture, 88, 91, 92, 93, 112, 113, 114, 124, 130, 224, 225, 331

Ardennes, 29, 30

Armada, 215

Armentieres, 168, 180, 238

Army defences, 307, 313, 314, 343

Arnolfini, 139

Arras, 61, 97, 117, 124, 141, 143, 195, 205 Bishopric, 32, 38, 64, 175, 176 Confederation of, 196, 199, 201 Peace of, 207, 218 Union of, 196, 197

Art, 125, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 147, 221-29, 258, 331-41

Augsburg League, 239, 241

Austrasia, 41

Baden, Treaty of, 242

Baertsoen, 336

Baldwin I, Iron Arm, 60

Baldwin II, 60

Baldwin IV, The Bearded, 61

Baldwin V, 55, 62, 97

Baldwin VI of Flanders and I of Hainault, 63, 97

Baldwin VII of Flanders and of Hainault, 64

Baldwin VIII of Flanders and V of Hainault, 81, 89

Baldwin II, Count of Guines, 97

Banning, Emile, 310, 311

Barriers, 248, 249, 259 Treaty of the, 243

Bases of Separation, 291, 292, 293

Bastille, Taking of the, 263, 286

Beauneveu, Andre, 137, 138

Beggards, beguines, 90, 127, 128, 136, 168

Beggars, 178, 179, 184 of Religion, 179 of State, 179 Sea, 185

Belfries, 71, 73, 74, 75, 112

Belgae, 30

Belgica Secunda, 30, 34, 40

Belgiojioso, Count of, 260, 262

Belgo-Romans, 30, 32, 37

Bergh, Henry, Count of, 210, 234

Berlaymont, Charles de, 175, 178, 188

Berlin, Congress of, 327

Bilingualism, 94, 95, 96, 98, 104, 125, 126, 284, 285, 339, 340

Bishoprics and bishops, 32, 38, 40, 64, 219

Bismarck, 307, 308, 327

Blondeel, Lancelot, 153

Boendaele, Jean, 127

Bois-le-Duc, 156, 210, 271, 282

Bollandists, 227

Bollandus, 226

Boulanger, Henri, 336

Bouts, Thierry, 139

Bouvines, 81

Brabanconne Revolution, _see_ Revolution

Breda, 209, 234, 263, 264 Congress of, 187

Brederode, 178, 181

Breughel, Peter, 223, 229, 258, 259, 335

Brialmont, General, 308, 311

Broederlam, Melchior, 138

Brotherhood of the Active Love of My Neighbour, 261

Brothers of the Common Life, 127, 128, 136, 168, 169

Bruges, 63, 76, 90, 102, 114, 115, 117, 118-22, 138, 144, 153, 162, 163, 202, 217, 324 Belfry, 75, 77, 113 Chapelle du Saint Sang, 117 Churches, 75, 92 Palais de Justice, 153 Statues, 332, 333 Town Hall, 112, 124

Bruno, 54, 55 Brussels, 74, 75, 102, 114, 115, 151, 154, 155, 156, 161, 181, 184, 191, 192, 203, 206, 214, 217, 239, 246, 248, 249, 251, 252, 263, 266, 269, 286, 320, 324, 345 Industry, 165, 216, 247 Palais de Justice, 332 St. Gudule, 93 Statues, 332, 333, 348 Town Hall, 112, 113, 124 Union of, 190, 193, 196

Burgundy, House of, 142, 153, 173

Calais, 205

Calvinism, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 187, 189, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198, 202, 203, 207, 208, 219, 220, 228

Cambrai, 71, 201 Bishopric, 32, 38, 39, 40, 57, 64, 176 Peace of, 152 Treaty of, 148, 158

Cambraisis, 64

Campin, Robert, 138

Campo Formio, Treaty of, 274

Capuchins, 220, 227

Caroline Concession, 157

Carolingian dynasty, 42, 52, 55, 60

Carthusians, 132

Casement, Roger, 329, 330

Casimir, John, 195

Casimir, Duke Albert, 260, 262

Cateau-Cambraisis, Treaty of, 174

Catholics, Catholicism, 177, 179, 181, 182, 187, 189, 190, 192, 195, 196, 198, 199, 205, 207, 208, 211, 213, 219, 221, 222, 224, 260, 274, 276

Cauldron, War of the, 259

Celtic, 30, 34

Centralization, 36, 66, 80, 155, 160, 162, 168, 316

Charlemagne, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 154

Charleroi, 238, 282, 321

Charles, Archduke, 240

Charles de Lorraine, 249, 256, 261

Charles, Duke, 55

Charles the Bald, 48

Charles the Bold, 109, 110, 115, 118, 119, 123, 140, 145

Charles the Fat, 48, 50

Charles the Good, 73

Charles V, 147, 149-56, 158, 160, 161, 166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175, 176, 185, 190, 197, 207, 219, 222, 256, 280, 302, 323

Charles II of Spain, 237, 239, 240

Charles III of Spain and VI of Austria, 241, 242, 246, 250

Chastellain, 129, 130

Chazal, Baron, 307

Chepy, 270

Chievres, 148, 149, 150, 151

Christianity, Christianization, 32, 37, 38, 39, 45, 64

Cistercians, 74, 89

Clodion, 33

Cloth Hall, _see_ Halles

Clovis, 37

Clunisians, 58, 89

Coal Wood, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 111

Cockerill, John, 282, 321

Cockerill, William, 276

Cologne, bishopric, 32, 40, 54

Communes, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 78, 89, 103, 109, 114, 144, 156, 167, 192, 195, 315, 318

Compromise of the Nobles, 178, 181, 184

Concordat, 276

Conecte, Thomas, 132

Confederation of Arras, _see_ Arras

Conference, The London, 289, 290, 291

Congo, 313, 325-30 Campaign, 312

Conscience, Henri, 339

Consulta, 175, 176

Council of Blood, 184, 189, 208

Council of Brabant, 263

Council of State, 175, 176, 177, 180, 188, 218, 241

Council of Trent, 225

Council of Troubles, 184, 187, 188

Courtens, 335

Courtrai, 90, 238 Battle of, 78, 84

Crusade, 59, 64, 89

D'Alton, General, 263, 264

Damme, 90, 163

Daret, Jacques, 138

De Braekeleer, Henri, 335

De Broqueville, 313

De Coninck, 84, 333, 342

De Coster, 337, 339

De Groux, 335

De Lalaing, _see_ Lalaing

De la Marck, Erard, 147, 158

De la Marck, Robert, 148

De la Pasture, Roger, _see_ Van der Weyden

De Ligne, Charles Joseph, 249, 250

De Merode, 291, 342

De Paepe, Cesar, 319

De Potter, 287

De Witt, 237, 238

Dietschen, _see_ Thiois

Dijon, 132, 137, 138

Dinant, 166, 216, 343 Sack of, 109

Dixmude, 90

Don Juan, 190, 191, 193, 194, 236

Douai, 61, 97, 225, 238 University, 224

Downs, Battle of the, 215

Dufay, Guillaume, 130

Dumouriez, 269, 271, 273, 274

Dunes, Battle of the, 235

Dunkirk, 202, 205, 215, 216, 247

Duplice, 310

Edict of Marche, 190

Edit Perpetuel, 190

Education, 127, 128, 169, 227, 250, 258, 282, 283, 318, 340

Egmont, Count of, 174, 175, 176, 177, 184, 333

Egmont Count, 210

Entente Cordiale, 310

Erasmus, 169

Ernest, Archduke, 205

Eupen and Malmedy, 301, 347

Exchange, 113, 114, 121, 164, 215, 332

Farnese, Alex., Duke of Parma, 194, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 208, 218, 230

Ferdinand, Cardinal Infant, 235

Ferrand of Portugal, 81

Feudalism, 49, 50, 55, 72, 77, 84

Finance, 119, 121, 158, 282, 283, 308, 311, 312, 323, 328

Flemings, 34, 48, 198

Flemish Movement, 339, 345

Fleurus, 239, 271

Fontainebleau, Treaty of, 259

Fontenoy, 248

Francis I of France, 150, 151, 153, 157

Francis II, 268, 271, 274

Franco-Prussian War, 307, 308, 309

Franks, 41, 42 Invasion, 33, 34, 35 Salian, 41

Frederic, Leon, 335

French Fury, 202 Revolution, _see_ Revolution

Frere-Orban, 306

Froissart, Jean, 129

Furnes, 238, 242, 247

Gavere, 114

Gelder, 157, 158 Duke of, 150

Gerard de Brogne, 56, 58, 168

Gerard de Groote, 127, 128, 168

General Council of the Low Countries, 261

Germania, Inferior, 30, 32, 34, 40

Germanic, 30, 32, 41

Germanization, 42

Gertrude, of Holland, 63

Gezelle, Guido, 339

Ghent, 39, 76, 90, 114, 115, 116, 128, 138, 143, 144, 148, 180, 188, 202, 214, 217, 243, 246, 257, 287, 323 Belfry, 75, 112 Churches, 75, 92, 133 Halle, 112 Industry, 165, 216, 217, 276, 282, 321 Pacification of, 189-92, 196, 197, 207 Revolt, 156 Statues, 332, 333 Treaty, 155 University, 282, 340, 345

Giles de Binche, 130

Gilsoul, 336

Gislebert, 53

Gladstone, 308

Godfrey, of Bouillon, 59, 64, 89, 95, 348

Godfrey of Verdun, 55

Godfrey the Bearded, 55

Godfrey the Hunchback, 58

Golden Fleece, Order of, 107, 218

Golden Spurs, Battle of, _see_ Courtrai

Gorcum, 185, 189

Grand Alliance, 241

Granvelle, Bishop of Arras, 175, 176

Gravelines, 174

Great Privilege, 141, 144, 252, 258

Guilds, 71, 137, 156, 163-66, 167

Guinegate, 143, 149

Hague, The, 288 Treaty of the, 266, 271, 272

Halles, 72, 112, 113, 116, 121, 137

Hansa, Hanseatic, 77, 82, 121, 152

Hapsburg, 141, 142, 143, 148, 158, 159, 173, 210, 242, 251, 254

Hennequin of Liege, 137, 138

Henry III, Duke of Brabant, 97

Hoffmann, Melchior, 171

Horn, Count of, 175, 176, 184, 333

Hotel de Ville, _see_ Town Halls

Huguenot, 179, 185

Humanism, 169, 170, 175, 224

Hundred Years' War, 85

Huy, 92, 217, 243

Iconclasts, 168, 180, 181, 184, 189, 198

Industry, 78, 85, 128, 165, 167, 214, 216, 217, 247, 276, 283, 321, 323 China, 247 Cloth, 45, 70, 86, 116, 117, 121, 146, 164, 216 Coal, 166, 216, 247, 282 Copper-working, 216 Distilling, 217 Dyeing, 216 Glass, 217, 321 Lacemaking, 217, 247 Linen, 117, 165, 216, 247 Metal and Mining, 71, 166, 167, 216, 217, 282, 321, 322 Papermaking, 217 Spinning, 276, 321 Silk, 217 Tapestry, 117, 165, 177, 216, 247 Wool, 32, 48, 70, 74, 80, 83, 87, 116, 117, 216, 247

Inquisition, 171, 172, 177, 178, 180, 181, 208, 256

Invasion-- Frankish, 33, 34, 35 German, 342 Norman, 50

Investitures, Struggle of, 58, 66, 103

Isabella, Archduchess, 139, 152, 204, 206, 208, 211, 212, 217, 218, 228

Italianizants, 222, 223, 229

Jemappes, 269

Jesuits, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 250

John the Fearless, 104, 105, 126

John I of Brabant, 82

John IV of Brabant, 105

Jordaens, Jacques, 228, 229, 258, 338

Joseph II, 152, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 272, 282, 286, 288, 291

Josquin des Pres, 130

Joyous Entry of Brabant, 84, 145, 155, 258, 263, 271, 291

Justice, 125, 208, 250, 261, 275, 277, 332

Kermesses, 258, 261

La Brielle, 185

Laermans, Eugene, 335

Lalaing, Count of, 193

Lalaing, J. de, 234

Lambeaux, 333

Lambermont, Baron, 322

Lambert d'Ardres, 97

Lambert le Begue, 90

Lambert of Louvain, 55

Language limit, 34, 35, 36, 42, 126, 287 (_see_ Bilingualism)

League of Nations, 347

Lebeau, 291

Le Bel, Jean, 129

Leipzig, Battle of, 277

Lemaire, Jean, 129

Lemonnier, Camille, 337

Leopold II of Austria, 266, 268

Leopold I of Belgium, 293, 294, 295, 302, 310, 324

Leopold II of Belgium, 266, 268, 310, 311, 312, 318, 324-30

Leys, Henri, 334

Liege, 43, 44, 54, 91, 92, 95, 166, 167, 210, 217, 243, 282, 311, 321, 342 Bishopric, 38, 40, 54, 57 88, 105, 173 University, 282

Lille, 90, 97, 165, 195, 214, 216, 238

Limburg, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300

Lipsius, Justus, 224

Literature, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 226, 227, 331, 336, 337, 338, 339

Lotharingia, 48, 52, 55, 58, 103, 109

Lotharius I, 48

Lotharius II, 48, 50

Louis, Buonaparte, 275

Louis the Germanic, 48

Louis de Male, 87, 104, 137

Louis Philippe d'Orleans, 286, 293, 294

Louis XIII, 210

Louis XIV, 235, 237-41

Louis XVI, 259, 268

Louvain, 74, 132, 165, 169, 184, 224, 235, 251, 295, 343 Town Hall, 112, 113, 124 University, 117, 223, 250, 263, 282

Luther, Lutheranism, 168, 169, 170, 171, 179

Luxemburg, 239, 292, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 306

Mabuse (Jean Gossaert), 222

Madrid, 173 Treaty of, 151, 158

Maeseyck, 138

Maestricht, 55, 210, 211, 234, 248, 271, 282, 292, 295, 296 Bishopric, 38 Fall of, 200

Maeterlinck, Maurice, 337

Malcontents, 194, 195, 200, 203

Malines, 93, 117, 145, 148, 153, 176, 187, 203, 216, 252, 263, 320, 332

Malplaquet, 241

Manicheans, 89

Mansfeld, Count of, 181, 188

Margaret of Austria, 143, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 200, 222, 332

Marguerite of Parma, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 184

Maria Theresa, 246, 247, 250, 251, 253, 257, 258, 259, 260, 266

Marie d'Oignies, 90

Marlborough, Duke of, 240, 241, 242

Marnix, de, 177, 181, 183, 203

Mary of Burgundy, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 153, 252, 258

Mary of Hungary, 155, 156, 157, 169, 222

Massys, J., 222

Matsys, Quentin, 229

Matthias, Archduke, 193

Maximilian, 122, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 153, 174, 184, 187, 288

Maximilian II, 205

Maximilian Emmanuel of Bavaria, 240, 241, 243, 252

Mazarin, 235

Memling, 131, 139, 226, 338

Menapii, 32, 40, 45

Mendicant Orders-- Franciscans, 89 Dominicans, 89

Merchant Adventurers, 121

Merovingian dynasty, 41, 42

Meunier, Constantin, 334

Molinet, Jean, 129

Monarchomaques, 192, 219

Monasteries, 39, 42, 44, 45, 54, 56, 57, 94, 128, 180

Mons, 185, 269, 321

Monstrelet, 129

Morel, 329, 330

Moresnet, 166

Morini, 40

Mousket, Philippe, 98

Muhlberg, 159

Muenster, 171, 172 Treaty of, 235, 236, 237, 243, 246, 271, 272, 289, 296

Music, 124, 130, 133

Namur, 191, 216, 239, 311, 345

Nancy, 140

Napoleon I, 275, 276, 277

Napoleon III, 305, 306, 307, 308

Nassau, 150

Nassau, Frederick Henry of, 210

Nassau, Louis of, 178, 181, 184, 185, 187

Nassau, Maurice of, 204, 205, 209, 215

Nassau, William of, _see_ Orange

National Congress, 287

Navigation and harbours, 115, 120, 121, 209, 217, 276, 323, 324

Neerwinden, 239, 271

Neny, Count de, 250

Nervii, 40

Neustria, 41

Neutrality, 293, 299-314, 316

Nieuport, 209, 216

Nivardus, 99

Nivelles, 90, 91

Normans, 45, 50

Notger, 54

Nothomb, 297

Noyon-- Bishopric, 38, 40 Treaty of, 150

Nymegen, Treaty of, 238

Ockeghem, Jean, 130

Orange, House of, 200

Orange, William of (the Silent), 175, 176, 181, 184-8, 190-5, 197, 200-3

Orange, William III of England, 238, 239, 241

Orange, William I of the Netherlands, 278, 281, 282, 283, 287, 288, 289, 292, 296, 322

Ostend, 216, 217, 248, 249, 276 Company, 245, 246 Siege of, 209

Otto, 54

Oudenarde, 90, 124, 165, 180, 216, 238 Battle of, 241

Party-- Catholic, 284, 285, 315, 317, 318, 319 Labour, 319 Liberal, 285, 315, 317, 318, 319 Liberal Catholic, 317

Peter the Hermit, 89

Philip the Bold, 104, 117, 132, 138

Philip the Good, 105, 106, 110, 114, 115, 123, 126, 131, 132, 139, 140, 145, 176, 280, 302

Philip I (the Handsome), 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 160, 197, 207

Philip II, 152, 157, 160, 161, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 183, 184, 187, 188, 190, 193, 200, 204, 205, 218, 254, 288

Philip III, 209

Philip IV, 209, 212, 236, 237

Pichegru, 271

Pieter Christus, 139

Pillnitz, Declaration of, 268

Placards, 171, 172, 176, 178, 189, 208

Plessiz-lez-Tours, Treaty of, 200, 201

Poelaert, 332

Pol de Limburg, 138

Population, 116, 121, 122, 123, 214, 246, 324

Pragmatic Sanction, 159, 160, 246

Prie, Marquis de, 252

Printing, 128, 169

Protestantism, 177, 179, 180, 201, 203, 207, 208, 219, 224, 260

Pyrenees, Treaty of the, 236, 237

Races, 35

Radewyn, Florent, 128

Ramillies, 241

Rastadt, Treaty of, 242

Ratisbon, Truce of, 239

Recollets, 220, 227

Reformation, 172, 173, 180, 181, 221 Counter, 222, 227

Regner of Hainault, 55

Regner, Long Neck, 53, 59

Reichenbach, Convention of, 267

Renaissance, 114, 130, 135, 164, 167, 221, 224, 336, 339

Renesse, Rene de, 210

Requesens, Louis de Zuniga y, 187, 188, 190

Revolution-- Brabanconne, 212, 252, 265, 274, 279 French, 256, 263-78 1830, 286, 289, 331

Richelieu, 210, 234, 235

Richilda of Hainault, 62

Risquons Tout, 305

Robert the Frisian, 63

Robert II, 64, 89

Rogier, 305, 320

Rolin, Chancellor, 131, 139

Roman Conquest, 29

Roman Culture, 31, 32

Romanization, 42

Roman Road, 31, 33

Rubens, 139, 221, 222, 225, 228, 229, 333, 334

Ruremonde, 210

Ruysbroeck, Jean de, 124

Ruysbroeck, Jan, 127

Ryswyck, Peace of, 240

St. Amand, 37, 38, 39 Schools of, 43 Monastery of, 94

St. Bartholomew, Massacre of, 185

St. Eloi, 39

St. Hubert, 39

St. Lambert, 39

St. Omer, 141, 216

St. Quentin, 174

St. Remacle, 39

St. Ursula, 226

Saxons, 33

Scrap of Paper, _see_ Treaty of XXIV Articles

Sedan, 309

Senlis, Nicolas de, 98 Peace of, 144, 146

Silva Carbonaria, _see_ Coal Wood

Sluis, 163, 215

Sluter, Claus, 137, 138

Smits, Jacob, 325

Spanish Fury, 189

Spanish Succession, War of the, 241

Spinola, Ambrose, 209, 210, 215

States General, 146, 148, 152, 155, 156, 157, 160, 182, 187, 188, 191, 197, 200, 201, 208, 211, 212, 218, 265, 281

Sustershuysen, 127

Stevens, Joseph, 335

Talleyrand, 294

Teniers, 258, 335

Terouanne, bishopric, 40

Thierry, Bouts, _see_ Bouts

Thierry Maertens, 128, 169

Thierry of Alsace, _see_ Alsace

Thierry of St. Trond, 94

Thiois, 40, 41, 42, 95

Thirty Years' War, 218, 231, 234

Tongres, 332 Bishopric, 32, 38, 39, 44

Tournai, 91, 92, 93, 97, 117, 138, 151, 165, 201, 216, 238, 242, 247 Bishopric, 32, 38, 176 Frankish Capital, 33 Belfry, 75 Siege of, 86

Taking of, 149

Tournaisis, 158

Town Halls, 112, 113, 116, 124, 137, 332, 334

Toxandria, 33

Trade, 45, 63, 68, 69, 70, 74, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 113, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 146, 163, 164, 167, 168, 185, 186, 192, 206, 209, 215, 216, 218, 233, 245, 246, 249, 276, 279, 283, 322, 323

Trafalgar, Battle of, 276

Transaction of Augsburg, 159

Transport, 217, 320, 321

Treaty of XVIII Articles, 291, 294 of XXIV Articles, 291, 295, 298, 301, 303, 307, 308

Treves, bishopric, 32

Triple Alliance, 238, 264, 266

Triplice, 310

Turenne, 235

Unity, national, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 56, 68, 79, 80, 102, 103, 105, 106, 153, 160, 173, 182, 183, 189, 198, 202, 203, 280, 340, 343-7

Universities, 117, 128, 223, 340

Utrecht, 158 Bishopric, 41, 57, 176 Treaty of, 240, 241, 243 Union of, 199, 200

Valenciennes, 61, 97, 141, 183, 185, 195, 198, 216 Jean de, 124

Van Artevelde, Jacques, 86, 87, 333

Van der Goes, Hughes, 139

Van der Linden, 345

Van der Noot, 262-6, 286

Van der Stappen, 333

Van der Weyden, 131, 136, 221

Van de Weyer, 291

Van Dyck, 228, 229

Van Eyck, 131, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 221, 222, 257

Van Ghent, Justus, 139

Van Helmont, 224

Van Josse, 222

Van Maerlant, 99, 100, 101, 125, 126, 127

Van Thienen, 124

Veldener, Jean, 169

Venloo, 210, 243, 271 Treaty of, 157

Verdun-- Treaty, 48 Second Treaty, 52, 55

Verhaeren, Emile, 337

Versailles, Treaty of, 347

Verwee, 336

Vienna-- Congress of, 278, 279, 288, 322, 343 Treaty of, 279, 292, 295

Viglius d'Ayetta, 175, 188

Voltaire, 249, 317

Von Bissing, 343, 344, 345

Vonck, Vonckists, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 286, 315, 342

Wala, 34, 40, 41

Walloon League, 210

Walloons, 34, 42, 48, 85

Wappers, G., 334

War of the Peasants, 274, 275, 304

Waterloo, Battle of, 277

Willem, 99, 100

Willems, Jan Frans, 339

William II of Germany, 312, 313

Woeringen, Battle of, 82

Ypres, 87, 90, 92, 112, 113, 115, 116, 180, 202, 217, 242

Yser, Battle of the, 342, 343

Zeebrugge Canal, 324

Zutphen, 157, 158, 187

Zwyn, 115, 120, 163

_Printed in Great Britain by_

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED

LONDON AND WOKING

THE STORY OF THE NATIONS

1. =Rome.= By ARTHUR GILMAN, M.A. 2. =The Jews.= By Prof. J.K. HOSMER. 3. =Germany.= By Rev. S. BARING-GOULD, M.A. 4. =Carthage.= By Prof. ALFRED J. CHURCH. 5. =Alexander's Empire.= By Prof. J.P. MAHAFFY. 6. =The Moors in Spain.= By STANLEY LANE-POOLE. 7. =Ancient Egypt.= By Prof. GEORGE RAWLINSON. 8. =Hungary.= By Prof. ARMINIUS VAMBERY 9. =The Saracens.= By ARTHUR GILMAN, M.A. 10. =Ireland.= By the Hon. EMILY LAWLESS. 11. =Chaldea.= By ZENAIDE A. RAGOZIN. 12. =The Goths.= By HENRY BRADLEY. 13. =Assyria.= By ZENAIDE A. RAGOZIN. 14. =Turkey.= By STANLEY LANE-POOLE. 15. =Holland.= By Prof. J.E. THOROLD ROGERS. 16. =Mediaeval France.= By GUSTAVE MASSON. 17. =Persia.= By S.G.W. BENJAMIN. 18. =Phoenicia.= By Prof. G. RAWLINSON. 19. =Media.= By ZENAIDE A. RAGOZIN. 20. =The Hansa Towns.= By HELEN ZIMMERN. 21. =Early Britain.= By Prof. ALFRED J. CHURCH. 22. =The Barbary Corsairs.= By STANLEY LANE-POOLE. 23. =Russia.= By W.R. MORFILL, M.A. 24. =The Jews under the Romans.= By W.D. MORRISON. 25. =Scotland.= By JOHN MACKINTOSH, LL.D. 26. =Switzerland.= By Mrs. LINA HUG and R. STEAD. 27. =Mexico.= By SUSAN HALE. 28. =Portugal.= By H. MORSE STEPHENS. 29. =The Normans.= By SARAH ORME JEWETT. 30. =The Byzantine Empire.= By C.W.C. OMAN. 31. =Sicily: Phoenician, Greek and Roman.= By the Prof. E.A. FREEMAN. 32. =The Tuscan Republics.= By BELLA DUFFY. 33. =Poland.= By W.R. MORFILL, M.A. 34. =Parthia.= By Prof. GEORGE RAWLINSON. 35. =The Australian Commonwealth.= By GREVILLE TREGARTHEN. 36. =Spain.= By H.E. WATTS. 37. =Japan.= By DAVID MURRAY, Ph.D. 38. =South Africa.= By GEORGE M. THEAL. 39. =Venice.= By ALETHEA WIEL. 40. =The Crusades.= By T.A. ARCHER and C.L. KINGSFORD. 41. =Vedic India.= By Z.A. RAGOZIN. 42. =The West Indies and the Spanish Main.= By JAMES RODWAY. 43. =Bohemia.= By C. EDMUND MAURICE. 44. =The Balkans.= By W. MILLER, M.A. 45. =Canada.= By Sir J.G. BOURINOT, LL.D. 46. =British India.= By R.W. FRAZER, LL.B. 47. =Modern France.= By ANDRE LE BON. 48. =The Franks.= By LEWIS SERGEANT. 49. =Austria.= By SIDNEY WHITMAN. 50. =Modern England.= Before the Reform Bill. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY. 51. =China.= By Prof. R.K. DOUGLAS. 52. =Modern England.= From the Reform Bill to the Present Time. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY. 53. =Modern Spain.= By MARTIN A.S. HUME. 54. =Modern Italy.= By PIETRO ORSI. 55. =Norway.= By H.H. BOYESEN. 56. =Wales.= By O.M. EDWARDS. 57. =Mediaeval Rome.= By W. MILLER, M.A. 58. =The Papal Monarchy.= By WILLIAM BARRY, D.D. 59. =Mediaeval India under Mohammedan Rule.= By STANLEY LANE-POOLE. 60. =Buddhist India.= By Prof. T.W. RHYS-DAVIDS. 61. =Parliamentary England.= By EDWARD JENKS, M.A. 62. =Mediaeval England.= By MARY BATESON. 63. =The Coming of Parliament.= By L. CECIL JANE. 64. =The Story of Greece.= From the Earliest Times to A.D. 14. By E.S. SHUCKBURGH. 65. =The Story of the Roman Empire.= (B.C. 29 TO A.D. 476.) By H. STUART JONES. 66. =Denmark and Sweden=, with Iceland and Finland. By JON STEFANSSON, Ph.D. 67. =Belgium.= From the Roman Invasion to the Present Day. By EMILE CAMMAERTS.

LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN, LTD., 1 ADELPHI TERRACE

* * * * *

Transcriber's note i.

In the caption of the illustration in the original text the name is spelt "Breugghel".